Chapter 15 EVOLUTION (pages 416-435)

NAME: ____________________________________
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. A vestigial structure in one organism can be defined as a reduced form of a functional structure in another
organism.
____ 2. Natural selection is based on the concepts of excess reproduction, variation, inheritance, and the advantages
of certain traits.
____ . !ar"in developed his theor# of evolution exclusivel# from his "or$ on the %alapagos &slands.
____ '. According to !ar"in, the process of natural selection could result in a ne" $ingdom of organisms.
____ (. )ossils, although interesting, do not actuall# provide evidence of evolution.
____ *. +omologous structures indicate a shared ancestr#, "hile vestigial structures do not.
____ ,. -iochemical traits helped !ar"in unravel his theor# of evolution.
____ .. -iogeograph# is the stud# of "h# certain species live in certain areas.
____ /. 0he +ard#12einberg principle describes the conditions "ithin "hich evolution definitel# occurs.
M!"#"e! True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 13. 0he theor# of natural selection sa#s that evolution "ill not occur in a population unless allelic fre4uencies are
acted on b# forces that cause change. _________________________
____ 11. An# change in the allelic fre4uencies in a population that is due to chance is called founder effect.
_________________________
____ 12. A population of ants declines to a ver# lo" number. 2hen the ants5 habitat is turned into a picnic area for
humans, the additional food causes the population of ants to rebound. 0his is an example of natural selection.
_________________________
____ 1. A mutation is a random change in genetic material. _________________________
____ 1'. +umans born "ith either belo"1normal or above1normal birth "eights have a lo"er chance of survival than
those born "ith average birth "eights. 6onse4uentl#, birth "eights var# little in human populations. 0his
form of natural selection is called directional selection. _________________________
____ 1(. &nbreeding in a population leads to individuals that are hetero7#gous for man# traits.
_________________________
____ 1*. 8unctuated e4uilibrium and gradualism are t"o models that describe the cause of speciation.
_________________________
____ 1,. %radualism and punctuated e4uilibrium are similar models of evolution. _________________________
____ 1.. Embr#os of different organisms exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development that
become totall# different structures in adult forms. 0his indicates that organisms evolved from different
ancestors. _________________________
Mult"ple Ch"$e
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1/. 2ithin a decade of the introduction of a ne" insecticide, nearl# all of the descendants of the target insects are
resistant to the usual1si7ed dose. 2hat is the most li$el# explanation for this change in susceptibilit# to the
insecticide9
a
.
Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become more resistant to it.
b
.
Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become less resistant to it.
c
.
0he pesticide destro#ed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus allo"ing them
to live longer.
d
.
0he insects developed ph#siological adaptations to the insecticide.
____ 23. 2hich ans"er best sho"s an animal:s adaptation to the tropical rain forest9
a
.
camouflage in a tree frog
b
.
the long nec$ of a giraffe
c
.
an elephant:s long trun$
d
.
migration of birds in "inter
____ 21. 2hich combination of characteristics in a population "ould provide the greatest potential for evolutionar#
change9
a
.
small population, fe" mutations
b
.
small population, man# mutations
c
.
large population, fe" mutations
d
.
large population, man# mutations
____ 22. 2hen investigating shell color of a species of snail found onl# in a remote area seldom visited b# humans,
scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is sho"n in the graph in )igure 1(11. -ased on the
information sho"n in the graph, "hat form of selection is the snail population undergoing9
F"gure 15-1
a
.
stabili7ing selection c
.
artificial selection
b
.
disruptive selection d
.
directional selection
____ 2. 2hat t#pe of adaptation is sho"n in )igure 1(129
F"gure 15-%
a
.
mimicr# c
.
artificial selection
b
.
camouflage d
.
homologous structure
____ 2'. 2hich term best describes the structures sho"n in )igure 1(19
F"gure 15-3
a
.
homologous c
.
analogous
b
.
heterologous d
.
vestigial
F"gure 15-4
____ 2(. 2hich t#pe of natural selection sho"ed in )igure 1(1' favors average individuals9
a
.
A c
.
6
b
.
- d
.
!
____ 2*. 2hich t#pe of natural selection sho"n in )igure 1(1' "ould favor giraffes that need to reach the tallest
branches to eat9
a
.
A c
.
6
b
.
- d
.
!
____ 2,. 2hich of the follo"ing is a correct statement about the relationship bet"een natural selection and evolution9
a
.
Natural selection results from evolution.
b
.
Natural selection includes evolution as a part of it.
c
.
Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution.
d
.
Natural selection and evolution are the same thing.
____ 2.. +o" do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution9
a
.
0he# sho" that ancient species share similarities "ith species no" on Earth.
b
.
0he# sho" evidence of species that are no" extinct.
c
.
0he# are the primar# source of evidence of natural selection.
d
.
)ossils reveal that man# species have remained unchanged for millions of #ears.
____ 2/. 2hich of the follo"ing is an accurate comparison of derived traits and ancestral traits9
a
.
!erived traits result from artificial selection; ancestral traits result from natural selection.
b
.
!erived traits appear in species; ancestral traits appear in genera or higher taxa.
c
.
!erived traits are primitive; ancestral traits are contemporar#.
d
.
!erived traits are recent features; ancestral traits are more primitive features.
____ 3. 2hich of the follo"ing is the explanation of "h# bird "ings and reptile forelegs are evidence of evolution9
a
.
<imilar functions point to a common ancestor.
b
.
Analogous structures indicate a common ancestor.
c
.
=estigial structures point to a common ancestor.
d
.
+omologous structures indicate a common ancestor.
____ 1. <uperficiall# similar features molded b# natural selection in ver# different species are classified as "hat $ind
of structures9
a
.
vestigial c
.
analogous
b
.
homologous d
.
comparative
____ 2. According to !ar"in, "hich of the follo"ing best explains "h# the mara is more similar to other <outh
American mammals than it is to the rabbit9
a &ts genot#pe is similar to the <outh American animals.
.
b
.
&t shares amino1acid se4uences "ith other <outh American animals.
c
.
&t shares a closer ancestor "ith the <outh American animals.
d
.
&ts geographic distribution indicates ver# little variation over time.
____ . <ome features in organisms can be compared to spandrels in architecture in that, although the# appear to have
a function, the# are reall# >ust there because of the evolution of other structures. 0his analog# is used as an
argument for care in identif#ing "hat9
a
.
homologous structures in organisms
b
.
natural selection
c
.
vestigial structures in organisms
d
.
traits as adaptations
____ '. 2hen allelic fre4uencies remain unchanged, a population is in genetic e4uilibrium. 0his statement expresses
"hich of the follo"ing9
a
.
genetic drift
b
.
+ard#12einberg principle
c
.
s#mpatric speciation
d
.
pre7#gotic isolating mechanism
____ (. A population diverges and becomes reproductivel# isolated. 2hich of the follo"ing is the best description of
that phenomenon9
a
.
speciation c
.
post7#gotic isolation
b
.
bottlenec$ d
.
sexual selection
____ *. 2hat is the term describing the process that occurs "hen a species evolves into a ne" species "ithout a
ph#sical barrier separating populations9
a
.
adaptive radiation c
.
s#mpatric speciation
b
.
coevolution d
.
allopatric speciation
____ ,. &f a species is suddenl# introduced into a ne" habitat, "hat might occur9
a
.
habitat speciation c
.
adaptive radiation
b
.
coevolution d
.
selective speciation
____ .. 2hich of the follo"ing is biochemical evidence for evolution9
a
.
Embr#onic human hemoglobin is different from adult human hemoglobin.
b
.
+emoglobin in humans can var# bet"een different individuals.
c
.
+uman hemoglobin is more similar to chimp hemoglobin than mouse hemoglobin.
d
.
+uman hemoglobin is different than mouse hemoglobin.
____ /. ?n the islands of +a"aii there are a group of about 3 species of highl# variable, but closel# related, species
of plant called silvers"ords. 0hese species appear to be related to a small group of plants in North America.
2hat are the silvers"ords an example of9
a
.
mimicr# c
.
adaptive radiation
b
.
analogous structures d
.
vestigial structures
C&plet"'
Complete each statement.
'3. Natural selection is the onl# mechanism of evolution that "ill lead to ____________________.
'1. &nformation on genetics and ____________________ no" provide compelling evidence of evolution that "as
not available to !ar"in.
'2. Not all fossils of ____________________ organisms have modern counterparts.
'. &magine that #ou are a paleontologist and #ou have found a dinosaur fossil that is intermediate in form
bet"een species. @ou "ould classif# this fossil as a ____________________ fossil.
''. Anatomicall# similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called ____________________
structures.
'(. 0he sna$e pelvis is an example of a ____________________ structure.
(hrt )'s*er
'*. +o" do changes in genetic e4uilibrium lead to speciation9
',. Aist and describe the indirect evidence available to support the theor# of evolution.
'.. +o" is !ar"in:s theor# of evolution b# natural selection related to the origin of structural and ph#siological
adaptations9
'/. <ummari7e !ar"in:s theor# of evolution b# natural selection.
F"gure 15-5
(3. A stud# of the s4uirrel population in a large northern cit# revealed that man# of the s4uirrels inhabited large
par$ areas that "ere also populated b# numerous s4uirrel predators. 0he graph in )igure 1(1( reflects the data
collected in regard to color and number of s4uirrels. Explain ho" this t#pe of disruptive selection can lead to
the separation of this population into t"o distinct species.
(1. A stud# of the s4uirrel population in a large northern cit# revealed that man# of the s4uirrels inhabited large
par$ areas that "ere also populated b# numerous s4uirrel predators. 0he graph in )igure 1(1( reflects the data
collected in regard to color and number of s4uirrels. Explain "h# the light1 and dar$1colored s4uirrels might
be selected for and the medium1colored s4uirrels selected against.
A biologist stud#ing a variet# of fl# in the rain forest noticed that the t#pes of foods the fl# preferred "ere
located either high in the trees or in the foliage on the ground. 0here didn:t seem to be an# of the preferred
foods an#"here in bet"een. An experiment "as designed that "ould select for a geneticall# determined
behavior $no"n as geotaxis. &f a fl# sho"s positive geotaxis, it flies do"n"ard. &f a fl# sho"s negative
geotaxis, it flies up"ard. 0o conduct the experiment, the flies being studied "ere mar$ed and placed in a ma7e
Billustrated in )igure 1(1*C. Each fl# "as placed in the DstartD chamber. 0o exit from this area, the fl# had to
ma$e a decision about "hich of the three exits to enter. ?ne exit faced up"ard, indicating negative geotaxis,
and another exit aimed do"n"ard, indicating positive geotaxis. A third exit permitted the fl# to remain on
middle ground. Each fl# "as placed in the ma7e 1( times and its choice of direction recorded. <ome flies
consistentl# "ent up"ard and entered the food vial at the end of the exit tube. ?thers consistentl# "ent
do"n"ard and entered the food vial at the lo"er end. <ome flies chose the up"ard and do"n"ard exits e4ual
numbers of times; others "ent for the middle exit.
F"gure 15-6
(2. Explain "hat might eventuall# happen if, in the "ild, the flies developed into t"o populations "ith one
sho"ing positive geotaxis and the other sho"ing negative geotaxis. Eefer to )igure 1(1*.
(. Explain "hat is occurring in the flies: environment to select for flies that do not exhibit a distinct preference
for fl#ing up"ard at ever# trial or do"n"ard at ever# trial. Eefer to )igure 1(1*.
('. &f the selection of direction is a genetic trait, explain "hat should happen "hen flies consistentl# selecting the
up"ard exit are mated and those selecting the do"n"ard exit are mated, and the Dno preferenceD and middle1
choice flies are discarded. Eefer to )igure 1(1*.
((. Assume the selection of direction is a genetic trait. Also assume flies consistentl# selecting the up"ard exit
are mated together, those selecting the do"n"ard exit are mated together, and the Dno preferenceD and middle
choice flies are discarded. !escribe "hat t#pe of selection pressure is operating in this experiment. Fse )igure
1(1* to explain #our ans"er.
(*. &n terms of evolution and natural selection, decide "h# the researcher "ould suspect that the flies being
studied "ould sho" geotaxis. Eefer to )igure 1(1*.
(,. 0he idea of punctuated e4uilibrium in evolutionar# histor# "as developed b# t"o paleontologists as a "a# to
explain their observations of certain fossil records. Explain "hat pattern in the fossil record the punctuated
e4uilibrium model fits.
(.. 6ompare allopatric and s#mpatric speciation. -egin #our comparison "ith a definition of speciation.
(/. !escribe "hat !ar"in found about the finches on the %alapagos &slands and "h# it provided evidence for
evolution.
*3. !iscuss the important roles that the ideas in A#ell5s Principles of Geology and Malthus5 essa# pla#ed in
!ar"in5s development of the theor# of evolution b# natural selection.
*1. 2h# "as artificial selection such an important form of evidence for the theor# of evolution b# natural
selection proposed b# !ar"in9
*2. !escribe the importance of transitional fossils as evidence for evolution.
*. !escribe ho" the forelimbs of vertebrates illustrate homologous structures.
)'s*er (e$t"'
T+UE/F)L(E
1. AN<: 0 80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 1
EE): '2( NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1(
2. AN<: 0 80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1
EE): '23 NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(12
. AN<: )
0o develop his understanding of evolution, !ar"in used his studies on +.M.<. Beagle and the "or$ that he
did later after his return to England.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 1 EE): '23I'22
0?8: 1(11
'. AN<: )
Natural selection can lead to ne" species of organisms.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 2 EE): '22
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1
(. AN<: )
)ossils provide strong evidence of evolution.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 2 EE): '2
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1'
*. AN<: )
=estigial structures are homologous structures and both indicate a shared ancestr#.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '2'I'2(
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1(
,. AN<: )
!ar"in did not have an# biochemical information, but later scientists used biochemical data to understand
evolution.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 2 EE): '2,
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1*
.. AN<: 0 80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 1
EE): '2, 0?8: 1(1,
/. AN<: )
0he +ard#12einberg principle describes the conditions "ithin "hich evolution does not occur.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1 EE): '1I'2
0?8: 1(1,
MO,IFIE, T+UE/F)L(E
13. AN<: ), +ard#12einberg principle
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1 EE): '1I'2
0?8: 1(1,
11. AN<: ), genetic drift
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1 EE): '
0?8: 1(1,
12. AN<: ), a bottlenec$
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0?8: 1(1,
1. AN<: 0 80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 1
EE): '' NA0: A<_2c 0?8: 1(1,
1'. AN<: ), stabili7ing selection
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NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1.
1(. AN<: ), homo7#gous
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 2 EE): ''
0?8: 1(1,
1*. AN<: ), rate
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): ''3I''1
0?8: 1(1/
1,. AN<: ), competing
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): ''1
0?8: 1(1/
1.. AN<: ), common
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '2*
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1(
MULTI-LE C.OICE
1/. AN<: !
?ver time, organisms often adapt to changes in the environment. &n this case, the insects adapted to the
insecticide and lost their initial susceptibilit#.
Feedback
A
@ou are thin$ing on the right trac$. 0r# to be a little more specific in #our response.
B
2ould eating the insecticide be the actual cause9
C
!id #ou consider all the variables9
D
%ood >obJ @ou are correctJ
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H EE): '2.I'3
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1
23. AN<: A
<ome species have evolved morphological adaptations that allo" them to blend in "ith their environments
and therefore survive.
Feedback
A
6orrectJ
B
!o giraffes live in tropical rainforests9 Eead the 4uestion again carefull#.
C
Eead the information in the 4uestion carefull#. !KNo, tr# againJ
D
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '2.
0?8: 1(1(
21. AN<: -
!ar"in5s theor# of ho" traits change in a population over time includes the idea that variations can be
inherited. Mutations in a small population "ould be inherited and passed to the next generation. 0he smaller
the population and the more mutations, the more changes "ould happen in the population.
Feedback
A
Almost. Heep tr#ing.
B
%ood >obJ @ou are correctJ
C
0hin$ again. 2ould that cause the most changes9
D
0r# again. Eead page '23 of #our text.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '23
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
22. AN<: !
&f an extreme version of a trait ma$es an organism more fit, directional selection ma# occur. 0his form of
selection increases the extreme versions of a trait in a population.
Feedback
A
0r# again. Eead page '( in #our text again.
B
%ood tr#. Eead page '( in #our text again.
C
Heep tr#ing. Eead page '( to help "ith this concept.
D
6orrectJ
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H EE): '(
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
2. AN<: -
6amouflage is an adaptation that allo"s species to blend in "ith the environment and therefore survive.
6amouflage is an adaptation that allo"s species to reproduce.
Feedback
A
Mimicr# is an adaptation, but not the one sho"n in )igure 1(12. Eead page '2. again.
B
6orrectJ
C
No. Artificial selection isn:t an adaptation. Eead page '2. again
D
Heep tr#ing. Eead page '2. again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel A G !?H 2 EE): '2.
0?8: 1(1(
2'. AN<: 6
Not all anatomicall# similar structures are evidence of evolution. Analogous structures are not inherited from
a common ancestor.
Feedback
A
%ood tr#J Eead page '2* of #our text again.
B
0r# againJ Eead page '2* of #our text again.
C
6orrectJ
D
@ou are on the right trac$. Eead page '2* of #our text again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 2 EE): '2*
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1(
2(. AN<: A
<elected distribution "ould favor average individuals because the# "ould not have extreme traits.
Feedback
A
%ood >obJ
B
Heep tr#ing.
C
6hec$ out page '' to understand this graph.
D
Almost. Eead page '' for help.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): ''
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
2*. AN<: 6
Natural selection acts to select the individuals that are best adapted for survival and reproduction. 0hat
concept is reflected in 6.
Feedback
A
Not 4uite. 0r# again.
B
No. Examine the graphs again and compare them to the information on page ''.
C
6orrectJ
D
<orr#. Eead about the +ard#12einberg principle on page ''.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '' G '*
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
2,. AN<: 6
Natural selection is one of several processes, or mechanisms, that can lead to evolutionar# change.
Feedback
A
Eead page '22 in #our text again.
B
No, the# aren:t related in this "a#.
C
0hat:s rightJ
D
&f the# "ere, then "e "ouldn:t need t"o termsJ
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H 2 EE): '22
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1
2.. AN<: A
)ossils are the main evidence of evolution because the# sho" ancestors of modern species.
Feedback
A
%ood >obJ @ou got it.
B
%ood tr#. Eead page '2 in #our text again.
C
Heep tr#ing. Eead page '2 in #our text again.
D
<orr#. )ossils reveal much more than that. Eead page '2 in #our text again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '2
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1'
2/. AN<: !
!erived traits are recent features, such as feathers in vertebrates; ancestral traits are more primitive features,
such as teeth in vertebrates.
Feedback
A
No. 0his isn:t about natural selection or genetics. Eead page '2' in #our text again.
B
No. Eead page '2' in #our text again.
C
@ou are on the right trac$J Eead page '2' in #our text again.
D
6orrectJ
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H 2 EE): '2'
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1(
3. AN<: !
Evolution predicts that an organism5s bod# parts are more li$el# to be modifications of ancestral bod# parts
than ne" features.
Feedback
A
0r# again. Eead page '2' in #our text again.
B
@ou:re on the right trac$. Eead page '2' in #our text again.
C
Heep tr#ing. Eead page '2' in #our text again.
D
6orrectJ Nice "or$.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H 2 EE): '2'
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1(
1. AN<: 6
Analogous structures are evidence of convergent evolution through natural selection.
Feedback
A
0r# again. Eead page '2* in #our text again.
B
0his describes structures that are more than superficiall# similar.
C
6orrectJ
D
No. Eead page '2* in #our text again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '2*
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1(
2. AN<: 6
!ar"in recogni7ed that <outh American animals are more similar to each other than the# are to the similar
species in Europe. +e decided that this is due to a common <outh American ancestor.
Feedback
A
No. !id !ar"in $no" about genot#pes9 Eead the 4uestion again.
B
&ncorrect. !id !ar"in $no" about amino acid se4uences9 Eead the 4uestion again.
C
6orrectJ
D
Heep tr#ing. Eead about the mara and the rabbit in #our textboo$.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H 2 EE): '2,
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1*
. AN<: !
0his analog# has been used to argue the importance of being careful "hen sa#ing that a particular structure in
an organism is an adaptation, "ithout evidence of natural selection.
Feedback
A
0r# again. Eead page '3 in #our text again.
B
Heep tr#ing. Eead page '3 in #our text again.
C
0r# again. Eead page '3 in #our text again.
D
6orrectJ
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '3
0?8: 1(1(
'. AN<: -
0he +ard#12einberg principle sho"ed mathematicall# that evolution "ill not occur in a population unless
allelic fre4uencies are acted upon b# forces that cause change.
Feedback
A
0r# again. Eead page '1 in #our text again.
B
%ood >obJ
C
Heep tr#ingJ Eead page '1 in #our text again.
D
%ood tr#. Eead page '1in #our text again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 2 EE): '1
0?8: 1(1,
(. AN<: A
Feedback
A
6orrectJ
B
%ood tr#. Eead page '. in #our text again.
C
0r# again. Eead page '. in #our text again.
D
&ncorrect. Heep tr#ing. Eead page '. in #our text again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '.
0?8: 1(1.
*. AN<: 6
&n this case, the ancestor species and the ne" species live side1b#1side during the speciation process.
Feedback
A
0r# again. Eead page '. in #our text again.
B
Heep tr#ing. Eead page '. in #our text again.
C
6orrectJ
D
@ou:re on the right trac$. Eead page '. in #our text again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel - G !?H 1 EE): '.
0?8: 1(1.
,. AN<: 6
Adaptive radiation occurs "hen a species is introduced to a ne" ecos#stem or "hen a species can survive in
an environment that "as unreachable before. )or example, !ar"in5s finches developed from a single species
of finches that reached the islands.
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A
Heep tr#ingJ Eead page '/ in #our text again.
B
0r# again. Eead page '/ in #our text again
C
6orrectJ
D
%ood tr#. Eead page '/ in #our text again
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '/
NA0: A<_b 0?8: 1(1,
.. AN<: 6
0he structure of biochemical traits, such as protein structure, reflects the degree of relationship of different
species in the same "a# that anatomical traits do.
Feedback
A
0his is >ust an example of development.
B
0his is variation, there can be variation "ithout evolution.
C
0hat:s rightJ
D
+ave a loo$ at page '2, again.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ) G !?H 2 EE): '2,
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1*
/. AN<: 6
0he silvers"ords are an example of an adaptive radiation occurring after a single species dispersed to ne"
habitat in the +a"aiian &slands.
Feedback
A
0hese plants don:t loo$ li$e each other.
B
0hin$ about the pattern displa#ed b# the species.
C
%oodJ
D
0here "ere none identified in the 4uestion.
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NA0: A<_b 0?8: 1(1,
COM-LETION
'3. AN<: adaptation
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 2 EE): '21I'22
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(12
'1. AN<: biochemistr#
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1 EE): '2,
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1*
'2. AN<: extinct
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1 EE): '2
0?8: 1(1'
'. AN<: transitional
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H 2 EE): '2'
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1'
''. AN<: homologous
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H 1 EE): '2'
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(1(
'(. AN<: vestigial
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H 2 EE): '2(
0?8: 1(1(
(.O+T )N(/E+
'*. AN<:
Answers will ary. Allele fre4uenc# is altered b# genetic drift, natural selection, migration, mutation, or
nonrandom mating. 0his results in a change in genetic e4uilibrium in a population that is evolving. Evolution
leads eventuall# to speciation.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H EE): ''3
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',. AN<:
)ossils can sho" evolutionar# changes over time. Anatomical studies indicate evolutionar# relationships.
=estigial structures indicate evolutionar# path"a#s. Embr#ological development and genetic comparisons
sho" evolution from a common ancestor.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H NA0: A<_c
0?8: 1(1' G 1(1( G 1(1*
'.. AN<:
<tructural and ph#siological adaptations occur at random "ithin populations because of adaptations. !ar"in:s
theor# explains ho" these are fixed "ithin populations.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '23
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'/. AN<:
!ar"in:s theor# of evolution b# natural selection can be summari7ed b# the follo"ing four statements. )irst,
variations exist "ithin populations. <econd, some variations are more advantageous for survival and
reproduction than others. ?rganisms produce more offspring than can survive. )inall#, over time, offspring of
survivors "ill ma$e up a larger proportion of the population.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel 6 G !?H EE): '1.I'21
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(12
(3. AN<:
After a long period of time, s4uirrels "ith the once1most1common phenot#pe, medium fur color, "ill produce
fe"er and fe"er offspring and "ill graduall# be eradicated. 0he light1 and dar$1colored individuals "ill live
and reproduce successfull#. After a "hile, disruptive selection "ill concentrate the color distribution at the
t"o extremes. Eventuall#, the t"o groups ma# no longer recogni7e each other for mating purposes. 0his
reproductive isolation could lead to the t"o t#pes becoming separate species. Another possibilit# "ith the
same end result is that these s4uirrels "ould tend to survive most successfull# in areas "here either dar$ or
light coat color variation "ould be most advantageous. 0his "ould lead to geographic isolation.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '*
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(1. AN<:
0he light1colored s4uirrels blend in "ell "ith the soil found in the area and "ith the leaves that fall from the
trees and cover the ground in the autumn. 0he dar$er1colored s4uirrels blend in "ell "ith the paved "al$"a#s
of the par$ area and also "ith the dar$ened tree trun$s. 0he medium1colored s4uirrels "ould be more visible
to predators and thus be selected against.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '(
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1(
(2. AN<:
Eventuall#, the t"o populations "ould become reproductivel# isolated o"ing to their height preferences. 0"o
distinct species "ith their separate gene pools "ould result.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): ',
NA0: &<_1a 0?8: 1(1.
(. AN<:
0he preferred foods could ripen at different times so that at one point in the #ear, it "ould be beneficial to fl#
up"ard, and, at a different time of the #ear, it "ould be more productive to fl# do"n"ard. &t might be, for
example, that the# feed on the pollen or other product of a particular species of flo"er. 0he flo"er ma# open
onl# in the evening. <o at that time of the da#, the fl# "ould do better to fl# up"ard to"ard the flo"er. At
other times, the fl# ma# do better moving do"n"ard. 0here could also be a variet# of predators that feed on
the flies. 8erhaps some of these predators also have preferred niches that are related to height levels in the
vegetation.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H ' EE): ''I'*
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
('. AN<:
@ou should end up "ith t"o different t#pes of flies. ?ne t#pe "ill consistentl# fl# onl# up"ard and the other
"ill fl# onl# do"n"ard.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): ''I'*
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
((. AN<:
!isruptive selection "ould be operating. 0he t"o extremes are being favored "hile the middle choice
Bsometimes positive geotaxis and sometimes negativeC is being selected against. 0his is true because the
middle flies are being discarded in the experiment "hile the t"o extremes are being retained and allo"ed to
mate.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '*
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
(*. AN<:
&t "ould be reasonable to expect that the flies "ould move either directl# up"ard to"ard food or directl#
do"n"ard to"ard food because there "asn:t an#thing for them to eat in bet"een those areas.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ) G !?H EE): ''
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(1,
(,. AN<:
8unctuated e4uilibrium is an explanation for fossil records in "hich an organism appears almost "ithout
change over man# geological strata, or man# #ears. 0hen there is a sudden change in the anatom# of the
organism "ith no evidence of in1bet"een stages.
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(.. AN<:
)or speciation to occur, a population must diverge and then be reproductivel# isolated. 0here are t"o forms of
speciation: allopatric and s#mpatric. &n allopatric speciation, a ph#sical barrier divides t"o or more
populations. Eventuall#, the populations "ill no longer be able to breed "ith one another. &n s#mpatric
speciation, a species evolves into a ne" species "ithout a ph#sical barrier. As a result, the species is no longer
able to breed "ith the main population.
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0?8: 1(1.
(/. AN<:
!ar"in found several species of finch on the islands that "ere found no"here else on Earth. @et the finches
on the %alapagos resembled finches from mainland <outh America. !ar"in reasoned that a <outh American
finch had come to the %alapagos &slands and over time had changed and given rise to ne" species on the
islands that "ere different from each other and from the <outh American species.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '1.I'1/
NA0: A<_d 0?8: 1(11
*3. AN<:
A#ell5s boo$ argued that Earth "as ver# old, "hich gave selection enough time to produce all of the species
seen on Earth and in fossils. &t also influenced him as he observed and collected fossils on the trip. Malthus5
essa# gave !ar"in a $e# idea in evolution, the idea that populations have the potential for unlimited gro"th,
but that limited resources "ill create a struggle for existence that "ill limit gro"th.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '1. G '23
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(11
*1. AN<:
Artificial selection "or$s, >ust li$e natural selection, b# selecting certain inherited traits for greater
representation in the next generation. !ifferent traits are selected under artificial selection and natural
selection, but if artificial selection "or$s, "hich it does, then natural selection should also "or$.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H EE): '23
NA0: A<_a 0?8: 1(11
*2. AN<:
0ransitional fossils sho" organisms that have intermediate characters bet"een one species and another, such
as bet"een an extinct fossil species and a modern species. 0he# are important because evolution b# natural
selection predicts that the change from one species to another "ill be gradual. 0his is a prediction that
transitional fossils should be found bet"een ver# different, but related, species.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H EE): '2'
NA0: A<_c 0?8: 1(1'
*. AN<:
Each limb is adapted for different uses, but all have similar bones.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ! G !?H EE): '2'I'2(
0?8: 1(1(
*'. AN<:
0he use of !NA b# ever# living organism on Earth suggests that all living things share a common ancestor
that used !NA as its hereditar# molecule.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H EE): '2,
NA0: A<_c G A<_d 0?8: 1(1*
-+O0LEM
*(. AN<:
! is the dar$1colored "ing allele and w is the patterned1"ing allele. 0he expected fre4uenc# of each of the
three genot#pes is:
!! : p
2
L B3.(CB3.(C L 3.122(
!w: 2p4 L 2B3.(CB3.*(C L 3.'((3
ww: 4
2
L B3.*(CB3.*(C L 3.'22(
Ma$e sure the genot#pe fre4uencies sum to 1.3 as a chec$ of #our "or$:
3.122( M 3.'((3 M 3.'22( L 1.3333
<ince ! is dominant, the fre4uenc# of dar$1colored "inged individuals is the fre4uenc# of homo7#gous
dominant and hetero7#gous individuals or:
3.122( M 3.'((3 L 3.(,,(
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H EE): '2
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**. AN<:
0he researcher has probabl# exhausted all of the genetic variation for the trait. +eritable variation in a trait is
one of the re4uirements for natural selection to "or$. 0o continue the experiment, the researcher could
introduce ne" variation b# introducing unrelated plants or b# causing mutations in the corn plants.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ) G !?H EE): '23 G '(
NA0: A<_a G &<_1a 0?8: 1(12
*,. AN<:
0he factors that can cause evolution are natural selection, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, gene flo", and
mutation. 0he researcher should loo$ at each of the possibilities to determine "hether it is "or$ing against
natural selection. Natural selection might be the process "or$ing against selection through predation. 0here
ma# be some other advantage to having the patterned "ings. Mutation is probabl# occurring, but the rate is
lo" and probabl# couldn5t stop the selection. %ene flo" might be occurring from another population. %enetic
drift might be occurring, although it should not al"a#s occur in the direction opposite to natural selection.
Nonrandom mating might be the cause if pattern1"inged butterflies mate more often and produce more
offspring than dar$1"inged butterflies.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel ) G !?H ' EE): '1I'*
NA0: &<_1a 0?8: 1(1
E(()1
*.. AN<:
0his is an example of convergent evolution, in "hich unrelated groups of organisms contain species "ith
superficial similarities. 0hese similarities result from similar natural selection in geographicall# separate areas
"ith environments that are similar. 0he similarities are not due to recent common ancestr#, but result from
selection in the similar environments.
($r
e
,es$r"pt"'
4 <tudent identifies this phenomena as convergent evolution and defines the term.
<tudent explains ho" these similarities occur and discuss that the# are not due to
recent common ancestr#, but from selection in similar environments.
3 <tudent identifies this phenomena as convergent evolution and defines the term.
<tudent explains ho" these similarities occur.
% <tudent identifies this phenomena as convergent evolution and explains ho" these
similarities occur.
1 <tudent identifies this phenomena as convergent evolution, but does not discuss
ho" it occurs.
?E
<tudent provides a basic discussion of ho" these similarities occur, but does not
identif# the term convergent evolution.
2 <tudent5s response is totall# incorrect or irrelevant.
0la'
3
No student response.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H EE): '2*I'2,
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*/. AN<:
<#mpatric speciation is the formation of t"o species through an isolating mechanism that is not geographic.
0his might be an example of s#mpatric speciation because the apple and ha"thorn populations of fl# are
separated b# their preference for host plant, not b# geograph#. 0he t"o populations of fl# live in the same
area but never meet up because the# live and mate on different trees. )or speciation to occur, the t"o
populations must remain isolated. ?ver time, the species "ill graduall# change through adaptation or other
mechanisms until the# "ould no longer be able to produce viable offspring if the# $ept mating "ith each
other. At this point the# "ould be considered separate species.
($r
e
,es$r"pt"'
4 <tudent identifies this as s#mpatric speciation and explains ho" this "ould occur
specificall# to the information provided in the 4uestion. <tudent explains that the
point "hen mating "ould not produce viable offspring "ould be the point at "hich
the# "ould be considered separate species.
3 <tudent identifies this as s#mpatric speciation and explains ho" this "ould occur
specificall# to the information provided in the 4uestion.
% <tudent identifies this as s#mpatric speciation and explains "hat this is "ithout
going into specific discussion based upon the 4uestion.
1 <tudent gives a vague ans"er about ho" each "ould adapt and change "ithout
being specific to the 4uestion or providing the understanding of s#mpatric
speciation.
2 <tudent5s response is totall# incorrect or irrelevant.
0la'
3
No student response.
80<: 1 !&): -loom:s Aevel E G !?H EE): '.
0?8: 1(1.