Sei sulla pagina 1di 22

Sectors 3 and 4;

Best management practices to


improve biosecurity in poultry
farming systems
Anders Permin
Head of Department, DVM, PhD
DHI Health and Environment
Avian influenza
- The facts
- Poultry production globally
- Characteristics of sector 3 and 4
- Definition of biosecurity
- Possibilities for improving management & biosecurity
- Sector 3
- Sector 4
- Outcome from improvement of management &
biosecurity in sectors 3 &4
- Future initiatives
The facts
- Serious disease outbreaks observed in
- poultry & wild birds
- Invasive, systemic multiple-organ disease
- Extremely contagious with a mortality up to 100%
- Caused by some H5 and H7 subtypes
- Notifiable OIE disease
- 19 outbreaks of HPAI since 1955
- Arise from LPAI through mutation
- Reservoir in wild bird normally not recognised
- Ducks reported as carriers
The facts - why is there an outbreak of HPAI?
- Increased density in affected areas (20 - 25
flocks/km2 -Veneto/Netherlands/SEA)
- Organic farming (sector 3B) increasingly popular
- Cut of costs due to competition
- Trade restrictions removed
- Live poultry markets (Asia, Africa, Italy, USA)
- Climate changes?
- Change in migratory routes of wild birds?
- Change in trade?
The facts- The role of wild birds ?
- Most recent information show that wild birds may act as reservoirs and
subsequently spread the virus (distance ?)
- 6 healthy virus positive migratory ducks found in 2005 at Poyang lake +
relatedness of Russian, Iraqi, Turkish and Nigerian isolates in 2005
- But - at the same time is has been strongly indicated (by molecular
characterisation of virus demonstrating the establishment of subclonal lineages)
that once the virus has been introduced into a region (e.g. Asia) the spread is
mainly by poultry - trade/marketing/transport of live animals/hatching
eggs/poultry products over boarders (the industry), humans, equipment,
manure etc.
- The rapid spread from China westwards difficult to explain by migratory birds
only
The facts - consequences for farmers
- Stamping out procedures - specially damaging for poor
farmers in sectors 3 and 4
- App. 500 mill in Africa
- App. 2000 mill in SEA
- Limited compensation
- Few chances of restocking
- Livestock services are rare
- Industrialised farmers less vulnerable
- Compensation in place
- Restocking possible
- Livestock services in place
Poultry production globally
- Poultry production today is global
- Two major production systems
- Industrial production
- Backyard production
- In numbers:
- 16.000.000.000 poultry globally
- 80% of the poultry in backyard
- 20% in industrial production
- Production wise:
- 80% from industrial
- 20% from backyard
Poultry production globally
Great grand parents
Grand parents
Parents
Production
meat or eggs
number of
animals
Sector 1
Sector 2
biosecurity
Characteristics of sector 3
Sector 3: (semi)-commercial
farmer
Sector 2: breeding
centres
Sector 3: small
private enterprises
sale of day-old
chicks
Sector 3: Feed mills sale
of day-old chicks and feed
trader - small
numbers
farm-gate sale or
slaughter
local market -
slaughter
slaughterhouse
assembler
wholesaler - slaughter
trader small
numbers
retail markets -
slaughter
supermarket
consumer -
slaughter
Characteristics of sector 3
- Many similarities to sector 2 - smaller units and low biosecurity
- Caged layer farm with birds in open sheds, broiler production or
waterfowl. May be divided into 3A and 3B
- Poultry might spend time outside the shed
- The products are sold in live markets in urban and rural areas
- In Vietnam the size of the farms ranges from 50 to 150 birds,
while the number is from 500 to 10,000 in Indonesia
- The commercial farms in Lao PDR and Cambodia tend to fall in
this category
- In Africa sector 3 farms are mainly found in peri-urban and urban
areas
- Integrated farming systems constitute a large part of the
production systems in Sector 3 (mainly in Asia)
- Sectors 3A and 3B investments are large and veterinary and
animal husbandry services are integrated into the production
Characteristics of sector 4
- The most widespread production system in Asia, Africa and South
America
- Birds are free-ranging mixed with other animals
- Scavenge for feed, inputs cost very limited
- Produce eggs or meat for home consumption or sale
- High mortality - 80% within a year
- Little use of veterinary services
- Many of the households belong to the poorest in the countries
- It is mainly women and children, who are responsible for the daily
management of the poultry and they are also frequently the
owners and decision-makers
- 60 % to 80 % of the rural households in most developing
countries which keep poultry
Characteristics of sector 4
- The frequent and often close contact between the various species
of animals and humans living on the same farm provide a very
conducive environment for the spread of diseases including H5N1
and possible reassortment of the virus
- Village poultry production systems are characterized by a mixing
of species and ages categories
- Sector 4A: a very basic system with scavenging indigenous
poultry, no cross breeds, rather meet production than egg
production and part of a mixed farming system
- Sector 4B: use of improved breeds, slightly improved
management and input of additional services such as vaccinations
and other investments
- Sectors 4A and 4B are the most numerous with millions of
producers. In many developing countries more than 80-90% of
the poultry producing households belong to Sectors 4A and 4B
- Low human & poultry densities shown in the areas where sector 4
is seen, contribute to protect the systems from virus circulation
Characteristics of sector 4
local market
birds, feeds
small farmer up to
50 birds
family and
friends local
breeds
semi-commercial farmers
cross breeds
home consumption
local market -
slaughter
consumer -
slaughter
wholesaler -
slaughter
retailer -
slaughter
slaughterhouse
farm-gate sale
to assembler
Definition of biosecurity
- Biosecurity is
- "security from transmission of infectious diseases,
parasites and pests to a production unit"
- a "mindset" or "philosophy" developed by producers to
prevent the entry of disease into the flock
- Sometimes it may not be critical to diagnose the
disease agent involved in a problem, but to analyse
what is wrong with the biosecurity programme
- Biosecurity should be viewed as part of the solution,
potentially reducing the dependency on extensive
testing and medication
Definition of biosecurity
Poultry Flock/House
Day-old chicks from
hatchery
Chicks from other
sources (e.g. hen)
Other chickens
Litter (e.g. sawdust)
Feed
Water
Air (ventilation)
Medication
Humans
Vehicles
Equipment
Wild birds
Rodents
Insects
Dogs, cats
Improvement of management and biosecurity - Sector 3
- Knowledge about numbers of farms of sectors 3, localisation and
recording
- Diagnostic facilities for rapid detection and characterization
crucial/veterinary service (including LPAI)
- Biosecurity at all levels
- Housing, building, fences, entry in the farms, disposal of
dead birds, manures, etc..
- Education (biosecurity principles, management practices)
- Controlled movement of poultry, equipment and personnel
(zones) essential
- Marketing practices, transport of birds, gathering points live
markets
- Slaughtering practices at markets, disposal of lest over (feathers,
visceras, etc. Vaccines only if not contained (Sentinel birds to
identify HPAI)
- Inactivated whole virus vaccines
- Recombinant pox virus with a H5 gene inserted
- Masks clinical signs and does not prevent virus replication and
thus mutations (DIVA technology)
Definition of biosecurity
Poultry Flock/House
Day-old chicks from
hatchery
Chicks from other
sources (e.g. hen)
Other chickens
Litter (e.g. sawdust)
Feed
Water
Air (ventilation)
Medication
Humans
Vehicles
Equipment
Wild birds
Rodents
Insects
Dogs, cats
Improvement of management and biosecurity - Sector 4
- Raising producer awareness (biosecurity/observation/compensation
important)
- Training and support on best management practices
- Including the community in participatory control and prevention programme
of AI
- Strengthening diagnostic capacity/veterinary services/livestock services and
CAHW
- Movement control/live bird market restrictions
- no right to sell birds/meat outside commune/district
- Biosecurity - inform about the advantages of keeping animals in a fenced
enclosure where environmental stresses are minimized - buying healthy
animals etc.
- Only one bird species on premise
- Combined Vaccination in AI endemic zones (rural adapted vaccines against
ND & AI)
- Restructuring small scale sector in hot spots
Improvement of management and biosecurity - Sector 4
- Vaccination: Which vaccines (DIVA)? Exit strategy ? Post
vaccination surveillance !! Effect on field virus ?
- Stamping out: logistics/socio-economic/restocking practices
- Movement restrictions: risk of introducing a illegal parallel
uncontrollable market/cultural/socio-economic
- Biosecurity: How? the role of wild birds - ?
- Ducks: ???
- Training in best management practices (housing, prevention of other disease
ND, parasites, quarantine of new birds, etc.)
- Strengthening the veterinary service - not done overnight - community can
play a role
Definition of biosecurity
Poultry Flock/House
Day-old chicks from
hatchery
Chicks from other
sources (e.g. hen)
Other chickens
Litter (e.g. sawdust)
Feed
Water
Air (ventilation)
Medication
Humans
Vehicles
Equipment
Wild birds
Rodents
Insects
Dogs, cats
Outcome from improvement of management
& biosecurity in sectors 3 &4
- Improved food security and safety
- Control of infectious diseases
- Improved livestock services - spill-over effect?
- Educational and social impact
- Income generation - micro-enterprises
- Diversification of economic activity
Future initiatives
- Improvement of management in village productions
Training at all levels needed
- Epidemiology
reservoirs - wild birds/ducks/others
migratory routes (satellite imagery)
survival of virus in the environment
mapping of the international poultry trade (illegal/legal)
Live bird markets/cross over
- Vaccines
effect in different bird species (post vaccination studies)
safety
- The virus
stability in different host etc.
virulence in different host
- Livestock services and veterinary services
How to ensure delivery of livestock
services at village level? Community Animal Health Workers
- More Research and understanding on the the virus behavior (density, sector 4/Thailand,
case study per country)

Potrebbero piacerti anche