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8
e
V V
M
p
M
p
Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
Flexural yielding only will occur when V < V
p
and M = M
p
or, when: e
2M
V
p
p
e
=
e
Link Deformation: (radian)
h
L
12
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Full depth web stiffeners shall be provided on
both sides of link web at diagonal brace
ends of link.
Stiffeners shall have a combined width not
less than (b
f
2t
w
) and a thickness not less
than 0.75t
w
nor 3/8 in., whichever is larger
where b
f
andt
w
are link flange width and link web
thickness, respectively.
Link stiffeners at
brace ends of link
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(a)Links lengths 1.6M
p
/V
p
or less shall be
provided with intermediate web stiffeners
spaced:
(30t
w
-d/5) for =0.08
rad
(52t
w
-d/5) for =0.02
rad
or less
(linearly interpolate between 0.08 and 0.02)
Design Requirements for EBF Links
Link Stiffeners are required to prevent buckling
of the web in shear
Intermediate
stiffeners
13
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(b)Links lengths greater than 2.6M
p
/V
p
and
less than 5M
p
/V
p
shall be provided with
intermediate web stiffeners placed at a
distance 1.5 b
f
fromend of link
14
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(c)Links lengths between 1.6M
p
/V
p
and
2.6M
p
/V
p
shall be provided with
intermediate web stiffeners meeting the
requirements of (a) and (b), above
(d)Intermediate web stiffeners are not required
in links lengths greater than 5M
p
/V
p
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections must be capable
of sustaining maximumlink rotation angle
based on link length (i.e. as specified in
Section 15.2).
Strength of link connection, measured at
column face, must be equal to at least the
nominal shear strength of link, V
n
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
(a)Using prequalified connection per
Appendix P
(b)Providing project-specific tests or tests
fromthe literature per Appendix S
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
Exception: Where reinforcement at beam-to-
column connection at link end precludes
yielding of beamover the reinforced length,
the link is permitted to be the beam
segment fromend of reinforcement to the
brace connectionand
15
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
Exception: Where such links are used and
link length does not exceed 1.6M
p
/V
p
, cyclic
testing of connection is not required if
design strength of reinforced section and
connection equals required strength based
on strain-hardened link per Section 15.6
Full depth stiffeners per Section 15.3 to be
placed at link-to-reinforcement interface.
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Comments:
Currently no prequalified link-to-column
connections
FEMA 350 prequalified moment connections
not necessarily suitable for link-to-column
connections
Suggest avoiding EBF configurations with
links attached to columns until further
research available on link-to-column
connections
16
15.5 Lateral Bracing of Link
Lateral bracing shall be provided at both top
and bottomlink flanges at each end of link.
Required strength of link end lateral bracing is
0.06R
y
F
y
b
f
t
f
(i.e. link flange force)
17
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Required combined axial and flexural strength
of diagonal brace shall be forces generated
by 1.25R
y
V
n
(i.e. shear strength of link).
Design strength of brace shall be based on
LRFD Specification Section H
Design Requirements for EBF Beam-Outside-Link
Beamoutside link
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Design of beamoutside the link:
(1)Required strength of beamoutside of link
shall be forces generated by 1.1R
y
V
n
(i.e.
shear strength of link).
For purposes of determining design
strength of beamoutside of link, R
y
may
be used to calculate available strength
(i.e. you can use on both demand a
capacity sides of equation)
18
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Design of beamoutside the link:
(2)Beamshall be provided with lateral bracing
where indicated as required by analysis.
Lateral bracing shall be provided at both
top and bottomflanges and each brace
shall have a required strength of at least
0.02F
y
b
f
t
f
.
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
At connection between diagonal brace and
beamat link end of brace, intersection of
brace and beamcenterlines shall be at the
end of the link or in the link.
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
Required strength of diagonal brace-to-beam
connection at link end of brace shall be at
least expected nominal brace strength as
given in Section 15.6.
No part of this connection shall extend over
the link length.
19
15.6 Diagonal Brace and BeamOutside Link
If brace resists portion of link moment,
connection shall be designed as a FR
connection.
Brace width-thickness ratio shall satisfy
p
per
LRFD SpecificationTable B5.1
Test on Full-Scale 6-Story EBF: Final failure by
buckling of gusset plate
20
21
15.8 Required Column Strength
In addition to requirements in Section 8,
required strength of columns shall be
determined based on load combinations
fromapplicable building code
except that moments and axial loads
introduced into column at connection of a
link or brace shall not be less than those
generated by 1.1R
y
V
n
(i.e. expected nominal
strength of the link) .