ECM2114 Solid Mechanics

Solid Mechanics internal stresses, in static and dynamic cases

- essential for design of all structures (bridges, machines, cars)
10 lectures CWS (statics) and 10 lectures PGY (dynamics)
fundamental concepts and exercises
assessment via exam (70%) and 2 class exercises
Why study solid mechanics ?
- stresses in complex components is non-trivial
- discrete solutions via FE dont give generalised answers, whereas
symbolic solutions demonstrate clear patterns
http://izismile.com/2009/06/29/apartment_building_fell_down_in_china_12_pics.html
http://dnausers.d-n-a.net/dnetGOjg/100154.htm
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
Reasons to study solid mechanics properly
Charles de Gaul airport, 2005
China Airlines flight 611, 2002
Great Boston Molasses
Tragedy,1919
Elastic parameters:
stress, strain, Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio,
shear stress/strain/modulus,
0
A
P
area
force
= =
0

l
l
ength original l
length in change
= =
engineering or nominal stress/strain
true stress/true strain
A
P
t

+ =
0
1 ln
l
l
t

ECM2114 Solid Mechanics

stress-strain diagrams very useful

slope of stress-strain gives Youngs modulus

= E
Youngs modulus (E) stiffness
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Hookes law
Hookean elasticity
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
Ut tensio, sic vis (as the extension, so the force)
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
Poissons ratio
The ratio of the lateral strain to the applied strain,
multiplied by 1 to change its sign to +ve.
x
y
xy

=
Simon Denis Poisson
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
b
a a
b
c
c

lateral dimensions change by b and c

( )( )( ) + = 1 1 1
1
abc V
( ) 2 1
0 1
+ =V V
(abc = V
0
)
(neglecting
2
and
3
)
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
elongation is a
( ) 2 1
0 0 1
= = V V V V
( ) ( )

2 1 2 1
0
= =

=
E V
V
e
Volumetric strain or dilatation
Typically = 0.5 0.3, so e = /2 or /3
e
P
V V
P
K =

=
/
Bulk modulus is pressure/volumetric strain
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
Example 1-3
Length 1.2 m, outer diam d
2
=150 mm,
inner diam d
1
= 110 mm, axial force
P = 620 N, E = 200 GPa, = 0.3
a) shortening of the pipe
b) lateral strain
c) increase in d
2
d) increase in d
1
e) increase in volume V
f) the dilatation e
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
The pin has a shear stress
and a bearing stress
the bearing stress on pin is
load/projected pin area
The shear stress is
load/pin cross section
A
V
=
A
V
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
P A
P
=
A
Shear strain is defined as the deformation/original length
0
l
d
=
l
0
d
Relationship between shear stress strain (if linear) has modulus

= G

ECM2114 Solid Mechanics

Equality of shear stresses on perpendicular planes
Shear forces acting on face ac CW moment about z axis
Equilibrium !
Shear stresses on opposite faces are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction
Shear stresses on adjacent faces are equal in magnitude and point
toward or away their intersection
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
Positives negative shear stress/strains
x
y
z
Shear stress is +ve if
acts on +ve face in +ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in ve direction
Shear stress is -ve if
acts on +ve face in -ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in +ve direction
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
+ve shear stress
-ve shear stress
Positives negative shear stress/strains
x
y
z
Shear stress is +ve if
acts on +ve face in +ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in ve direction
Shear stress is -ve if
acts on +ve face in -ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in +ve direction
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
+ve shear stress
-ve shear stress
Positives negative shear stress/strains
Shear stress is +ve if
acts on +ve face in +ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in ve direction
Shear stress is -ve if
acts on +ve face in -ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in +ve direction
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
x
y
z
+ve shear stress
-ve shear stress
+ve shear stress
-ve shear stress
Positives negative shear stress/strains
x
y
z
Shear stress is +ve if
acts on +ve face in +ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in ve direction
Shear stress is -ve if
acts on +ve face in -ve direction
or
if acts on ve face in +ve direction
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
Relationships between elastic constants
For an isotropic solid
) 1 ( 2 +
=
E
G
) 2 1 ( 3
=
E
K
and several more
for an isotropic solid there are two independent elastic constants
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
( and G are Lames constants)
3 2

2
3
2
3 2
3
1 2
2
1 1 2

1
3
9
3

3
2
3
2
2

2 3
2
1 2
2 1
2 1
3 1 2
3 2
3
3
3
3 2
2 3

1 1 2

2 1

3 1 2
3 3
9
3
9

2 1
3
6
3
1
3 1 2
2 1
3 1 2
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
E,
E,
,
Example 1-5
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics
a) bearing stress between strut
and pin
b) the shear stress in the pin
c) the bearing stress between
the pin and the gussets
d) the bearing stress between
the anchor bolts and the base
e) the shear stress in the
anchor bolts
P=54 kN, t=12 mm, =40, d
pin
=18 mm
t
G
=15 mm, t
B
=8 mm, d
bolt
=12 mm
Example 1-5
ECM2114 Solid Mechanics