Benjamin S Blanchard & Wolter J Fabrycky Design from a systems perspective A system is an assembly or combination of elements or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. (Power system, transportation system ..)
A system is a set of interrelated components functioning together to achieve some common objective or purpose. 3 Elements of a system Black Box Recorders/Dataloggers Consist Building: Car Identification, Numbering & Orientation EP Braking Seat Reservation Displays Destination Displays Public Address Doors Engine Controls, Traction Maintenance Automation Refrigeration Wayside Systems Lighting GPS Location Signaling Monitoring & Diagnostics HVAC Dispatch & Emergency Communications with Control Center Auxiliary Power Elements of System Components (operating parts of system)
Attributes (properties of the components and of the system as a whole)
Relationships (link between components so that components operate effectively together) System and subsystems A system is made up of components Many components are broken down into smaller components There is a hierarchical level of components The lower levels are called subsystems Eg Air transport system Aircraft, control tower, terminals subsystems Equipment, people, software - components
Classification of systems Natural systems High degree of order equilibrium (seasons, the food chain.... No dead ends, no waste, only continual recirculation and regeneration Human-made systems
Classification of systems Human-made systems These are recent systems Can impact natural systems negatively eg global warming
Engineered systems Human made systems Designed to meet some functional purpose or objective Operate over a life cycle (identification of need phase out and disposal) Design momentum is increased in recent times Require a combination of resources (facilities, equipment, materials, people, money...) Engineered systems Composed of subsystems and related components Form part of a hierarchy Are embedded into the natural world
Product Life Cycle Conceptual- Preliminary Design Detailed Design & Development Production and/or Construction Product use, Phase-out and Disposal ACQUISITION PHASE UTILISATION PHASE Life cycles of the system. Product Life Cycle The four concurrent life cycles progress in parallel This is the basis of concurrent engineering Life cycle design responds simultaneously to customer needs and life cycle outcomes
Technological activities and interactions within the system life- cycle process. System process activities and interactions over the life cycle. System Design Considerations Two key considerations: Customer requirements Design criteria (derived from key design considerations) Some system design considerations. Development of Design Criteria Design-dependent parameters (DDPs) Parameters that the design must conform to (weight, reliability, design life, etc...) Technical performance measures (TPM) Measures to which the design must perform technically (availability, efficiency, range and accuracy, speed....)
A hierarchy of system design considerations. Design Consideration Hierarchy S y s t e m
V a l u e
Economic Factors (Life cycle cost) Technical Factors (System effectiveness) Third Order Economic Considerations L i f e
C y c l e
C o s t
Research & Development Cost Production Cost Operation/utilisation cost Maintenance & support cost Retirement & disposal cost Third Order Technical Considerations S y s t e m
E f f e c t i v e n e s s
Performance Operational availability Reliability/Dependability Producibility Supportability Disposability Fourth Order Economic Considerations Research cost Design cost Data cost Contractor cost Manufacturing cost Test & evaluation cost Operating cost Maintenance cost
Fourth Order Technical Considerations
Size, weight, and shape Speed of performance Reliability Maintainability Ergonomics Safety Flexibility (adaptability) Pollutability Fifth Order Considerations Technical Factors Accessibility Aesthetics Controls and displays Energy consumption Interchangeability Inventory levels Shelf life/ storage Transportability Ergonomics Ergonomics Ergonomics Ergonomics Aesthetics Aesthetics Aesthetics Conceptual Design Phase Identification of Need System Feasibility Analysis System Requirements Analysis System Specification Preliminary System Design Advance System Planning Research Technology Development & Application Systems Requirements Analysis Operational requirements Maintenance and support requirements Technical performance measures (TPMs) Functional analysis and allocation (system level) Analysis, synthesis and evaluation Operational Requirements Operational distribution or deployment # of sites and geographic distribution! Mission profile or scenario What functions must it perform? Performance & related parameters throughput, power output, size, weight Utilisation requirements duty cycle, up time, down time Effectiveness requirements availability, reliability, failure rate Operational life cycle (horizon) Spares inventory control Environment temperature, shock and vibration, noise, humidity, terrain Maintenance and support requirements Levels of maintenance type of maintenance and facility location Repair policies design may be non-repairable, partially repairable or fully repairable Organisational responsibilities customer, supplier, a third party or a combination Logistic support elements spares, test & support equipment, training etc Effectiveness requirements availability of spares, test equipment reliability, level of training Environment temperature, shock and vibration, noise, humidity, terrain
Technical Performance Measures (TPM) These lead to the desired characteristics that should be incorporated into the design design criteria
TPM Metric Benchmark Weighting Velocity (km/h) 1000 (min) 850 32 Availability (operational) 95% 90% 45 Size (m) 30 m long 18 m wide 12 m high 20 m long 25 m wide 12 m high 13 Weight (kg) 500 kg 580 kg 10 Functional Analysis and Allocation S y s t e m
R e q u i r e m e n t s
Detailed Design Criteria Resource Requirements Functional Allocation H i g h
L e v e l
F u n c t i o n s
Lower Level Function Subsystem 1 Lower level function Subsystem 2 Lower level Function Subsystem 3 Functional Allocation T r a c t i o n
S y s t e m
Power System Control system Cooling System Fault Indication System Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation Define problem Identify measures (TPMs & DDPs) Select appropriate evaluation techniques Develop model to facilitate evaluation process Acquire input data Evaluate each of the candidates Perform a sensitivity analysis Identify potential areas of risk Make a recommendation Trade off analysis leads into synthesis Synthesis is design System Specification This is the single most important engineering design document. Defines system functional baseline Feasibility analysis Operational requirements Top level functional analysis Identifies critical TPMs and DDPs System Specification System specification leads into one or more subordinate specifications: Development specification pertains to research, design & development Product specification pertains to inventory that can be procured off the shelf Process specification pertains to services that are performed on any component of the system Material specification pertains to raw material, mixtures or semi-fabricated materials that are used in the fabrication of a product