2

Characteristics Artery Vein Capillary

Cross section


Thickness of wall

Thick

Thin
very thin(one
-cell thick)
Blood flow Fast Slow Very slow
Blood pressure High Low Very low

CHAPTER 2 : BLOOD CIRCULATION AND
TRANSPORT


1 Human Blood Circulatory System is the transport 5 The function of the heart is to pump blood to all parts
system which consists of heart, blood vessels and blood. of the body.
Human Blood Circulatory System




Heart Blood Vessels Blood


2 Functions of the human blood circulatory system :
Transport useful substances :
oxygen, nutrients, hormones and antibodies to
all part of the body.
Transport waste products :
carbon dioxide, urea, excess water/mineral salts.


3 Human blood circulatory system act as a system of
tubes with a pump (heart) and valves that ensure
one-way flow of blood.

4 Blood flow in the human blood circulatory system can 6 The valves prevent backflow of blood therefore
be divided into two paths : ensures the blood flow in one direction.
Pulmonary Circulation :
- Transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs 7 Blood vessels are tubes in the body that channel blood.
- Transports oxygenated blood from lungs to heart There are 3 types of blood vessel :
Systemic Circulation
- Transports oxygenated blood and useful substances
from heart to all parts of the body (except lungs)
- Transports deoxygenated blood from all parts of the
body (except lungs) to heart


Pulmonary Circulation
(From heart to lungs
and back to heart)




8 Constituents of blood and their functions :
Constituents of blood

Systemic Circulation
(From heart to all parts Blood
of the body except cells


Plasma
lungs and back to Transport
heart) Red White
blood cells blood cells

Platelets
medium




Transport

Protect body

Helps blood
oxygen

clotting
3
Recipient's
blood group
Donor's blood group
O A B AB
O X X X
A X X
B X X
AB

Factors Rate of transpiration
Temperature Increase increase
Air movement Increase increase
Light intensity Increase increase
Humidity Increase decrease

Component Main uses
Plasma Great loss of blood in surgery & chilbirth
Red Blood Cells Anaemia
Platelets Bone marrow failure, Leukaemia

9 The ABO System group human blood grouped into 16 Functions of the stomata :
four groups called A, B, AB and O. Allow water vapour to diffuse during transpiration.
Allow the exchange of gases during photosynthesis
10 During blood transfusion, the donor's blood must be and respiration.
compatible with the recipient's blood to prevent blood
agglutinate (clump together) and cause fatal blockage 17 The size of the stoma is controlled by the guard cells.
in the recipient's blood vessels.
18 Roles of transpiration :
Compatibles X Incompatibles Helps in absorption and transportation of water
and minerals in plants.
Universal Donor Supplies water for photosynthesis
People with blood group O Loses excess water
is able to donate blood to all the blood groups Maintains freshness of plant cells.
Cools the plant by evaporation during hot weather.
Universal Recipient
People with blood group AB 19 Factors that affect the rate of transpiration :
is able to receive from all the blood groups

11 Blood donation needed for treatment of accident or surgery.
The donated blood (usually 450 ml /1 pint or less e.g.400 ml)
can save the live of others.

12 The donated blood can be used either as unfiltered 20 The transport system in plants consists of xylem and
blood or separated into components : phloem which are found in the leaves, stems and roots
To show the transport of water through xylem





13 Donated blood is collected in sterile plastic bags that
contain an anticoagulant to prevent clotting as well as
preservatives to keep the red blood cells alive.

14 Screening tests are performed for evidence of donor
infection with hepatitis, AIDS and others sexual
transmitted diseases.

15 Transpiration is a process of losing water (water
vapour) from the plants.
Transpiration occurs through the stomata / stoma of the leaves




To show the transport of synthesised food through phloem