6/20/14, 12:46 AM Boletaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Boletaceae
Cep, Boletus edulis
Scientic classication
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Chevall. (1828)
Type genus
Boletus
Fr. (1821)
Synonyms
Octavianiaceae Locq. ex Pegler &
T.W.K.Young (1979)
Boletellaceae Jlich (1981)
Chamonixiaceae Jlich (1981)
Hapalopilaceae Jlich (1982)
Boletaceae
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Boletaceae are a family of mushrooms, primarily characterized
by developing their spores in small pores on the underside of the
mushroom, instead of gills, as are found in agarics. Nearly as widely
distributed as agarics, they include the Cep or King Bolete (Boletus
edulis), much sought after by mushroom hunters. As a whole, the
typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.
Boletes are a relatively safe group of mushrooms for human
consumption, as none are known to be deadly to adults, and they are
the most sought after fungi for mushroom hunting. They are
especially suitable for novice mushroom hunters, since there is little
danger of confusing them with deadly mushrooms, like various
Amanita agarics, which are the most poisonous mushrooms in the
world. They are easily distinguished from agarics, and easily
recognized for colour, pores and thick stems and caps.
Contents
1 Description
2 Taxonomy
3 Genera
4 Distribution
5 Edibility
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Cited texts
8 External links
Description
Most species in Boletaceae produce large eshy mushrooms with a
central stipe. The spore print colours are commonly olivaceous (yellowish-green), yellowish, brownish, or
vinaceous (red-wine coloured). In many species, esh that is bruised or cut will turn blue, a result of the
oxidation of pulvinic acid derivatives, like variegatic, xerocomic, and atrotomentinic acid.
[1]
The mushrooms
usually have tubular hymenophores, although some species (like those in the genus Phylloporus) are lamellate.
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Devil's bolete (Boletus satanas)
Taxonomy
Boletaceae were rst described by the French botanist Franois Fulgis Chevallier in 1826 as a family distinct
from Agaricaceae. Five genera were included in Chevallier's circumscription: Boletus, Cladosporus (now
synonymous with Laetiporus
[2]
), Physisporus (now Perenniporia
[3]
), Polyporus, and Fistulina.
[4]
Genera
Rolf Singer, in the 4th edition (1986) of his Agaricales in Modern
Taxonomy, included 26 genera and 415 species in the Boletaceae.
[5]
Molecular phylogenetic studies of the 2000s have revised our concept of
the family; in a highly cited 2006 publication, Manfred Binder and David
Hibbett included 38 genera.
[6]
Even after recent changes in classication
that have moved many members out of the Boletaceae, it remains a large
family with many genera. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th
edition, 2008), 35 genera are recognized in Boletaceae, which collectively
contain 787 species.
[7]
Several new genera have since been described.
Genus Authority Year
# of
species
Distribution
Afroboletus
Pegler &
T.W.K.Young
1981 7
tropical
Africa
Aureoboletus Pouzar 1957 5 widespread
Australopilus
[8]
Halling & Fechner 2012 1 Australia
Austroboletus Wolfe 1980 ~30
America;
Australasia
Boletellus Murrill 1909 ~50 widespread
Boletochaete Singer 1944 3
Africa;
Southeast
Asia
Boletus Fr. 1821 ~300 widespread
Borofutus
[9]
Hosen & Zhu
L.Yang
2012 1 Bangladesh
Bothia
Halling,
T.J.Baroni, &
Binder
2007 1
North
America
Buchwaldoboletus Pilt 1962 3
Europe;
Australia
Butyriboletus
[10]
D.Arora & J.L.
2014 18 widespread
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Frank
Chalciporus Bataille 1908 25 widespread
Chamonixia Rolland 1899 8 widespread
Corneroboletus
[11]
N.K.Zeng & Zhu
L.Yang
2012 1
Singapore;
Malaysia;
tropical
China
Fistulinella Henn. 1901 15 pantropical
Gastroboletus Lohwag 1962 13 widespread
Gastroleccinum Thiers 1989 1
North
America
Harrya
[8]
Halling, Nuhn &
Osmundson
2012 2
Asia; North
America;
Central
America
Heimioporus E.Horak 2004 ~15 widespread
Heliogaster
[12]
(Kobayasi)
Orihara & Iwase
2010 1 Japan
Hemileccinum
[13]
!utara 2008 2
Leccinellum
Bresinsky &
Manfr. Binder
2003 10 widespread
Leccinum Gray 1821 ~75 widespread
Mycoamaranthus
Castellano, Trappe
& Malajczuk
1992 3
Australasia;
Africa,
Southeast
Asia
Notholepiota E.Horak 1971
1,
possibly 2
Europe, New
Zealand
Octaviania Vittad. 1831 15 widespread
Paxillogaster E.Horak 1966 1
South
America
Phylloboletellus Singer 1952 1
Central and
South
America
Phyllobolites Singer 1942 1
South
America
Phylloporus Quel. 1888 ~50 cosmopolitan
Pseudoboletus !utara 1991 2
north
temperate
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regions
Pulveroboletus Murrill 1909 25 cosmopolitan
Retiboletus
Manfr. Binder &
Bresinksy
2002 5
north
temperate
regions
Rhodactina
Pegler &
T.W.K.Young
1989 1 India
Rossbeevera
[14]
T.Lebel & Orihara 2011 9
Asia,
Australia
Royoungia
Castellano, Trappe
& Malajczuk
1992 1 Australia
Setogyroporus
Heinem. &
Rammeloo
1999 1
tropical
Africa
Singeromyces M.M.Moser 1966 1 Argentina
Sinoboletus M.Zang 1992 10 China
Solioccasus
[15]
Trappe,
Osmundson,
Manfr.Binder,
Castellano &
Halling
2013 1 Australasia
Spongiforma
[16]
Desjardin, Manf.
Binder, Roekring
& Flegel
2009 2
Thailand;
Malaysia
Strobilomyces Berk. 1851 ~20 cosmopolitan
Sutorius
[17]
Halling, Nuhn &
Fechner
2012 3
North
America,
Costa Rica,
Africa, S.E.
Asia and
Australia
Tubosaeta E.Horak 1967 5 Africa; Asia
Tylopilus P.Karst 1881 ~75 widespread
Veloporphyrellus
L.D.Gmez &
Singer
1984 1
Central
America
Wakeeldia Corner & Hawker 1952 2 Asia; Europe
Xanthoconium Singer 1944 7 cosmopolitan
Xerocomellus
[13]
!utara 2008 12
North and
South
America,
Europe
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Phylloporus sp. Wielangta Forest,
Tasmania
Xerocomus
[13]
Quel 1887 >20 widespread
Zangia
[18]
Yan C.Li & Zhu
L.Yang
2011 6 China
Many other genera formerly part of this family have been moved into other, smaller families as work with
molecular phylogeny shows that they are more distantly related, even if physically similar. Representative of
this adjustment is the move of the slimy-capped genus Suillus to Suillaceae.
Distribution
Boletes are found worldwide, on every continent except Antarctica. Well-known and well-described in the
temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere, newer research has shown signicant diversity in tropical and
southern hemisphere regions as well. E. J. H. Corner found evidence of at least 60 species on the island of
Singapore alone. In 1972 he described 140 species from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo and estimated there
were an equal number again to be found.
[19]
Similar statements about the biodiverse richness of Australian Boletaceae have also been made.
Edibility
Many of the boletes are considered to be true culinary delicacies,
especially the king bolete (Boletus edulis); the Scandinavian cuisine
praises boletes. In Finnish cuisine, the king bolete is universally
considered to be the tastiest culinary mushroom. A large number of
boletes are delicious or at least edible. Poisonous or otherwise inedible
species do exist, however, such as the unpalatable bitter species Boletus
calopus and the aptly named bitter bolete (Tylopilus felleus) with a taste
compared to gall bladder juice, and some orange-capped species of
Leccinum. As the bitter bolete resembles somewhat the king bolete, it
can produce literally a bitter disappointment to the mushroom hunter! The rule of thumb is that the bitter bolete
has pink pores, and a brownish stipe with a dark brown (sometimes approaching black) reticulum, while the cep
has whitish pale grey, occasionally cream colored to cream colored with faint green tones, pore surface, a light
colored (white and/or similar in color to the rest of the stipe) reticulum and white hyphae tufts at the base of the
stipe. If there is any confusion, the most simple solution is to taste a small amount of cap context. If the taster
detects a strong, foul bitter taste immediately or near immediately, it is Tylopilus felleus, unless, of course, the
taster lacks the necessary genes to detect the chemical responsible for the bitter taste. They also grow in
different habitats. The bitter bolete lacks the stuffed or plugged pore appearance (caused by a hyphal mat of
cheilocystidia) that is common in the cep and allies. The peppery bolete (Chalciporus piperatus) has extremely
strong taste, and has been used in place of pepper.
[20]
Finnish cuisine uses boletes for various soups, sauces, casseroles and hotpots. They are sometimes also used as
pizza lling, not unlike champignons, shiitake or portobellos.
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Two of the best common edible boletes however are the bay bolete (Boletus badius), whose pores bruise blue-
green, and the orange birch bolete, which is a Leccinum with an orange cap and which bruises a bluish grey.
Several guidebooks recommend avoiding all red-pored boletes, however both B. erythropus and B. luridus are
edible when well-cooked. However, there has been one recorded instance of death from Boletus pulcherrimus in
1994; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms after eating this fungus with the husband succumbing.
Autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut.
[21]
Boletus satanas has also long considered to be poisonous, though
it has not been responsible for any deaths. The symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal in nature. A
glycoprotein, bolesatine, has been isolated. A similar compound bolevenine has been isolated from the
poisonous Boletus venenatus of Japan.
[22]
See also
Bolete eater
References
1. ^ Nelson SF. (2010). "Bluing components and other pigments of Boletes" (http://www.fungimag.com/fall-2010-
articles/BoletesLR.pdf) (PDF). Fungi 3 (4): 1114.
2. ^ Kirk et al., (2008), p. 146.
3. ^ Kirk et al., (2008), p. 535.
4. ^ Chevallier FF. (1826). Flore Gnrale des Environs de Paris (in French) 1. p. 248.
5. ^ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Knigstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientic
Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
6. ^ Binder M, Hibbett DS. (2006). "Molecular systematics and biological diversication of Boletales". Mycologia 98 (6):
97181. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2Fmycologia.98.6.971). PMID 17486973
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17486973).
7. ^ Kirk et al. (2008), p. 96.
8. ^
a

b
Halling RE, Nuhn, Osmundson T, Fechner N, Trappe JM, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS, Binder M. (2012).
"Afnities of the Boletus chromapes group to Royoungia and the description of two new genera, Harrya and
Australopilus". Australian Systematic Botany 25: 41831. doi:10.1071/SB12028
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1071%2FSB12028).
9. ^ Hosen MI, Feng B, Zhu XT, Li YC, Yang ZL. (2012). "Borofutus, a new genus of Boletaceae from tropical Asia:
phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy". Fungal Diversity. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0211-8
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13225-012-0211-8).
10. ^ Arora D, Frank JL. (2014). "Clarifying the butter Boletes: a new genus, Butyriboletus, is established to accommodate
Boletus sect. Appendiculati, and six new species are described". Mycologia 106 (3): 46480. doi:10.3852/13-052
(http://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F13-052). PMID 24871600 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871600).
11. ^ Zeng N-K, Cai Q, Yang ZL. (2012). "Corneroboletus, a new genus to accommodate the southeastern Asian Boletus
6/20/14, 12:46 AM Boletaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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indecorus". Mycologia 104 (6): 142032. doi:10.3852/11-326 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F11-326). PMID 22684293
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684293).
12. ^ Orihara T, Sawada F, Ikeda S, Yamato M, Tanaka C, Shimomura N, Hashiya M, Iwase K. (2010). "Taxonomic
reconsideration of a sequestrate fungus, Octaviania columellifera, with the proposal of a new genus, Heliogaster, and its
phylogenetic relationships in the Boletales". Mycologia 102 (1): 10821. doi:10.3852/08-168
(http://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F08-168). PMID 20120234 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20120234).
13. ^
a

b

c
!utara J. (2008). "Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge"
(http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM60104F.pdf). Czech Mycology 60 (1): 2962.
14. ^ Lebel T, Orihara T, Maekawa N. (2012). "Erratum to: The sequestrate genus Rossbeevera T.Lebel & Orihara gen. nov.
(Boletaceae) from Australasia and Japan: new species and new combinations". Fungal Diversity 52: 173.
doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0118-9 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13225-011-0118-9).
15. ^ Trappe JM, Castellano MA, Halling RE, Osmundson TW, Binder M, Fechner N, Malajczuk N. (2013). "Australasian
sequestrate fungi 18: Solioccasus polychromus gen. & sp nov., a richly colored, tropical to subtropical, hypogeous
fungus". Mycologia 105 (4): 88895. doi:10.3852/12-046 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F12-046).
16. ^ Desjardin DE, Binder M, Roekring S, Flegel T. (2009). "Spongiforma, a new genus of gasteroid boletes from
Thailand". Fungal Diversity 37: 18.
17. ^ Halling RE, Nuhn M, Fechner NA, Osmundson TW, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS, Binder, M. (April 11, 2012).
"Sutorius: a new genus for Boletus eximius". Mycologia. doi:10.3852/11-376 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F11-376).
18. ^ Li YC, Feng B, Yang ZL. (2011). "Zangia, a new genus of Boletaceae supported by molecular and morphological
evidence". Fungal Diversity 49: 12543. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0096-y (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13225-011-
0096-y).
19. ^ Corner EJH. (1972). Boletus in Malaysia. Government Printing Ofce/Botanic Gardens, Singapore. OCLC 668353
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/668353).
20. ^ Carluccio A. (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. London, UK: Quadrille. ISBN 978-1-84400-040-1.
21. ^ Benjamin DR. (1995). "Red-pored boletes". Mushrooms: poisons and panaceasA Handbook for Naturalists,
Mycologists and Physicians. New York, New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 35960.
22. ^ Matsuura M, Yamada M, Saikawa Y, Miyairi K, Okuno T, Konno K, Uenishi J, Hashimoto K, Nakata M. (2007).
"Bolevenine, a toxic protein from the Japanese toadstool Boletus venenatus". Phytochemistry 68 (56): 89398.
doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.037 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2006.11.037).
Cited texts
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford,
UK: CAB International. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
External links
Boletaceae (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=80523) in Index
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Fungorum.
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