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Ministry of Science and Technology

Department of Technical and Vocational Education
Final Examination for BTech Second !ear
"eat Transfer #ME $%$33&
#Mechanical&
Date' 1()1$)$* Time' 1+'3$ ) 1,'3$
Part -
.ns/er any Three 0uestions
1 The hot com1ustion gases of a furnace are separated form the am1ient air and its
surroundings2 /hich are at +,32 1y a 1ric4 /all $1, m thic4 The 1ric4 has
thermal conducti5ity of 1+ 67m8 and a surface emissi5ity of $9 :nder steady
state conditions an outer surface temperature of 1$$3 is measured Free
con5ection heat transfer to the air ad;oining this surface is characteri<ed 1y a
con5ection coefficient h = +$ 67m
+
78 6hat is the 1ric4 inner surface
temperature>
+ The temperature distri1ution across a /all 1 m thic4 at a certain instant of time is
gi5en as T#x& = a ?1x?cx
+
2 /here T is in degree 3elsius and x is in meters2 /hile
a = ($$32 1 = ) 3$$7m2 and c = ) ,$ 37m
+
. uniform heat generation 0 =
1$$$ 67m
3
2 is present in the /all of area 1$ m ha5ing the properties = 1*$$
4g7m
3
2 4 = %$ 67m8 and c
p
= % 4@74g8 #a& Determine the rate of heat transfer
entering the /all #x = $& and lea5ing the /all #x = 1 m& #1& Determine the rate
of change of energy storage in the /all #c& Determine the time rate of
temperature change at x = $2 $+,2 and $, m
3 . house has a composite /all of /ood2 fi1erglass insulation2 and plaster 1oard2 as
indicated in the s4etch2 An a cold /inter day the con5ection heat transfer
coefficients are h
$
= *$ 67m
+
8 The total /all surface area is 3,$ m
+

#a& Determine a sym1olic expression for the total thermal resistance of the
/all2 including inside and outside con5ection effects for the prescri1ed
conditions
#1& Determine the total heat loss through the /all
#c& -f the /ind /ere 1lo/ing 5iolently2 raising h to 3$$ 67m
+
82 determine
the percentage increase in the heat loss
1$$ mm
outside
+$ mm
Ply/ood siding2
4
s
= $1+ 67m8
Plaster 1oard2
4
p
= $1B 67m8
inside
h
i
2 T
21
= +$3 h
i
2 T
2$
= 1,3
1$ mm
Class fi1er 1lan4et2
4
1
= $$39 67m8
% 3onsider t/o long2 slender rods of the same diameter 1ut different materials
Ane end of each rod is attached to a 1ase surface maintained at 1$$32 /hile the
surface of the rods are exposed to am1ient air at +$3 By tra5ersing length of
each rod /ith a thermocouple2 it /as o1ser5ed that the temperatures of the rods
/ere e0ual at the positions x
.
= $1, m and x
B
= $$B, m2 /here x is measured
from the 1ase surface -f the thermal conducti5ity of rod . is 4no/ to 1e 4
.
= B$
67m82 determine the 5alue of 4
B
for the rod B
Part --
.ns/er any Three 0uestions
, 3onsider the nodal point $ located on the 1oundary 1et/een materials of the
thermal conducti5ity 4
.
and 4
B

Deri5e the finite difference e0uation2 assuming no internal generation

* .ssuming t/o dimensional2 steady state conduction2 determine the temperature at
nodes 12 +2 32 and % in the s0uare shape su1;ected to the uniform surface
temperatures sho/n
B Steel 1alls 1+ mm in diameter are annealed 1y heating to 11,$ 8 and then slo/ly
cooling to %$$ 8 in an air en5ironment for /hich T
a
= 3+, 8 and h = +$
67m
+
8 .ssuming the properties of the steel to 1e 4 =%$ 67m82 and = B9$$
4g7m
3
2 and c = *$$ @74g82 estimate the time re0uired for the cooling process
9 .n o1;ect of irregular shape has a characteristic length of D = 1 m and is
maintained at a uniform surface temperature of T
s
= %$$ 8 6hen placed in
atmospheric air at a temperature of T
a
= 3$$ 8 and mo5ing /ith a 5elocity V =
1$$ m7s2 the a5erage heat flux from the surface to the air is +$2$$$ 67m
+
-f a
second o1;ect of the same shape2 1ut /ith a characteristic length of D = , m2 is
maintained at a surface temperature of T
s
= %$$ 8 and is placed in atmospheric
air at T
a
= 3$$ 82 /hat /ill the 5alue of the a5erage con5ection coefficient 1e if
the air 5elocity is V = +$ m7s>
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
Material .
8
.
Material B
8
B
%
3
1
+
y = x
x
3$$3
+$$3
1$$3
,$3
1
+
3 %
.ns/ers #8x F 1,(2 (* mar4s&
Go1 Solution
T

= T
sur
= +,3 2 h = +$ 67m
+
8
D = $1, m
8 = 1+ 67m8 2 = $9
T
+
= 1$$ 3
T
1
= >
.ssumption
#1& Steady) state condition
#+& Ane) dimensional conduction
#3& Go uniform heat generation
#%& 3onstant properties
Energy 1alance e0uation
E
in
) E
out
= $
0
cond
F 0
con5
F 0
rad
= $

D
& T #T
8
+ 1

h #T
s
)T

& ) #T
s
%
F T
sur
%
& = $

$1,
1$$& #T
+ 1
1

+$ #1$$ +,& F $9 ,*B1$
)9
H#3B3&
%
F #+(9
%
&I = $
9 T
1
F 9$$ 1,$$ F ,+$31 = $
T
1
= 3,+,% 3 #or& T
1
= *+,,% 8
Go+ Solution
T#x& = a ? 1x ? cx
+

a = ($$3 2 1 = ) 3$$37m
c = ) ,$37m
+
0 = 1$$$ 67m
3
2 . = 1$ m
+
= 1*$$ 4g7m
3
2 8 = %$ 67m8
3
p
= % 8@74g8
0
rad
$1, m
8=1+ 67m8
0
cond
0
con5
T
+
= 1$$3
T
1

T
sur
= +,3
T

= +,3
h = +$67m
+
8
#a& 0
in
= > #x = $&
0
out
= > #x = 1m&
#1& E
st
= >
#c&
>
dt
dT
=
#at x = $2 $+,2 $,m&
.ssumption
1 Ane) dimensional conduction
+ :niform heat generation
3 3onstant properties
Go+#a& .t x = $ 2 0
in
=
dx
dT
8.

cx + 1
dx
dT
+ =
0
in
= ) 8. #1 F +cx&
x=$
= ) %$ 1$ #) 3$$ F + #) ,$ $&&
0
in
= 1+$ 46
.t x = 1m 2
0
out
=
dx
dT
8.
0
out
= ) %$ 1$ #1 ? +cx&
= ) %$ 1$ #) 3$$ ? + #) ,$& #1&&
0
out
= 1*$ 46
Go#+1& E
st
= >
By conser5ation of energy 1alance e0uation 2
E
in
F E
out
? E
g
= E
st
0
in
F 0
out
? 0.D = E
st
#1+$ 1$
3
& F #1*$ 1$
3
& ? #1$
3
1$ 1& = E
st
E
st
= ) 3$ 46
Go#+c&
>
dt
dT
=
"eat e0uation 2

+
+
x
T

? 078 =
J
1

dt
dT

dt
dT
=
8
0
x
T
J
+
+
+

8
0
x
T
K3
8
+
+
p

=
p
+
+
p
K3
0
x
T
K3
8

+

T#x& = a ? 1x ? cx
+

x
T

= 1 ? +cx

+
+
x
T

= +c

dt
dT
=
p
K3
8
+c ?
p
K3
0

=
3
1$ % 1*$$
%$

+ #) ,$& ?
3
1$ % 1*$$
1$$$

= ) *+, 1$
)%
? 1,*+, 1$
)%

dt
dT
= ) %*9B, 1$
)%
37s
Go% Solution
Dong rodL #3ase D&
.ssumption
1 Steady)state condition
+ Ane)dimensional conduction
3 3onstant properties
% -nitially Dong rod
,
T
1
= 1$$32 T

= +$3
x
.
= $1, m2 x
B
= $$B, m
8
.
= B$ 67m782 8
B
= >
Very Dong rodL #3ase D&
e
)mx
.
= e
)mx
B
)

mx
.
= ) mx
B

B
c B
.
c .
x
. 8
hP
x
. 8
hP
S0uaring 1oth sides
x
.
= $1,m
x
B
= $$B,m
D
.
= D
B
T
1
= 1$$3
D
.
= D
B
.
B
.ir
T=+$3
h
( )
67m8 1B, 8
$1,
#$$B,&
B$
x
x
8 8
& diaL same # x
. 8
hP
x
. 8
hP
x
. 8
hP
x
. 8
hP
B
+
+
+
.
+
B
. B
+
B
c B
+
.
c .
+
B
c B
+
.
c .
=

=
=

Go, Solution
.ssumption
1 Steady)state condition
+ T/o)dimensional conduction
3 Go heat generation
% 3onstant properties
Finite difference e0uation
By conser5ation of energy 1alance e0uationL
0
1
? 0
+
? 0
3
? 0
%
= $
0
1$
= 8
.
y7+ 1 #T
1
T
$
&7 x ? 8
B
y7+ 1 #T
1
T
$
&7 x
= M #T
1
T
$
&# 8
.
? 8
B
&
0
+$
= 8
.
x 1 #T
+
T
$
&7 y
= 8
.
#T
+
T
$
&
0
3$
= 8
.
y7+ 1 #T
3
T
$
&7x ? 8
B
y7+ 1 #T
3
? T
$
&7x
= M #T
3
T
$
&# 8
.
? 8
B
&
0
%$
= 8
B
x7+ 1 #T
%
T
$
&7y
= 8
B
#T
%
T
$
&
0
1
? 0
+
? 0
3
? 0
%
= $
M #T
1
T
$
&# 8
.
? 8
B
& ? 8
.
#T
+
T
$
& ?M #T
3
T
$
&# 8
.
? 8
B
&? 8
B
#T
%
T
$
& = $
The Finite difference e0uation
M #T
1
T
$
&# 8
.
? 8
B
& ? 8
.
#T
+
T
$
& ?M #T
3
T
$
&# 8
.
? 8
B
&? 8
B
#T
%
T
$
& = $
Material .
8
.
Material B
8
B
%
3
1
+
y = x
x
3$$3
+$$3
1$$3
,$3
1
+
3 %
Go* Solution
.ssumption
1 Steady)state condition
+ T/o)dimensional conduction
3 Go heat generation
% 3onstant properties
Gode 1
1$$ ? ,$ ? T
+
? T
3
F %T
1
= $
T
+
? T
3
F %T
1
? 1,$ = $
Gode +
1$$ ? +$$ ? T
1
?T
%
F %T
+
= $
T
1
?T
%
F %T
+
? 3$$ = $
Gode 3
,$ ?3$$ ? T
%
? T
1
F %T
3
= $
T
%
? T
1
F %T
3
? 3,$ = $
Gode %
3$$ ? +$$ ? T
+
? T
3
F %T
%
= $
T
+
? T
3
F %T
%
? ,$$ = $
By Causs)Secidal Method
1+, T $+, T $+, T
9B, T $+, T $+, T
B, T $+, T $+, T
3B, T $+, T $+, T
8
3
8
+
8
%
1 8
%
8
1
8
31
1 8
%
8
1
8
+
1 8
3
1 8
+
8
1
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

1
+
3
1$$3
,$3
+ +$$3
%
1$$3
1
3
%
3$$3
1
,$3
% +$$3
3$$3
+
3
8 T
1
#3& T
+
#3& T
3
#3& T
%
#3&
$ 9$ ($ 1$$ 11$
1 9, 1+3B, 13*+, 1($
+ 1$+, 1%913 1*$*3 +$+1(
3 11%*( 1,%++ 1**B+ +$,+%
% 11BB% 1,,B% 1*9+, +$*$$
, 119,$ 1,*13 1*9*3 +$*1(
* 119*( 1,*++ 1*9B+ +$*+%
B 119B% 1,*+% 1*9B, +$*+,
T
1
= 119B% 3
T
+
= 1,*+% 3
T
3
= 1*9B, 3
T
%
= +$*+, 3
GoB Solution
.ssumption
1 Temperature of steel 1all is uniform
+ Ane)dimensional conduction
3 Nadiation exchanges are negligi1le
% 3onstant properties
D = 1+ mm2 T = 3+, 8
8 = %$ 67m8 h = +$ 67m+8
= B9$$ 4g7m3 Ti = 11,$ 8
3 = *$$ @74g8 T = %$$ 8
t = >
( )
( )
c 11+++1,se t
3+, %$$
3+, 11,$
Dn
+$
*$$
*
$$1+
B9$$

T T
T T
Dn
OD h
3
*
OD
K
P
P
Dn
h.
KV3
t
Method e 3apacitanc Dumped :se
$1 $$$1
%$
1$ + +$

8
hD
B
m 1$ +
3 +
$$1+
3
r
D
J
J i
+
3
i
s
3 )
c
i
3
$
c
=

= =

=

= =
=

= =

Steel 1all
8 = %$ 67m8
= B9$$ 4g7m
3
3 = *$$ @74g8
T

=3+,8
" = +$ 67m
+
8