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Sectors 3 and 4; Best management practices to improve biosecurity in poultry farming systems. Anders permin Head of Department, DVM, PhD DHI Health and Environment Avian influenza. 19 outbreaks of HPAI since 1955.
Sectors 3 and 4; Best management practices to improve biosecurity in poultry farming systems. Anders permin Head of Department, DVM, PhD DHI Health and Environment Avian influenza. 19 outbreaks of HPAI since 1955.
Sectors 3 and 4; Best management practices to improve biosecurity in poultry farming systems. Anders permin Head of Department, DVM, PhD DHI Health and Environment Avian influenza. 19 outbreaks of HPAI since 1955.
improve biosecurity in poultry farming systems Anders Permin Head of Department, DVM, PhD DHI Health and Environment Avian influenza - The facts - Poultry production globally - Characteristics of sector 3 and 4 - Definition of biosecurity - Possibilities for improving management & biosecurity - Sector 3 - Sector 4 - Outcome from improvement of management & biosecurity in sectors 3 &4 - Future initiatives The facts - Serious disease outbreaks observed in - poultry & wild birds - Invasive, systemic multiple-organ disease - Extremely contagious with a mortality up to 100% - Caused by some H5 and H7 subtypes - Notifiable OIE disease - 19 outbreaks of HPAI since 1955 - Arise from LPAI through mutation - Reservoir in wild bird normally not recognised - Ducks reported as carriers The facts - why is there an outbreak of HPAI? - Increased density in affected areas (20 - 25 flocks/km2 -Veneto/Netherlands/SEA) - Organic farming (sector 3B) increasingly popular - Cut of costs due to competition - Trade restrictions removed - Live poultry markets (Asia, Africa, Italy, USA) - Climate changes? - Change in migratory routes of wild birds? - Change in trade? The facts- The role of wild birds ? - Most recent information show that wild birds may act as reservoirs and subsequently spread the virus (distance ?) - 6 healthy virus positive migratory ducks found in 2005 at Poyang lake + relatedness of Russian, Iraqi, Turkish and Nigerian isolates in 2005 - But - at the same time is has been strongly indicated (by molecular characterisation of virus demonstrating the establishment of subclonal lineages) that once the virus has been introduced into a region (e.g. Asia) the spread is mainly by poultry - trade/marketing/transport of live animals/hatching eggs/poultry products over boarders (the industry), humans, equipment, manure etc. - The rapid spread from China westwards difficult to explain by migratory birds only The facts - consequences for farmers - Stamping out procedures - specially damaging for poor farmers in sectors 3 and 4 - App. 500 mill in Africa - App. 2000 mill in SEA - Limited compensation - Few chances of restocking - Livestock services are rare - Industrialised farmers less vulnerable - Compensation in place - Restocking possible - Livestock services in place Poultry production globally - Poultry production today is global - Two major production systems - Industrial production - Backyard production - In numbers: - 16.000.000.000 poultry globally - 80% of the poultry in backyard - 20% in industrial production - Production wise: - 80% from industrial - 20% from backyard Poultry production globally Great grand parents Grand parents Parents Production meat or eggs number of animals Sector 1 Sector 2 biosecurity Characteristics of sector 3 Sector 3: (semi)-commercial farmer Sector 2: breeding centres Sector 3: small private enterprises sale of day-old chicks Sector 3: Feed mills sale of day-old chicks and feed trader - small numbers farm-gate sale or slaughter local market - slaughter slaughterhouse assembler wholesaler - slaughter trader small numbers retail markets - slaughter supermarket consumer - slaughter Characteristics of sector 3 - Many similarities to sector 2 - smaller units and low biosecurity - Caged layer farm with birds in open sheds, broiler production or waterfowl. May be divided into 3A and 3B - Poultry might spend time outside the shed - The products are sold in live markets in urban and rural areas - In Vietnam the size of the farms ranges from 50 to 150 birds, while the number is from 500 to 10,000 in Indonesia - The commercial farms in Lao PDR and Cambodia tend to fall in this category - In Africa sector 3 farms are mainly found in peri-urban and urban areas - Integrated farming systems constitute a large part of the production systems in Sector 3 (mainly in Asia) - Sectors 3A and 3B investments are large and veterinary and animal husbandry services are integrated into the production Characteristics of sector 4 - The most widespread production system in Asia, Africa and South America - Birds are free-ranging mixed with other animals - Scavenge for feed, inputs cost very limited - Produce eggs or meat for home consumption or sale - High mortality - 80% within a year - Little use of veterinary services - Many of the households belong to the poorest in the countries - It is mainly women and children, who are responsible for the daily management of the poultry and they are also frequently the owners and decision-makers - 60 % to 80 % of the rural households in most developing countries which keep poultry Characteristics of sector 4 - The frequent and often close contact between the various species of animals and humans living on the same farm provide a very conducive environment for the spread of diseases including H5N1 and possible reassortment of the virus - Village poultry production systems are characterized by a mixing of species and ages categories - Sector 4A: a very basic system with scavenging indigenous poultry, no cross breeds, rather meet production than egg production and part of a mixed farming system - Sector 4B: use of improved breeds, slightly improved management and input of additional services such as vaccinations and other investments - Sectors 4A and 4B are the most numerous with millions of producers. In many developing countries more than 80-90% of the poultry producing households belong to Sectors 4A and 4B - Low human & poultry densities shown in the areas where sector 4 is seen, contribute to protect the systems from virus circulation Characteristics of sector 4 local market birds, feeds small farmer up to 50 birds family and friends local breeds semi-commercial farmers cross breeds home consumption local market - slaughter consumer - slaughter wholesaler - slaughter retailer - slaughter slaughterhouse farm-gate sale to assembler Definition of biosecurity - Biosecurity is - "security from transmission of infectious diseases, parasites and pests to a production unit" - a "mindset" or "philosophy" developed by producers to prevent the entry of disease into the flock - Sometimes it may not be critical to diagnose the disease agent involved in a problem, but to analyse what is wrong with the biosecurity programme - Biosecurity should be viewed as part of the solution, potentially reducing the dependency on extensive testing and medication Definition of biosecurity Poultry Flock/House Day-old chicks from hatchery Chicks from other sources (e.g. hen) Other chickens Litter (e.g. sawdust) Feed Water Air (ventilation) Medication Humans Vehicles Equipment Wild birds Rodents Insects Dogs, cats Improvement of management and biosecurity - Sector 3 - Knowledge about numbers of farms of sectors 3, localisation and recording - Diagnostic facilities for rapid detection and characterization crucial/veterinary service (including LPAI) - Biosecurity at all levels - Housing, building, fences, entry in the farms, disposal of dead birds, manures, etc.. - Education (biosecurity principles, management practices) - Controlled movement of poultry, equipment and personnel (zones) essential - Marketing practices, transport of birds, gathering points live markets - Slaughtering practices at markets, disposal of lest over (feathers, visceras, etc. Vaccines only if not contained (Sentinel birds to identify HPAI) - Inactivated whole virus vaccines - Recombinant pox virus with a H5 gene inserted - Masks clinical signs and does not prevent virus replication and thus mutations (DIVA technology) Definition of biosecurity Poultry Flock/House Day-old chicks from hatchery Chicks from other sources (e.g. hen) Other chickens Litter (e.g. sawdust) Feed Water Air (ventilation) Medication Humans Vehicles Equipment Wild birds Rodents Insects Dogs, cats Improvement of management and biosecurity - Sector 4 - Raising producer awareness (biosecurity/observation/compensation important) - Training and support on best management practices - Including the community in participatory control and prevention programme of AI - Strengthening diagnostic capacity/veterinary services/livestock services and CAHW - Movement control/live bird market restrictions - no right to sell birds/meat outside commune/district - Biosecurity - inform about the advantages of keeping animals in a fenced enclosure where environmental stresses are minimized - buying healthy animals etc. - Only one bird species on premise - Combined Vaccination in AI endemic zones (rural adapted vaccines against ND & AI) - Restructuring small scale sector in hot spots Improvement of management and biosecurity - Sector 4 - Vaccination: Which vaccines (DIVA)? Exit strategy ? Post vaccination surveillance !! Effect on field virus ? - Stamping out: logistics/socio-economic/restocking practices - Movement restrictions: risk of introducing a illegal parallel uncontrollable market/cultural/socio-economic - Biosecurity: How? the role of wild birds - ? - Ducks: ??? - Training in best management practices (housing, prevention of other disease ND, parasites, quarantine of new birds, etc.) - Strengthening the veterinary service - not done overnight - community can play a role Definition of biosecurity Poultry Flock/House Day-old chicks from hatchery Chicks from other sources (e.g. hen) Other chickens Litter (e.g. sawdust) Feed Water Air (ventilation) Medication Humans Vehicles Equipment Wild birds Rodents Insects Dogs, cats Outcome from improvement of management & biosecurity in sectors 3 &4 - Improved food security and safety - Control of infectious diseases - Improved livestock services - spill-over effect? - Educational and social impact - Income generation - micro-enterprises - Diversification of economic activity Future initiatives - Improvement of management in village productions Training at all levels needed - Epidemiology reservoirs - wild birds/ducks/others migratory routes (satellite imagery) survival of virus in the environment mapping of the international poultry trade (illegal/legal) Live bird markets/cross over - Vaccines effect in different bird species (post vaccination studies) safety - The virus stability in different host etc. virulence in different host - Livestock services and veterinary services How to ensure delivery of livestock services at village level? Community Animal Health Workers - More Research and understanding on the the virus behavior (density, sector 4/Thailand, case study per country)