DEPARTMENT OF

AERONAUTICAL AND AUTOMOBILE

ENGINEERING

MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANIPAL
6
th
Semester Aeronautical Engineering








MIT/AAE/MEC MNL/06


NAME: _____________________________________

BATCH: ____________________________________

ROLL NO: ___________________________________

REGISTER NUMBER: ______________________




AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS LAB
(AAE 310)


CONTENTS


Class
No.


Name of the experiment

Page
Nos.
Obser
vation
Book
Marks

Manual
marks
Signature
of the
faculty
with date
1 i) Operation of a single acting cylinder.
ii)Use of 3/2 way valve with push button
normally open type
iii)Operation of a double acting cylinder, Quick
exhaust valve, Dual pressure valve
iv)Use of dual pressure valve, Shuttle valve,
Double pilot 5/2 way valve

1-2
3-4

5-6

7-8

2 i) Use of time delay valve normally closed
ii) Use of pressure sequence valve
iii)Use of pressure sequence valve and time
delay valve

9-10
11-12
13-14



3 i)Controlling the stroke length of a double
acting cylinder using roller lever valve
ii)Use of pneumatic counter
iii)Simultaneous actuation of multiple cylinders

15-16

17-18
19-20


4 i) Simultaneous actuation of multiple cylinders
ii)Direct and indirect actuation of a single
acting cylinder
iii)Actuation of double acting cylinder using
single solenoid 5/2 way valve
iv)Use of AND logic, a) direct actuation
b) indirect actuation
v)Use of OR logic, indirect actuation

21-22

23-24

25-26
27-28
29-30
31-32

5 i)Control of a double acting cylinder using 5/2
way double solenoid valve
ii)Indirect actuation with reversal by means of
an electrical limit switch
iii)Double acting cylinder, direct actuation with
oscillating motion of the piston rod
iv)Double acting cylinder indirect actuation
with oscillating motion of the piston rod
v)Electric latching circuit with dominating
switch-off signal for actuation of single
acting cylinder and double acting cylinder



33-34

35-36

37-38

39-40

41-42

6 i)Electric latching circuit with dominating
switch-on signal for actuation of single acting
cylinder and double acting cylinder
ii)Oscillating motion of the piston rod of a
double acting cylinder with monitoring of the
end position by means of magnetic proximity
sensors
iii)Pressure dependent reversal with monitoring
of the end position by means of magnetic
proximity switches
iv)Coordinated motion control of multiple
cylinders with auxiliary conditions

43-44


45-46



47-48


49-51

7 i) Use of proximity sensors
ii) Use of proximity sensors
iii)Use of pressure to electric converter

52-53
54-55
56-57

8 i) Use of ON delay timer
ii) Use of ON delay timer
iii)Use of electrical counter

58-59
60-61
62-63

9 i) To study the characteristic of a hydraulic
pump
ii) Understanding the mode of operation of 4/2
directional control valve
iii)Understanding the mode of operation of 4/3
directional control valve
iv)Understanding flow control in the inlet side
of the cylinder (meter in flow control) to
study advantages and disadvantages
v)Understanding flow control in the outlet side
of the cylinder (meter out flow control) to
study advantages and disadvantages of the
circuit
vi)Understanding the mode of operation of
pressure reducing valve

64

65

66

67


68



69











Aim: Operation of a single acting cylinder.

Problem description: The allocating device supplies aluminium valve blanks to a
machining station. By operating a push button, the piston rod of the single acting cylinder
is made to advance. After releasing the actuating button, the piston rod returns.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, 3/2 way valve with push button normally closed.

Working of the circuit:
Step 1-2
Through operating the 3/2 way valve via the push button, air is applied to the chamber on
the piston rod side of cylinder. The piston rod of the cylinder advances, and pushes a
valve blank out of the magazine. If valve continues to be operated, the piston rod remains
in the forward end position.

Step 2-3
After releasing the valve actuating button, the air in the cylinder is exhausted via the 3/2
way valve. The force of the return spring pushes the piston back to its initial position. The
valve blanks are supplied from the magazine by gravity.


























Aim: Use of 3/2 way valve with push button normally open type.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, One way flow control valve, Quick exhaust valve,
3/2 way valve with push button normally open type

Problem description: The parcel separating device feeds parcel post from a sloping
conveyor slide to an X-ray appliance.

Operating a push button causes very rapid retraction of the single acting cylinder with the
attached parcel tray. After releasing the valve actuator, the piston rod advances. Forward
motion time of the cylinder is to be variable.

Working of the circuit:
In the initial position, the single acting cylinder is advanced. The piston chamber is
pressurized via the 3/2 way normally open push button valve.

Step 1-2
By actuating the 3/2 way push button valve, the volume of air in cylinder is exhausted via
the quick exhaust valve. The cylinder returns rapidly. If the push button continues to be
actuated, the piston rod remains in the retracted end position. The next parcel slides into
the parcel tray.

Step 2-3
If the valve actuator is then released, the piston rod advances and lifts the parcel. The
desired time of advance is set by means of the one way flow conrol valve.




















Aim: Operation of a double acting cylinder, Quick exhaust valve, Dual pressure valve.

Problem description: Operation of two identical valves by push button causes the
forming tool of an edge folding device to thrust downwards and fold over the edge of a
flat sheet. If both or even just one push button is released, double acting cylinder slowly
returns to the initial position.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, One way flow control valve, Quick exhaust valve,
Single pilot 5/2 valve, Dual pressure valve, 3/2-way valve with push button normally
closed 2 Nos.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the piston rod of cylinder assumes the
retracted end position. The power valve is in the left hand switching position.

Step 1-2
If both the 3/2-way valves are actuated, pressure is applied at the output of the dual
pressure valve. The 5/2 way valve reverses. The piston chamber of cylinder is supplied
with unrestricted compressed air via the one way flow control valve. The cylinder travels
to its forward end position. As the chamber on the piston rod side is rapidly exhausted
through the quick exhaust valve, the cylinder motion is very fast. If both 3/2 way valves
remain actuated, the cylinder remains in the forward end position.

Step 2-3
If at least one of the push buttons is released, power valve is no longer pressurized. The
valve reverses through the spring. The actuator travels to its initial position under
conditions of flow restriction.




















Aim: Use of dual pressure valve, Shuttle valve, Double pilot 5/2 way valve

Problem description: Surveyors measuring rods in 3 or 5 m length are marked in red
with 200 mm graduations. There is a choice of two push buttons to start the forward
movement of measuring rods via cylinder, which has the exhaust air throttled. The idle
stroke, also started by a push button, can only take place when the double acting cylinder
has reached its forward end position.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, One way flow control valve, Double pilot 5/2 valve,
Dual pressure valve, Shuttle valve, 3/2-way valve with push button normally closed 3
Nos., 3/2-way roller lever valve normally closed.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the piston rod of cylinder assumes the
retracted end position. The pilot operated 5/2 way bi-stable valve with memory supplies
air to the piston rod chamber and exhausts the chamber on the inlet side of the piston.

Step 1-2
If at least one of the 3/2 way push button valves is actuated, memory valve reverses and
the piston rod advances slowly with throttled exhaust air - with this the surveyors
measuring rod is pushed forward. In the forward end position, the piston rod actuates the
roller lever valve by means of the trip cam. If no push button has been actuated, the
cylinder remains in the forward end position.

Step 2-3
After pressing the push button of the directly actuated 3/2 way valve for the return stroke,
memory valve reverses the piston rod is rapidly retracted.

The commencement of the return stroke through the push button can be initiated only
when the forward end position has been reached and roller lever valve thus actuated. If a
counter signal is present at 5/2-way valve, the return stroke can not be initiated.



















Aim: Use of time delay valve normally closed.

Problem description: A double acting cylinder guides cylinder pins towards a
measuring device. The pins are separated by means of a continuous to and fro movement.
The oscillating motion can be started by means of a valve with selector switch.

The duration of forward stroke and return stroke of the cylinder is to be adjustable. The
cylinder is to remain in the forward end position for t = 5 seconds.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, One way flow control valve-2 Nos, Double pilot 5/2
valve, 5/2 way valve with selector switch, Dual pressure valve, 3/2-way roller lever valve
normally closed 2 Nos, Time delay valve normally closed.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position the piston rod of the cylinder assumes the
retracted position. The trip cam actuates the roller lever valve. One of the two start
conditions is fulfilled.

Step 1-2
If the detented valve is actuated, the second condition of the dual-pressure valve is
fulfilled, and the final control element is switched through. The piston rod extends with
exhaust air throttled. The duration of the advance stroke is adjusted with one way flow
control valve. In the forward end position, the trip cam actuates the roller lever valve. The
time delay valve is pressurized. The reservoir is filled via the restrictor. After the set time
of t = 5.0 seconds, the 3/2 way valve of the time delay valve is switched. A one signal is
present at the output port. The final control element returns to its initial position.

Step 2-3
Reversing the memory valve causes the piston rod to retract with exhaust air throttled.
The duration of return stroke is set by means of the one way flow control valve. When the
roller lever valve is re actuated, the return stroke is carried out.

Continuous cycle
If the start valve is de pressed and remains in the actuated position, the piston rod carries
out a continuous to and fro movement. Only when the detent is returned to its initial
position, is the motion sequence concluded at the end of the cycle.









Aim: Use of pressure sequence valve normally closed.

Problem description: Badges are to be produced from a very thin metal sheet.

A press with a stamping die is available for this purpose. The double acting cylinder
should extend when both the push buttons S1 and S2 are pressed simultaneously. The
return stroke is to occur automatically only after the forward end position and preset
pressure have been reached to get the consistent quality.

The cylinder should immediately retract if emergency push button E is pressed.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, Pressure gauge, One way flow control valve, Dual
pressure valve, Shuttle valve, Double pilot 5/2 way valve, 3/2 way valve with push
button normally closed 2 Nos. , 3/2-way roller lever valve normally closed, Pressure
sequence valve.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the cylinder assumes the retracted end
position. The final control valve supplies pressure to the chamber on the piston rod side
of the cylinder.

Step 1-2
If both the push buttons are actuated, the dual pressure valve passes on a signal to the 5/2
way valve on its left side. This causes the reversal of the final control element. The
cylinder extends slowly with supply air throttled. The pressure regulator limits the
pressure to a maximum of p = 4 bar. In the forward end position, the trip cam of the
cylinder actuates the roller lever valve S1. This causes pressure to be applied to the
pressure sequence valve. The pressure sequence valve is actuated when a pressure of p =
3 bar has been reached in the piston chamber. Adjust the flow control so that the slow
increase in pressure causes the cylinder to pause in the forward end position.
Step 2-3
Once the pressure sequence valve has been switched, the final control element is reversed
through the shuttle valve. The cylinder travels to its initial start position. In the case of
emergency, the push button valve E is actuated during the forward stroke. It will reverse
final control element immediately and the cylinder will retract.


Aim: Use of pressure sequence valve normally closed and time delay valve.

Problem description: An electrically heated welding rail is pressed onto a rotatable cold
drum by a double acting cylinder and welds a continuous plastic sheet into pieces of
tubing. The forward stroke is triggered by means of a push button. The maximum
cylinder force is set at 4 bar via a pressure regulator with pressure gauge (This prevents
the welding rail damaging the metal drum). The return stroke is not initiated until the
forward end position has been acknowledged and the pressure in the piston area has
reached 3 bar.
The supply air is restricted for the movement of the cylinder. Restarting is only possible
when the retracted end position has been reached and a time of t = 2 seconds has elapsed.
Reversing a 5/2 way valve with selector switch causes the control to be switched to
continuous cycle.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, One way flow control valve, Pressure gauge, Dual
pressure valve, Shuttle valve, Double pilot 5/2 valve, 5/2 way valve with selector switch,
3/2-way valve with push button normally closed, 3/2-way roller lever valve normally
closed 2 Nos, Time delay valve normally closed, Pressure sequence valve.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the cylinder assumes the retracted end
position. The final control valve supplies pressure to the chamber on the piston rod side
of the cylinder. The roller lever valve is depressed and the time delay valve is actuated. A
one signal is present at the right hand input of the dual pressure valve.
Step 1-2
If the push button is actuated, the shuttle valve passes on a signal to the dual pressure
valve. This causes the reversal of the final control element. The cylinder extends slowly
with supply air throttled. The pressure regulator limits the pressure to a maximum of p =
4 bar. In the forward end position, the trip cam of the cylinder actuates the roller lever
valve. This causes pressure to be applied to the pressure sequence valve. The pressure
sequence valve is actuated when a pressure of p = 3 bar has been reached in the piston
chamber. Adjust the flow control so that the slow increase in pressure causes the cylinder
to pause in the forward end position.
Step 2-3
Once the pressure sequence valve has been switched, the final control element is
reversed. The cylinder travels to its initial start position. Re actuation of the roller lever
valve causes power to be supplied to the pilot port of the time delay valve. Once the
specified time of t

= 2 seconds has elapsed, the dual pressure valve is supplied with air to
the right of the time delay valve so that a renewed start is possible.
Continuous cycle
If the selector switch of the valve is reversed, the control is switched to continuous cycle.
Returning the detent to its initial position causes the control to stop at the end of the
cycle.

































Aim: Controlling the stroke length of a double acting cylinder using roller lever valve.

Problem description: After the liquid paint colors have been poured together into a
bucket, they are mixed in by the vibrating machine.

When a push button has been pressed, the extended cylinder retracts completely and
executes a to and fro movement in the rear stroke range. The oscillating is limited to the
retracted end position by a roller lever valve as well as a second roller lever valve in the
central position. The frequency of oscillating is adjustable within its limits by setting a
pressure regulator controlling the amount of air supply. Set an operating pressure of p = 4
bar.

After a specified interval, the oscillator is switched off. The double acting cylinder
extends completely and actuates the third roller lever valve. Set a vibration time of t = 5
seconds.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, Double pilot 5/2 way valve 2 Nos., Shuttle valve,
3/2-way valve with push button normally closed, 3/2-way roller lever valve normally
closed 3 Nos, Time delay valve normally closed.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the cylinder assumes the forward end
position and actuates the roller lever valve. The final control element assumes the right
hand switching status. The memory valve is also in the right hand switching position.
Step 1-2
Actuating the push button valve reverses the memory valve. Air is present at the pilot
port of the time delay valve. The final control element is reversed via the actuated roller
lever valve and the shuttle valve; the cylinder retracts. Traveling over the roller lever
valve does not yet have any effect. The trip cam actuates the roller lever valve in the
retracted end position.
Step 2-3
With the roller lever valve actuated, the final control element reverses. The cylinder
partially extends and actuates the central roller lever valve.
Step 3-4
The cylinder is reversed again by actuation of the central roller lever valve. The reversing
procedure for the valves, and lasts only a few milliseconds so that the trip cam does not
travel over the roller lever valve.
Step 4-5
See step 2-3
Oscillating movement
The cylinder oscillates backwards and forwards between the roller lever valves until the
specified time of t = 5 seconds has expired.
Steps n-2 to n
After the time delay valve has been switched, the memory valve is reversed. Roller lever
valves are no longer supplied with compressed air. The cylinder travels to the initial
position (forward end position).
Aim: Use of pneumatic counter

Problem description: Washers for injection pumps are to be cleaned in a cleaning bath.
A double acting cylinder is used to dip a container with washers in and out of the
cleaning bath. A push button is used to start the cleaning cycle. After reaching the
forward end position, cylinder should oscillate between roller lever valves S2 and S3 for
10 times and on completion should stop in retracted position, S1. Next cycle should be
possible only after 20 seconds.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, Double pilot 5/2 way valve 2 Nos., Shuttle valve,
3/2-way valve with push button normally closed, 3/2-way roller lever valve normally
closed 3 Nos., Time delay valve normally closed, pneumatic counter.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the cylinder assumes the retracted position
position and actuates the roller lever valve S1. The final control element assumes the left
hand switching status.

Step 1-2
Compressed air will be available in the inlet side of the push button valve after a delay
time set in the time delay valve. Actuating the push button valve reverses the memory
valve and the cylinder will extend. Traveling over the roller lever valve S2 will give
signal to the counter to decrement. At the end of the stroke roller lever valve S3 gets
pressed.
Step 2-3
With the roller lever valve S3 actuated, the final control element reverses. The cylinder
retracts and actuates the central roller lever valve S2.
Step 3-4
The cylinder is reversed again by actuation of the central roller lever valve. The reversing
procedure for the valves, and lasts only a few milliseconds so that the trip cam does not
travel over the roller lever valve.
Step 4-5
See step 2-3
Oscillating movement
The cylinder oscillates forwards and backwards between the roller lever valves until the
counter gets decremented to zero.
Steps n-2 to n
When the counter gets decremented to zero due to the actuation of S2, the counter will
release an output signal and reverse position of the memory valve(with port no. 4
blocked). Roller lever valve S2 is no longer supplied with compressed air. After actuation
of S3, the cylinder will retract and pressing of S2 will not have any effect. The air supply
from the output of time delay valve will reset the counter and counter output again gets
blocked. The cylinder will retract to the initial position and press S1 and will be ready for
the next cycle after the time delay.



Aim: Simultaneous actuation of multiple cylinders.

Problem description: Quarry stones are fed from a crushing roller to two vibrating
sieves by means of an overhead conveyor belt. The fine upper sieves oscillate in
opposing push pull motion to the coarser lower screen. The sieve oscillating frequency of
the two double acting cylinders is set to f = 1 Hz via the quantity of air supplied in load
dependent relation. Reversal takes place in the retracted end position via two roller lever
valves. A third single acting cylinder unclogs the sieves via two cables. The stone sorter
is switched on and off by a valve with selector switch.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinders 2 Nos., Single acting cylinder, Double pilot 5/2
way valve 3 Nos., 3/2-way roller lever valve normally closed 2 Nos, 5/2 way valve
with selector switch

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, double acting cylinder A(upper sieve)
and single acting cylinder C (unclogger) assume the retracted end position; the double
acting cylinder B(lower sieve) rests in the forward end position. Roller lever valve 1
is actuated.

Step 1-2
After operation of the valve with selector switch final control elements (double pilot 5/2
way valves) are reversed. Cylinders A and C move forward. Cylinder B retracts and
actuates the roller lever valve.

Step 2-3
Through the actuation of roller lever valve 2, all final control elements again reverse.
Cylinder B moves forward. Cylinder C retracts. Cylinder A likewise retracts and
again actuates the roller lever valve 1.

Continuous cycle
As long as the 5/2 way valve with selector switch remains in the switched condition, the
motion sequence will be repeated. If the valve is brought to the initial start position, the
system remains in its initial position at the end of a cycle.












Aim: Simultaneous actuation of multiple cylinders.

Problem description: Pieces of stainless steel sheet of 0.6 mm thickness are placed by
hand into the input station. After a valve has been operated by push button, the ejector
cylinder retracts with exhaust air restricted while, at the same time, clamping cylinder
also advances with its exhaust air restricted; the sieve blank is pushed along and clamped.
The time for retraction of ejector cylinder and extension of clamping cylinder is to be
adjustable.

During an adjustable clamping time of t

= 5 seconds, a laser cutting head produces a fine
mesh sieve. After this operation, the clamping cylinder is retracted without restriction,
following which the ejector cylinder pushes out the finished sieve, which is free of burred
edges by a forward thrusting action.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinders 2 Nos., Double pilot 5/2 way valve 3 Nos., 3/2-
way roller lever valve normally closed 3 Nos, 3/2 way valve with push button normally
closed, One way flow control valve 2 Nos., Quick exhaust valve, Time delay valve
normally closed.

Working of the circuit: In the initial position, the reversing valve supplies air to the line
S2. The clamping cylinder is retracted and actuates the roller lever valve. Ejector cylinder
is advanced and actuates the roller lever valve.

Step 1-2
If push button is operated, reversing valve switches and supplies air to line S1, line S2 is
exhausted. Both power valves are reversed. The ejector cylinder is retracted with its
exhaust air restricted; at the same time clamping cylinder goes forward, likewise with
exhaust air restricted and actuates roller lever valve. Clamping time t
1
= 0.5 seconds is set
by means of one way flow control valves. Actuation of roller lever valve supplies
pressure to the pilot port of time delay valve. During the set clamping time of t
2
= 5
seconds, the air reservoir of the time delay valve is filled.

Step 2-3
Switching through time delay valve actuates reversing valve. Line S2 is pressurized, line
S1 exhausted. After reversal of power valve, clamping cylinder is retracted without
restriction and, in its retracted end position, actuates roller lever valve.

Step 3-4
After the actuation of roller lever valve, power valve is reversed. Ejector cylinder
advances rapidly. The fast forward motion is achieved through quick exhaust valve and
the shortest possible length of tubing between the cylinder and quick exhaust valve.




Aim: Direct and indirect actuation of a single acting cylinder.

Problem description: By using a turning device parts are to be further transported on a
conveyor track facing the right direction.

By pressing the push button switch parts are turned by the piston rod of a cylinder and
proceed, correctly positioned. When the push button is released the piston rod is returned
to its start position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, 3/2 way single solenoid valve normally closed,
Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit:
Direct actuation: By pressing the push button switch S1, the electric circuit for the
solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 3/2 way solenoid valve is actuated. The piston rod of
the single acting cylinder advances to the forward end position.

After releasing the pushbutton switch S1, the electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is
opened and the 3/2 way solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston
rod returns to its rear end position.

Indirect actuation: By pressing the push button switch S1 the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for solenoid coil Y1 is
closed and the 3/2 way solenoid valve is actuated. The piston rod of the single acting
cylinder advances to the forward end position.

After releasing the pushbutton switch S1 the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened
and the contact K1 is brought to its normal position. The electric circuit for the solenoid
coil Y1 is opened and the 3/2 way solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position.
The piston rod returns to the retracted end position.















Aim: Actuation of double acting cylinder using single solenoid 5/2 way valve.

Problem description: Using a lid lifting device snap on lids is to be pressed onto plastic
buckets.

By pressing a push button switch the domed press is advanced and the snap-on lid is
pressed on. When the push button switch is released, the domed press is returned to its
start position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way single solenoid valve
normally closed, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1 the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is reversed. The piston rod of the double
acting cylinder advances to the forward end position.

After releasing the push button switch S1 the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened
and the contact K1 is returned to the normal position. The electric circuit for solenoid coil
Y1 is opened and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The
piston rod returns to the retracted end position.

The circuit is rigged up for the double acting cylinder also.























Aim: Use of AND logic, direct actuation.

Problem description: In an assembly station components are to be put together.

By pressing two pushbutton switches the device is advanced and the components are
assembled. After releasing the pushbutton switches, the device is returned to its start
position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way single solenoid valve
normally closed, Electrical signal input plate.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the push button switches S1 and S2, the electric
circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is released. The
piston rod of the single acting cylinder advances to the forward end position.

After releasing the pushbutton switches S1 and S2 the electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y1 is opened and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position by a
reset spring. The piston rod of the single acting cylinder returns to the retracted end
position.

The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is opened and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is
switched back to its initial position. The piston rod returns to the retracted end position.

The circuit is rigged up for the double acting cylinder also.






















Aim: Use of AND logic, indirect actuation.

Problem description: Using a cutting device sheets of paper are to be cut to size.

By pressing two push button switches the cutting blade is advanced and the sheet of
paper is cut. After releasing one pushbutton switch the cutting blade is returned to its start
position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way single solenoid valve
normally closed, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton S1 and S2 the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y1 is closed and the solenoid valve is reversed. The piston rod of the single acting
cylinder advances to the forward end position.

After releasing the push button switch S1 or S2 the electric circuit for the relay K1 is
opened and the contact K1 is brought into the normal position. The electric circuit for the
solenoid coil Y1 is opened and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is switched back to its initial
position. The piston rod of the single acting cylinder returns to the retracted end position.

The circuit is rigged up for the double acting cylinder also.
























Aim: Use of OR logic, indirect actuation.

Problem description: Using a tipping device liquid is to be poured from a vat.

By pressing a pushbutton switch the vat is tilted and the liquid is emptied. After releasing
then pushbutton switch the vat is returned to the upright position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way single solenoid valve
normally closed, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1 or S2 the electric circuit
for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is reversed. The piston
rod of the single acting cylinder returns to the retracted end position.

After releasing the pushbutton switch S1 and S2 the electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y1 is opened and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position by
means of the reset spring. The piston rod of the single acting cylinder advances to the
forward end position.

The circuit is rigged up for the double acting cylinder also.



























Aim: Control of a double acting cylinder using 5/2 way double solenoid valve.

Problem Description: Bulk material is to be emptied from a hopper. By pressing a push
button switch the hopper is opened and the bulk material is emptied out. By pressing
another push button switch the hopper is closed again,

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve normally closed,
Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1 the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is reversed. The piston rod of the
double acting cylinder advances to the forward end position. After releasing push button
switch S1 the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened and the contact K1 is brought into
the normal position thereby opening the electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1.

By pressing the pushbutton switch S2 the electric circuit for the relay K2 is closed and
the contact K2 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is closed and the 5/2
way double solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod of the
double acting cylinder returns to the retracted end position. After releasing the push
button switch S2 the electric circuit for the relay K2 is opened and the contact K2 is
brought into the normal position thereby opening the electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y2.






















Aim: Indirect actuation with reversal by means of an electrical limit switch.

Problem Description: Parts are to be pushed away from a multi track gravity feed
magazine into a clamping device.

By pressing a push button switch the parts are pushed out of the multi track gravity feed
magazine by a slide. After the slide has reached the forward end position it is returned to
its start position.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Relay 3-off, Limit switch electrical actuated from the left.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1 the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil
Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is reversed. When the pushbutton
switch S1 is released the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened and the contact K1 is
brought to the normal position. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is opened.
The piston rod of the double acting cylinder advances to the forward end position and
actuates limit switch S2. The electric circuit for the relay K2 is closed and the 5/2 way
double solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod of the double
acting cylinder returns to its rear end position. The electric circuit for the relay K2 is
opened and the contact K2 is brought into the normal position. The electric circuit for the
solenoid coil Y2 is opened.






















Aim: Double acting cylinder, direct actuation with oscillating motion of the piston rod.

Problem Description: Using a conveyor belt, parts are to be transported in linear timed
sequence to work stations which are arranged in line after one another.

When the latching push button switch is pressed the main wheel is indexed by the
oscillating piston rod of a cylinder via a pawl. When the pushbutton switch is pressed
again the drive is switched off.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Limit switch electrical actuated from the left, Limit switch electrical actuated
from the right.

Working of the circuit: When latching pushbutton switch S3 is pressed the electric
circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is
reversed. The piston rod of the double acting cylinder advances to the forward end
position and switches limit switch S2. After leaving the rear end position, the electric
circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is opened via limit switch S1.

The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is closed via limit switch S2 and the 5/2 way
double solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod of the double
acting cylinder returns to its retracted end position and switches limit switch S1. After
leaving the forward end position, the electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed by
means of limit switch S1 via the actuated latching pushbutton switch S3. The piston rod
of the double acting cylinder advances again to the forward end position.




















Aim: Double acting cylinder indirect actuation with oscillating motion of the piston rod.

Problem : Using a rotary indexing table plastic containers is to be separated in linear
sequence.

By pressing a pushbutton switch the oscillating piston rod of a cylinder drives the rotary
table in sequence via a pawl. When the push button is pressed again, this drive is
switched off.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Relay 3-off, Limit switch electrical actuated from the left, Limit switch
electrical actuated from the right.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the latching pushbutton switch S3 the electric
circuit for the relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for the
solenoid Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is reversed. The piston rod
of the double acting cylinder advances to the forward end position and switches limit
switch S2. After leaving the retracted end position, the electric circuit for the relay K1 is
opened via limit switch S1 and the contact K1 is brought into the normal position.

The electric circuit for the relay K2 is closed by means of limit switch S2 and the contact
K2 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is closed and the 5/2 way double
solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod of the double acting
cylinder returns to the retracted end position and switches limit switch S1. After leaving
the forward end position the electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is opened by means
of limit switch S2.

The electric circuit for the relay K1 is again closed via the limit switch S1 by means of
the latched pushbutton switch S3 and the contact K1 is made. The electric circuit for the
solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is reversed. The piston
rod of the double acting cylinder advances again to the forward end position.














Aim: Electric latching circuit with dominating switch-off signal for actuation of single
acting cylinder and double acting cylinder.

Problem : Using a sliding table a plank of wood is to be pushed under a belt sanding
machine.

By pressing a push button switch the sliding table with the plank of wood positioned on it
is pushed under the belt sanding machine. By pressing another push button switch the
sliding table is returned to its start position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 3/2 way single solenoid
valve, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1(ON) the electric circuit
for the relay K1 is closed via the un actuated pushbutton switch S2(OFF) and the bank of
contacts is made. The latching circuit with contact K1 keeps the electric circuit closed
for the relay K1 after the release of the pushbutton switch S1(ON). The electric circuit for
the solenoid coil Y1 is closed with contact K1 and the 3/2(5/2) way solenoid valve is
reversed. The piston rod of the single acting(double acting) cylinder advances to the
forward end position.

By pressing pushbutton switch S2 (OFF) the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened
and the bank of contacts is brought to the normal position. The electric circuit for the
solenoid coil Y1 is opened and the 3/2 (5/2) way solenoid valve is reversed. The piston
rod of the single acting (double acting) cylinder returns to the retracted end position.





















Aim: Electric latching circuit with dominating switch-on signal for actuation of single
acting cylinder and double acting cylinder.

Problem : Parts are to be clamped using a clamping device.

By pressing a pushbutton switch the moveable claming jaw is pushed forward and the
part is clamped. By pressing another pushbutton switch the clamping jaw is returned to
its start position.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 3/2 way single solenoid
valve, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1 (ON) the electric circuit
for the relay K1 is closed and the bank of contacts is made. The latching circuit with
contact K1 via the unactuated pushbutton switch S2(OFF) keeps the electric circuit
closed for the relay K1 after the release of the pushbutton switch S1(ON). The electric
circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed via the contact K1 and the 3/2 (5/2) way
solenoid valve is reversed. The piston rod of the single acting (double acting) cylinder
advances to the forward end position.

By pressing the pushbutton switch S2(OFF) the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened
and the bank of contacts is brought into the normal position. The electric circuit for the
solenoid coil Y1 is opened and the 3/2(5/2) way solenoid valve is switched back to its
initial position. The piston rod of the single acting(double acting) cylinder returns to the
retracted end position.




















Aim: Oscillating motion of the piston rod of a double acting cylinder with monitoring of
the end position by means of magnetic proximity sensors.

Problem : Using a diverting device parts are to be removed from one conveyor track
onto another in linear sequence.

By pressing a pushbutton switch the oscillating piston rod of a cylinder pushes the
turntable via a pawl in stepped sequence. The parts are diverted and transported onwards
in the opposite direction. By pressing another pushbutton switch the drive unit is
switched off.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Relay 3-off, Magnetic proximity switches with cylinder mounting.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the pushbutton switch S1(ON) the electric circuit is
closed for relay K1 via the unactuated pushbutton switch S2(OFF) and the bank of
contacts is made. After releasing pushbutton switch S1(ON) the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is kept closed via the latching circuit with contact K1. The electric circuit for the
relay K2 is closed with contact K1 and the contact K2 is actuated. The electric circuit for
the solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is reversed. The
piston rod of the double acting cylinder advances to the forward end position position
actuating sensor B2. After leaving the rear end position, the electric circuit for the relay
K2 is opened via sensor B1 and the contact K2 is brought to the normal position.

The electric circuit for the relay K3 is closed via sensor B2 and the contact K3 is made.
The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid
valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod returns to the rear end
position and actuates sensor B1. After leaving the forward end position the electric circuit
for relay K3 is opened via sensor B2 and the contact K3 is brought to the normal position.

The electric circuit for the relay K2 is closed via sensor B1 and the contact K2 is made.
The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid
valve is reversed. The piston rod of the double acting cylinder advances again to the
forward end position.

By pressing the pushbutton switch S2(OFF), the electric circuit for the relay K1 is opened
and the bank of contacts is brought to the normal position.








Aim: Pressure dependent reversal with monitoring of the end position by means of
magnetic proximity switches.

Problem : Using a hot pressing die, packing material is to be sealed by application of
heat and pressure.

By pressing a push button switch the heating rail is advanced and the packing material is
heated along the adhesive strip. After the adhesion pressure has been reached, the heating
coil is returned to its start position.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, Pneumatic to electric converter, 5/2 way double
solenoid valve, Pressure gauge, One way flow control valve, Electrical signal input plate,
Electrical indicator and distributor plate, Relay 3-off, Magnetic proximity switches with
cylinder mounting.

Working of the circuit: By pressing the push button switch S1 the electric circuit for the
relay K1 is closed and the bank of contacts is made. After releasing the pushbutton switch
S1 the electric circuit for the relay K1 remains closed via the latching circuit with contact
K1. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is closed with contact K1 and the 5/2 way
double solenoid valve is reversed. The piston rod of the double acting cylinder advances
to the forward end position and actuates sensor B2.

After leaving the rear end position, the sensor B1 opens the electric circuit for the relay
K1 and the bank of contacts is brought into the normal position. The electric circuit for
the solenoid Y1 is opened.

When the pre set switching pressure has been reached in the supply line of the double
acting cylinder, the pressure switch B3 is actuated. The electric circuit for the relay K2 is
closed and the bank of contacts is made. The electric circuit for the indicating lamp H1 is
closed via contact K2. At the same time the electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is
closed with contact K2 and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is switched back to its
initial position. The piston rod of the double acting cylinder returns to the retracted end
position and actuates sensor B1.

After leaving the forward end position, the electric circuit for the relay K2 is opened via
sensor B2 and the bank of contacts is brought into the normal position. The electric
circuits for the indicating lamp H1 and the solenoid coil Y2 are opened. After the
switching pressure has been reduced, the pressure switch B1 is brought into its initial
position by means of a reset spring.







Aim: Coordinated motion control of multiple cylinders with auxiliary conditions.

Problem : Using a transfer station blocks are to be transferred from a magazine to a
processing station.

The blocks are pushed out of the magazine by cylinder A and transferred to the
processing station by cylinder B. The piston rod of cylinder B may only return when the
piston rod of cylinder A has reached the retracted end position. The magazine is
monitored by means of a limit switch. If there are no more blocks in the magazine, it is
not possible to start the cycle. This is indicated by means of an audible signal. The
control is to be operated in a single cycle.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder 2 Nos., 5/2 way double solenoid valve 2 Nos.,
Electrical signal input plate, Electrical indicator and distributor plate, Relay 3-off,
Proximity switch with cylinder mounting.

Working of the circuit: In the circuit, the limit switch S3 is replaced by the latching
pushbutton switch on the electrical signal input plate.

Empty magazine: When the latching pushbutton switch S3 is un actuated the electric
circuit for the audible indicator H1 is closed via contact S3. The electric current supply
for the main circuit is switched off via contact S3.

Full magazine: When the latching pushbutton switch S3 is actuated the electric circuit
for the audible indicator H1 is opened via contact S3. The electric current supply for the
main circuit is switched off via contact S3.

By pressing the pushbutton switch S4 the electric circuit for the relay K1 is closed and
the bank of contacts made. When the pushbutton switch S4 is released, the electric circuit
for the relay K1 remains closed via the latching circuit with K1. The electric circuit for
the solenoid coil Y1 is closed with contact K1 and the 5/2 way solenoid valve is reversed.
The piston rod of cylinder A advances to the forward end position and actuates sensor
B2.

The electric circuit for the relay K2 is closed and the contact K2 is made. The electric
circuit for the solenoid coil Y2 is closed and the 5/2 way double solenoid valve is
reversed. The piston rod of cylinder B advances to the forward end position and actuates
limit switch S2. After leaving the retracted end position the electric circuit for the relay
K1 is opened via limit switch S1 and the bank of contacts is brought into the normal
position. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y1 is opened and the 5/2 way solenoid
valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod of cylinder A returns to the
retracted end position and actuates sensor B1.

After leaving the forward end position the electric circuit for the relay K2 is opened via
sensor B2, and the contact K2 is brought into the normal position. The electric circuit for
the solenoid coil Y2 is opened. The electric circuit for the relay K3 is closed and the

contact K3 is made. The electric circuit for the solenoid coil Y3 is closed and the 5/2 way
double solenoid valve is switched back to its initial position. The piston rod of cylinder B
returns to the retracted end position. The electric circuit for the relay K3 is opened via
limit switch S2 and the contact K3 is brought into the normal position. The electric circuit
for the solenoid coil Y3 is opened.































Aim: Use of proximity sensors.

Problem: A station is to be used to check whether the lids of cans are present. If a can
without a lid is encountered, this must be pushed one side by a pneumatic cylinder. The
lids and cans are interrogated by means of sensors.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, 3/2 way single solenoid valve, Electrical signal input
plate, Relay 3-off, Inductive proximity switch, Capacitive proximity switch.

Working of the circuit: In the circuit, when a metallic object (presence of metallic can)
is placed in front of the inductive proximity sensor B, the electric circuit for relay K2 is
closed and the contact K2 is closed. When a metallic/non metallic object (presence of
metallic/non metallic cap) is placed in front of the capacitive proximity sensor A, the
electric circuit for relay K1 is closed and the contact K1 is opened.

When a can without a lid is presented in front of the sensors, the solenoid Y1 gets
energized due to the current flowing through the normally closed contact K1 and
normally open contact K2 getting closed due to the presence of can. The solenoid coil
Y1 gets energized and single acting cylinder extends forward.



























Aim: Use of proximity sensors.

Problem: A pneumatic cylinder is used to stamp a notch in the work piece. The
stamping operation must be initiated when two of three signal generators are activated.
The signal components a, b and c are fitted to provide sensing functions. When the work
piece is removed from the device, the cylinder returns to its rearmost end position.

Solve the problem by using single acting cylinder and double acting cylinder.

Apparatus: Single acting cylinder, Double acting cylinder, 3/2 way single solenoid
valve, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3-off, Inductive
proximity sensor, Capacitive proximity sensor, Optical proximity sensor.

Working of the circuit:
Single acting cylinder: In the circuit, when a metallic object (presence of work piece)
is placed in front of any two of the sensors, the corresponding relays get energized. The
relay contacts get closed and solenoid coil Y1 gets energized and the single acting
cylinder extends. When the object is removed from the front of sensors, the solenoid Y1
gets de energized due to the relay contacts getting opened. The piston of the cylinder
retracts to its initial position

Double acting cylinder: In the circuit, when a metallic object (presence of work piece)
is placed in front of any two of the sensors, the corresponding relays get energized. The
relay contacts get closed and solenoid coil Y1 gets energized and the double acting
cylinder extends. When the object is removed from the front of sensors, the solenoid Y1
gets de energized due to the relay contacts getting opened. The piston of the cylinder
retracts to its initial position

When the object is removed from the front of sensors, the current will flow through the
normally closed contacts of the relays and the solenoid Y2 gets de energized. The piston
of the cylinder retracts to its initial position















Aim: Use of pressure to electric converter.

Problem: Articles are to be stamped using a stamping device. By pressing two push
buttons simultaneously the movable stamping die is pushed down and the article is
stamped. After desired pressure is reached the die returns to its initial position even
though the push buttons are still pressed.

Next cycle should be possible only after the push buttons are released.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Pressure gauge, One
way flow control valve, Electrical signal input plate, Relay 3 off 2 Nos., Pressure to
electric converter, Timer relay, Limit switch right actuated.

Working of the circuit: When both the push buttons are pressed simultaneously, the
relay coils K1 and K2 get energized and they in turn energise coil K3. Solenoid coil Y1
gets energized and piston extends to the forward position. The limit switch S1 gets
pressed and energise the pressure to electric (P/E) converter. Once the preset pressure is
reached, the P/E converter gives output and the relay coil K5 gets energized. The relay
contact K5 closes and energise solenoid coil Y2. The piston retracts to rear end position.

The next cycle is possible only after the push buttons are released. This is ensured by the
use of ON delay timer K4. When both push buttons are pressed simultaneously, the
normally closed contact of the ON delay timer K4 gets opened after the delay time. Thus
the solenoid coil Y1 gets de energized.























Aim: Use of ON delay timer.

Problem: A double acting cylinder is used for embossing the slide rules.
The cylinder extends only when both the push buttons are pressed simultaneously within
three seconds to ensure complete safety of the operator. (i.e. both hands must be out of
danger area when starting
The cylinder should retract immediately if any of the push button is released.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Relay 3 off, Timer relay

Working of the circuit: When both the push buttons are pressed simultaneously, the
relay coils K1 and K2 energize the relay K3. The relay contact K3 closes and solenoid
coil Y1 gets energized. The piston of the double acting cylinder extends to the forward
position.

If both the push buttons are not pressed simultaneously within the time preset in the ON
delay timer, the normally closed contact of ON delay timer K4 opens and the solenoid
coil Y1 will not get energized.

If any one of the push button is released, the solenoid Y2 gets energized through
normally closed contact of relay coil K3 and piston of the cylinder will retract.


























































Aim: Use of ON delay timer.

Problem: A push button is to control the forward stroke. After the piston rod has reached
the forward end position, the components are to be pressed together for 20 seconds. Then
the piston rod is to return automatically to initial position.

The return stroke must occur even if the start push button is still depressed.

A new start signal may only become effective after the initial position has been reached
and after the push button has been released.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Relay 3 off, Timer relay, Limit switch right actuated, Limit switch left
actuated,

Working of the circuit: When the push button is pressed, the relay coil K1 gets
energized and the relay contact K1 closes. The solenoid coil Y1 gets energized and the
piston rod of the cylinder starts extending. At the end of the stroke, the limit switch S2
gets pressed and ON delay timer K2 gets energized after the preset delay time. The timer
relay contact closes and the solenoid coil Y2 gets energized. The piston of the cylinder
starts retracting.

Before this solenoid coil Y1 gets de energized due to the normally closed contact K2
breaking the current path to Y1.Thus the return stroke will occur even if the push button
is pressed.

The new start cycle will occur only after the initial position has been reached and after
the push button has been released. This is ensured by breaking the power supply to Y1
by the normally closed contact of on delay timer K5.














Aim: Use of electrical counter

Problem: Washers for injection pumps are to be cleaned in a cleaning bath. A double
acting cylinder is used to dip a container with washers in and out of the cleaning bath. A
push button is used to start the cleaning cycle. After reaching the forward end position,
cylinder should oscillate between reed switch S2 and limit switch S3 for 10 times and on
completion should stop in retracted position and actuate limit switch,S1. Next cycle
should be possible only after 20 sec.

Apparatus: Double acting cylinder, 5/2 way double solenoid valve, Electrical signal
input plate, Relay 3 off, Timer relay, Electric Counter, Limit switch left actuated, Limit
switch right actuated, Magnetic proximity sensor.

Working of the circuit: The limit switch S1 is in the actuated position and on delay
timer will get energized after the delay time. The timer contacts K1 will close and the
counter gets reset. When the push button is pressed, the solenoid coil Y1 gets energized
and cylinder will start extending. When piston moves in the region of reed switch S2, the
relay coil K2 gets energized, the relay contact K2 closes. The counter relay K3 will get
input and gets decremented by one. At the end of the stroke, limit switch S3 gets pressed,
solenoid coil Y2 gets energized and the piston rod starts retracting.

When the piston rod moves over S2, the relay coil K2 gets energized and the solenoid
coil Y1 will get energized due to the relay contact K2 getting closed. Again the counter
gets decremented by one.

In the tenth forward stroke when S2 gets actuated, the counter will get decremented to
zero and counter relay coil K3 will give output. K3 contact will open and actuation of S2
during the last return stroke will not have any effect on the memory valve. The piston
retracts to the initial position and the counter gets reset due to the actuation of limit
switch S1.


















Aim: To study the characteristic of a hydraulic pump.

Apparatus: Hydraulic power pack, Relief valve, Pressure gauge, Flow measuring jar,
Hydraulic hoses.

Working of the circuit: Construct the circuit according to diagram. Loosen knob of the
relief valve completely and start the pump. Measure flow rate of and note down the
pressure. Vary the pressure by rotating knob of relief valve and measure flow rate. For
different pressures, measure oil flow rate. Plot the curve of oil flow rate Q verses pressure
P.

Conclusion:



































Aim: Understanding the mode of operation of 4/2 directional control valve.

Apparatus: Hydraulic power pack, Relief valve, Double acting cylinder, 4/2 direction
control valve, Hydraulic hoses, Pressure gauge.

Working of the circuit: Construct the circuit according to diagram. Set the system
pressure to the desired value by using the relief valve. To extend cylinder out, bring the
lever to position a. Here port P is connected to A and B to T. To retract the cylinder,
bring the lever to position b. Here port P is connected to B and A to T. Pressure reading
will show maximum when stroke completes in each position.

Conclusion:


































Aim: Understanding the mode of operation of 4/3 directional control valve.

Apparatus: Hydraulic power pack, Relief valve, Double acting cylinder, 4/3 direction
control valve, Hydraulic hoses, Pressure gauge.

Working of the circuit: Construct the circuit according to diagram. Set the system
pressure to the desired value by using the relief valve. To extend cylinder out, bring the
lever to position a. Here port P is connected to A and B to T. To stop the cylinder
movement at any instant, bring the lever to O position. In this position all the ports are
shorted, that means pressure line P is connected to T, A and B. Hence no pressurized oil
flows in any of the port. To retract the cylinder, bring the lever to position b. Here port
P is connected to B and A to T. Pressure reading will show maximum when stroke
completes in each position.

Conclusion:
































Aim: Understanding flow control in the inlet side of the cylinder (meter in flow control)
to study advantages and disadvantages.

Apparatus: Hydraulic power pack, Relief valve, Double acting cylinder, 4/3 direction
control valve, Hydraulic hoses, One way flow control valve, Pressure gauge.

Working of the circuit: Construct the circuit according to diagram. Set the system
pressure to the desired value by using the relief valve. With O position in 4/3 directional
control valve, all ports are shorted. Adjust the knob of the one way flow control valve to
the required value. Switch on the pump. Bring the lever of 4/3 directional control valve
into a position, cylinder will extend out with certain speed depending upon setting in
flow control valve. By bringing lever into b position, cylinder will retard freely
unaffected by setting in the flow control valve.

Conclusion:
































Aim: Understanding flow control in the outlet side of the cylinder (meter out flow
control) to study advantages and disadvantages of the circuit.

Apparatus: Hydraulic power pack, Relief valve, Double acting cylinder, 4/3 direction
control valve, Hydraulic hoses, One way flow control valve, Pressure gauge.

Working of the circuit: Construct the circuit according to diagram. Set the system
pressure to the desired value by using the relief valve. With O position in 4/3 directional
control valve, all ports are shorted. Adjust the knob of the one way flow control valve to
the required value. Switch on the pump. Bring the lever of 4/3 directional control valve
into a position, cylinder will extend out with certain speed depending upon setting in
flow control valve. By bringing lever into b position, cylinder will retard freely
unaffected by setting in the flow control valve.

Conclusion:
































Aim: Understanding the mode of operation of pressure reducing valve.

Apparatus: Hydraulic power pack, Relief valve, Double acting cylinder 2 Nos., 4/3
direction control valve, 4/2 direction control valve, Hydraulic hoses, pressure reducing
valve, Pressure gauge.

Working of the circuit: Construct the circuit according to diagram. Set the system
pressure to the desired value by using the relief valve. Switch on the pump. Bring the
lever of 4/3 directional control valve into a position, cylinder will extend out. The
pressure gauge connected to this cylinder will display the pressure set by the pressure
relief valve. Bring the lever of 4/2 directional control valve into a position, cylinder will
extend out. Now vary the pressure setting on the pressure reducing valve. The pressure
gauge connected to the second cylinder will display lower pressure depending on the
setting in the pressure reducing valve.

Conclusion: