Membrane Manual

Dow
Water & Process Solutions

FILMTEC Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Tecnical Manual

Page 2 of 181
Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow orm !o" #$%&$$$'1&1$$%
Table o! Contents

1" (a)ic) of *e+er)e ,)mo)i) and !anofiltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'
1"1 -i)torical (ackgro.nd""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'
1"2 De)alination Technologie) and iltration Proce))e)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'
1"/ Principle of *e+er)e ,)mo)i) and !anofiltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$
1"0 1em2rane De)cription""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/
1"3 1em2rane Performance""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10
1"# 451T6C 1em2rane 7afe for 8)e in ood Proce))ing"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""13
1"' 6lement Con)tr.ction""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1#
1"8 6lement Characteri)tic)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1'
2" 9ater Chemi)try and Pretreatment"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1%
2"1 4ntrod.ction""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1%
2"2 eedwater Type and :naly)i)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2$
2"/ 7cale Control"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""20
2"/"1 4ntrod.ction"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""20
2"/"2 :cid :ddition"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""23
2"/"/ 7cale 4nhi2itor :ddition"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2#
2"/"0 7oftening with a 7trong :cid Cation 6;change *e)in"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2#
2"/"3 Dealkali<ation with a 9eak :cid Cation 6;change *e)in"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2#
2"/"# 5ime 7oftening""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2'
2"/"' Pre+enti+e Cleaning""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""28
2"/"8 :d=.)tment of ,perating >aria2le)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""28
2"0 7caling Calc.lation)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""28
2"0"1 ?eneral"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""28
2"0"2 Calci.m Car2onate 7cale Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/$
2"0"2"1 (racki)h 9ater""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/$
2"0"2"2 7eawater"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/0
2"0"/ Calci.m 7.lfate 7cale Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/8
2"0"0 (ari.m 7.lfate 7cale Pre+ention @8@""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""0$
2"0"3 7tronti.m 7.lfate 7cale Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""0$
2"0"# Calci.m l.oride 7cale Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""01
2"0"' 7ilica 7cale Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""03
2"0"8 Calci.m Pho)phate 7cale Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""0%
2"3 Colloidal and Partic.late o.ling Pre+ention"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3$
2"3"1 :))e))ment of the Colloidal o.ling Potential""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3$
2"3"2 1edia iltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""32
2"3"/ ,;idationAiltration"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3/
2"3"0 4n&5ine iltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3/
2"3"3 Coag.lation&locc.lation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""30
2"3"# 1icrofiltration@8ltrafiltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""30
2"3"' Cartridge 1icrofiltration"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""30
2"3"8 ,ther 1ethod)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""33
2"3"% De)ign and ,perational Con)ideration)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""33

Page / of 181
2"# (iological o.ling Pre+ention""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3#
2"#"1 4ntrod.ction"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3#
2"#"2 :))e))ment of the (iological o.ling Potential"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3#
2"#"2"1 C.lt.re TechniB.e)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3'
2"#"2"2 Total (acteria Co.nt"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3'
2"#"2"/ :))imila2le ,rganic Car2on (:,C)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3'
2"#"2"0 (iofilm ormation *ate ((*)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""38
2"#"/ Chlorination @ Dechlorination"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""38
2"#"0 7odi.m (i).lfite""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#$
2"#"3 D(!P:""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1
2"#"# Com2ined Chlorine"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1
2"#"' ,ther 7aniti<ation :gent)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2
2"#"8 (iofiltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2
2"#"% 1icrofiltration@8ltrafiltration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2
2"#"1$ 8ltra+iolet 4rradiation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2
2"#"11 8)e of o.ling *e)i)tant 1em2rane)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#/
2"' Pre+ention of o.ling 2y ,rganic)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#/
2"8 Pre+ention of 1em2rane Degradation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#/
2"% Pre+ention of 4ron and 1angane)e o.ling"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#/
2"1$ Pre+ention of :l.min.m o.ling"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#0
2"11 Treatment of eedwater Containing -ydrogen 7.lfide"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#3
2"12 ?.ideline) for eedwater C.ality""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""##
2"1/ 7.mmary of Pretreatment ,ption)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#'
/" 7y)tem De)ign""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'$
/"1 4ntrod.ction""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'$
/"2 (atch +)" Contin.o.) Proce))"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'/
/"/ 7ingle&1od.le 7y)tem"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'0
/"0 7ingle&7tage 7y)tem"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'3
/"3 1.lti&7tage 7y)tem"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'3
/"# Pl.g low +)" Concentrate *ecirc.lation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'#
/"' Permeate 7taged 7y)tem""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'8
/"8 7pecial De)ign Po))i2ilitie)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'%
/"% 1em2rane 7y)tem De)ign ?.ideline)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8$
/"%"1 1em2rane 7y)tem De)ign ?.ideline) for 8&inch 451T6C 6lement)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""81
/"%"2 1em2rane 7y)tem De)ign ?.ideline) for 1id)i<e 451T6C 6lement)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""82
/"1$ The 7tep) to De)ign a 1em2rane 7y)tem""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8/
/"11 7y)tem Performance Pro=ection""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8'
/"11"1 7y)tem ,perating Characteri)tic)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8'
/"11"2 De)ign 6B.ation) and Parameter)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8%
/"11"/ Comparing :ct.al Performance of 451T6C 6lement) to *,7: Pro=ection""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/
/"12 Te)ting""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/
/"12"1 7creening Te)t""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/
/"12"2 :pplication Te)t""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/
/"12"/ Pilot Te)t)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%0

Page 0 of 181
/"1/ 7y)tem Component)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%0
/"1/"1 -igh Pre)).re P.mp"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%0
/"1/"2 Pre)).re >e))el)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%3
/"1/"/ 7h.tdown 7witche)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%3
/"1/"0 >al+e)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#
/"1/"3 Control 4n)tr.ment)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#
/"1/"# Tank)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#
/"10 1aterial) of Con)tr.ctionD Corro)ion Control""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%8
/"13 7y)tem De)ign Con)ideration) to Control 1icro2iological :cti+ity""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%%
/"1# 7y)tem De)ign 7.gge)tion) for Tro.2le)hooting 7.cce))"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%%
0" 5oading of Pre)).re >e))el)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$1
0"1 Preparation""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$1
0"2 6lement 5oading""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$1
0"/ 7himming 6lement)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$/
0"0 6lement *emo+al""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$0
0"3 4nterconnector Technology for 8&inch Diameter 451T6C 6lement)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$0
0"3"1 !ew 4nterconnector :d+antage)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$0
0"3"2 7.mmary of 5arge 6lement 4nterconnector)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$#
0"# 4n)talling an 6lement 7pacer"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$#
3" 7y)tem ,peration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$8
3"1 4ntrod.ction""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$8
3"2 4nitial 7tart&8p""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$8
3"2"1 6B.ipment"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$8
3"2"2 Pre&7tart&8p Check and Commi))ioning :.dit"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1$%
3"2"/ 7tart&8p 7eB.ence""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11$
3"2"0 1em2rane 7tart&8p Performance and 7ta2ili<ation""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""112
3"2"3 7pecial 7y)tem)E Do.2le Pa)) *,"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""112
3"2"# 7pecial 7y)tem)E -eat 7aniti<a2le *,"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""112
3"/ ,peration 7tart&8p""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""112
3"0 *, and ! 7y)tem) 7h.tdown"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""112
3"3 :d=.)tment of ,peration Parameter)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11/
3"3"1 4ntrod.ction"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11/
3"3"2 (racki)h 9ater""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11/
3"3"/ 7eawater"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""110
3"# *ecord Feeping"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""110
3"#"1 4ntrod.ction"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""110
3"#"2 7tart&8p *eport"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""110
3"#"/ *, ,perating Data"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""113
3"#"0 Pretreatment ,perating Data""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11'
3"#"3 1aintenance 5og"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11'
3"#"# Plant Performance !ormali<ation""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11'
#" Cleaning and 7aniti<ation""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""121
#"1 4ntrod.ction""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""121
#"2 7afety Preca.tion)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""121

Page 3 of 181
#"/ Cleaning *eB.irement)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""122
#"0 Cleaning 6B.ipment""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""122
#"3 Cleaning Proced.re"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""120
#"# Cleaning Tip)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""123
#"' 6ffect of p- on o.lant *emo+al"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12#
#"8 Cleaning Chemical)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12'
#"% Cleaning Proced.re for 7pecific 7it.ation)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12'
#"%"1 ?eneral Con)ideration)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12'
#"%"2 7.lfate 7cale"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12'
#"%"/ Car2onate 7cale"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""128
#"%"0 4ron o.ling"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12%
#"%"3 ,rganic o.ling"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""12%
#"%"# (iofo.ling""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/$
#"%"' 6mergency Cleaning"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/1
#"1$ 7aniti<ing *,@! 1em2rane 7y)tem)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/1
#"1$"1 4ntrod.ction"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/1
#"1$"2 -ydrogen Pero;ide and Peracetic :cid""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/1
#"1$"/ Chlorinated and ,ther (iocidal Prod.ct)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/2
#"1$"0 -eat 7aniti<ation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/2
'" -andlingD Pre)er+ation and 7torage""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/0
'"1 ?eneral""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/0
'"2 7torage and 7hipping of !ew 451T6C 6lement)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/0
'"/ 8)ed 451T6C 6lement)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/0
'"/"1 Pre)er+ation and 7torage"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/0
'"/"2 *e&wetting of Dried ,.t 6lement)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/3
'"/"/ 7hipping""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/3
'"/"0 Di)po)al""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/3
'"0 Pre)er+ation of *, and ! 7y)tem)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/#
8" Tro.2le)hooting"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/'
8"1 4ntrod.ction""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/'
8"2 6+al.ation of 7y)tem Performance and ,peration""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/'
8"/ 7y)tem Te)t)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/%
8"/"1 >i).al 4n)pection"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/%
8"/"2 Type of o.lant and 1o)t 6ffecti+e Cleaning""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1/%
8"/"/ 5ocali<ation of -igh 7ol.te Pa))age"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10$
8"/"/"1 Profiling"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10$
8"/"/"2 Pro2ing"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10$
8"0 1em2rane 6lement 6+al.ation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""102
8"0"1 7ample 7election""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""102
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8"0"/ >i).al 4n)pection and 9eighing""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10/
8"0"0 >ac..m Decay Te)t""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10/
8"0"3 Performance Te)t""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""100
8"0"# Cleaning 6+al.ation""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""100

Page # of 181
8"0"' :.top)y"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""100
8"0"8 1em2rane :naly)i)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""103
8"3 7ymptom) of Tro.2leD Ca.)e) and Correcti+e 1ea).re)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""103
8"3"1 5ow low"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""103
8"3"1"1 5ow low and !ormal 7ol.te Pa))age"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10#
8"3"1"2 5ow low and -igh 7ol.te Pa))age"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10'
8"3"1"/ 5ow low and 5ow 7ol.te Pa))age""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""10%
8"3"2 -igh 7ol.te Pa))age"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""13$
8"3"2"1 -igh 7ol.te Pa))age and !ormal Permeate low""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""13$
8"3"2"2 -igh 7ol.te Pa))age and -igh Permeate low""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""131
8"3"/ -igh Pre)).re Drop"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""132
8"3"0 Tro.2le)hooting ?rid"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""130
%" :ddend.m"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""133
%"1 Terminology"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""133
%"2 7pecific Cond.ctance of 7odi.m Chloride (Ta2le %"1)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1#0
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%"3 Con+er)ion of Concentration 8nit) of 4onic 7pecie)""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1#'
%"# Temperat.re Correction actor"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1#8
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%"% ,)motic Pre)).re of 7odi.m Chloride""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1'$
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Page ' of 181
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"#* Desalination Tecnolo)ies an% Filtration Processes

451T6C re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,) and nanofiltration (!) mem2rane technologie) are widely recogni<ed to offer the mo)t
effecti+e and economical proce)) option) c.rrently a+aila2le" rom )mall )cale )y)tem)D thro.gh to +ery large )cale
de)alinationD *, and ! can handle mo)t nat.rally occ.rring )o.rce) of 2racki)h and )eawater)" Permeate water)
prod.ced )ati)fy mo)t c.rrently applica2le )tandard) for the B.ality of drinking water)"

*, and ! can red.ce regeneration co)t) and wa)te when .)ed independentlyD in com2ination or with other proce))e)D
).ch a) ion e;change" They can al)o prod.ce +ery high B.ality waterD orD when paired with thermal di)tillation proce))e)D
can impro+e a))et .tili<ation in power generation and water prod.ction again)t demand"

ig.re 1"1 gi+e) an appro;imate repre)entation of the )alinity range to which the main de)alination proce))e) can 2e
generally applied economically"

The mo)t typical operating range of the fo.r ma=or de)alination proce))e) i) )hown in ig.re 1"1" :l)o )hown i) typical
operating range) for )e+eral generic 451T6C mem2rane type)"

Page 8 of 181
Figure 1.1 Major desalination processes
Raw Water Salt Concentration (mg/l) Raw Water Salt Concentration (mg/l)
Ion Exchange
Electrodialysis
Distillation
Low Energy BW RO em!ranes
Brac"ish Water RO em!ranes
Sea Water RO
em!ranes
#$$
%$&$$$
'&$$$ ($
Re)erse Osmosis
*$$
($
($ %'&$$$
($&$$$
'$&$$$
+&$$$
($&$$$
%$$&$$$ %$$&$$$ %$ %$

The +ario.) filtration technologie) which c.rrently e;i)t can 2e categori<ed on the 2a)i) of the )i<e of particle) remo+ed from
a feed )tream" Con+entional macrofiltration of ).)pended )olid) i) accompli)hed 2y pa))ing a feed )ol.tion thro.gh the filter
media in a perpendic.lar direction" The entire )ol.tion pa))e) thro.gh the mediaD creating only one e;it )tream" 6;ample) of
).ch filtration de+ice) incl.de cartridge filter)D 2ag filter)D )and filter)D and m.ltimedia filter)" 1acrofiltration )eparation
capa2ilitie) are generally limited to .ndi))ol+ed particle) greater than 1 micron"

or the remo+al of )mall particle) and di))ol+ed )alt)D cro))flow mem2rane filtration i) .)ed" Cro))flow mem2rane filtration
()ee ig.re 1"2) .)e) a pre)).ri<ed feed )tream which flow) parallel to the mem2rane ).rface" : portion of thi) )tream
pa))e) thro.gh the mem2raneD lea+ing 2ehind the re=ected particle) in the concentrated remainder of the )tream" 7ince
there i) a contin.o.) flow acro)) the mem2rane ).rfaceD the re=ected particle) do not acc.m.late 2.t in)tead are )wept
away 2y the concentrate )tream" Th.)D one feed )tream i) )eparated into two e;it )tream)E the )ol.tion pa))ing thro.gh the
mem2rane ).rface (permeate) and the remaining concentrate )tream"

Figure 1.2 Crossflow membrane filtration

There are fo.r general categorie) of cro))flow mem2rane filtrationE microfiltrationD .ltrafiltrationD nanofiltrationD and re+er)e
o)mo)i)"

Microfiltration (MF)
1icrofiltration remo+e) particle) in the range of appro;imately $"1 to 1 micron" 4n generalD ).)pended particle) and large
colloid) are re=ected while macromolec.le) and di))ol+ed )olid) pa)) thro.gh the 1 mem2rane" :pplication) incl.de
remo+al of 2acteriaD flocc.lated material)D or T77 (total ).)pended )olid))" Tran)mem2rane pre)).re) are typically 1$ p)i
($"' 2ar)"

Ultrafiltration (UF)
8ltrafiltration pro+ide) macro&molec.lar )eparation for particle) in the 2$ to 1D$$$ :ng)trom range (.p to $"1 micron)" :ll
di))ol+ed )alt) and )maller molec.le) pa)) thro.gh the mem2rane" 4tem) re=ected 2y the mem2rane incl.de colloid)D
protein)D micro2iological contaminant)D and large organic molec.le)" 1o)t 8 mem2rane) ha+e molec.lar weight c.t&off
+al.e) 2etween 1D$$$ and 1$$D$$$" Tran)mem2rane pre)).re) are typically 13 to 1$$ p)i (1 to ' 2ar)"

Page % of 181
Nanofiltration (NF)
!anofiltration refer) to a )peciality mem2rane proce)) which re=ect) particle) in the appro;imate )i<e range of 1 nanometer
(1$ :ng)trom))D hence the term Inanofiltration"J ! operate) in the realm 2etween 8 and re+er)e o)mo)i)" ,rganic
molec.le) with molec.lar weight) greater than 2$$&0$$ are re=ected" :l)oD di))ol+ed )alt) are re=ected in the range of 2$&
%8K" 7alt) which ha+e mono+alent anion) (e"g" )odi.m chloride or calci.m chloride) ha+e re=ection) of 2$&8$KD wherea)
)alt) with di+alent anion) (e"g" magne)i.m ).lfate) ha+e higher re=ection) of %$&%8K" Typical application) incl.de remo+al of
color and total organic car2on (T,C) from ).rface waterD remo+al of hardne)) or radi.m from well waterD o+erall red.ction of
total di))ol+ed )olid) (TD7)D and the )eparation of organic from inorganic matter in )pecialty food and wa)tewater
application)" Tran)mem2rane pre)).re) are typically 3$ to 223 p)i (/"3 to 1# 2ar)"

Reerse !smosis (R!)
*e+er)e o)mo)i) i) the fine)t le+el of filtration a+aila2le" The *, mem2rane act) a) a 2arrier to all di))ol+ed )alt) and
inorganic molec.le)D a) well a) organic molec.le) with a molec.lar weight greater than appro;imately 1$$" 9ater molec.le)D
on the other handD pa)) freely thro.gh the mem2rane creating a p.rified prod.ct )tream" *e=ection of di))ol+ed )alt) i)
typically %3K to greater than %%K"

The application) for *, are n.mero.) and +ariedD and incl.de de)alination of )eawater or 2racki)h water for drinking
p.rpo)e)D wa)tewater reco+eryD food and 2e+erage proce))ingD 2iomedical )eparation)D p.rification of home drinking water
and ind.)trial proce)) water"

:l)oD *, i) often .)ed in the prod.ction of .ltrap.re water for .)e in the )emicond.ctor ind.)tryD power ind.)try (2oiler feed
water)D and medical@la2oratory application)" 8tili<ing *, prior to ion e;change (4L) dramatically red.ce) operating co)t) and
regeneration freB.ency of the 4L )y)tem" Tran)mem2rane pre)).re) for *, typically range from '3 p)ig (3 2ar) for 2racki)h
water to greater than 1D2$$ p)ig (80 2ar) for )eawater"

The normal range of filtration proce))e) i) )hown in ig.re 1"/"

Figure 1." Ranges of filtration processes

Page 1$ of 181
"#+ Princi,le o! Reverse Osmosis an% &ano!iltration

#ow Reerse !smosis $or%s
The phenomenon of o)mo)i) occ.r) when p.re water flow) from a dil.te )aline )ol.tion thro.gh a mem2rane into a higher
concentrated )aline )ol.tion"

The phenomenon of o)mo)i) i) ill.)trated in ig.re 1"0" : )emi&permea2le mem2rane i) placed 2etween two compartment)"
I7emi&permea2leJ mean) that the mem2rane i) permea2le to )ome )pecie)D and not permea2le to other)" :)).me that thi)
mem2rane i) permea2le to waterD 2.t not to )alt" ThenD place a )alt )ol.tion in one compartment and p.re water in the other
compartment" The mem2rane will allow water to permeate thro.gh it to either )ide" (.t )alt cannot pa)) thro.gh the
mem2rane"

Figure 1.& !eriew of osmosis

Osmosis
Water diffuses through a semi-permeable
membrane toward region of higher
concentration to equalize solution strength.
Ultimate height difference between columns
is osmotic pressure.
Re)erse Osmosis
Applied pressure in excess of osmotic pressure
reverses water flow direction. ence the term
reverse osmosis.

:) a f.ndamental r.le of nat.reD thi) )y)tem will try to reach eB.ili2ri.m" That i)D it will try to reach the )ame concentration on
2oth )ide) of the mem2rane" The only po))i2le way to reach eB.ili2ri.m i) for water to pa)) from the p.re water
compartment to the )alt&containing compartmentD to dil.te the )alt )ol.tion"

ig.re 1"0 al)o )how) that o)mo)i) can ca.)e a ri)e in the height of the )alt )ol.tion" Thi) height will increa)e .ntil the
pre)).re of the col.mn of water ()alt )ol.tion) i) )o high that the force of thi) water col.mn )top) the water flow" The
eB.ili2ri.m point of thi) water col.mn height in term) of water pre)).re again)t the mem2rane i) called o)motic pre)).re"

4f a force i) applied to thi) col.mn of waterD the direction of water flow thro.gh the mem2rane can 2e re+er)ed" Thi) i) the
2a)i) of the term re+er)e o)mo)i)" !ote that thi) re+er)ed flow prod.ce) a p.re water from the )alt )ol.tionD )ince the
mem2rane i) not permea2le to )alt"

#ow Nanofiltration $or%s
The nanofiltration mem2rane i) not a complete 2arrier to di))ol+ed )alt)" Depending on the type of )alt and the type of
mem2raneD the )alt permea2ility may 2e low or high" 4f the )alt permea2ility i) lowD the o)motic pre)).re difference 2etween
the two compartment) may 2ecome almo)t a) high a) in re+er)e o)mo)i)" ,n the other handD a high )alt permea2ility of the
mem2rane wo.ld not allow the )alt concentration) in the two compartment) to remain +ery different" Therefore the o)motic
pre)).re play) a minor role if the )alt permea2ility i) high"

Page 11 of 181

#ow to Use Reerse !smosis and Nanofiltration in 'ractice
4n practiceD re+er)e o)mo)i) and nanofiltration are applied a) a cro))flow filtration proce))" The )implified proce)) i) )hown
in ig.re 1"3"

Figure 1.( Reerse osmosis process

9ith a high pre)).re p.mpD feed water i) contin.o.)ly p.mped at ele+ated pre)).re to the mem2rane )y)tem" 9ithin the
mem2rane )y)temD the feed water will 2e )plit into a low&)aline and@or p.rified prod.ctD called permeateD and a high )aline or
concentrated 2rineD called concentrate or re=ect" : flow reg.lating +al+eD called a concentrate +al+eD control) the percentage
of feedwater that i) going to the concentrate )tream and the permeate which will 2e o2tained from the feed"

The key term) .)ed in the re+er)e o)mo)i) @ nanofiltration proce)) are defined a) follow)"

Recovery & the percentage of mem2rane )y)tem feedwater that emerge) from the )y)tem a) prod.ct water or IpermeateJ"
1em2rane )y)tem de)ign i) 2a)ed on e;pected feedwater B.ality and reco+ery i) defined thro.gh initial ad=.)tment of
+al+e) on the concentrate )tream" *eco+ery i) often fi;ed at the highe)t le+el that ma;imi<e) permeate flow while pre+enting
precipitation of ).per&)at.rated )alt) within the mem2rane )y)tem"

Rejection & the percentage of )ol.te concentration remo+ed from )y)tem feedwater 2y the mem2rane" 4n re+er)e o)mo)i)D a
high re=ection of total di))ol+ed )olid) (TD7) i) importantD while in nanofiltration the )ol.te) of intere)t are )pecificD e"g" low
re=ection for hardne)) and high re=ection for organic matter"

Passage & the oppo)ite of Ire=ectionJD pa))age i) the percentage of di))ol+ed con)tit.ent) (contaminant)) in the feedwater
allowed to pa)) thro.gh the mem2rane"

Permeate & the p.rified prod.ct water prod.ced 2y a mem2rane )y)tem"

Flow & eed flow i) the rate of feedwater introd.ced to the mem2rane element or mem2rane )y)temD .).ally mea).red in
gallon) per min.te (gpm) or c.2ic meter) per ho.r (m
/
@h)" Concentrate flow i) the rate of flow of non&permeated feedwater
that e;it) the mem2rane element or mem2rane )y)tem" Thi) concentrate contain) mo)t of the di))ol+ed con)tit.ent)
originally carried into the element or into the )y)tem from the feed )o.rce" 4t i) .).ally mea).red in gallon) per min.te (gpm)
or c.2ic meter) per ho.r (m
/
@h)"

Flux & the rate of permeate tran)ported per .nit of mem2rane areaD .).ally mea).red in gallon) per )B.are foot per day
(gfd) or liter) per )B.are meter and ho.r (l@m
2
h)"

Factors )ffecting Reerse !smosis and Nanofiltration 'erformance
Permeate fl.; and )alt re=ection are the key performance parameter) of a re+er)e o)mo)i) or a nanofiltration proce))" 8nder
)pecific reference condition)D fl.; and re=ection are intrin)ic propertie) of mem2rane performance" The fl.; and re=ection of a
mem2rane )y)tem are mainly infl.enced 2y +aria2le parameter) incl.dingE
pre)).re
temperat.re
reco+ery
feed water )alt concentration

Page 12 of 181
The following graph) )how the impact of each of tho)e parameter) when the other three parameter) are kept con)tant" 4n
practiceD there i) normally an o+erlap of two or more effect)" ig.re 1"#D ig.re 1"'D ig.re 1"8 and ig.re 1"% are B.alitati+e
e;ample) of re+er)e o)mo)i) performance" The f.nction) can 2e .nder)tood with the 7ol.tion&Diff.)ion&1odelD which i)
e;plained in more detail in Section 3.11.2" 4n nanofiltrationD the )alt re=ection i) le)) depending on the operating condition)"

!ot to 2e neglected are )e+eral main factor) which cannot 2e )een directly in mem2rane performance" The)e are
maintenance and operation of the plant a) well a) proper pretreatment de)ign" Con)ideration of the)e three Mparameter)HD
which ha+e +ery )trong impact on the performance of a re+er)e o)mo)i) )y)temD i) a m.)t for each ,61 (original eB.ipment
man.fact.rer) and end .)er of ).ch a )y)tem"

'ressure
9ith increa)ing effecti+e feed pre)).reD the permeate TD7 will decrea)e while the permeate fl.; will increa)e a) )hown in
ig.re 1"#"

*emperature
4f the temperat.re increa)e) and all other parameter) are kept con)tantD the permeate fl.; and the )alt pa))age will increa)e
()ee ig.re 1"')"

Recoer+
*eco+ery i) the ratio of permeate flow to feed flow" 4n the ca)e of increa)ing reco+eryD the permeate fl.; will decrea)e and
)top if the )alt concentration reache) a +al.e where the o)motic pre)).re of the concentrate i) a) high a) the applied feed
pre)).re" The )alt re=ection will drop with increa)ing reco+ery ()ee ig.re 1"8)"

Feedwater ,alt Concentration
ig.re 1"% )how) the impact of the feedwater )alt concentration on the permeate fl.; and the )alt re=ection"

Figure 1.- 'erformance s. pressure Figure 1.. 'erformance s. temperature
,ermeate
-l.x
Salt
Re/ection
,ress.re
,ermeate
-l.x
Salt
Re/ection
0em1erat.re

Figure 1./ 'erformance s. recoer+ Figure 1.0 'erformance s. feedwater salt concentration
,ermeate
-l.x
Salt
Re/ection
-eed Concentration
,ermeate
-l.x
Salt
Re/ection
Reco)ery

Ta2le 1"1 )how) a ).mmary of the impact) infl.encing re+er)e o)mo)i) plant performance"

*able 1.1 Factors influencing reerse osmosis performance
1ncreasing 'ermeate Flow ,alt 'assage
6ffecti+e pre)).re
Temperat.re
*eco+ery
eed )alt correction
4ncrea)ing Decrea)ing

Page 1/ of 181
"#- Membrane Descri,tion

The 451T6C mem2rane i) a thin film compo)ite mem2rane con)i)ting of three layer)E a polye)ter ).pport we2D a
microporo.) poly).lfone interlayerD and an .ltra thin polyamide 2arrier layer on the top ).rface" 6ach layer i) tailored to
)pecific reB.irement)" : )chematic diagram of the mem2rane i) )hown in ig.re 1"1$"

Figure 1.12 ,c3ematic cross4section of a F15M*6C t3in film composite membrane
PolyamideD 1icroporo.) Poly).lfoneD Polye)ter 7.pport 9e2D 8ltrathin (arrier 5ayer
$"2 micro&mD 0$ micro&mD 12$ micro&m

ilmTec prod.ce) two different type) of polyamide mem2rane) for .)e in water p.rification" The fir)t i) the T/$ chemi)tryD
which i) an aromatic polyamide and i) .)ed in all 451T6C re+er)e o)mo)i) mem2rane) and the !%$ nanofiltration
mem2rane patented 2y Nohn Caddotte at ilmTec in 1%#%" The )econd type i) a mi;ed aromaticD aliphatic polyamide .)ed
in all nanofiltration mem2rane) and wa) al)o initially de+eloped 2y Nohn Caddotte at ilmTec" Thirty year) of f.rther
inno+ation) at ilmTec ha+e led to the 2roade)t range of nanofiltration and re+er)e o)mo)i) mem2rane) in the ind.)try"
451T6C mem2rane) co+er a fl.; performance range from $"$0 to $"33 gfd@p)i (1 to 10 l@m
2
h 2ar)" Thi) 10 fold difference in
water permea2ility i) co+ered 2y two polyamide type) with )mall change) in compo)ition and larger change) in the water
content of the mem2raneE the aromatic T/$ mem2rane and the aliphatic@aromatic nanofiltration mem2rane" The latter type
i) )ometime) referred to a) polypipera<ine mem2rane"

ig.re 1"11 repre)ent) the appro;imate )tr.ct.re of the T&/$ aromatic polyamide mem2rane" The pre)ence of 2oth amine
and car2o;ylate end gro.p) are )hown"

Figure 1.11 7arrier la+er of t3e F*"2 aromatic pol+amide membrane
!
"
!
#
! !
#
# #
# #
#
$ree Amine
%arbox&late

The T&/$ mem2rane i) an aromatic polyamide made from 1D/ phenylene diamine and the tri acid chloride of 2en<ene" Thi)
remarka2ly chemically re)i)tant and )tr.ct.rally )trong polymer contain) car2o;yllic acid and free (not reacted) amine) at
different le+el)" -igh chemical )ta2ility make) it the mo)t d.ra2le and ea)y to clean mem2rane material a+aila2le"

Page 10 of 181
The appro;imate )tr.ct.re of mo)t of the 451T6C nanofiltration mem2rane i) )hown in ig.re 1"12" Thi) i) an
aromatic@aliphatic polyamide with amine and ca2o;ylate) end gro.p)"

Figure 1.12 7arrier la+er of t3e aromatic8alip3atic pol+amide nanofiltration membrane
!
!
#
#
!
!
#
#
#
#
#
$ree Amine
%arbox&late
(eca.)e of the trace additi+e) and the different di))ociation con)tant) of the pipera<ine fo.nd in thi) polymer we are a2le to
ha+e a wider range of 2oth mono+alent and di+alent )alt) tran)porting thro.gh thi) polymer" Thi) ha) allowed .) to de)ign a
wide range of nanofiltration mem2rane) that ha+e different )alt )electi+ity for different )eparation)"

The ma=or )tr.ct.ral ).pport i) pro+ided 2y the non&wo+en we2D which ha) 2een calendered to prod.ce a hardD )mooth
).rface free of loo)e fi2er)" 7ince the polye)ter we2 i) too irreg.lar and poro.) to pro+ide a proper ).2)trate for the )alt
2arrier layerD a microporo.) layer of engineering pla)tic (poly).lfone) i) ca)t onto the ).rface of the we2"

The poly).lfone coating i) remarka2le in that it ha) ).rface pore) controlled to a diameter of appro;imately 13$ :ng)trom)"
The 2arrier layerD a2o.t 2D$$$ :ng)trom) thickD can with)tand high pre)).re) 2eca.)e of the ).pport pro+ided 2y the
poly).lfone layer" The com2ination of the polye)ter we2 and the poly).lfone layer ha) 2een optimi<ed for high water
permea2ility at high pre)).re"

The 2arrier layer i) relati+ely thickO making 451T6C mem2rane) highly re)i)tant to mechanical )tre))e) and chemical
degradation"

"#. Membrane Per!ormance

451T6C thin film compo)ite mem2rane) gi+e e;cellent performance for a wide +ariety of application)D incl.ding low&
pre)).re tapwater .)eD )eawater de)alinationD 2racki)h water p.rificationD chemical proce))ing and wa)te treatment" Thi)
mem2rane e;hi2it) e;cellent performance in term) of fl.;D )alt and organic) re=ectionD and micro2iological re)i)tance"
451T6C element) can operate o+er a p- range of 2 to 11D are re)i)tant to compaction and are ).ita2le for temperat.re) .p
to 03PC" They can 2e effecti+ely cleaned at p- 1 and p- 1/" Their performance remain) )ta2le o+er )e+eral year)D e+en
.nder har)h operating condition)"

The mem2rane )how) )ome re)i)tance to )hort&term attack 2y chlorine (hypochlorite)" The free chlorine tolerance of the
mem2rane i) Q $"1 ppm" Contin.o.) e;po).reD howe+erD may damage the mem2rane and )ho.ld 2e a+oided" 8nder certain
condition)D the pre)ence of free chlorine and other o;idi<ing agent) will ca.)e premat.re mem2rane fail.re" 7ince o;idation
damage i) not co+ered .nder warrantyD ilmTec recommend) remo+ing re)id.al free chlorine 2y pretreatment prior to
mem2rane e;po).re" Plea)e refer to Section 2.6.3 for more information"

The parameter) which characteri<e the performance of a mem2rane are the water permea2ility and the )ol.te permea2ility"
The ideal re+er)e o)mo)i) mem2rane ha) a +ery high water permea2ility and a <ero )alt permea2ility" The ideal
nanofiltration mem2rane ha) al)o a +ery high water permea2ilityD 2.t the ideal permea2ility of )ol.te) might 2e <ero or )ome
po)iti+e +al.eD depending on the )ol.te and on the applicationO for e;ample <ero permea2ility for pe)ticide) and 3$K
permea2ility for calci.m ion)"

Page 13 of 181
1em2rane )y)tem) are typically de)igned and operated at a fi;ed a+erage fl.;D )ee Section 3D Membrane System Design"
1em2rane) with a high water permea2ility reB.ire a low feed pre)).re and th.) a low energy to operate at a gi+en fl.;"
Ta2le 1"2 )how) a compari)on of the performance of different mem2rane) 2a)ed on a gi+en fl.; a) typically enco.ntered in
mem2rane )y)tem)"

*able 1.2 'erformance of some F15M*6C9 membranes
,$"2#R 7$"2 :56 NF2.2
eed pre)).re (p)i) /'$ 13$ '$ 3$
eed pre)).re (2ar) 23 1$ 3 /"3
Rejection (;)
7odi.m chloride !aCl %%"' %%"0 %8"# 8$
Calci.m chloride CaCl2 %%"8 %%"0 %8"8 3$
1agne)i.m ).lfate 1g7,0 %%"% %%"' %%"2 %%"/
:t 18 ?D (/$ l@m
2
h)D 2D$$$ mg@l )ol.te concentrationD 23CD p- '&8D 1$K reco+ery per 0$&inch element"

:) a general r.leD mem2rane) with a high water permea2ility (low feed pre)).re) al)o ha+e a higher )alt permea2ility
compared to mem2rane) with lower water permea2ility" The permea2ility of )ol.te) decrea)e) (the re=ection increa)e)) with
an increa)e in theE

degree of dissociationE weak acid)D for e;ample lactic acidD are re=ected m.ch 2etter at higher p- when the
di))ociation i) high
ionic c3argeE e"g" di+alent ion) are 2etter re=ected than mono+alent ion)
molecular weig3t< higher molec.lar weight )pecie) are 2etter re=ected
nonpolarit+< le)) polar ).2)tance) are re=ected 2etter
degree of 3+dration< highly hydrated )pecie)D e"g" chlorideD are 2etter re=ected than le)) hydrated one)D e"g" nitrate
degree of molecular branc3ing< e"g" i)o&propanol i) 2etter re=ected than n&propanol"

"#/ FILMTEC Membrane Sa!e !or 0se in Foo% Processin)

8nder the food additi+e pro+i)ion of the ederal oodD Dr.g and Co)metic :ctD contact ).rface) of component) .)ed in the
prod.ction of foodD incl.ding waterD m.)t comply with e)ta2li)hed reg.lation) )et forth 2y the 8"7" ood and Dr.g
:dmini)tration (D:) in order to recei+e appro+al for )afe .)e" 4n accordance with it) long&)tanding commitment to B.alityD
petition) were ).2mitted to the D: for the 451T6C T/$ re+er)e o)mo)i) mem2rane and all 451T6C ! mem2rane)
for e+al.ation and appro+al"

The proced.re for D: appro+al i) rigoro.) and thoro.gh" ir)tD a food additi+e petition m.)t 2e ).2mitted to the D:" Thi)
petition incl.de) information a2o.t the chemical identity and compo)ition of the component and it) phy)icalD chemical and
2iological propertie)" The petitioner m.)t al)o de)cri2e the propo)ed .)e of the componentD incl.ding all direction)D
recommendation) and ).gge)tion)" Data m.)t 2e incl.ded which e)ta2li)h that the component will ha+e the intended effect
when .)ed in thi) manner" 4n additionD e;perimental data m.)t )how the e;tent that the component directly or indirectly
affect) the )afety of the food with which it come) in contact" The petition m.)t finally analy<e the en+ironmental impact of the
man.fact.ring proce)) and the .ltimate .)e of the component"

The D: e+al.ate) the petition for the )pecific 2iological propertie) of the component and it) demon)trated )afety for the
propo)ed .)e" The data and e;perimental method) are al)o e+al.ated for adeB.acy and relia2ility" :) a g.ideline for thi)
e+al.ationD the D: .)e) the principle) and proced.re) for e)ta2li)hing the )afety of food additi+e) )tated in c.rrent
p.2lication) of the !ation :cademy of 7cience)&!ational *e)earch Co.ncil"

*e+er)e ,)mo)i) and nanofiltration mem2rane) recei+ed D: clearance for .)e in proce))ing liB.id food) and in p.rifying
water for food application)" Thi) clearance i) p.2li)hed in the Code of ederal *eg.lation) .nder Title 21D 7ection 1''"233$D
*e+er)e ,)mo)i) 1em2rane)" The T/$ re+er)e o)mo)i) mem2rane a) well a) all nanofiltration mem2rane) comply with
thi) reg.lation"

Page 1# of 181
"#1 Element Construction

451T6C mem2rane) are thin film compo)ite mem2rane) packed in a )piral wo.nd config.ration" 7piral wo.nd de)ign)
offer many ad+antage) compared to other mod.le de)ign)D ).ch a) t.2.larD plate and frame and hollow fi2er mod.le de)ign
for mo)t of the re+er)e o)mo)i) application) in water treatment" TypicallyD a )piral wo.nd config.ration offer) )ignificantly
lower replacement co)t)D )impler pl.m2ing )y)tem)D ea)ier maintenance and greater de)ign freedom than other
config.ration)D making it the ind.)try )tandard for re+er)e o)mo)i) and nanofiltration mem2rane) in water treatment"

The con)tr.ction of a )piral wo.nd 451T6C mem2rane element a) well a) it) in)tallation in a pre)).re +e))el i)
)chematically )hown in ig.re 1"1/" : 451T6C element contain) from oneD to more than /$ mem2rane leaf)D depending on
the element diameter and element type" 8)ing ilmTecH) .niB.e a.tomated man.fact.ring proce))D each leaf i) made of two
mem2rane )heet) gl.ed together 2ack&to&2ack with a permeate )pacer in&2etween them" ilmTecH) a.tomated proce))
prod.ce) con)i)tent gl.e line) a2o.t 1"3 in (0 cm) wide that )eal the inner (permeate) )ide of the leaf again)t the o.ter
(feed@concentrate) )ide" There i) a )ide gl.e line at the feed end and at the concentrate end of the elementD and a clo)ing
gl.e line at the o.ter diameter of the element" The open )ide of the leaf i) connected to and )ealed again)t the perforated
central part of the prod.ct water t.2eD which collect) the permeate from all lea+e)" The lea+e) are rolled .p with a )heet of
feed )pacer 2etween each of themD which pro+ide) the channel for the feed and concentrate flow" 4n operationD the feed
water enter) the face of the element thro.gh the feed )pacer channel) and e;it) on the oppo)ite end a) concentrate" : part
of the feed water A typically 1$&2$ K A permeate) thro.gh the mem2rane into the lea+e) and e;it) the permeate water t.2e"

9hen element) are .)ed for high permeate prod.ction rate)D the pre)).re drop of the permeate flow in)ide the lea+e)
red.ce) the efficiency of the element" Therefore 451T6C element) ha+e 2een optimi<ed with a higher n.m2er of )horter
mem2rane lea+e) and thin and con)i)tent gl.e line)" The 451T6C element con)tr.ction al)o optimi<e) the act.al acti+e
mem2rane area (the area in)ide the gl.e line)) and the thickne)) of the feed )pacer" 6lement prod.cti+ity i) enhanced 2y
high acti+e area while a thick feed )pacer red.ce) fo.ling and increa)e) cleaning ).cce))" 7.ch preci)ion in element
man.fact.re can only 2e achie+ed 2y .)ing ad+anced a.tomated preci)ion man.fact.ring eB.ipment" : cro))&)ection of a
permeate water t.2e with attached lea+e) i) )hown in ig.re 1"10"

4n mem2rane )y)tem) the element) are placed in )erie) in)ide of a pre)).re +e))el" The concentrate of the fir)t element
2ecome) the feed to the )econd element and )o on" The permeate t.2e) are connected with interconnector) (al)o called
co.pler))D and the com2ined total permeate e;it) the pre)).re +e))el at one )ide ()ometime) at 2oth )ide)) of the +e))el"

Figure 1.1" Construction of spiral wound Figure 1.1& Cross4section of a permeate water tube
F15M*6C R! membrane element t3roug3 t3e side glue lines of t3e leaes
(arrows indicate een spacing of leaes)
'ermeate %hannel (pacer
%oupling
'ressure
)essel
'ermeate
%ollection
*ube
$eed $low
+rine (eal
%oncentrate
'ermeate
'ermeate
'ermeate %hannel (pacer
%oncentrate
Rolled Element
$eedwater $low
,igh 'ressure-
$eedwater %hannel (pacer
'ermeate *ube
.embrane
.embrane
/lue 0ine

Page 1' of 181

"#2 Element Caracteristics

451T6C element) co+er a wide range of application)" They can 2e characteri<ed 2y mem2rane typeD o.ter wrapD )i<e
and performance" The nomenclat.re of 451T6C element) pro+ide) )ome of thi) information"

Nomenclature
6lement) le)) than 8 inche) in diameter are named according to Ta2le 1"/" The fir)t part of the name indicate) the
mem2rane and itH) typical .)eO for e;ampleD (9/$ i) a 7racki)h $ater T"2 mem2rane .)ed for 2racki)h water" The
)econd part of the name indicate) the element )i<eO for e;ample 230$ i) an element with a diameter of 2"3 inche) and a
length of 0$ inche)"

*able 1." Nomenclature of elements =/ inc3es
The element nomenclat.re for 451T6C element) i) for e;ample a) follow)E

*$ "2 4 &2 &2
| | | |_____
5ength of 6lement in inche)

| | |
| | |____
Diameter of 6lementD di+ided 2y 1$D in inche)

| |
| | _________
T/$ & 6lement amily

|
|_________
T9 & Tap 9ater
(9 & (racki)h 9ater
79 & 7eawater
79-* & 7eawater -igh *e=ection

6ight&inch element) are alway) 8 inche) in diameter and 0$ inche) in length" They are named according to the act.al acti+e
mem2rane area in )B.are feetD for e;ample the (9/$&0$$ element ha) an acti+e mem2rane area of 0$$ )B.are feet"

7ome element) type) ha+e an e;ten)ion to their nameD e"g" or *" The)e )tand for )pecial element or mem2rane
feat.re)E
*E o.ling *e)i)tant
E .llfit

Membrane
The following mem2rane type) are .)ed with 451T6C element)E
!2'$ A high prod.cti+ity nanofiltration mem2rane for remo+al of organic) with medi.m )alt and hardne)) pa))age
!2$$ A nanofiltration mem2rane for high atra<ine and T,C re=ectionD medi.m calci.m pa))age
!%$ A nanofiltration mem2rane for %$K )alt remo+alD high remo+al of ironD pe)ticide)D her2icide)D T,C
! A nanofiltration mem2rane .)ed in non&water application)
T9/$ A -igh re=ection 2racki)h water T"2 mem2raneD typically .)ed for *ap $ater *,
T9/$5P A M5ow 're)).reH +er)ion of the T9/$ mem2rane
(9/$ A -igh re=ection 7racki)h $ater T"2 mem2rane for 2racki)h water *,
*, A Re+er)e !)mo)i) mem2rane .)ed in f.llfit element) for )anitary application)
-7*, A #eat ,aniti<a2le +er)ion of the *, mem2rane .)ed in f.llfit element)
(9/$56 A M5ow 6nergyH +er)ion of the (9/$ mem2rane
7?/$ A ,emicond.ctor >rade T"2 mem2rane for .ltrap.re water *,
7?/$56 A 5ow 6nergy +er)ion of the 7?/$ mem2rane
L56 A 6:tremely 5ow 6nergy *, mem2rane for lowe)t pre)).re 2racki)h water *,
79/$ A ,ea$ater *, mem2raneD typically .)ed for low )alinity or cold )eawater *, and high )alinity 2racki)h water *,
79/$-* A ,ea$ater *, mem2rane with #igh )alt Re=ectionD typically .)ed for )ingle pa)) )eawater de)alination
79/$-*56 & ,ea$ater *, mem2rane with #igh )alt Re=ectionD typically .)ed for 5ow 6nergy )eawater de)alination
79/$L56 A mem2rane for ,ea$ater de)alination with e:tremely 5ow 6nergy con).mption

Page 18 of 181
6lement ,i?e
The )tandard length of a mem2rane element i) 0$ inche) (1D$1# mm)" or )mall and compact )y)tem) )horter element) are
a+aila2leD ).ch a) 10 inche) (/3# mm) and 21 inche) (3// mm)"

-ome Drinking 9ater *, element) are 12 inche) long and 1"8 inche) in diameter to fit into nominal 2&inch 4"D" ho.)ing)"

The )tandard diameter of 451T6C element) i) 2"3D 0 and 8 inche) (#1 A %% A 2$1 mm)" They are )i<ed to fit into 2"3D 0
and 8 inch pre)).re +e))el) re)pecti+ely"

6lement !uter $rap
The o.ter wrap of 451T6C element) i) either tapeD fi2ergla)) or a polypropylene me)h" Tap water and home drinking water
*, element) are tape wrappedD all other element) e;cept f.llfit element) are fi2ergla)) wrapped" i2ergla)) add) more
phy)ical )trength to the element for operation .nder har)h condition)" .llfit element) ha+e a de)igned 2ypa)) d.ring
operation to minimi<e )tagnant area)O ).ch element) are optimal for application) reB.iring a )anitary de)ign"

6lement 'erformance
The performance of all 451T6C element) i) )tated on their re)pecti+e prod.ct information data )heet)" :n o+er+iew a2o.t
the a+aila2le )i<e) and their flow performance range i) )hown in Ta2le 1"0"

*able 1.& F15M*6C element t+pes
6lement t+pe @iameter 'ermeate flow
1
at standard test conditions MaAimum operating pressure
(inc3) (>'@) (l83) (bar) (',1)
!2'$ 2"3D 0D 8 83$ & 10D'$$ 1/0 & 2D/$$ 01 #$$
!2$$ 2"3D 0D 8 0#$ & 8D$$$ '/ & 1D2#$ 01 #$$
!%$ 2"3D 0D 8 323 & 1$D/$$ 8/ & 1D#2$ 01 #$$
T9/$ 1"8 20 & 1$$ /"8 & 1# 21 /$$
T9/$D T9/$-P 2D 2"3D 0 1$$ & /D2$$ 1# & 3$$ 01 #$$
(9/$ 2"3D 0D 8 '3$ & 1$D3$$ 12$ & 1D##$ 01 #$$
(9/$56 0D 8 2D$$$ & 11D3$$ /2$ & 1D8/$ 01 #$$
L56 2"3D 0D 8 //$ & 1/D$$$ 32 & 2D$0$ 01 #$$
79/$ 2"3D 0 13$ & 1D%3$ 20 & /$$ #% 1D$$$
79/$-* 8 #D$$$ %3$ 80 1D2$$
79/$-*56 8 'D3$$ 1D2$$ 80 1D2$$
79/$L56 8 %D$$$ 1D0$$ #% 1D2$$
1
>arying with different element dimen)ion) and te)t condition)"

The )tandard element te)t condition) +ary depending on the mem2rane type" Ta2le 1"3 ).mmari<e) the te)t condition) .)ed
to )pecify the performance of 451T6C element)"

*able 1.( ,tandard test conditions for F15M*6C elements
'ressure
6lement t+pe Feedwater *emperature psi bar p# Recoer+ *est time
!2$$
!2'$
!%$
1g7,0D 2D$$$ ppm '' (23C) '$ 0"8 8 13K 2$ min"
!2$$
!2'$
CaCl2D 3$$ ppm '' (23C) '$ 0"8 8 13K 2$ min"
!%$ !aClD 2D$$$ ppm '' (23C) '$ 0"8 8 13K 2$ min"
5PT9 TapwaterD 23$ ppm '' (23C) 3$ /"03 8 13K 2$ min"
(9/$56 !aClD 2D$$$ ppm '' (23C) 13$ 1$"/ 8 13K 2$ min"
L56 !aClD 3$$ ppm '' (23C) 1$$ #"% 8 13K 2$ min"
T9/$
(9/$
!aClD 2D$$$ ppm '' (23C) 223 13"3 8 13K 2$ min"
79/$ !aClD /2D$$$ ppm '' (23C) 8$$ 33 8 1$K
G
2$ min"
79/$-* !aClD /2D$$$ ppm '' (23C) 8$$ 33 8 8K 2$ min"
G
8K for 2"3 inch and 0 inch diameter element)"

Page 1% of 181

*# Water Cemistr3 an% Pretreatment

*#" Intro%uction

To increa)e the efficiency and life of re+er)e o)mo)i) and nanofiltration (*,@!) )y)tem)D effecti+e pretreatment of the feed
water i) reB.ired" 7election of the proper pretreatment will ma;imi<e efficiency and mem2rane life 2y minimi<ingE
o.ling
7caling
1em2rane degradation

,ptimi<ingE
Prod.ct flow
Prod.ct B.ality ()alt re=ection)
Prod.ct reco+ery
,perating R maintenance co)t)

o.ling i) the acc.m.lation of foreign material) from feed water on the acti+e mem2rane ).rface and@or on the feed )pacer
to the point of ca.)ing operational pro2lem)" The term fo.ling incl.de) the acc.m.lation of all kind) of layer) on the
mem2rane and feed )pacer ).rfaceD incl.ding )caling" 1ore )pecificallyD colloidal fo.ling refer) to the entrapment of
partic.late or colloidal matter ).ch a) iron floc) or )iltD 2iological fo.ling (2iofo.ling) i) the growth of a 2iofilmD and organic
fo.ling i) the ad)orption of )pecific organic compo.nd) ).ch a) h.mic ).2)tance) and oil on to the mem2rane ).rface"
7caling refer) to the precipitation and depo)ition within the )y)tem of )paringly )ol.2le )alt) incl.ding calci.m car2onateD
2ari.m ).lfateD calci.m ).lfateD )tronti.m ).lfate and calci.m fl.oride"

Pretreatment of feed water m.)t in+ol+e a total )y)tem approach for contin.o.) and relia2le operation" or e;ampleD an
improperly de)igned and@or operated clarifier will re).lt in loading the )and or m.ltimedia filter 2eyond it) operating limit)"
7.ch inadeB.ate pretreatment often nece))itate) freB.ent cleaning of the mem2rane element) to re)tore prod.cti+ity and
)alt re=ection" The co)t of cleaningD downtime and lo)t )y)tem performance can 2e )ignificant"

The proper treatment )cheme for feed water depend) onE
eed water )o.rce
eed water compo)ition
:pplication

The type of pretreatment )y)tem depend) to a large e;tent on feed water )o.rce (i"e"D well waterD ).rface waterD and
m.nicipal wa)tewater)" 4n generalD well water i) a con)i)tent feed )o.rce that ha) a low fo.ling potential" 9ell water typically
reB.ire) a +ery )imple pretreatment )cheme ).ch a) acidification and@or anti)calant do)ing and a 3&Sm cartridge filter"

7.rface waterD on the other handD i) a +aria2le feed water )o.rce that i) affected 2y )ea)onal factor)" 4t ha) a high fo.ling
potentialD 2oth micro2iological and colloidal" Pretreatment for ).rface water i) more ela2orate than pretreatment for well
water" :dditional pretreatment )tep) often incl.de chlorinationD coag.lation@flocc.lationD clarificationD m.ltimedia filtrationD
dechlorinationD acidification and@or anti)calant do)ing"

4nd.)trial and m.nicipal wa)tewater) ha+e a wide +ariety of organic and inorganic con)tit.ent)" 7ome type) of organic
component) may ad+er)ely affect *,@! mem2rane)D ind.cing )e+ere flow lo)) and@or mem2rane degradation (organic
fo.ling)D making a well&de)igned pretreatment )cheme imperati+e"

,nce the feed water )o.rce ha) 2een determinedD a complete and acc.rate analy)i) of the feed water )ho.ld 2e made" The
importance of a feed water analy)i) cannot 2e o+erempha)i<ed" 4t i) critical in determining the proper pretreatment and
*,@! )y)tem de)ign"

Page 2$ of 181
inallyD the application often determine) the type or e;tent of *,@! pretreatment reB.ired" or e;ampleD pretreatment in an
electronic) application might 2e m.ch more )ophi)ticated than for a m.nicipal )y)tem d.e to the different prod.ct water
B.ality reB.irement)"

Pretreatment i) a contin.o.) water treatment proce)) .p)tream of a contin.o.) mem2rane proce))" 9ater treatment
chemical) may 2e do)ed contin.o.)ly or intermittently d.ring operation of the *,@! )y)tem" :ny off&line application of
chemical) (i"e"D when the )y)tem i) not in prod.ction mode) i) de)cri2ed in Section 6 Cleaning and 7aniti<ation"

*#* Fee%water T3,e an% 4nal3sis

The ma=or water type) 2eing treated 2y *,@! can 2e ro.ghly characteri<ed from the total di))ol+ed )olid) (TD7) content
and the organic load (total organic car2onD T,C)D )ee ig.re 2"1"

>ery&low&)alinityD high&p.rity water) (-P9) coming from the fir)t *, )y)tem) (do.2le&pa)) *, )y)tem) or the
poli)hing )tage in .ltrap.re water (8P9) )y)tem) with TD7 .p to 3$ mg@5"

5ow&)alinity tap water) with TD7 .p to 3$$ mg@5"
1edi.m&)alinity gro.ndwater with high nat.ral organic matter (!,1) and TD7 .p to 3D$$$ mg@5"
1edi.m&)alinity 2racki)h water) with TD7 .p to 3D$$$ mg@5"
1edi.m&)alinity tertiary effl.ent with high T,C and 2iological o;ygen demand ((,D) le+el) and TD7 .p to 3D$$$
mg@5"
-igh&)alinity 2racki)h water) with TD7 in the range of 3D$$$A13D$$$ mg@5" 7eawater with TD7 in the range of /3D$$$
mg@5"

Figure 2.1 Major water t+pes being treated b+ R! and NF
#rganic ,*#%- 0oad
(
a
l
i
n
i
t
&
Beach Well
Seawater
O1en Inta"e
Seawater
Land2ill
Leachate
3ltra ,.re
Water
4igh Salinity
Brac"ish
Water
Low Salinity
0a1 Water
edi.m
Salinity
Brac"ish
Water
.nici1al
Wastewater
S.r2ace Water
Low edi.m 4igh

L
o
w

e
d
i
.
m

4
i
g
h
'nd ,ass
RO -eed

Page 21 of 181
,eawater
7eawater with TD7 of /3D$$$ mg@5 i) con)idered )tandard )eawater con)tit.tingD 2y farD the large)t amo.nt of water
worldwide" The compo)ition i) nearly the )ame all o+er the world" The act.al TD7 content mayD howe+erD +ary within wide
limit) from the (altic 7ea with 'D$$$ mg@5 to the *ed 7ea and :ra2ian ?.lf with .p to 03D$$$ mg@5" The act.al compo)ition)
can 2e proportionally e)timated from the )tandard )eawater compo)ition (Ta2le 2"1)" The water from )ea)hore well)D
howe+erD depending on the )oilD infl.; from inlandD etc"D can often ha+e )alinity and compo)ition B.ite different from water
taken from the )ea it)elf"

*able 2.1 ,tandard seawater composition
1on Concentration (mg85)
Calci.m 01$
1agne)i.m 1D/1$
7odi.m 1$D%$$
Pota))i.m /%$
(ari.m $"$3
7tronti.m 1/
4ron Q$"$2
1angane)e Q$"$1
7ilica $"$0 & 8
Chloride 1%D'$$
7.lfate 2D'0$
l.oride 1"0
(romide #3
!itrate Q$"'
(icar2onate 132
(oron 0 & 3
!t3er
TD7 /3D$$$ mg@5
p- 8"1

4n Ta2le 2"2 and Ta2le 2"/D )ome chemical and phy)ical characteri)tic) of )eawater) with different )alinity are )hown"

*able 2.2 1norganic composition of seawater wit3 different salinit+
$ater B (ppm) Na (ppm) Mg (ppm) Ca (ppm) #C!" (ppm) Cl (ppm) ,!& (ppm) ,i!2 (ppm)
7tandard )eawater & /2D$$$ ppm /30 %D830 1D182 /83 1/$ 1'D'02 2D0'' $"%
7tandard )eawater & /3D$$$ ppm /8' 1$D''8 1D2%/ 021 102 1%D0$# 2D'1$ 1"$
7tandard )eawater & /#D$$$ ppm /%8 11D$8# 1D//$ 0// 10# 1%D%#$ 2D'8' 1"$
7tandard )eawater & /8D$$$ ppm 01% 11D##/ 1D/%% 03# 130 2$D%%% 2D%/2 1"$
7tandard )eawater & 0$D$$$ ppm 001 12D2'8 1D0'/ 08$ 1#2 22D1$3 /D$8# 1"1
7tandard )eawater & 03D$$$ ppm 0%# 1/D812 1D#3' 3/% 182 20D8#8 /D0'2 1"2
7tandard )eawater & 3$D$$$ ppm 331 13D/0' 1D801 3%% 2$2 2'D#// /D838 1"0

*able 2." ,alinit+ and conductiit+ of seawaters

5ocation
,alinit+
*@,
ppm
Conductiit+
B
C,8cm
Factor
B8*@,
C,8(cmDppm)
7o.th Pacific Q/#D$$$ Q31D##$ 1"0/ & 1"00
?ran Canaria (:tlantic ,cean) /'D#$$ 3/D28$ 1"02
7ardinia (1editerranean 7ea) 0$D8$$ 3'D20$ 1"0$
(ahrain 02D3$$ 3%D/3$ 1"0$
6gypt (*ed 7ea) 00D$$$ #2D%%$ 1"/8

The characteri)tic feat.re) of )eawater ha+e to 2e con)idered in the de)ign and operation of the pretreatment and the
re+er)e o)mo)i) proce))" :) a con)eB.ence of the high )alinity of )eawater in+ol+ing a high o)motic pre)).reD the reco+ery
of the )y)tem i) limited to typically 0$ to 3$K in order to not e;ceed the phy)ical pre)).re limit) of the mem2rane elementD or
to limit the energy con).mption a))ociated with higher feed pre)).re) at higher reco+erie)D or to limit the )alinity and@or the
2oron concentration in the prod.ct water" 7eawater) from open intake) may ca.)e 2iofo.ling of the *, mem2rane) if no
2iofo.ling pre+ention mea).re) are in place ()ee Section 2.6D (iological o.ling Pre+ention)"

Page 22 of 181
7rac%is3 $ater
The compo)ition of 2racki)h water) i) of e;tremely wide +ariationD and a water analy)i) i) a m.)t for a good proce)) de)ign"
7e+eral e;ample) of 2racki)h water analy)e) are gi+en in Ta2le 2"0"

4n 2racki)h water treatmentD the factor limiting reco+ery i) mainly of a chemical nat.re (i"e"D precipitation and )cale formation
2y compo.nd) ).ch a) calci.m car2onate or calci.m ).lfate)" The potential for 2iofo.ling i) al)o another limiting factor in
2racki)h water treatment" : n.m2er of method) are a+aila2le to a))e)) the 2iological fo.ling potential ()ee Section 2.6.2D
!ssessment o" t#e $iological Fouling Potential)" 4n ind.)trial and m.nicipal wa)tewater treatmentD a wide +ariety of organic
and inorganic con)tit.ent) may 2e pre)ent" Th.)D the limiting factor) are )ometime) go+erned 2y additional characteri)tic) of
feed water)D for e;ample the organic matter or the pho)phate )caling potential"

*able 2.& 6Aamples of brac%is3 water composition
'arameter Unit $ell water
a
$ell water
b
5a%e water
c
,urface water
d
'retreated tertiar+ effluent
e

Calci.m mg@5 80 11/ 30 1$2 0$ & #0
1agne)i.m mg@5 # 2"' 2/ 11 |
7odi.m mg@5 /# 2/ 8' 2$ 13$ & 2$$
Pota))i.m mg@5 /"/ 2 #"# 0 |
4ron mg@5 Q$"$3 $"2 $"$3 !D&$13 $"$2 & $"$%
1angane)e mg@5 $"$1 $"1 Q$"$1 Q$"$1 Q$"$3
(ari.m mg@5 $"$' $"1 $"$% | $"$1 & $"1
7tronti.m mg@5 $"' 1 1 | $"2 & 1
:mmoni.m mg@5 Q$"$3 | | $"/ 22 & ##
:l.min.m mg@5 $"$2 | $"$2 !D&$"13 $"$/
Chloride mg@5 03 32 #' // 13$ & 3$$
(icar2onate mg@5 2#3 /23 1/0 28' 08"8 & %'"#
7.lfate mg@5 20 8 2$1 3# 12$ & 1#$
!itrate mg@5 0"/ 0 Q1"$ 13 0$ & #$
l.oride mg@5 $"10 $"' | $"23 $"' & $"'
Pho)phate mg@5 Q$"$3 $"# $"$1 1"2 #"1 & 12"2
7ilica mg@5 % 11 /"1 ' & 1' # & 1$
-ydrogen 7.lfide mg@5 | 1"3 | | !D
TD7 mg@5 0'8 /'' 3'/ 0$$ 3$$ & 1D/$$
T,C mg@5 1"3 1$ /"# 2"0 2$ & /$ (C,D)
Color Pt Q3 0$ | Q3 1/ (-a<en)
T.r2idity !T8 | | | 2 & 1/$ $"0 & 1"'
p- | '"3 '"0 8"2 8 #"# & '"0
Cond.cti+ity T7@cm 3%$ | 8'% 0$$ & '$$ '$$ & 2D2$$
Temperat.re C 12 2/ & 28 | / & 23 23 & /3
a" 9ell waterE ?ermany
2" 9ell waterE The T.rnpike :B.ifer in lorida (de)ign of the (oynton (eachD 5 1em2rane 7oftening 9ater TreatmentD Proc" :99: :nn.al ConferenceD 6ng"
:nd ,p"D 1/% (1%%2))
c" 5ake 1eadD !e+ada (2$$$)
d" *i+er ,i)eD rance
e" Tertiary effl.entE ind.)trial water in N.rong 4)landD 7ingapore (9ater *eclamation A The N.rong 4)land 6;perience A 78T 7eraya .)ing o.ling *e)i)tant *,
1em2rane to *eclaim 9a)tewaterD 4D:D (ahrain (2$$2))

9ith ).ch wide +ariation in feed water B.alityD the fir)t )tep i) to know the water characteri)tic)" (efore a pro=ection of an *,
or ! )y)tem de)ign can 2e r.nD a complete and acc.rate water analy)i) m.)t 2e pro+ided" : water analy)i) form (Ta2le
2"3) m.)t 2e completed and 2alanced to electrone.trality (i"e"D anion and cation concentration) m.)t 2e identical when
)tated in term) of the calci.m car2onate eB.i+alent)" 4f the water analy)i) i) not 2alancedD the addition of either !a
U
or Cl
A
to
achie+e electrone.trality i) recommended"

Page 2/ of 181
*able 2.( $ater anal+sis for R!8NF

(ample identification1 ............................................................................................................................................
$eed source1 .........................................................................................................................................................
%onductivit&1 ................................................... p1 ............... *emperature ,2%-1 ...........................

$eed water anal&sis1 !
3
4
..................... %#
"
.....................

Please give units (mg/L as ion
5
4
..................... %#
6
" 7
.....................

or ppm as CaCO3 or meq/L)
!a
4
..................... %#
6
7

.....................
.g
"4
..................... !#
6
7
.....................
%a
"4
..................... %l
7

.....................
+a
"4
..................... $
7
.....................
(r
"4
..................... (#
3
"7
.....................
$e
"4
..................... '#
3
"7
.....................
$e ,tot- ..................... (
"7
.....................
.n
"4
..................... (i#
"
,colloidal- .....................
+oron 88888... (i#
"
,soluble- .....................
Al
64
.....................

#ther ions1 .............................................................................................................................................................

*9( ,b& method-1 ..................................................................................................................................................
*#%1 ......................................................................................................................................................................
+#91 ......................................................................................................................................................................
%#91 .....................................................................................................................................................................
A#%1 ......................................................................................................................................................................
+9#%1 ...................................................................................................................................................................

*otal al:alinit& ,m-value-1 .......................................................................................................................................
%arbonate al:alinit& ,p-value-1 ...............................................................................................................................
*otal hardness1 ......................................................................................................................................................
*urbidit& ,!*U-1 .....................................................................................................................................................
(ilt densit& index ,(9;-1 .........................................................................................................................................
+acteria ,count<ml-1 ...............................................................................................................................................
$ree chlorine1 ........................................................................................................................................................

=emar:s1 ...............................................................................................................................................................
,odor> smell> color> biological activit&> etc.- ....................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

Anal&sis b&1 ...........................................................................................................................................................

9ate1 ......................................................................................................................................................................

(a
2U
and 7r
2U
m.)t 2e analy<ed at the 1 Sg@5 (pp2) and 1 mg@5 (ppm) le+el of detectionD re)pecti+ely" 4t i) al)o important that
the temperat.re 2e gi+en a) a range rather than an a2)ol.te +al.e" Temperat.re +ariation can impact the )caling potential of
an *, )y)temD e)pecially when )ilica and 2icar2onate le+el) in the feed water are high"

:fter the mem2rane )y)tem i) in )er+iceD the feed water )ho.ld 2e analy<ed on a reg.lar 2a)i) )o that the pretreatment and
the plant operation can 2e ad=.)ted accordingly" 1any )tandard) are a+aila2le for water analy)i) techniB.e)" 4t i)
recommended to .)e the )tandard) of :7T1 4nternational (
www.astm.org
) or the late)t edition of %Stan&ar& Met#o&s "or
t#e 'xamination o" (ater an& (astewaterJ@1@"

Page 20 of 181
: g.ide for water analy)i) for re+er)e o)mo)i) application) i) gi+en in :7T1 D 01%3 @2@O thi) can 2e applied to nanofiltration
a) well" : li)ting of the rele+ant :7T1 proced.re) and 7tandard 1ethod) for the 6;amination of 9ater and 9a)tewater are
gi+en in Ta2le 2"#"

*able 2.- ,tandard procedures releant to water anal+sis for R!8NF applications
),*M ,tandard Met3ods 818
Calci.m and magne)i.m D 311 /3$$&CaD 1g
Chloride D 312 03$$&Chloride
Car2on dio;ideD 2icar2onateD car2onate D 31/ 03$$&Car2on dio;ideD 2/2$
Pho)phor.) D 313 03$$&P
7.lfate D 31# 03$$&7.lfate
:l.min.m D 83' /3$$&:l
1angane)e D 838 /3$$&1n
7ilica D 83% 03$$&7ilica
Di))ol+ed o;ygen D 888 03$$&,
4ron D 1$#8 /3$$&e
l.oride D 11'% 03$$&l.oride
C,D D 1232D D ##%' 322$
*e)id.al chlorine D 123/ 03$$&Cl
p- D 12%/ 03$$&p- +al.e
5ithi.mD pota))i.mD )odi.m D 1028D D /3#1 /3$$&5iD !aD F
:mmonia nitrogen D 102# 03&&&!- /
Partic.late and di))ol+ed matter D 1888 23#$
T.r2idity D 188% 21/$
Total organic car2on (T,C) D 23'%D D 012%D D 08/%D D 3%$0 3/1$
:r)enic D 2%'2 /3$$&:)
(oron D /$82 03$$&(
7tronti.m D //32 /3$$&7r
Practice) for )ampling water D //'$ 1$#$
!itrite & nitrate D /8#' 03$$&!itrogen
7ilt den)ity inde; D 018% |
(ari.m D 0/82 /3$$&(a
1icro2iological contaminant) in water #$ |
,;idation&red.ction potential (,*P) D 10%8 238$
(,D | 321$
:,C | %21'

*#+ Scale Control

2.".1 1ntroduction

7caling of *,@! mem2rane) may occ.r when )paringly )ol.2le )alt) are concentrated within the element 2eyond their
)ol.2ility limit" or e;ampleD if a re+er)e o)mo)i) plant i) operated at 3$K reco+eryD the concentration in the concentrate
)tream will 2e almo)t do.2le the concentration in the feed )tream" :) the reco+ery of a plant i) increa)edD )o i) the ri)k of
)caling"

D.e to water )carcity and en+ironmental concernD adding a 2rine (*, concentrate) reco+ery )y)tem to increa)e reco+ery
ha) 2ecome more pop.lar" To minimi<e precipitation and )calingD it i) important to e)ta2li)h well&de)igned )cale control
mea).re) and a+oid e;ceeding the )ol.2ility limit) of )paringly )ol.2le )alt)" 4n an *,@! )y)temD the mo)t common
)paringly )ol.2le )alt) enco.ntered are Ca7,0D CaC,/D and )ilica" ,ther )alt) creating a potential )caling pro2lem are Ca2D
(a7,0D 7r7,0D and Ca/(P,0)2" 7ol.2ility prod.ct) of )paringly )ol.2le inorganic compo.nd) are li)ted in Ta2le 2"'"

Page 23 of 181
*able 2.. ,olubilit+ products of sparingl+ soluble inorganic compounds
,ubstance Formula *emp. C ,olubilit+ product Negatie log Bsp
:l.min.m hydro;ide :l(,-)/ 23 / 1$
&/0
//"3
:l.min.m pho)phate :lP,0 23 %"80 1$
&21
2$
(ari.m car2onate (aC,/ 23 2"38 1$
&%
8"#
(ari.m ).lfate (a7,0 23 1"1 1$
&1$
1$
Calci.m car2onate CaC,/ 23 CalciteE /"/# 1$
&%

:ragoniteE # 1$
&%

8"3
8"2
Calci.m fl.oride Ca2 23 /"03 1$
&11
1$"3
Calci.m pho)phate Ca/(P,0)2 23 2"$' 1$
&//
/2"'
Calci.m ).lfate Ca7,0 23 0"%/ 1$
&3
0"/
4ron(44) hydro;ide e(,-)2 23 0"8' 1$
&1'
1#"/
4ron(44) ).lfide e7 23 8 1$
&1%
18"1
4ron(444) hydro;ide e(,-)/ 23 2"'% 1$
&/%
/8"#
4ron(444) pho)phate dihydrate eP,02-2, 23 %"%1 1$
&1#
13
5ead car2onate P2C,/ 23 '"0 1$
&10
1/"1
5ead fl.oride P22 23 /"/ 1$
&8
'"3
5ead ).lfate P27,0 23 2"3/ 1$
&8
'"#
1agne)i.m ammoni.m pho)phate 1g!-0P,0 23 2"3 1$
&1/
12"#
1agne)i.m car2onate 1gC,/ 12
23
2"# 1$
&3

#"82 1$
&#

0"38
3"1'
1agne)i.m fl.oride 1g2 18
23
'"1 1$
&%

3"1# 1$
&11

8"13
1$"/
1agne)i.m hydro;ide 1g(,-)2 18
23
1"2 1$
&11

3"#1 1$
&12

1$"%
11"23
1agne)i.m pho)phate 1g/(P,0)2 23 1"$0 1$
&20
20
1angane)e hydro;ide 1n(,-)2 18
23
0"$ 1$
&10

2 1$
&1/

1/"0
12"'
7tronti.m car2onate 7rC,/ 23 3"# 1$
&1$
%"23
7tronti.m ).lfate 7r7,0 1'"0 /"8 1$
&'
#"02
Vinc car2onate VnC,/ 23 1"0# 1$
&1$
%"80

The following de)ign practice) can 2e .)ed to pre+ent )caling of a mem2rane"

2.".2 )cid )ddition

1o)t nat.ral ).rface and gro.nd water) are almo)t )at.rated with CaC,/" The )ol.2ility of CaC,/ depend) on the p-D a)
can 2e )een from the following eB.ationE
Ca
2U
U -C,/
A
-
U
U CaC,/

(y adding -
U
a) acidD the eB.ili2ri.m can 2e )hifted to the left )ide to keep calci.m car2onate di))ol+ed" 8)e food&grade
B.ality acid"

7.lf.ric acid i) ea)ier to handle and in many co.ntrie) more readily a+aila2le than hydrochloric acidD howe+erD additional ).lfate
i) added to the feed )treamD potentially ca.)ing ).lfate )caling (Sections 2.).3 2.).) 2.).*)"

CaC,/ tend) to di))ol+e in the concentrate )tream rather than precipitate" Thi) tendency can 2e e;pre))ed 2y the 5angelier
7at.ration 4nde; (574) for 2racki)h water) and the 7tiff R Da+i) 7ta2ility 4nde; (7RD74) for )eawater)" :t the p- of )at.ration
(p-s)D the water i) in eB.ili2ri.m with CaC,/"

The definition) of 574 and 7RD74 areE
574 W p- A p-s (TD7 Q 1$D$$$ mg@5)
7RD74 W p- A p-s (TD7 X 1$D$$$ mg@5)

where the method) predicting p-s are different for 574 and 7RD74 ()ee Section 2.).2)"

To control calci.m car2onate )caling 2y acid addition aloneD the 574 or 7RD74 in the concentrate )tream m.)t 2e negati+e"
:cid addition i) .)ef.l to control car2onate )cale only"

Page 2# of 181
2."." ,cale 1n3ibitor )ddition

7cale inhi2itor) (anti)calant)) can 2e .)ed to control car2onate )calingD ).lfate )calingD and calci.m fl.oride )caling" There
are generally three different type) of )cale inhi2itor)E )odi.m he;ametapho)phate (7-1P)D organopho)phonate) and
polyacrylate)"

7-1P i) ine;pen)i+e 2.t .n)ta2le compared to polymeric organic )cale inhi2itor)" 1inor amo.nt) ad)or2 to the ).rface of
microcry)tal)D pre+enting f.rther growth and precipitation of the cry)tal)" ood&grade B.ality 7-1P )ho.ld 2e .)ed" Care
m.)t 2e taken to a+oid hydroly)i) of 7-1P in the do)ing feed tank" -ydroly)i) will not only decrea)e the )cale inhi2ition
efficiencyD 2.t al)o create a calci.m pho)phate )caling ri)k" ThereforeD 7-1P i) generally not recommended"

,rganopho)phonate) are more effecti+e and )ta2le than 7-1P" They act a) antifo.lant) for in)ol.2le al.min.m and ironD
keeping them in )ol.tion" Polyacrylate) (high molec.lar weight) are generally known for red.cing )ilica )cale formation +ia a
di)per)ion mechani)m"

Polymeric organic )cale inhi2itor) are al)o more effecti+e than 7-1P" Precipitation reaction) may occ.rD howe+erD with
negati+ely charged )cale inhi2itor) and cationic polyelectrolyte) or m.lti+alent cation) (e"g"D al.min.m or iron)" The re).lting
g.m&like prod.ct) are +ery diffic.lt to remo+e from the mem2rane element)" or do)age rate) on all anti)calant)D plea)e
contact the anti)calant man.fact.rer)" ,+erdo)ing )ho.ld 2e a+oided" 1ake certain that no )ignificant amo.nt) of cationic
polymer) are pre)ent when adding an anionic )cale inhi2itor"

4n *, plant) operating on )eawater with TD7 in the range of /3D$$$ mg@5D )caling i) not a) m.ch of a pro2lem a) in 2racki)h
water plant) 2eca.)e the reco+ery of )eawater plant) i) limited 2y the o)motic pre)).re of the concentrate )tream to /$&
03K" or )afety rea)on)D howe+erD a )cale inhi2itor i) recommended when operating a2o+e a reco+ery of /3K"

2.".& ,oftening wit3 a ,trong )cid Cation 6Ac3ange Resin

4n the ion e;change )oftening proce))D the )cale&forming cation)D ).ch a) Ca
2U
D (a
2U
and 7r
2U
D are remo+ed and replaced 2y
)odi.m cation)" The re)in i) regenerated with !aCl at hardne)) 2reakthro.gh" The p- of the feed water i) not changed 2y
thi) treatment andD thereforeD no dega)ifier i) needed" ,nly a little C,2 from the raw water i) pre)ent that can pa)) into the
permeateD creating a cond.cti+ity increa)e there" The permeate cond.cti+ity can 2e lowered 2y adding )ome !a,- to the
)oftened feed water (.p to p- 8"2) to con+ert re)id.al car2on dio;ide into 2icar2onateD which i) then re=ected 2y the
mem2rane" The re=ection performance of the T/$ mem2rane i) optimal at the ne.tral p- range"

9ith D,96L ion e;change re)in)D the remo+al efficiency for Ca
2U
D (a
2U
D and 7r
2U
i) greater than %%"3KD which .).ally
eliminate) any ri)k of car2onate or ).lfate )caling"

7oftening with a )trong acid cation e;change re)in i) effecti+e and )afeD pro+ided the regeneration i) done properly" 4t i)
.)ed mainly in )mall& or medi.m&)i<e 2racki)h water plant)D 2.t not in )eawater plant)"

: draw2ack of thi) proce)) i) it) relati+ely high )odi.m chloride con).mptionD potentially ca.)ing en+ironmental or economic
pro2lem)" 9ith D,96L 1,!,7P-6*6 ion e;change re)in) and a co.nter&c.rrent regeneration techniB.e ).ch a)
DowH) 8PC,*6 )y)temD it i) po))i2le to minimi<e the )odi.m chloride con).mption to 11$K of the )toichiometric +al.e"

2.".( @eal%ali?ation wit3 a $ea% )cid Cation 6Ac3ange Resin

Dealkali<ation with a weak acid cation e;change re)in i) .)ed mainly in large 2racki)h water plant) for partial )oftening to
minimi<e the con).mption of regeneration chemical)"

Page 2' of 181

4n thi) proce))D only Ca
2U
D (a
2U
D and 7r
2U
a))ociated with 2icar2onate alkalinity (temporary hardne))) are remo+ed and
replaced 2y -
U
D th.) lowering the effl.ent p- to 0A3" (eca.)e the acidic gro.p) of the re)in are car2o;ylic gro.p)D the ion
e;change proce)) )top) when the p- reache) 0"2D where the car2o;ylic gro.p) are no longer di))ociated" 4t i)D thereforeD
only a partial )oftening" ,nly tho)e )cale&forming cation) are remo+ed that are 2o.nd to 2icar2onate" Thi) proce))D
thereforeD i) ideal for water) with high 2icar2onate content" The 2icar2onate i) con+erted into car2on dio;ideE

-C,/
A
U -
U
-2, U C,2

4n mo)t ca)e)D car2on dio;ide i) not de)ired in the permeate" 4t can 2e remo+ed 2y dega))ing either in the permeate or in
the feed )tream"

Dega))ing the permeate i) fa+ored where a potential for 2iofo.ling i) ).)pected (e"g"D ).rface water)D high T,CD high
2acteria co.nt))" : high C,2 concentration on the mem2rane) help) to keep 2acteria growth low" Dega))ing the feed i)
preferred when optim.m )alt re=ection i) the priority" *emo+ing C,2 al)o lead) to an increa)e in p- ()ee eB.ation a2o+e)D
and at p- X# the re=ection i) 2etter than at p- Q3"

The ad+antage) of dealkali<ing with a weak acid cation e;change re)in areE
or regenerationD acid of not more than 1$3K of the )toichiometric +al.e i) needed" Thi) minimi<e) operating co)t) and
en+ironmental impact"
The TD7 +al.e of the water i) red.ced (2y the remo+al of 2icar2onate )alt)) 2y either the amo.nt of hardne)) or
alkalinityD whiche+er i) lower" :ccordinglyD the permeate TD7 +al.e i) al)o lower"

The di)ad+antage) areE
*e)id.al hardne))"
4f complete )oftening i) reB.iredD a )odi.m e;change proce)) with a )trong acid cation e;change re)in can 2e addedD
e+en in one +e))el (layered 2ed)" The o+erall con).mption of regenerant chemical) +ia thoro.ghfare regeneration i) )till
lower than )oftening with a )trong acid cation e;change re)in alone" D.e to the higher in+e)tment co)t)D howe+erD thi)
com2ination will only 2e attracti+e for plant) with high capacity" :nother po))i2ility to o+ercome thi) draw2ack of
incomplete )oftening i) to do)e an anti)calant into the dealkali<ed water"

>aria2le p- of the treated water"
The p- of the dealkali<ed water range) from /"3A#"3 depending on the degree of e;ha.)tion of the re)in" Thi) cyclic p-
+ariation make) it diffic.lt to control the )alt re=ection of the plant" :t p- Q 0"2D the pa))age of mineral acid may increa)e
the permeate TD7 content" 4t i) therefore recommended that more than one filter 2e .)ed in parallel and regenerated at
different time) to minimi<e the +aria2ility in p-" ,ther po))i2ilitie) to a+oid e;tremely low p- +al.e) are C,2 remo+al or
p- ad=.)tment 2y !a,- afterward)"

2.".- 5ime ,oftening

5ime )oftening can 2e .)ed to remo+e car2onate hardne)) 2y adding hydrated limeE
Ca(-C,/)2 U Ca(,-)2 2 CaC,/ U 2 -2,
1g(-C,/)2 U 2 Ca(,-)2 1g(,-)2 U 2 CaC,/ U 2-2,

The noncar2onate calci.m hardne)) can 2e f.rther red.ced 2y adding )odi.m car2onate ()oda a)h)E
CaCl2 U !a2C,/ 2 !aCl U CaC,/

The lime&)oda a)h proce)) can al)o 2e .)ed to red.ce the )ilica concentration" 9hen )odi.m al.minate and ferric chloride
are addedD the precipitate will incl.de calci.m car2onate and a comple; with )ilicic acidD al.min.m o;ideD and iron"

9ith the hot lime )ilicic acid remo+al proce)) at #$A'$PCD )ilica can 2e red.ced to 1 mg@5 2y adding a mi;t.re of lime and
poro.) magne)i.m o;ide"

Page 28 of 181
9ith lime )ofteningD 2ari.mD )tronti.mD and organic ).2)tance) are al)o red.ced )ignificantly" The proce)) reB.ire) a reactor
with a high concentration of precipitated particle) )er+ing a) cry)talli<ation n.clei" Thi) i) .).ally achie+ed 2y .pflow )olid)&
contact clarifier)" The effl.ent from thi) proce)) reB.ire) media filtration and p- ad=.)tment prior to the *, element)" 4ron
coag.lant) with or witho.t polymeric flocc.lant) (anionic and nonionic) may 2e .)ed to impro+e the )olid&liB.id )eparation"
5ime )oftening )ho.ld 2e con)idered for 2racki)h water plant) larger than 2$$ m
/
@h (88$ gpm)" 1ore detail) are de)cri2ed in
water treatment te;t2ook)" @3D )D *@

2.".. 'reentie Cleaning

4n )ome application)D )caling i) controlled 2y pre+enti+e mem2rane cleaning" Thi) allow) the )y)tem to r.n witho.t )oftening
or do)age of chemical)" TypicallyD the)e )y)tem) operate at low reco+ery in the range of 23KD and the mem2rane element)
are replaced after 1A2 year)" :ccordinglyD the)e )y)tem) are mainly )mall )ingle&element plant) for pota2le water from tap
water or )eawater" The )imple)t way of cleaning i) a forward fl.)h at low pre)).re 2y opening the concentrate +al+e" 7hort
cleaning inter+al) are more effecti+e than long cleaning time) (e"g"D /$ )econd) e+ery /$ min.te))"

Cleaning can al)o 2e carried o.t with cleaning chemical) a) de)cri2ed in Section 6" 4n 2atch proce))e) like wa)te water
treatmentD cleaning the mem2rane) after e+ery 2atch i) common practice"

The cleaning proced.reD cleaning chemical)D and freB.ency of cleaning need to 2e determined and optimi<ed ca)e 2y ca)e"
7pecial care ha) to 2e taken not to allow a )caling layer to de+elop o+er time"

2."./ )djustment of !perating Eariables

9hen other )cale&control method) do not workD the operating +aria2le) of the plant ha+e to 2e ad=.)ted in ).ch a way that
)caling will not occ.r" The precipitation of di))ol+ed )alt) can 2e a+oided 2y keeping their concentration 2elow the )ol.2ility
limit" Thi) i) accompli)hed 2y red.cing the )y)tem reco+ery .ntil the concentrate concentration i) low eno.gh"

7ol.2ility depend) al)o on temperat.re and p-" 4n the ca)e of )ilicaD increa)ing temperat.re and p- increa)e) it) )ol.2ility
()ee Section 2.).+)" 7ilica i) .).ally the only rea)on for con)idering ad=.)tment of operating +aria2le) for )cale control
2eca.)e the)e ad=.)tment) ha+e economic draw2ack) (energy con).mption) or other )caling ri)k) (CaC,/ at high p-)"

or )mall )y)tem)D a low reco+ery com2ined with a pre+enti+e cleaning program might 2e a con+enient way to control
)caling"

*#- Scalin) Calculations

2.&.1 >eneral

7caling calc.lation) m.)t 2e carried o.t in order to determine whether a )paringly )ol.2le )alt pre)ent) a potential )caling
pro2lem in an *, )y)tem" The calc.lation proced.re) de)cri2ed in thi) )ection are adapted from the corre)ponding :7T1
)tandard)D cited in the reference) @6D +D ,@" To determine the )caling potentialD yo. need to compare the ion prod.ct 4Pc of the
con)idered )alt in the concentrate )tream with the )ol.2ility prod.ct -s. of that )alt .nder condition) in the concentrate
)tream" ?enerallyD )cale&control mea).re) are not needed if 4Pc Q -s."

The ion prod.ct 4P of a )alt :m(n i) defined a)
4P W Y:Z
m
Y(Z
n
6B" 1
whereE
Y:ZD Y(Z W molal concentration) of the corre)ponding ion)

Page 2% of 181
or the concentration range) pre)ent in *, application)D molal concentration) (mol@kg) can 2e con)idered eB.i+alent with
molar concentration) (mol@5)"

The concentration of ion )pecie) in the concentrate )tream i) .).ally not knownD 2.t can ea)ily 2e e)timated from the
concentration in the feed )tream 2y m.ltiplication with the concentration factor C" The concentration factor i) deri+ed from
the reco+ery / (e;pre))ed a) a decimal)E
Y
CF
?
?
6B" 2
where the re=ection i) a)).med to 2e 1$$K"

The )ol.2ility prod.ct -s. i) generally al)o e;pre))ed in molal concentration) and i) dependent on ionic )trength and
temperat.re a) )hown in the fig.re) of thi) )ection"

The temperat.re in the concentrate )tream i) a2o.t the )ame a) in the feed )tream"

The ionic )trength of the feed water i)E
"
"
?
i i f
z m I
6B" /
whereE
mi W molal concentration of ion i (mol@kg)
0i W ionic charge of ion i

9here the water analy)i) i) not gi+en in molal (or molar) concentration)D the con+er)ion i) a) follow)E
i
i
i
c
m
.W ?>@@@
6B" 0
whereE
ci W concentration of ion i in mg@5
19i W molec.lar weight of ion i

-a+ing calc.lated the ionic )trength 1" of the feed )tream with 6B" /D the ionic )trength 1c of the concentrate )tream i)
o2tained fromE
,
_
Y
I I
f c
?
?
6B" 3
9ith the ionic )trength of the concentrate )treamD the )ol.2ility prod.ct -s. of )caling )alt can 2e o2tained ()ee Sections
2.).2D 2.).3D 2.).)D 2.).*D 2.).6D 2.).+)"

Calculation eAample of t3e ionic strengt3 of t3e concentrate (1c)<

eed 9ater :naly)i)
1on mg85 mol85 mol8%g
Ca
2U
2$$ 3"$ 1$
&/

1g
2U
#1 2"31 1$
&/

!a
U
/88 1#"% 1$
&/

-C,/
&
200 0"$ 1$
&/

7,0
2&
08$ 3"$ 1$
&/

Cl
&
#/3 1'"% 1$
&/

The ionic )trength 1" of the feed water i)
( )
1
]
1
+ + +
,
_
+ +
+
+ +
A %l B A %# B A !a B A (# B A .g B A B%a 3
"
?
6
"
3
" "
f
l

() [] () [] {}
6 6
?@ C . ?D @ . 3 C . ?E ?@ @ . F F? . " @ . F 3
"
?

+ + + + +
f
I

@333 . @
f
I

Page /$ of 181
9ith a reco+ery ofD for e;ampleD '3K (/ W $"'3)D the ionic )trength of the concentrate 2ecome)
,
_
DF . @ ?
?
@333 . @
c
I

?DG . @
c
I

2.&.2 Calcium Carbonate ,cale 'reention

2.&.2.1 7rac%is3 $ater

or 2racki)h water) with TD7 Q 1$D$$$ mg@5 in the concentrate )treamD the 5angelier 7at.ration 4nde; (574) i) .)ed to
e;pre)) the )caling potential for calci.m car2onate @6@"

The following data are needed to calc.late the 574 of the concentrate )tream (574c)E
Ca" W Calci.m concentration in feed a) CaC,/D mg@5
TD7" W Concentration of total di))ol+ed )olid) in the feedD mg@5
:lk" W :lkalinity in feed a) CaC,/D mg@5
p-" W p- of the feed )ol.tion
2 W Temperat.re of the feed )ol.tion
/ W *eco+ery of the re+er)e o)mo)i) )y)temD e;pre))ed a) a decimal

Calculations
1" Calc.late the calci.m concentration in the concentrate )treamD CacD a) CaC,/ in mg@5E
,
_
Y
f c
?
?
%a %a 6B" #
2" Calc.late the total di))ol+ed )olid) in the concentrate )treamD TD7c in mg@5E
,
_
Y
f c
1
1
TDS TDS
6B" '
/" Calc.late the alkalinity in the concentrate )treamD :lkcD a) CaC,/ in mg@5E
,
_
Y
f c
?
?
Al: Al: 6B" 8
0" Calc.late the free car2on dio;ide content (C) in the concentrate )tream 2y a)).ming that the C,2 concentration in the
concentrate i) eB.al to the C,2 concentration in the feedE Cc W C"" The concentration of free car2on dio;ide in the feed
)ol.tion i) o2tained from ig.re 2"2 a) a f.nction of the alkalinity and the p- of the feed )ol.tion"

3" Calc.late the p- of the concentrate )tream (p-c) .)ing the ratio of alkalinity :lkc to free C,2 in the concentrateD
ig.re 2"2"

#" rom ig.re 2"/ o2tainE pCa a) a f.nction of CacD p:lk a) a f.nction of :lkcD ICJ a) a f.nction of TD7c and temperat.re
(temperat.re of the concentrate i) a)).med eB.al to temperat.re of the feed )ol.tion)"

'" Calc.late p- at which the concentrate )tream i) )at.rated with CaC,/ (p-s) a) follow)E
%H H pAl: p%a p + +
s
6B" %
8" Calc.late the 5angelier 7at.ration 4nde; of the concentrate (574c) a) follow)E
s c c
p p 0(; 6B" 1$
)djustments of 5,1c
4n mo)t nat.ral water)D 574c wo.ld 2e po)iti+e witho.t pretreatment" To control CaC,/ )calingD 574c ha) to 2e ad=.)ted to a
negati+e +al.eD e;cept if adding a )cale inhi2itor (Section 2.3.3) or pre+enti+e cleaning (Section 2.3.+) i) applied"

Page /1 of 181
The condition) for CaC,/ )cale control areE
574c Q $ when no anti)calant i) added
574c 1 when 2$ mg@5 )odi.m he;ametapho)phate i) in the concentrate )tream
574c X 1 po))i2le with polymeric organic )cale inhi2itor)" or the ma;im.m 574c and reB.ired do)age)D plea)e refer
to the )cale inhi2itor man.fact.rerH) literat.re"

4f 574c i) not within the a2o+e condition)D ad=.)tment) can 2e made 2y one of the following mean)" : new 574c can then 2e
calc.latedE
The reco+eryD /D can 2e lowered and 574c can 2e calc.lated a) a2o+e 2y ).2)tit.ting a new +al.e for the reco+ery"
Decrea)ing the calci.m concentration in the feed )ol.tion 2y mean) of )odi.m cycle ion e;change" Thi) will increa)e the
pCa and will therefore decrea)e the 574c" 7oftening will not change the alkalinity or p- of the feed )ol.tion and the )light
change in TD7" may 2e con)idered negligi2le" :fter )ofteningD the 574c can 2e calc.lated a) a2o+e .)ing the lower +al.e
for calci.m concentration"
:dding acid (-ClD C,2D -27,0D etc") to the feed )ol.tion change) the :lk"D C"D and p-" The )light change in TD7" can
.).ally 2e neglected" :cid addition will decrea)e the 574cO howe+erD )ince many +aria2le) change with acidificationD trial
and error comp.tation) are reB.ired to determine the amo.nt of acid needed to o2tain the de)ired 574c" The n.m2er of
trial and error comp.tation) reB.ired to determine the amo.nt of acid needed can 2e red.ced greatly 2y .)ing the p-s
calc.lated in 6B" %" 7ince p-c will .).ally 2e $"3 .nit) higher than the p-"D the fir)t comp.tation can 2e made with an
acidified feed )ol.tion that i) $"3 .nit) lower than the p-s"

or an a)).med p- (p-acid)D o2tained from addition of acid to the feed )ol.tionD o2tain the ratio of :lkacid@Cacid from
ig.re 2"/" rom thi) ratioD :lk"D and C" calc.late the mg@5 of acid .)ed (x)" or e;ampleD for -27,0 addition (1$$K)E
x
x
f
f
90 . 0 C
02 . 1 Alk
C
Alk
acid
acid
+
6B" 11
Calc.late the total alkalinity of the acidified feed water (:lkacid) and the C,2 content in the acidified feed water (Cacid) a)
follow)E
x
f
02 . 1 Alk Alk
acid
6B" 12
x
f
90 . 0 C C
acid
+ 6B" 1/
8)ing :lkacid and Cacid for the new p-D calc.late the 574c"
4f -Cl (1$$K) i) .)ed for acidificationD 6B" 11 i)E
y
y
f
f
21 . 1 C
37 . 1 Alk
C
Alk
acid
acid
+
6B" 10
whereE
y W -Cl (1$$K)D mg@5

Reerse !smosis and Nanofiltration in !peration
,nce a re+er)e o)mo)i) or nanofiltration )y)tem i) operatingD the 5angelier 7at.ration 4nde; can 2e directly calc.lated from
the analy)i) of :lkcD CacD TD7cD and p-c of the concentrate )tream and compared with the pro=ected 574c"

Use of Computers
The 574c and the acid do)age reB.ired to ad=.)t a certain 574c can 2e determined .)ing a per)onal comp.ter and the
451T6C *e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem :naly)i) (*,7:) comp.ter program" The *,7: comp.ter program can 2e
downloaded hereD www"dow"com@liB.id)ep)@de)ign@ro)a"htm"

Page /2 of 181
Figure 2.2 p# ersus met3+l orange al%alinit+8free C!2

Page // of 181
Figure 2." 5angelier saturation indeA

Page /0 of 181
2.&.2.2 ,eawater

or high&)alinity 2racki)h water) with TD7 X 1$D$$$ mg@5 in the concentrate )tream and for )eawater)D the 7tiff R Da+i)
7ta2ility 4nde; (7RD74) i) .)ed to e;pre)) the )caling potential for calci.m car2onate" The data needed to calc.late the
7RD74 of the concentrate )tream are the )ame a) the data needed to calc.late the 574 3Section 2.).24. :dditionallyD the
molal concentration) of all ion) in the feed )ol.tion are reB.iredD at lea)t of all ma=or ion) (i"e"D Ca
2U
D 1g
2U
D !a
U
D F
U
D -C,/
A
D
7,0
2A
D and Cl
A
)"

Calculations

@+@
1" Calc.late the calci.m concentration in the concentrate )treamD CacD a) CaC,/ in mg@5E
Y
f c
?
?
%a %a 6B" #
2" Calc.late the alkalinity in the concentrate )treamD :lkcD a) CaC,/ in mg@5E
Y
f c
?
?
Al: Al: 6B" 8
/" Calc.late the ionic )trength of the feed )tream (1")E
"
"
?
i i f
z m I
6B" /
0" Calc.late the ionic )trength of the concentrate )tream (1c)E
,
_
Y
I I
f c
?
?
6B" 3
3" rom ig.re 2"0D o2tain pCa a) a f.nction of Cac and p:lk a) a f.nction of :lkc" rom ig.re 2"3D o2tain IFJ a) a
f.nction of concentrate ionic )trength and feed temperat.re"

#" Calc.late the p- at which the concentrate )tream i) )at.rated with CaC,/ (p-s) a) follow)E
5H H pAl: p%a p + +
s

'" Calc.late the free car2on dio;ide content (C) in the concentrate )tream 2y a)).ming that the C,2 concentration in the
concentrate i) eB.al to the C,2 concentration in the feedE Cc W C"" The concentration of free car2on dio;ide in the feed
)ol.tion i) o2tained from ig.re 2"2 a) a f.nction of the alkalinity and the p- of the feed )ol.tion"

8" Calc.late the p- of the concentrate )tream (p-c) .)ing the ratio of alkalinity (from 6B" 8) to free C,2

in the concentrate
(from 7tep ')D ig.re 2"2.

%" Calc.late the 7tiff and Da+i) 7ta2ility 4nde; of the concentrate (7RD74c) a) follow)E
s c c
p p 9(; I (
)djustments of ,F@,1c
The 7RD74c in the concentrate )tream will 2e po)iti+e with mo)t nat.ral high&)alinity water)" 4n order to pre+ent CaC,/
precipitation and )calingD the 7RD74c ha) to 2e ad=.)ted to a negati+e +al.e 2y acid do)ing" The 7RD74c can remain po)iti+eD
howe+erD if CaC,/ precipitation i) pre+ented 2y the do)age of a )cale inhi2itor ()ee Section 2.3.3). or the ma;im.m allowed
7RD74c and the reB.ired do)ageD plea)e refer to the )cale inhi2itor man.fact.rerH) literat.re"

4f the 7RD74c i) .naccepta2le 2a)ed on the a2o+e recommendationD ad=.)tment) can 2e made 2y one of the following
mean)" : new 7RD74c can then 2e calc.lated"
The reco+ery can 2e lowered and the 7RD74c can 2e calc.lated a) a2o+e 2y ).2)tit.ting a new +al.e for the reco+ery"
Decrea)ing the calci.m and alkalinity concentration) in the feed )ol.tion 2y mean) of lime or lime&)oda a)h )oftening
will increa)e the pCa and p:lk and will therefore decrea)e the p-s"
:ddition of acid (-ClD C,2D -27,0D etc") to the feed )ol.tion either with or witho.t lime or lime&)oda a)h )oftening
change) the :lk"D C" and p-" The )light change in 1" can .).ally 2e ignored" :cid addition will decrea)e the 7RD74cO
howe+erD )ince many +aria2le) change with acidificationD trial and error comp.tation) are reB.ired to determine the
amo.nt of acid needed to o2tain the de)ired 7RD74c"

Page /3 of 181
The)e comp.tation) ha+e 2een de)cri2ed already in the pre+io.) )ection (Section 2.).2.1D $rac5is# (ater)" or )eawater
)y)tem)D a do)age of typically 1$ mg@5 ).lf.ric acid i) reB.ired to achie+e a p-" of a2o.t ' and a negati+e 7RD74 in the
concentrate"

R!8NF in !peration
,nce an *, or ! )y)tem i) operatingD the 7RD74c can 2e directly calc.lated from the analy)i) of :lkcD CacD p-cD and 4c of
the concentrate )tream and compared with the pro=ected 7RD74c"

Page /# of 181
Figure 2.& Conersion of calcium and al%alinit+ to pCa and p)l%

Page /' of 181
Figure 2.( GBH ersus ionic strengt3 and temperature

Page /8 of 181
2.&." Calcium ,ulfate ,cale 'reention

or the determination of the calci.m ).lfate )caling potentialD a complete feed water analy)i) i) reB.ired"

Calculation @,@
1" Calc.late the ionic )trength of the concentrate )tream (1c) following the proced.re de)cri2ed in Section 2.).1E
,
_
Y
I I
f c
?
?
6B" 3

2" Calc.late the ion prod.ct (4Pc) for Ca7,0 in the concentrate )treamE
() ( )
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
+
Y Y
f f c
?
?
(#
?
?
%a ;'
"
3
m " m

whereE
(
m
Ca
2U
)" W 1 Ca
2U
in feedD mol@5
(
m
7,0
2A
)" W 1 7,0
2A
in feedD mol@5

/" Compare 4Pc for Ca7,0 with the )ol.2ility prod.ct (-s.) of Ca7,0 at the ionic )trength of the concentrate )treamD ig.re
2"#" 4f 4Pc [ -s.D Ca7,0 )caling can occ.rD and ad=.)tment i) reB.ired" or a )afe and con)er+ati+e pretreatment de)ignD
ad=.)tment )ho.ld 2e made if 4Pc X $"8 -s."

Calculation 6Aample (contin.ed from Section 2.).1)E
?DG . @
c
I

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
4 3 3
c
10 4 10 5 4 10 5 4 IP

3
?@ 3 . 3 5

sp
(from ig.re 2"2)
4Pc W $"% -s. therefore ad=.)tment) are reB.ired"

)djustments for Ca,!& ,cale Control
4f the 4Pc for Ca7,0 i) le)) than $"8 -s.D a higher reco+ery can 2e .)ed with re)pect to Ca7,0 )caling" *eiteration of the
calc.lation) at higher reco+ery can 2e .)ed to determine the ma;im.m con+er)ion with re)pect to Ca7,0 )caling"
4f the 4Pc for Ca7,0 i) greater than $"8 -s.D a lower reco+ery m.)t 2e .)ed to pre+ent )caling" *eiteration of the
calc.lation) at lower reco+ery can 2e .)ed to determine the allowa2le reco+ery with re)pect to Ca7,0 )caling"
4f the ma;im.m allowa2le reco+ery i) lower than de)iredD )trong acid cation e;change re)in )oftening (Section 2.3.)) or
weak acid cation e;change re)in dealkali<ation ()ee Section 2.3.*) can 2e .)ed to remo+e all or part of the Ca
2U
" Thi)
will permit higher reco+ery of the re+er)e o)mo)i) )y)tem with re)pect to Ca7,0 )caling"
5ime )oftening with lime or lime pl.) )oda a)h ()ee Section 2.3.6) will decrea)e the Ca
2U
concentration and th.) permit
higher reco+ery with re)pect to )caling 2y Ca7,0"
:ddition of a )cale inhi2itor to the feed )tream permit) operation of the *, )y)tem a2o+e the -s. +al.eD when adeB.ate
)cale inhi2itor i) added according to the )cale inhi2itor man.fact.rerH) in)tr.ction).

Page /% of 181
Figure 2.- Bsp for Ca,!& ersus ionic strengt3 @6@

Page 0$ of 181
2.&.& 7arium ,ulfate ,cale 'reention @,@

(ari.m ).lfate i) the mo)t in)ol.2le of all alkaline&earth ).lfate)" 9hen pre)ent in waterD it may lead to ma))i+e precipitationD
po))i2ly acting a) a cataly)t for calci.m ).lfate and )tronti.m ).lfate )caling"

4n mo)t nat.ral water)D 2ari.m i) pre)ent at a le+el that wo.ld ca.)e 2ari.m ).lfate precipitation in the concentrate )tream"
The critical feed concentration of 2ari.m may 2e a) low a) Q 13 Sg@5 in )eawater)D Q 3 Sg@5 in 2racki)h water) or e+en Q 2
Sg@5 if ).lf.ric acid i) do)ed to 2racki)h water)"

Calculation @,@
Prediction of (a7,0 )caling potential i) performed in the )ame way a) the pre+io.)ly de)cri2ed proced.re for Ca7,0"
,
_
Y
I I
f c
1
1
6B" 3

2" Calc.late the ion prod.ct (4Pc) for (a7,0 in the concentrate )treamE
() ( )
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
+
Y Y
f f c
?
?
(#
?
?
+a ;'
"
3
m " m

whereE
(
m
(a
2U
)" W 1 (a
2U
in feedD mol@5
(
m
7,0
2A
)" W 1 7,0
2A
in feedD mol@5

/" Compare 4Pc for (a7,0 with the )ol.2ility prod.ct (-s.) of (a7,0 at the ionic )trength of the concentrate )treamD ig.re
2"'" 4f 4Pc Fs.D (a7,0 )caling can occ.rD and ad=.)tment i) reB.ired"

)djustments for 7a,!& ,cale Control
The ad=.)tment) di)c.))ed in Section 2.).3 for Ca7,0 )cale control apply a) well for (a7,0 )cale control"

2.&.( ,trontium ,ulfate ,cale 'reention

Calculation @,@
Prediction of 7r7,0 )caling potential i) performed in the )ame way a) the pre+io.)ly de)cri2ed proced.re for Ca7,0E
,
_
Y
I I
f c
1
1
6B" 3

2" Calc.late the ion prod.ct (4Pc) for 7r7,0 in the concentrate )treamE
() ( )
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
+
Y Y
f f c
?
?
(#
?
?
(r ;'
"
3
m " m

whereE
(
m
7r
2U
)" W 1 7r
2U
in feedD mol@5
(
m
7,0
2A
)" W 1 7,0
2A
in feedD mol@5

/" Compare 4Pc for 7r7,0 with the )ol.2ility prod.ct (-s.) of 7r7,0 at the ionic )trength of the concentrate )treamD ig.re
2"8" 4f 4Pc [ $"8 Fs.D 7r7,0 )caling can occ.rD and ad=.)tment i) reB.ired"

)djustments for ,r,!& ,cale Control
The ad=.)tment) di)c.))ed in Section 2.).3 for Ca7,0 )cale control apply for 7r7,0 )cale control a) well"

Page 01 of 181
2.&.- Calcium Fluoride ,cale 'reention

l.oride le+el) in the feed water of a) low a) $"1 mg@5 can create a )caling potential if the calci.m concentration i) high" The
calc.lation of the )caling potential i) analogo.) to the proced.re de)cri2ed in Section 2.).3 for Ca7,0"

Calculation
,
_
Y
I I
f c
1
1
6B" 3

2" Calc.late the ion prod.ct (4Pc) for Ca2 in the concentrate )treamE
()()
2
m 2 m
1
1
F
1
1
Ca IP
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
+
Y Y
f f c

whereE
(
m
Ca
2U
)" W 1 Ca
2U
in feedD mol@5
(
m
A
)" W 1
A
in feedD mol@5

/" Compare 4Pc for Ca2 with the )ol.2ility prod.ct (Fs.) of Ca2 at the ionic )trength of the concentrate )treamD ig.re 2"%
@11@" 4f 4Pc

[ Fs.D Ca2 )caling can occ.rD and ad=.)tment i) reB.ired"

)djustments for CaF2 ,cale Control
The ad=.)tment) di)c.))ed in Section 2.).3 for Ca7,0 )cale control apply a) well for Ca2 )cale control"

Page 02 of 181
Figure 2.. B
sp
for 7a,!& ersus ionic strengt3 @17@

Page 0/ of 181
Figure 2./ Bsp for ,r,!& ersus ionic strengt3 @17@
K f o r S r S O a t 2 5 C ( 7 7 F ) S P 4

Page 00 of 181
Figure 2.0 Bsp for CaF2 ersus ionic strengt3 @11@

Page 03 of 181
2.&.. ,ilica ,cale 'reention

Di))ol+ed )ilica (7i,2) i) nat.rally pre)ent in mo)t feed water) in the range of 1A1$$ mg@5" The pre+ailing form) of )ilica are
meta )ilicic acid) a) (-27i,/)n with low n n.m2er)" 7ince )ilicic acid i) a weak acidD it i) mo)tly in the .ndi))ociated form at
or 2elow a ne.tral p-" 7.per)at.rated )ilicic acid can f.rther polymeri<e to form in)ol.2le colloidal )ilica or )ilica gelD which
can ca.)e mem2rane )caling" The ma;im.m allowa2le 7i,2 concentration in the concentrate )tream i) 2a)ed on the
)ol.2ility of 7i,2"

The )caling potential for the concentrate )tream will 2e B.ite different from that of the feed )ol.tion 2eca.)e of the increa)e
in the concentration of 7i,2 and the change in p-" 4t can 2e calc.lated from the feed water analy)i) and the *, operating
parameter)"

:) the p- e;ceed) ne.tralD )ilicic acid di))ociate) into the )ilicate anion (7i,/
2&
)n" Thi) can react with calci.mD magne)i.mD
ironD mangane)e or al.min.m to form in)ol.2le )ilicate)"

4t wa) indicated that al.min.m i) the mo)t powerf.l precipitant of )ilicic acid @12@D and the occ.rrence of )ilica )caling i)
mo)tly correlated with the occ.rrence of al.min.m or iron @13@" 4t ha) 2een reported thatD when :l
/U
and e
/U
coe;i)t in the
pretreated feed waterD )ilica i) precipitated e+en 2elow it) )at.ration @1)D 1*@" (oth :l
/U
and e
/U
D thereforeD m.)t 2e le))
than $"$3 mg@5 in the feed waterD e+en if the )ilica le+el i) 2elow )at.ration" 7ince :l
/U
and e
/U
)alt) are .)ed for
coag.lation in m.nicipal and other ind.)trial water proce))ingD freB.ent and acc.rate mea).rement) of the)e ion) are
needed e+en tho.gh the feed water it)elf doe) not contain high le+el) of al.min.m and iron ion)" o.ling with metal )ilicate)
may occ.r from a chemical reaction and precipitation proce)) ()caling)D and al)o from colloidal fo.ling with ).2micron
particle) entering the mem2rane )y)tem" eed water acidification and pre+enti+e acid cleaning) are po))i2le mea).re) in
ca)e) of a metal )ilica )caling potential" 4f colloidal )ilica and )ilicate) are pre)ent in the feed waterD a flocc.lation@filtration
proce)) and@or a fine grade prefilter (1 Sm or le))) )ho.ld 2e cho)en"

The )caling potential of )ol.2le )ilica ()ilicic acid) in the a2)ence of tri+alent metal cation) can 2e calc.lated a) follow)" The
calc.lation reB.ire) the following data for the feed )ol.tion (after acid additionD if acid i) .)ed for control of calci.m
car2onate)E
7i,2 concentration
Temperat.re
p-
Total alkalinity

Calculation @16@
1" The 7i,2 concentration in the concentrate )tream i) calc.lated from the 7i,2 concentration in the feed )ol.tion and the
reco+ery of the re+er)e o)mo)i) )y)temE
,
_
Y
f c
?
?
(i# (i#
" "

whereE
7i,2c W )ilica concentration in concentrate a) 7i,2D mg@5
7i,2" W )ilica concentration in feed a) 7i,2D mg@5
/ W reco+ery of the re+er)e o)mo)i) )y)temD e;pre))ed a) a decimal

2" Calc.late the p- of the concentrate )tream from the p- of the feed )tream .)ing the proced.re gi+en in Section 2.).2"

/" rom ig.re 2"1$D o2tain the )ol.2ility of 7i,2 a) a f.nction of temperat.re (7i,2 temperat.re)" The temperat.re of the
concentrate i) a)).med eB.al to the temperat.re of feed )ol.tion" 4f the temperat.re of the water i) known to +aryD .)e
the minim.m temperat.re for calc.lation)"

0" rom ig.re 2"11D o2tain the p- correction factor for the concentrate p- calc.lated in 7tep 2"

3" Calc.late the )ol.2ility of 7i,2

corrected for p- (7i,2corr) 2y m.ltiplying the )ol.2ility of 7i,2 o2tained in 7tep / 2y the
p- correction factor o2tained in 7tep 0"

Page 0# of 181
#" Compare the )ilica concentration in the concentrate (7i,2c) o2tained in 7tep 1 with the )ilica )ol.2ility (7i,2corr) o2tained
in 7tep 3" ,nce a re+er)e o)mo)i) )y)tem i) operatingD the )caling potential of 7i,2 can 2e directly calc.lated from the
analy)i) of the concentrate )tream and compared with the pro=ected )caling potential calc.lated a2o+e" 4f 7i,2c i)
greater than 7i,2corrD )ilica )caling can occ.r and ad=.)tment i) reB.ired"

)djustments for ,cale Control
4f 7i,2c i) le)) than 7i,2corrD a higher reco+ery can 2e .)ed with re)pect to )caling 2y )ilica" *eiteration of the
calc.lation) at higher reco+ery can 2e .)ed to determine the ma;im.m con+er)ion with re)pect to )caling 2y )ilica"
4f 7i,2c i) greater than 7i,2corrD a lower reco+ery m.)t 2e .)ed to pre+ent )caling" *eiteration of the calc.lation) can 2e
.)ed to determine the allowa2le reco+ery with re)pect to )caling 2y )ilica"
4f the ma;im.m allowa2le reco+ery i) lower than de)iredD lime pl.) )oda a)h )oftening employing either magne)i.m
o;ide or )odi.m al.minate can 2e .)ed in the pretreatment )y)tem to decrea)e the 7i,2 concentration in the feed
)tream ()ee Section 2.3.6) and th.) permit higher con+er)ion with re)pect to )caling 2y )ilica" 4t i) important that the
)oftening proce)) 2e performed properly in order to pre+ent formation of in)ol.2le metal )ilicate) in the re+er)e o)mo)i)
)y)tem"
7ince the )ol.2ility of )ilica increa)e) 2elow a p- of a2o.t '"$ and a2o+e a p- of a2o.t '"8D p- ad=.)tment with either
acid or 2a)e can permit a higher reco+ery with re)pect to )ilica )caling" or the high p-D howe+erD CaC,/ )caling m.)t
2e pre+ented"
The ma;im.m allowa2le reco+ery with re)pect to )ilica )caling can 2e increa)ed )ignificantly 2y increa)ing the water
temperat.re .)ing a heat e;changer" The ma;im.m temperat.re permitted for contin.o.) .)e i) 03PC"
7cale inhi2itor) ).ch a) high molec.lar weight polyacrylate) can al)o 2e .)ed to increa)e the )ol.2ility of )ilica"

Page 0' of 181
*able 2.12 ,olubilit+ of ,i!2 ersus temperature @16@

Page 08 of 181
Figure 2.11 ,i!2 p# correction factor @16D 1+@

Page 0% of 181
2.&./ Calcium '3osp3ate ,cale 'reention

Calci.m pho)phate fo.ling wa) not common .ntil re+er)e o)mo)i) technology wa) widely applied to m.nicipal wa)tewater"
D.e to water )hortage)D m.nicipal wa)te water recycle or re.)e ha) 2ecome one a ma=or application area of re+er)e
o)mo)i)" :long with thi) new applicationD pre+enti+e action) for calci.m pho)phate )caling are needed"

Pho)phor.) i) a common element in nat.re and i) widely di)tri2.ted in many mineral)" 4n nat.ral water and wa)te water
)tream)D pho)phor.) compo.nd) e;i)t in the following form)E @1,@
Partic.late pho)phate
,rthopho)phate (P,0
/A
)E ,rthopho)phate) may 2e pre)ent a) -/P,0D -2P,0
A
D -P,0
2A
D and P,0
/A
depending on p-"
-2P,0
A
and -P,0
2A
are the pre+ailing )pecie) in ne.tral wa)te water"
Polypho)phate)E 4mportant component) in te;tile wa)hing powder) and other detergent)" Depending on the prod.ctD
they may contain 2A' P atom)"
,rganic pho)phor.)E Pho)phor.) i) an e))ential element for li+ing organi)m)"

The mo)t common mineral form of pho)phor.) i) apatiteD which i) a calci.m pho)phate with +aria2le amo.nt) of ,-
A
D Cl
A
D
and
A
(hydro;y&D chloro&D or fl.oroapatite)" 7ome other pho)phate mineral) contain al.min.m and@or iron" (eca.)e of their
low )ol.2ilityD the following pho)phate compo.nd) can 2e con)idered a) ca.)e) of pho)phate )caling in an *,@! operation
()ee Ta2le 2"8)"

*able 2./ 5ow solubilit+ p3osp3ate compounds
Compound Formula pB sp
(r.)hite Ca-P, 02-2, #"#8
Calci.m pho)phate Ca/(P,0)2 28"%
,ctacalci.m pho)phate Ca0-(P,0)//-2, 0#"%
-ydro;yapatite Ca 3(P,0)/,- 3'"'0
l.oroapatite Ca 3(P,0)/ #$
1agne)i.m ammoni.m pho)phate 1g!-0P,0 12"#
:l.min.m pho)phate :lP,0 2$
4ron pho)phate eP,0 13

Calci.m pho)phate and apatite) are le)) )ol.2le in ne.tral and alkaline condition) and di))ol+e in acid @1,@" :l.min.m and
iron pho)phate)D howe+erD are le)) )ol.2le at moderately acidic condition)" Th.) it i) important to remo+e al.min.m and iron
in a pretreatment )tep a) well" (eca.)e of the comple;ity of pho)phate chemi)tryD it i) not ea)y to predict a thre)hold le+el of
pho)phate )caling" The calci.m pho)phate )ta2ility inde; (74)D howe+erD wa) propo)ed 2y F.2o et al @16@" The calci.m
pho)phate )ta2ility inde; i) determined 2y the le+el) of calci.m and pho)phate pre)entD p-D and temperat.re" : negati+e 74
)ignifie) a low potential for calci.m pho)phate )calingO a po)iti+e +al.e indicate) the potential for calci.m pho)phate )caling"
74 i) determined 2y the following eB.ationE

74 W p-a A p-c
whereE
p-a W act.al p- of a feed water
p-c W critical p- calc.lated 2y the following e;perimental eB.ationE

EF . @
log " - '# log, - %a log, DFF . ??
p
3 t
c

where E
Ca- W Calci.m hardne)) a) ppm CaC,/
P,0 W Pho)phate concentration a) ppm P,0
t W Temperat.re a) PC

ig.re 2"12 )how) the effect of critical pho)phate concentration) of Ca/(P,0)2 )caling on feed calci.m hardne)) and p-
2a)ed on the eB.ation"

Page 3$ of 181
Figure 2.12 Critical p3osp3ate concentration under arious p# at 2(C

!oteE 9hen feed water contain) high le+el) of fl.orideD ammonia and al.min.mD critical pho)phate concentration might 2e lowered d.e to formation
of fl.orapatiteD al.min.m pho)phateD etc"
%
%$
%$$
%$$$
%$$$$
%$$$$$
%$ %$$ %$$$
Calci.m 4ardness (11m as CaCO
*
)
,
O
5

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
1
1
m
)
14 6 #
14 6 7
14 6 +

To minimi<e the ri)k of pho)phate )calingD it i) important to red.ce not only orthopho)phateD 2.t al)o calci.mD fl.orideD and
al.min.m concentration" : low feed p- help) to control pho)phate )caling" :ppropriate commercial anti)calant) good for
pho)phate )caling are al)o a+aila2le"

Pho)phate )caled mem2rane) are 2e)t cleaned at low p- ()ee 8#a.ter 6)"

*#. Colloi%al an% Particulate Foulin) Prevention

2.(.1 )ssessment of t3e Colloidal Fouling 'otential

Colloidal fo.ling of *, element) can )erio.)ly impair performance 2y lowering prod.cti+ity and )ometime) )alt re=ection" :n
early )ign of colloidal fo.ling i) often an increa)ed pre)).re differential acro)) the )y)tem"

The )o.rce of )ilt or colloid) in re+er)e o)mo)i) feed water) i) +aried and often incl.de) 2acteriaD clayD colloidal )ilicaD and
iron corro)ion prod.ct)" Pretreatment chemical) .)ed in a clarifier ).ch a) al.min.m ).lfateD ferric chlorideD or cationic
polyelectrolyte) are material) that can 2e .)ed to com2ine the)e fine particle )i<e colloid) re).lting in an agglomeration or
large particle) that then can 2e remo+ed more ea)ily 2y either media or cartridge filtration" 7.ch agglomerationD
con)eB.entlyD can red.ce the performance criteria of media filtration or the pore )i<e of cartridge filtration where the)e
colloid) are pre)ent in the feed water" 4t i) importantD howe+erD that the)e pretreatment chemical) 2ecome incorporated into
the agglomerate) them)el+e) )ince they co.ld al)o 2ecome a )o.rce of fo.ling if not remo+ed" 4n additionD cationic polymer)
may coprecipitate with negati+ely charged anti)calant) and fo.l the mem2rane"

7e+eral method) or indice) ha+e 2een propo)ed to predict a colloidal fo.ling potential of feed water)D incl.ding t.r2idityD 7ilt
Den)ity 4nde; (7D4) and 1odified o.ling 4nde; (14)" ()ee Ta2le 2"%) The 7D4 i) the mo)t commonly .)ed fo.ling inde;"

Page 31 of 181
*able 2.0 Earious fouling indices
1ndeA @efinition or met3od
T.r2idity T.r2idity i) an e;pre))ion of the optical property of water that ca.)e) light to 2e )cattered and a2)or2ed rather than
tran)mitted in )traight line) thro.gh the )ample" T.r2idity i) ca.)ed 2y ).)pended and colloidal partic.late matter ).ch
a) clayD )iltD finely di+ided organic and inorganic matterD plankton and other micro)copic organi)m)"

Te)t method) for t.r2idity of water are de)cri2ed in :7T1 D188% @27@D in :7T1 D##%8 @21@ and Chapter 21/$ of
Stan&ar& Met#o&s "or t#e 'xamination o" (ater an& (astewater 27
t#
'&itions @1@"

T.r2idity i) often .)ed for online control of particle filtration proce))e)" The t.r2idity of feed water to *,@! )ho.ld 2e
le)) than 1 !T8 a) one of the minim.m reB.irement) of feedwater"
7D4 The 7ilt Den)ity 4nde; (7D4) can )er+e a) a .)ef.l indication of the B.antity of partic.late matter in water and correlate)
with the fo.ling tendency of *,@! )y)tem)" The 7D4 i) calc.lated from the rate of pl.gging of a $"03 Sm mem2rane
filter when water i) pa))ed thro.gh at a con)tant applied ga.ge pre)).re" The method i) de)cri2ed 2elow" or more
detail) refer to !ST1 D018% @22@"

7D4 i) )ometime) referred to a) the o.ling 4nde; (4)
14 The 1odified o.ling 4nde; (14) i) proportional to the concentration of ).)pended matter and i) a more acc.rate inde;
than the 7D4 for predicting the tendency of a water to fo.l *,@! mem2rane)" The method i) the )ame a) for the 7D4
e;cept that the +ol.me i) recorded e+ery /$ )econd) o+er a 13 min.te filtration period" The 14 i) o2tained graphically
a) the )lope of the )traight part of the c.r+e when t@> i) plotted again)t > (t i) the time in )econd) to collect a +ol.me of
> in liter))" or more detail) refer to 7chipper) et al. @23@"

: 14 +al.e of Q1 corre)pond) to a 7D4 +al.e of a2o.t Q/ and can 2e con)idered a) ).fficiently low to control colloidal
and partic.late fo.ling"

1ore recentlyD 8 mem2rane) ha+e 2een .)ed for 14 mea).rement)" Thi) inde; i) called 14&8 in contra)t to the
14$"03 where a $"03 Sm mem2rane filter i) .)ed @2)@"

1ea).ring the)e indice) i) an important practice and )ho.ld 2e carried o.t prior to de)igning an *,@! pretreatment )y)tem
and on a reg.lar 2a)i) d.ring *,@! operation (three time) a day i) a recommended freB.ency for ).rface water))"

6Iuipment E

ig.re 2"1/ )how) the eB.ipment needed to mea).re 7D4D incl.ding
0' mm diameter mem2rane filter holder
0' mm diameter mem2rane filter) ($"03 Sm pore )i<e)
1$A'$ p)i (1A3 2ar) pre)).re ga.ge
needle +al+e for pre)).re ad=.)tment

Figure 2.1" )pparatus for measuring t3e silt densit+ indeA
TO55LE or $4LL 64L6E
PRESS0RE RE50L4TOR
PRESS0RE 5405E
FILTER 'OLDER

Page 32 of 181
'rocedure
1" :))em2le the apparat.) a) )hown in ig.re 2"1/ and )et the pre)).re reg.lator at 2$' kPa (/$ p)i or 2"1 2ar)"
2" Place the mem2rane filter caref.lly on it) ).pport"
/" 1ake ).re the ,&ring i) in good condition and properly placed" *eplace the top half of the filter holder and clo)e loo)ely"
0" (leed o.t trapped airD clo)e the +al+e and tighten the filter holder"
3" ,pen the +al+e" 7im.ltaneo.)lyD .)ing a )topwatchD 2egin mea).ring the time reB.ired for the flow of 3$$ ml" *ecord
the time ti" 5ea+e the +al+e open for contin.ed flow"
#" 1ea).re and record the time) to collect additional 3$$ m5 +ol.me) of )ampleD )tarting the collection at 3D 1$D and 13
min.te) of total elap)ed flow time" 1ea).re the water temperat.re and check the pre)).re a) each )ample i) collected"
'" :fter completion of the te)tD the mem2rane filter may 2e retained for f.t.re reference" :lternati+elyD the filter may 2e left
in operation after the te)t .ntil clogged in order to collect ).)pended matter for analy)i) with analytical method)"
8" Calc.lationE
T t
t
f
i
T
100
1 SDI

,
_

whereE
T W total elap)ed flow timeD min (.).ally 13 minD )ee !ote)
ti W initial time reB.ired to collect 3$$ m5 of )ampleD )ec
tf W time reB.ired to collect 3$$ m5 of )ample after te)t time TD )ec (.).ally 13 min)

!oteE or thi) te)t methodD 1&(ti@tf) )ho.ld not e;ceed $"'3" 4f 1&(ti@tf) e;ceed) thi) +al.eD .)e a )horter time for TO (i"e"D 3 or
1$ min.te mea).rement) in 7tep #)"

The g.ideline i) to maintain 7D413 at 3" To minimi<e the fo.lingD howe+erD 7D413 at Q/ i) recommended" : n.m2er of
pretreatment technologie) ha+e pro+en effecti+e in 7D4 red.ctionD incl.ding media filtration ().ch a) )and@anthracite)D
.ltrafiltration and cro))&flow microfiltration" Polyelectrolyte addition ahead of filtration )ometime) impro+e) 7D4 red.ction"

1ethod) to pre+ent colloidal fo.ling are o.tlined in the following"

2.(.2 Media Filtration

The remo+al of ).)pended and colloidal particle) 2y media filtration i) 2a)ed on their depo)ition on the ).rface of filter grain)
while the water flow) thro.gh a 2ed of the)e grain) (filter media)" The B.ality of the filtrate depend) on the )i<eD ).rface
chargeD and geometry of 2oth ).)pended )olid) and filter mediaD a) well a) on the water analy)i) and operational
parameter)" 9ith a well&de)igned and operated filterD a 7D413 Q3 can .).ally 2e achie+ed"

The mo)t common filter media in water treatment are )and and anthracite" The effecti+e grain )i<e for fine )and filter i) in the
range of $"/3A$"3 mmD and $"'A$"8 mm for anthracite filter" 4n compari)on to )ingle )and filter mediaD d.al filter media with
anthracite o+er )and permit more penetration of the ).)pended matter into the filter 2edD th.) re).lting in more efficient
filtration and longer r.n) 2etween cleaning" The de)ign depth of the filter media i) a minim.m of /1 inche) ($"8 m)" 4n the
d.al filter mediaD the filter) are .).ally filled with 2$ inche) ($"3 m) of )and co+ered with 12 inche) ($"/ m) of anthracite"

There are two type) of filter) employedD gra+ity and pre)).re filter)" :) the filter +e))el for pre)).re filtration i) de)igned for
pre)).ri<ationD a higher pre)).re drop can 2e applied for higher filter 2ed) and@or )maller filter grain) and@or higher filtration
+elocitie)" The de)ign filtration flow rate) are .).ally 0A8 gpm@ft
2
(1$A2$ m@h)D and the 2ackwa)h rate) are in the range of
1#A2$ gpm@ft
2
(0$A3$ m@h)" The a+aila2le pre)).re i) .).ally a2o.t 1# ft (3 m) of head for gra+ity filter)D and /$ p)i (2 2ar) to
more than #$ p)i (0 2ar) for pre)).re filter)" or feed water) with a high fo.ling potentialD flow rate) of le)) than 0 gpm@ft
2
(1$
m@h) and@or )econd pa)) media filtration are preferred" 4f the flow rate ha) to 2e increa)ed to compen)ate for one filter that
goe) o.t of )er+iceD the flow rate increa)e m.)t 2e grad.al and )low to pre+ent the relea)e of pre+io.)ly depo)ited particle)"

D.ring operationD infl.ent water to 2e filtered enter) at the top of the filterD percolate) thro.gh the filter 2edD and i) drawn off
thro.gh the collector )y)tem at the 2ottom" PeriodicallyD when the differential pre)).re increa)e 2etween the inlet and o.tlet
of the pre)).re filter i) 0A% p)i ($"/A$"# 2ar)D and a2o.t 0"# ft (1"0 m) for the gra+ity filterD the filter i) 2ackwa)hed and rin)ed
to carry away the depo)ited matter" (ackwa)h time i) normally a2o.t 1$ min.te)" (efore a 2ackwa)hed filter i) placed 2ack
into )er+iceD it m.)t 2e rin)ed to drain .ntil the filtrate meet) the )pecification"

Page 3/ of 181
reB.ent )h.tdown) and )tart&.p) )ho.ld 2e a+oided to minimi<e the relea)e of pre+io.)ly depo)ited partic.late matter"
De)ign and operational detail) of media filtration are a+aila2le in water treatment te;t2ook) @3D )@"

2.(." !AidationJFiltration

7ome well water)D .).ally 2racki)h water)D are in a red.ced )tate" TypicallyD ).ch water) contain di+alent iron and
mangane)eD )ometime) hydrogen ).lfide and ammoni.mD 2.t no o;ygenO thereforeD they are al)o called ano;ic" ,ften the
o;ygen ha) 2een .)ed .p (e"g"D 2y micro2iological proce))e)) 2eca.)e the water i) contaminated with 2iodegrada2le
organic ).2)tance)D or the water i) from a +ery old aB.ifer"

,ne method of handling ano;ic water) i) to o;idi<e iron and mangane)e 2y airD )odi.m hypochlorite or pota))i.m
permanganate (F1n,0)" The hydro;ide) formed can then 2e remo+ed 2y media filtration" -ydrogen ).lfide will 2e o;idi<ed
to elemental ).lf.r that can 2e remo+ed 2y media filtration a) well"

,;idation and filtration can 2e accompli)hed in one )tep 2y .)ing a filter media with the a2ility to o;idi<e di+alent iron and
mangane)e 2y electron tran)fer" ?reen)and i) ).ch a gran.lar medi.mD which i) a green (when dry) mineral gla.conite" 4t
can 2e regenerated with F1n,0 when it) o;idi<ing capa2ility i) e;ha.)ted" :fter regenerationD the re)id.al F1n,0 ha) to 2e
thoro.ghly rin)ed o.t to a+oid o;idation damage of the mem2rane)" Thi) techniB.e i) .)ed when Q2 mg@5 e
2U
i) pre)ent in
the raw water" or higher e
2U
concentration)D F1n,0 can 2e contin.o.)ly do)ed into the inlet )tream of the filter" 4n thi)
ca)eD howe+erD mea).re) ha+e to 2e taken to en).re that no permanganate can reach the mem2rane) (e"g"D 2y in)tallation
of a car2on filter) ()ee Section 2.6.3D 8#lorination9Dec#lorination)"

(irm filtration ha) al)o 2een .)ed effecti+ely for e
2U
remo+al from *, feed water" 9ith 2irm filtration a p- increa)e and
con)eB.ently a )hift in the 574 +al.e might occ.rD )o care )ho.ld 2e taken to a+oid CaC,/ precipitation in the filter and in the
*, )y)tem"

4n)tead of media filtrationD microfiltration or .ltrafiltration ()ee Section 2.*.6) can 2e .)ed to remo+e )mall iron and
mangane)e hydro;ide particle) formed from an o;idation proce))" Thi) i) a rather new technology for iron and mangane)e
remo+al"

The pretreatment of ano;ic water) i) de)cri2ed in more detail in Sections 2.6 and 2.17"

2.(.& 1n45ine Filtration

The efficiency of media filtration to red.ce the 7D4 +al.e can 2e markedly impro+ed if the colloid) in the raw water are
coag.lated and@or flocc.lated prior to filtration" 4n&line filtration can 2e applied to raw water) with a 7D4 only )lightly a2o+e 3"
The optimi<ation of the methodD al)o named in&line coag.lation or in&line coag.lation&flocc.lationD i) de)cri2ed in :7T1 D
0188 @2*@" : coag.lant i) in=ected into the raw water )treamD effecti+ely mi;edD and the formed microfloc) are immediately
remo+ed 2y media filtration"

erric ).lfate and ferric chloride are .)ed to de)ta2ili<e the negati+e ).rface charge of the colloid) and to entrap them into
the fre)hly formed ferric hydro;ide microfloc)" :l.min.m coag.lant) are al)o effecti+eD 2.t not recommended 2eca.)e of
po))i2le fo.ling pro2lem) with re)id.al al.min.m" *apid di)per)ion and mi;ing of the coag.lant i) e;tremely important" :n
in&line )tatic mi;er or in=ection on the ).ction )ide of a 2oo)ter p.mp i) recommended" The optim.m do)age i) .).ally in the
range of 1$A/$ mg@5D 2.t )ho.ld 2e determined ca)e 2y ca)e"

To )trengthen the hydro;ide microfloc) and there2y impro+ing their filtera2ilityD and@or to 2ridge the colloidal particle)
togetherD flocc.lant) can 2e .)ed in com2ination with coag.lant) or alone" locc.lant) are )ol.2le high molec.lar weight
organic compo.nd) (e"g"D linear polyacrylamide))" Thro.gh different acti+e gro.p)D they may 2e po)iti+ely charged (cationic)D
negati+ely charged (anionic)D or clo)e to ne.tral (nonionic)"

Coag.lant) and flocc.lant) may interfere with an *, mem2rane indirectly or directly" 4ndirect interference occ.r) when the
compo.nd form) a precipitate that i) depo)ited on the mem2rane" or e;ampleD channeling of the media filter may ena2le
floc) to pa)) thro.gh and depo)it on the mem2rane" : precipitate can al)o 2e formed when concentrating the treated feed
waterD ).ch a) when al.min.m or ferric coag.lant) are added witho.t ).2)eB.ently lowering p- to a+oid ).per)at.ration in

Page 30 of 181
the *, )tage" .rthermoreD reaction with a compo.nd added after the media filter can ca.)e a precipitate to form" Thi) i)
mo)t noticea2le with anti)calant)" !early all anti)calant) are negati+ely charged and will react with cationic coag.lant) or
flocc.lant) pre)ent in the water" The mem2rane) in )e+eral *, plant) ha+e 2een hea+ily fo.led 2y a gel formed 2y reaction
2etween cationic polyelectrolyte) and anti)calant)"

Direct interference occ.r) when the compo.nd it)elf affect) the mem2rane re).lting in a fl.; lo))" The ionic )trength of the
water may ha+e an effect on the interference of the coag.lant or flocc.lant with the mem2rane" 4f )oD the re).lt at 2racki)h
water condition) co.ld 2e different from that at )eawater condition)" To minimi<e the ri)k of direct or indirect interference with
the *, mem2raneD anionic or nonionic flocc.lant) are preferred rather than cationic flocc.lant)" ,+erdo)ing m.)t 2e
a+oided"

2.(.( Coagulation4Flocculation

or raw water) containing high concentration) of ).)pended matter re).lting in a high 7D4D the cla))ic coag.lation&
flocc.lation proce)) i) preferred" The hydro;ide floc) are allowed to grow and )ettle in )pecifically de)igned reaction
cham2er)" The hydro;ide )l.dge i) remo+edD and the ).pernatant water i) f.rther treated 2y media filtration"

or the coag.lation&flocc.lation proce))D either a )olid)&contact type clarifier ()ee al)o Section 2.3.6 :ime So"tening) or a
compact coag.lation&flocc.lation reactor may 2e .)ed" or detail)D plea)e refer to the general water treatment te;t2ook) @3 )@"

2.(.- Microfiltration8Ultrafiltration

1icrofiltration (1) or .ltrafiltration (8) mem2rane remo+e) +irt.ally all ).)pended matter andD in the ca)e of .ltrafiltrationD
al)o di))ol+ed organic compo.nd) depending on their molec.lar ma)) and on the molec.lar ma)) c.t&off of the mem2rane"
-enceD an 7D4 Q1 can 2e achie+ed with a well&de)igned and properly maintained 1 or 8 )y)tem" There i) 2oth dead&end
and cro))&flow filtration" Dead&end filtration ha) two )tream)D inlet and o.tlet" 1$$K of the feed pa))e) thro.gh the 8 or 1
filter medi.m (i"e"D1$$K reco+ery)" 4n cro))&flow filtrationD there are three )tream)E feedD concentrateD and permeate" 4n 8
and 1 hollow&fi2er mem2rane)D there are two different type) of config.ration)E flow can 2e from o.t)ide&in or in)ide&o.t"
or o.t)ide&in config.rationD there i) more fle;i2ility in the amo.nt of feed to flow aro.nd the hollow fi2er)D wherea) in)ide&
o.t config.ration ha) to con)ider the pre)).re drop thro.gh the inner +ol.me of the hollow fi2er)" 4n)ide&o.t config.rationD
howe+erD offer) m.ch more .niform flow di)tri2.tion thro.gh the 2ore of hollow fi2er compared to the o.t)ide&in
config.ration" Cro))&flow 8@1 )y)tem) operate at high reco+ery and fl.; rate and )o 2ackwa)hing and air&)co.ring
techniB.e) are freB.ently .)ed to red.ce fo.ling"

4f a chlorine&re)i)tant mem2rane material i) .)ed (e"g"D poly).lfone or a ceramic mem2rane)D chlorine can 2e added to the
wa)h water in order to retard 2iological fo.ling" : re+iew on microfiltration and .ltrafiltration proce))e) i) gi+en 2y Porter @26@"

2.(.. Cartridge Microfiltration

: cartridge filter with an a2)ol.te pore )i<e of le)) than 1$ Sm i) the ).gge)ted minim.m pretreatment reB.ired for e+ery *,
)y)tem" 4t i) a )afety de+ice to protect the mem2rane) and the high pre)).re p.mp from ).)pended particle)" 8).ally it i)
the la)t )tep of a pretreatment )eB.ence" : pore )i<e of 3 Sm a2)ol.te i) recommended" The 2etter the prefiltration the le))
*, mem2rane cleaning reB.ired" 4f there i) a ri)k of fo.ling with colloidal )ilica or with metal )ilicate)D cartridge filtration with
1 to / Sm a2)ol.te pore )i<e i) recommended" The filter )ho.ld 2e )i<ed on a flow rate according to the man.fact.rerH)
recommendation and replaced 2efore the pre)).re drop ha) increa)ed to the permitted limitD 2.t at lea)t e+ery / month)"

(ackfl.)ha2le filter) a) final )afety filter) are generally not recommended 2eca.)e of their ri)k of 2reakthro.gh in ca)e of a
malf.nction of their 2ackfl.)h mechani)mD their lower efficiency and the higher 2iofo.ling ri)k" (ackfl.)ha2le fine filter) may
2e .)ed .p)tream of the cartridge filter) to protect them" They are howe+erD no ).2)tit.te for di)po)a2le cartridge)"
The cartridge filter )ho.ld 2e made of a )ynthetic nondegrada2le material (e"g"D nylon or polypropylene) and eB.ipped with a
pre)).re ga.ge to indicate the differential pre)).reD there2y indicating the e;tent of it) fo.ling" *eg.lar in)pection) of .)ed
cartridge) pro+ide .)ef.l information regarding fo.ling ri)k) and cleaning reB.irement)"

Page 33 of 181
4f the differential pre)).re acro)) the filter increa)e) rapidlyD it i) an indication of po))i2le pro2lem) in the raw water ).pply or
in the pretreatment proce))" The filter pro+ide) )ome degree of )hort&term protection for the mem2rane) while correcti+e
action i) taking place"

*eplacing cartridge filter) more often than e+ery 1 to / month) .).ally indicate) a pro2lem with the pretreatment" The
cartridge filterD howe+erD i) not meant to 2e a ma=or component for the remo+al of high amo.nt) of filtera2le )olid)" Thi)
wo.ld not only 2e an inefficient .)e of rather e;pen)i+e filter)D 2.t wo.ld pro2a2ly lead to premat.re fail.re of the mem2rane
)y)tem d.e to the high pro2a2ility that )ome of the .nwanted material will 2reak thro.gh" :n alternati+e approach wo.ld 2e
to .)e a )econd cartridge with larger pore )i<e .p)tream"

2.(./ !t3er Met3ods

1ethod) to pre+ent colloidal fo.ling other than tho)e de)cri2ed in the pre+io.) )ection) al)o e;i)t"

5ime softening ha) already 2een de)cri2ed a) a method for )ilica remo+al (Section 2.3.6)" *emo+al of iron and colloidal
matter are f.rther 2enefit)"

,trong acid cation eAc3ange resin softening not only remo+e) hardne))D 2.t it al)o remo+e) low concentration) of iron
and al.min.m that otherwi)e co.ld fo.l the mem2rane" 7oftened water i) al)o known to e;hi2it a lower fo.ling tendency than
.n)oftened (hard) water 2eca.)e m.lti+alent cation) promote the adhe)ion of nat.rally occ.rring colloid)D which are .).ally
negati+ely charged" The iron remo+al efficiency depend) on the e )pecie) pre)ent" e
2U
and e
/U
are remo+ed +ery well 2y
the 7:C re)in andD if in e;ce)) of $"$3 ppmD ha+e a tendency to fo.l the mem2rane and cataly<e it) degradation" Colloidal or
organo&e&comple;e) are .).ally not remo+ed at all and will pa)) thro.gh into the prod.ct water" 4n)ol.2le iron&o;ide) areD
depending on their )i<eD filtered o.t depending on the flow rate and 2ed&depth .)ed"

9hen dealing with higher concentration of ferro.) ironD one need) )pecial care to a+oid ferric iron fo.ling" 4t wa) reported
that addition of 71(7 wa) a2le to pre+ent mem2rane fo.ling

)ntifoulants< certain )caling inhi2itor)D al)o called antifo.lant)D can handle iron" Thi) pretreatment proce)) can 2e .)ed for
relati+ely low concentration) of iron"

2.(.0 @esign and !perational Considerations

The pre+ention of colloidal fo.ling i) not only a matter of the proper pretreatment )electionD 2.t al)o of the )y)tem de)ign and
operation" :) an e;treme e;ampleD ).rface water co.ld 2e pretreated 2y coag.lation&flocc.lation and .ltrafiltration" The *,
)y)tem co.ld then operate with a high permeate fl.;D and almo)t no cleaning wo.ld 2e reB.ired" 4f the )ame waterD howe+erD
i) =.)t filtered with cartridge filtrationD then the *, )y)tem wo.ld need m.ch more mem2rane areaD and more freB.ent
cleaning and maintenance wo.ld 2e reB.ired" : poor pretreatment proce)) can 2e partially compen)ated for 2y adding more
mem2rane area and modifying the )y)tem ()ee Section 3D System Design)D and 2y more freB.ent and@or har)h cleaning" ,n
the other handD impro+ing the pretreatment )y)tem mean) lower mem2rane co)t)"

To minimi<e the pretreatment effort and@or impro+e the feed water B.alityD the 2e)t a+aila2le raw water B.ality )ho.ld 2e
.)ed" The location of the intake of ).rface waterD incl.ding )eawaterD i) of paramo.nt importance" Contamination of the raw
water with wa)te water effl.ent may ca.)e )erio.) pro2lem) in the *, plant" : deep well clo)e to the )hore or the ri+er i)
preferred" 4f an open intake i) reB.iredD it )ho.ld 2e located well away from the )hore and )ome meter) 2elow the water
).rface"

!ew well) often relea)e ).)pended matter in the fir)t day) of operation" Care m.)t 2e taken that well) are properly rin)ed
o.t" o.ling 2y iron o;ide i) al)o a common pro2lem" 4t can 2e a+oided 2y )electing noncorro)i+e material) ()ee Section
3.1)D Materials o" 8onstruction 8orrosion 8ontrol)"

Page 3# of 181
*#/ $iolo)ical Foulin) Prevention

2.-.1 1ntroduction

:ll raw water) contain microorgani)m) ).ch a) 2acteriaD algaeD f.ngiD +ir.)e)D and higher organi)m)" The typical )i<e of
2acteria i) a2o.t 1 Sm" 1icroorgani)m) can 2e regarded a) colloidal matter and remo+ed d.ring pretreatment a) di)c.))ed
in Section 2.*. The difference 2etween microorgani)m) and non&li+ing particle)D howe+erD i) the a2ility of microorgani)m) to
reprod.ce and form a 2iofilm .nder fa+ora2le condition)"

1icroorgani)m) entering a *,@! )y)tem find a large mem2rane ).rface where di))ol+ed n.trient) from the water are
enriched d.e to concentration polari<ationD th.) creating an ideal en+ironment for the formation of a 2iofilm" (iological fo.ling
of the mem2rane) may )erio.)ly affect the performance of the *, )y)tem" The )ymptom) are an increa)e in the differential
pre)).re from feed to concentrateD finally leading to tele)coping and mechanical damage of the mem2rane element) ()ee
Section ,.*.3D ;ig# Di""erential Pressure)D and a decline in mem2rane fl.;" 7ometime)D 2iofo.ling de+elop) e+en on the
permeate )ideD th.) contaminating the prod.ct water"

: 2iofilm i) diffic.lt to remo+e 2eca.)e it protect) it) microorgani)m) again)t the action of )hear force) and 2iocidal
chemical)" 4n additionD if not completely remo+edD remaining part) of a 2iofilm lead to a rapid regrowth" (iological fo.ling
pre+ention i) therefore a ma=or o2=ecti+e of the pretreatment proce))" The control of micro2iological acti+ity i) al)o part of
)y)tem de)ign

()ee Section 3.1*D System Design 8onsi&erations to 8ontrol Microbiological !ctivity)D in the )y)tem operation
()ee 8#a.ter *D System <.eration)D in the )aniti<ation of )y)tem) ()ee Section 6.17D Saniti0ing Membrane Systems) and in
the pre)er+ation of )y)tem) ()ee Section +.)D Preservation o" R< an& =F Systems)"

The +ario.) method) to pre+ent and control 2iological fo.ling are de)cri2ed in Sections 2.6.3 to 2.6.11" 6ach method ha)
)pecific ad+antage)D 2.t the optim.m )trategy i) a com2ination of the different concept)"

The mo)t ).cce))f.l approach i) the limitation or remo+al of n.trient) for microorgani)m) from the water in order to limit
2iological growth" Thi) can 2e achie+ed with 2iofiltration & )ee Section 2.6.," The contin.o.) addition of o;idation chemical)
).ch a) chlorine may increa)e the n.trient le+el 2eca.)e organic ).2)tance) may 2e 2roken down to )maller 2iodegrada2le
fragment)" Do)ing chemical) ).ch a) anti)calant) or acid) m.)t 2e caref.lly )elected 2eca.)e they may al)o )er+e a) n.trient)"

,ther method) are 2a)ed on chemical) that ha+e a 2iocidal effect on microorgani)m)" The)e )aniti<ation chemical) are
applied d.ring the normal operation of the plant either a) a contin.o.) do)age to the feed water )tream or prefera2ly a) a
di)contin.o.) (intermittent) do)age in certain inter+al)" Pre+enti+e treatment) are m.ch more effecti+e than correcti+e
treatment) 2eca.)e )ingle attached 2acteria are ea)ier to kill and remo+e than a thickD aged 2iofilm" Typical treatment
inter+al) are one to fo.r per monthD 2.t they can 2e a) )hort a) one per dayD depending on the feed water B.ality (e"g"D
wa)te water) or the permeate B.ality reB.ired (e"g"D pharmace.tical&grade water)" : third application mode i) the off&line
application .)ing )eparate cleaning eB.ipment" Thi) mode i) dealt with in Section 6.17D Saniti0ing Membrane Systems"

The attachment of 2acteria to a mem2rane ).rface and their growth can 2e minimi<ed 2y a ).rface modification of the mem2rane"
Thi) concept i) a+aila2le with the * (o.ling *e)i)tant) )erie) of 451T6C mem2rane element) A )ee Section 2.6.11"

,ther phy)ical method) are targeted to remo+e microorgani)m) in the feed water with microfiltration or .ltrafiltration ()ee
Section 2.6.6) or to kill them with 8> radiation ()ee Section 2.6.17)"

2.-.2 )ssessment of t3e 7iological Fouling 'otential

The potential for 2iological fo.ling )ho.ld 2e a))e))ed d.ring the pro=ect pha)e )o that the )y)tem can 2e de)igned
accordingly" 9arm ).rface water) generally ha+e a higher 2iofo.ling potential than cold well water)" The reg.lar a))e))ment
of the micro2iological acti+ity of the feed water )ho.ld al)o 2e part of the operating di)cipline of an e;i)ting plant )o that any
increa)e of the micro2iological acti+ity can 2e re)ponded to at an early )tage"

7ome techniB.e) reB.ire water )amplingD wherea) other) .)e online monitor)" 7ampling of micro2iological acti+ity can 2e
done .)ing pre)terili<ed )ampling container)" 4f the la2oratory eB.ipment needed for analy)i) of the micro2iological )ample)
i) not a+aila2le at the *, plant )iteD an adeB.ate la2oratory )ho.ld 2e fo.nd to perform the needed analy)i) not later than 8
ho.r) after )ampling" 7ample) )ho.ld 2e )tored in a refrigerator"
The minim.m n.m2er of )ampling point) reB.ired i) li)ted 2elowE

Page 3' of 181
1" 4ntake ().rface) or wellD 2efore addition of any chemical)"
2" :fter a clarifierD )ettling pondD )l.dge contact .nitD or )imilar )edimentation proce))"
/" :fter filtration .nit) ()andD m.ltimediaD acti+ated car2onD or other)"
0" N.)t 2efore the mem2rane)D after addition of chemical) (normally after cartridge filtration)"
3" Concentrate )tream"
#" Permeate )tream"

The freB.ency of )ampling and analy)i) depend) on the ri)k of 2iofo.ling" or ).rface water plant)D a daily check of the feed
water (point 0) and a weekly check of all point) are recommended"

2.-.2.1 Culture *ec3niIues

The concentration of 2acteria in water i) directly related to the 2iological fo.ling potential of the water" The n.m2er of colony
forming .nit) (C8) i) a B.antitati+e e;pre))ion of the n.m2er of c.lt.ra2le microorgani)m) in a water )ample" 4t i)
determined according to Part %$$$ of the 7tandard 1ethod) @1@ 2y filtering a mea).red B.antity of water thro.gh a
mem2rane filter" 7.2)eB.entlyD the organi)m) th.) retained on the filter ).rface are c.lt.red on the appropriate n.trient
medi.m to de+elop colonie)D which are then o2)er+ed and co.nted at low power magnification" Different media are .)ed for
different microorgani)m) and different water type)"

The main ad+antage of thi) method i) that it can 2e performed ea)ily witho.t e;pen)i+e eB.ipment" The te)t re).lt)D
howe+erD are only a+aila2le after .p to )e+en day)D and the co.nted colonie) may repre)ent a) little a) 1&1$ K or le)) of the
total 2acteria co.nt (T(C)" !e+erthele))D c.lt.re techniB.e) are )till +al.a2le a) indicator) of the le+el and the trend of the
2iological fo.ling potential"

They can 2e applied to monitor the water B.ality from the intake thro.gh the ).2)eB.ent treatment )tep) .p to the
concentrate )tream and the permeate" :n increa)e of the C8 i) an indication of an increa)ed 2iofo.ling potential"

2.-.2.2 *otal 7acteria Count

The total 2acteria co.nt (T(C) i) determined with direct co.nt techniB.e)" The)e employ filtration of the water )ample and
co.nting the retained microorgani)m) on the filter plate directly .nder a micro)cope" To make the microorgani)m) +i)i2leD
they are )tained with acridine orange and +iewed with an epi&ill.minated fl.ore)cent micro)cope @2,@"

Th.)D an acc.rate co.nt of total microorgani)m) i) o2tained immediately" The type) of microorgani)m) can 2e a))e))ed and
differentiated from de2ri) particle)" Direct co.nt method) are preferredD 2eca.)e they are m.ch fa)ter and more acc.rate
than c.lt.re techniB.e)"

The concentration) of microorgani)m) in raw waterD in the feed )treamD and in the concentrate )tream are helpf.l n.m2er)
for a))e))ing 2iological fo.ling potential" ,ther factor)D howe+erD like the concentration and the kind of n.trient) or growth
promoting ).2)tance) may 2e more important for the de+elopment of a 2iofilm"

2.-.2." )ssimilable !rganic Carbon ()!C)

The :,C te)t addre))e) the growth potential of microorgani)m) in a gi+en water )ample with gi+en n.trient)" 4t i) a 2ioa))ay
with two well&defined p.re c.lt.re)" rom the ma;im.m growth le+el of the two indi+id.al )train) the :,C concentration i)
calc.lated and e;pre))ed a) Sg@5 of acetate C eB.i+alent)" The proced.re i) de)cri2ed in Part %21' of the 7tandard
1ethod) @1@" >rouwenvel&er et al. o2)er+ed )e+ere 2iofo.ling in ca)e) where the feed water had :,C +al.e) e;ceeding 8$
Sg@5 @26@" =e&erlo" et al. propo)ed a )tandard of 1$ Sg@5 to pre+ent 2iological fo.ling @37@D 2.t in )ome ca)e) 2iofo.ling may
2e po))i2le with :,C +al.e) e+en 2elow 1$ Sg@5 @26@"

Page 38 of 181
2.-.2.& 7iofilm Formation Rate (7FR)

The (* +al.e i) determined with an online operated 2iofilm monitor at a contin.o.) flow rate of $"2 m@)" The acc.m.lation
of acti+e 2ioma)) mea).red a) :TP (adeno)inetripho)phate) on the ).rface of gla)) ring) in thi) monitor i) determined a) a
f.nction of time @32@" (* +al.e) e;ceeding 1$$ pg@cm
2
:TP were o2)er+ed with )e+ere 2iofo.lingD and (* +al.e) of le))
than 1 pg@cm
2
:TP were mea).red in ca)e) of )ta2le operation witho.t any cleaning need) @26@" The (* +al.e i) mo)t
clo)ely correlated with the degree of 2iofo.ling in a mem2rane plant @31@"

2.-." C3lorination 8 @ec3lorination

Chlorine (Cl2) ha) 2een .)ed for many year) to treat m.nicipal and ind.)trial water and wa)te water) to control
microorgani)m) 2eca.)e of it) capacity to inacti+ate mo)t pathogenic microorgani)m) B.ickly" The effecti+ene)) of chlorine
i) dependent on the chlorine concentrationD time of e;po).reD and the p- of the water" Chlorine i) .)ed for treating pota2le
water where a re)id.al chlorine concentration near $"3 mg@5 i) commonly .)ed" 4n an ind.)trial water treatment )chemeD
fo.ling of water intake line)D heat e;changer)D )and filter)D etc"D may 2e pre+ented 2y maintaining a free re)id.al chlorine
concentration of $"3A1"$ mg@5 or higherD dependent on the organic content of the incoming water"

Chlorination for *,@! pretreatment ha) 2een applied .).ally where 2iological fo.ling pre+ention i) reB.ired (i"e"D typically
for ).rface water))" Chlorine i) added contin.o.)ly at the intakeD and a reaction time of 2$A/$ min )ho.ld 2e allowed" : free
re)id.al chlorine concentration of $"3A1"$ mg@5 )ho.ld 2e maintained thro.gh the whole pretreatment line" Dechlorination
.p)tream of the mem2rane) i) reB.iredD howe+erD to protect the mem2rane) from o;idation"

451T6C mem2rane can with)tand )hort&term e;po).re to free chlorine (hypochlorite)O howe+erD it) re)i)tance i) limited"
The mem2rane can 2e .)ed ).cce))f.lly in in)tallation) where )y)tem .p)et) re).lt in temporary e;po).re to free chlorine"
6+ent.al degradation may occ.r after appro;imately 2$$A1D$$$ ho.r) of e;po).re to 1 ppm concentration) of free chlorine"

The rate of chlorine attack depend) on +ario.) feed water characteri)tic)" 8nder alkaline p- condition)D chlorine attack i)
fa)ter than at ne.tral or acidic p-" Chlorine attack i) al)o fa)ter when iron or other tran)ition metal) are pre)ent either in the
water or on the mem2rane ).rfaceO the)e metal) cataly<e mem2rane degradation" (eca.)e of the ri)k of mem2rane
o;idationD chlorine i) not recommended for intentionally )aniti<ing mem2rane )y)tem)"

Contin.o.) chlorination and dechlorination of the feedwater ha) 2een )tandard for year)" (iofo.ling pro2lem) down)tream
of the point of dechlorinationD howe+erD are B.ite common" 4t i) 2elie+ed that chlorine react) with the organic matter in the
water and 2reak) it down to more 2iodegrada2le fragment)" 7ince there i) no chlorine pre)ent on the mem2rane)D
microorgani)m) can grow with an enhanced n.trient offeringD .nle)) the )y)tem i) )aniti<ed +ery freB.ently" ThereforeD the
contin.o.) chlorination@dechlorination method i) 2ecoming le)) pop.lar"

4n)tead of contin.o.) chlorinationD chlorine i) prefera2ly applied off&line to the pretreatment )ection periodically" D.ring off&
line chlorinationD the feedwater ha) to 2e )ent to drain prior to reaching the mem2rane)" (efore the )y)tem goe) into
operation againD all chlorine containing feed water ha) to 2e rin)ed o.t caref.llyD and the a2)ence of chlorine m.)t 2e
+erified (e"g"D 2y monitoring of the o;idation&redo; potential (,*P))"

C3lorination C3emistr+
Chlorine i) mo)t commonly a+aila2le a) chlorine ga) and the hypochlorite) of )odi.m and calci.m" 4n waterD they hydroly<e
in)tantaneo.)ly to hypochloro.) acidE
Cl2 U -2, -,Cl U -Cl
!a,Cl U -2, -,Cl U !a,-
Ca(,Cl)2 U 2 -2, 2 -,Cl U Ca(,-)2

-ypochloro.) acid di))ociate) in water to hydrogen ion) and hypochlorite ion)E
-,Cl -
U
U ,Cl
A

The ).m of Cl2D !a,ClD Ca(,Cl)2D -,ClD and ,Cl
A
i) referred to a) free a+aila2le chlorine (:C) or free re)id.al chlorine
(*C)D e;pre))ed a) mg@5 Cl2" :) di)c.))ed laterD chloramine) are formed from the reaction of chlorine with ammonia
compo.nd) pre)ent in the water" The)e chlorine&ammonia compo.nd) are referred to a) com2ined a+aila2le chlorine (C:C)

Page 3% of 181
or com2ined re)id.al chlorine (C*C)" The ).m of free and com2ined a+aila2le@re)id.al chlorine i) called the total re)id.al
chlorine (T*C)"
T*C W :C U C:C W *C U C*C

The germicidal efficiency of free re)id.al chlorine i) directly related to the concentration of .ndi))ociated -,Cl"
-ypochloro.) acid i) 1$$ time) more effecti+e than the hypochlorite ion ,Cl
A
" The fraction of .ndi))ociated -,Cl increa)e)
with decrea)ing p-"

:t p- '"3 (''P (23PC)D 0$ mg@5 TD7)D only 3$K of free re)id.al chlorine i) pre)ent a) -,ClD 2.t %$K i) pre)ent at p- #"3"
The fraction of -,Cl al)o increa)e) with decrea)ing temperat.re" :t 01P (3PC)D the -,Cl mole fraction i) #2K (p- '"3D 0$
mg@5 TD7)" 4n high&)alinity water)D le)) -,Cl i) pre)ent (/$K at p- '"3D 23PCD 0$D$$$ mg@5 TD7)"

C3lorine @emand
: part of the chlorine do)age react) with ammonia nitrogen to com2ined a+aila2le chlorine in a )erie) of )tepwi)e reaction)E
-,Cl U !-/ !-2Cl (monochloramine) U -2,
-,Cl U !-2Cl !-Cl2 (dichloramine) U -2,
-,Cl U !-Cl2 !Cl/ (trichloramine) U -2,

The)e reaction) are go+erned primarily 2y p- and chlorine&to&nitrogen weight ratio" Chloramine al)o ha) a germicidal effectD
al2eit lower than that of chlorine"

:nother part of the chlorine i) con+erted to nona+aila2le chlorine" Thi) chlorine demand i) ca.)ed 2y the reaction with
red.cing agent) ).ch a) nitriteD cyanideD ).lfideD ferro.) ironD and mangane)e" Chlorine i) al)o con).med 2y the o;idation of
organic compo.nd) pre)ent in the water"

To determine the optim.m chlorine do)ageD 2e)t point of in=ectionD p-D and contact time to pre+ent 2iofo.lingD :7T1 D 12%1
@33@ )ho.ld 2e applied to a repre)entati+e water )ample" or f.rther detail)D the -and2ook of Chlorination @3)@ i)
recommended"

,eawater
The ma=or difference 2etween the chlorination chemi)try of )eawater and that of 2racki)h water i) the pre)ence of 2romide
in )eawater in concentration) of typically #3 mg@5" (romide react) rapidly with hypochloro.) acid to form hypo2romo.) acidE
(r
A
U -,Cl -,(r U Cl
A

Th.)D in chlorinated )eawater the 2iocide i) predominantly -,(r rather than -,Cl"

-ypo2romo.) acid then di))ociate) to hypo2romite ion a) follow)E
-,(r ,(r
A
U -
U

-,(r di))ociation i) le)) than -,Cl di))ociation" :t p- 8D where '2K of -,Cl i) di))ociatedD a2o.t 1'K of -,(r i)
di))ociated" 4n other word)D effecti+e treatment can 2e performed at a higher p- than in 2racki)h waterD where no 2romide i)
pre)ent"

(oth hypo2romo.) acid and hypo2romite ion) interfere with free re)id.al chlorine mea).rement) and are incl.ded in the free
re)id.al chlorine +al.e"

The reaction) of -,(r with other compo.nd) of the water are analogo.) to the reaction) of -,Cl" (romamine) and
2rominated compo.nd) are the reaction prod.ct)"

@ec3lorination
9hen *, or ! mem2rane i) .)ed in the *,@! proce))D the feed m.)t 2e dechlorinated to pre+ent o;idation of the
mem2rane" 451T6C mem2rane) ha+e )ome chlorine tolerance 2efore noticea2le lo)) of )alt re=ection i) o2)er+ed" The
fir)t )ign of chlorine attack on *,@! mem2rane i) lo)) of mem2rane fl.; followed 2y an increa)e in mem2rane fl.; and )alt
pa))age" 6+ent.al degradation may occ.r after appro;imately 2$$A1D$$$ ho.r) of e;po).re to 1 mg@5 of free chlorine (2$$A
1D$$$ ppm&h tolerance)" The rate of chlorine attack depend) on +ario.) feed water characteri)tic)" 8nder alkaline p-
condition)D chlorine attack i) fa)ter than at ne.tral or acidic p-" :n acidic p- i) preferred for 2etter 2iocidal effect d.ring
chlorination" Chlorine attack i) al)o fa)ter at higher temperat.re) and higher concentration) of hea+y metal) (e"g"D iron)D that

Page #$ of 181
can cataly<e mem2rane degradation" 7ince o;idation damage i) not co+ered .nder warrantyD ilmTec recommend)
remo+ing re)id.al free chlorine 2y pretreatment prior to e;po).re of the feed water to the mem2rane" ,ther o;idi<ing agent)
).ch a) chlorine dio;ideD hydrogen pero;ideD o<oneD and permanganate are capa2le of damaging *,@! mem2rane) al)o if
not .)ed properly"

*e)id.al free chlorine can 2e red.ced to harmle)) chloride) 2y acti+ated car2on or chemical red.cing agent)" :n acti+ated
car2on 2ed i) +ery effecti+e in the dechlorination of *, feed water according to following reactionE
C U 2Cl2 U 2-2, 0-Cl U C,2

7odi.m meta2i).lfite (71(7) i) commonly .)ed for remo+al of free chlorine and a) a 2io)tatic" ,ther chemical red.cing
agent) e;i)t (e"g"D ).lf.r dio;ide)D 2.t they are not a) co)t&effecti+e a) 71(7"

9hen di))ol+ed in waterD )odi.m 2i).lfite (7(7) i) formed from 71(7E
!a272,3 U -2, 2 !a-7,/

7(7 then red.ce) hypochloro.) acid according toE
2!a-7,/ U 2-,Cl -27,0 U 2-Cl U !a27,0

4n theoryD 1"/0 mg of )odi.m meta2i).lfite will remo+e 1"$ mg of free chlorine" 4n practiceD howe+erD /"$ mg of )odi.m
meta2i).lfite i) normally .)ed to remo+e 1"$ mg of chlorine"

The 71(7 )ho.ld 2e of food&grade B.ality and free of imp.ritie)" 71(7 )ho.ld not 2e co2alt&acti+ated" 7olid )odi.m
meta2i).lfite ha) a typical )helf life of 0A# month) .nder coolD dry )torage condition)" 4n aB.eo.) )ol.tion)D howe+erD )odi.m
2i).lfite can o;idi<e readily when e;po)ed to air" : typical )ol.tion life can +ary with concentration a) follow)E
Concentration (wt ;) ,olution life
1$ 1 week
2$ 1 month
/$ # month)

:ltho.gh the dechlorination it)elf i) rapidD good mi;ing i) reB.ired to en).re completion" 7tatic mi;er) are recommended"
The recommended in=ection point i) down)tream of the cartridge filter) in order to protect the filter) 2y chlorine" 4n thi) ca)eD
the 71(7 )ol.tion )ho.ld 2e filtered thro.gh a )eparate cartridge 2efore 2eing in=ected into the *, feed" Dechlorinated
water m.)t not 2e )tored in tank)"

9hen *,@! mem2rane) are fo.led with hea+y metal) ).ch a) Co and C.D re)id.al 7(7 (.p to /$ ppm) partially con+ert) to
o;idant) .nder the pre)ence of e;ce))i+e o;ygen" 9hen there i) a hea+y potential for metal fo.lingD 7(7 do)ing amo.nt
control m.)t 2e optimi<ed and o;idation condition) of the concentrate m.)t 2e monitored 2y an o;idation&red.ction potential
(,*P) meter @3*@"

The a2)ence of chlorine )ho.ld 2e monitored .)ing an o;idation&red.ction potential (,*P) electrode down)tream of the
mi;ing line" 1'3 & 2$$ m> thre)hold reading) of the ,*P ha+e 2een typically applied" The electrode )ignal )h.t) down the
high pre)).re p.mp when chlorine i) detected"

2.-.& ,odium 7isulfite

7odi.m 2i).lfite can 2e added into the feed )tream (for a limited time period) d.ring normal plant operation" Thi) intermittent
application i) often referred to a) )hock treatment" 4n a typical applicationD 3$$A1D$$$ mg@5 !a-7,/ i) do)ed for /$ min.te)"

8)e only )odi.m meta2i).lfite (food&grade) that i) free of imp.ritie) and not co2alt&acti+ated" The treatment can 2e carried o.t
on e+ery 20 ho.r) or only when 2iogrowth i) ).)pected" The efficiency of ).ch treatment )ho.ld 2e )t.died" The permeate
prod.ced d.ring do)age will contain )ome 2i).lfiteD depending on the feed concentrationD the mem2rane type and the operating
condition)" Depending on the permeate B.ality reB.irement)D the permeate can 2e .)ed or di)carded d.ring )hock treatment"

(i).lfite i) effecti+e again)t aero2ic 2acteria 2.t not again)t anaero2ic microorgani)m)" ThereforeD the efficiency of the )hock
treatment )ho.ld 2e caref.lly a))e))ed .)ing the techniB.e) de)cri2ed in Section 2.6.2.

Page #1 of 181
2.-.( @7N')

D(!P: (2D2D di2romo&/&nitrilo&proprionamide) ha) the following characteri)tic)E
Compati2le with the mem2rane
a)t acting
Co)t effecti+e
:ccepta2le tran)portationD )torageD )ta2ility and handling characteri)tic)
(road )pectr.m control (e"g"D planktonic and )e))ile organi)m))O algae control i) )ea)onal and )it.ational
(iodegrada2le

There are )e+eral D(!P:&2a)ed prod.ct) a+aila2le" or more information a2o.t D(!P: or to find a ).pplierD refer to the
Dow (iocide) we2)ite at www"dow2iocide)"com.

4n *, )y)tem) operating with 2iologically acti+e feed waterD a 2iofilm can appear within /A3 day) after inoc.lation with +ia2le
organi)m)" Con)eB.entlyD the mo)t common freB.ency of )aniti<ation i) e+ery /A3 day) d.ring peak 2iological acti+ity
().mmer) and a2o.t e+ery ' day) d.ring low 2iological acti+ity (winter)" The optimal freB.ency for )aniti<ation will 2e )ite&
)pecific and m.)t 2e determined 2y the operating characteri)tic) of the *, )y)tem"

The )tandard method to apply D(!P: i) )l.g (intermittent) do)ing" The amo.nt of D(!P: .)ed depend) on the )e+erity of
the 2iological fo.ling" 9ith a water le)) prone to 2iological fo.lingD .)ing 1$A/$ mg@5 of the acti+e ingredient for /$ min.te)
to / ho.r) e+ery 3 day) can 2e effecti+e" (eca.)e D(!P: i) deacti+ated 2y red.cing agent) ().ch a) )odi.m 2i).lfite .)ed
for chlorine remo+al)D a higher concentration of D(!P: will 2e reB.ired if there i) re)id.al red.cing agent in the feed water"
The concentration of D(!P: )ho.ld 2e increa)ed 2y 1 ppm of acti+e ingredient for e+ery ppm of re)id.al red.cing agent in
the *, feed water" To remo+e the dead 2iofilmD an alkaline cleaning i) al)o recommended" ()ee Section 6.6.6D $io"ouling)
(iocide)D their degradation prod.ct)D and other ingredient) in their form.lation) are not alway) completely re=ected 2y *,
mem2rane)" or thi) rea)onD d.ring )l.g do)ingD it may 2e nece))ary to di)charge the permeate d.ring 2iocide in=ection
2eca.)e the permeate may contain )lightly ele+ated le+el) of organic)"

!ote that altho.gh D(!P: i) nono;idi<ingD it doe) gi+e an ,*P re)pon)e in appro;imately the 0$$ m> range at
concentration) 2etween $"3 and / mg@l" or compari)onD chlorine and 2romine gi+e a re)pon)e in the '$$ m> range at 1
mg@lD which increa)e) with increa)ing concentration" Thi) increa)e in ,*P i) normal when adding D(!P: and it i)
recommended the ,*P )et&point i) 2y&pa))ed d.ring D(!P: addition"

2.-.- Combined C3lorine

7aniti<ation with agent) containing com2ined chlorine i) generally not recommended" Thi) incl.de) ).ch compo.nd) a)
chloramineD chloramine&TD and !&chloroi)ocyan.rate" 451T6C *, and ! mem2rane) are re)i)tant to low
concentration) of mild chlorinating agent)" Their effecti+ene)) a) di)infectant) at low concentration)D howe+erD i) limited"
The)e compo.nd) can al)o )lowly damage the mem2rane 2eca.)e they are in eB.ili2ri.m with )mall amo.nt) of free
chlorine"

or chloramineD the tolerance of the T/$ mem2rane i) /$$D$$$ ppm&hD which implie) that dechlorination i) not reB.ired"
7ince chloramine) are formed 2y adding ammonia to chlorineD howe+erD it i) po))i2le that free chlorine will 2e pre)ent" 7ince
thi) free chlorine can 2e damaging to the mem2raneD dechlorination )ho.ld )till 2e con)idered" 1oreo+erD iron cataly<e)
mem2rane o;idation 2y chloramine" Th.) care m.)t 2e taken when chloramine i) .)ed a) a )aniti<ation agent"

The recommendation i) to not .)e chlorine dio;ide with 451T6C mem2rane)" 451T6C mem2rane) ha+e )hown )ome
compati2ility with p.re chlorine dio;ide" Chlorine dio;ide that i) generated on&)ite from chlorine and )odi.m chlorateD
howe+erD i) alway) contaminated with free chlorine that attack) the mem2rane"

Page #2 of 181
2.-.. !t3er ,aniti?ation )gents

Copper sulfate can 2e .)ed to control the growth of algae" TypicallyD copper ).lfate i) fed contin.o.)ly at concentration) of
$"1 to $"3 ppm" p- of the water m.)t 2e low (to pre+ent the precipitation of copper hydro;ide)" ?enerally the .)e of copper
).lfateD howe+erD i) not recommended d.e to the followingE
Commercial C.7,0 may contain )ome imp.ritie) detrimental to the *, mem2rane)"
C.C,/ and C.(,-)2 tend to precipitate o.t)ide of a gi+en p- range of operationD ca.)ing fo.ling to *, de+ice) and
making C.7,0 ineffecti+e"
Copper ion) can ha+e negati+e effect) on the en+ironment"
C.7,0 only work) properly again)t a limited range of microorgani)m) (e"g"D )ome algae) 2.t ha) only a marginal effect
on mo)t 2acteria"
6n+ironmental protection )tandard) of )e+eral co.ntrie) limit the di)charge amo.nt of C. )alt)D making it diffic.lt to
change do)age of thi) chemical if the 2iolife )it.ation of a gi+en plant reB.ire) it"
4n )ome )pecific condition)D *, mem2rane i) o;idi<ed with per).lfate generated from copper ).lfate"

!?one i) an e+en )tronger o;idi<ing agent than chlorine" -owe+erD it decompo)e) readily" : certain o<one le+el m.)t 2e
maintained to kill all microorgani)m)" The re)i)tance of the material) of con)tr.ction again)t o<one ha) to 2e con)idered"
8).allyD )tainle)) )teel i) employed" *emo+al of o<one m.)t 2e performed caref.lly to protect the mem2rane)" 8ltra+iolet
irradiation ha) 2een .)ed ).cce))f.lly for thi) p.rpo)e"

1odineK Iuaternar+ germicides and p3enolic compounds ca.)e fl.; lo))e) and are not recommended for .)e a)
)aniti<ation agent)"

2.-./ 7iofiltration

(iofiltration i) the 2iological treatment of water to red.ce the organic con)tit.ent) that either contri2.te directly to organic
fo.ling or pro+ide car2on )o.rce) for the de+elopment of 2iofilm) on the mem2rane ).rface)" Proce))e) incl.de 2ank
filtration for ri+er )o.rce)D )oil pa))age and )low )and filtration" ilter 2ed) of 2iologically acti+e gran.lar acti+ated car2on
(?:C) are widely .)ed in p.2lic water work)D where the 2iological acti+ity of the car2on filter i) f.rther enhanced 2y
treatment of the feed with o<one @3@" 9hen ).ch filter) are operated at ).fficiently low filter +elocitie) (1A0 gpm@ft
2
or 2A1$
m@h) and with ).fficiently high 2ed) (#"3A1$ ft or 2A/ m)D mo)t of the 2iolife acti+ity take) place in the .pper region of the
filter 2edD and the filtered water i) almo)t free of 2acteria and n.trient)"

8)ing 2iofiltration to pre+ent 2iofo.ling of *,@! mem2rane )y)tem) ha) 2een demon)trated and ad+ocated a) a ).ita2le
pretreatment method 2y )e+eral a.thor) @26 37 36 3+@"

2.-.0 Microfiltration8Ultrafiltration

1icrofiltration (1) and .ltrafiltration (8) can remo+e microorgani)m) and e)pecially algae that are )ometime) +ery diffic.lt
to remo+e 2y )tandard techniB.e)" The 1@8 mem2rane) )ho.ld 2e made from a chlorine&re)i)tant material to with)tand
periodic treatment with 2iocide)" 1@8 mem2rane)D howe+erD do not remo+e the low molec.lar weight fraction) of organic
matter and other compo.nd) that are n.trient) for microorgani)m)" Pretreatment with 1@8 mem2rane) help) to retard
and to control the on)et of 2iofo.lingD 2.t it i) no )afeg.ard 2y it)elf"

2.-.12 Ultraiolet 1rradiation

8ltra+iolet (8>) irradiation at 230 nm i) known to ha+e a germicidal effect" 4t) application ha) come into .)e e)pecially for
)mall&)cale plant)" !o chemical) are addedD and the eB.ipment need) little attention other than periodic cleaning) or
replacement of the merc.ry +apor lamp)" 8> treatment i) limitedD howe+erD to relati+ely clean water) 2eca.)e colloid) and
organic matter red.ce the penetration of the radiation"

Page #/ of 181
2.-.11 Use of Fouling Resistant Membranes

8)e of 451T6C * (o.ling *e)i)tant) mem2rane) can minimi<e or retard 2iofo.ling )ignificantly" The com2ination of *
mem2rane) and intermittent application of D(!P: ha) 2een partic.larly ).cce))f.l @3,@" or more information a2o.t
451T6C fo.ling re)i)tant (*) mem2rane element)D plea)e +i)it www"filmtec"com"

*#1 Prevention o! Foulin) b3 Or)anics

:d)orption of organic ).2)tance) on the mem2rane ).rface ca.)e) fl.; lo))D which i) irre+er)i2le in )erio.) ca)e)" The
ad)orption proce)) i) fa+ored with high molec.lar ma)) compo.nd) when the)e compo.nd) are hydropho2ic or po)iti+ely
charged" : high p- +al.e help) to pre+ent fo.lingD 2eca.)e 2oth the mem2rane and many organic ).2)tance) a)).me a
negati+e charge at p- X%" ,rganic) pre)ent a) an em.l)ion may form an organic film on the mem2rane ).rface" The)e
organic) m.)tD thereforeD 2e remo+ed in pretreatment"

,rganic) occ.rring in nat.ral water) are .).ally h.mic ).2)tance) in concentration) 2etween $"3 and 2$ mg@5 T,C"
Pretreatment )ho.ld 2e con)idered when T,C e;ceed) / mg@5" -.mic ).2)tance) can 2e remo+ed 2y a coag.lation
proce)) with hydro;ide floc) (Section 2.*.*)D 2y .ltrafiltration (Section 2.*.6)D or ad)orption on acti+ated car2on" *emo+al of
color from high molec.lar weight organic) i) al)o po))i2le 2y 451T6C nanofiltration mem2rane)"

Coag.lation or acti+ated car2on m.)t al)o 2e applied when oil) (hydrocar2on) or )ilicone&2a)ed) and grea)e) contaminate
the *, feed water at le+el) a2o+e $"1 mg@5" The)e ).2)tance) are readily ad)or2ed onto the mem2rane ).rface" They can
2e cleaned offD howe+erD with alkaline cleaning agent) if the fl.; ha) not declined 2y more than 13K"

4n wa)te water application)D the re=ection and concentration of organic) i) a ma=or o2=ecti+e" Depending on the kind of
).2)tance)D organic) e+en in the percent concentration range can 2e handled and m.)t 2e e+al.ated in field te)t) on a
ca)e&2y&ca)e 2a)i)"

*#2 Prevention o! Membrane De)ra%ation

:part from the fo.ling potential of certain ).2)tance) in the *, feed waterD the chemical re)i)tance of the 451T6C
mem2rane element again)t ).ch ).2)tance) ha) to 2e taken into acco.nt" ?enerallyD all o;idi<ing agent) can harm the
mem2rane and m.)t 2e remo+ed 2y method) de)cri2ed in Section 2.6.3" The mem2rane element i) )ta2le again)t mo)t
other chemical) in a p- range of 2A11 a) long a) the)e chemical) are di))ol+ed and not occ.rring a) an organic pha)e"

*#7 Prevention o! Iron an% Man)anese Foulin)

4ron fo.ling i) +ery common" 5ike any fo.lingD it ca.)e) a performance lo)) of the mem2rane )y)temD )pecifically fl.; lo))" 4n
additionD the pre)ence of iron make) the mem2rane more ).)cepti2le to o;idation damage" ort.natelyD iron fo.ling can 2e
cleaned fairly ea)ilyO )ee Section 6.6.)" 7ome operator) deli2erately accept iron fo.ling .p to 1$K fl.; lo)) and then clean
the mem2rane) with a predetermined freB.ency"

Typical )o.rce) of iron fo.ling are
:no;ic aB.ifer) containing )ol.2le di+alent iron and@or mangane)e
-ydro;ide floc) of o;idi<ed iron and@or mangane)e from raw water
!at.ral organic matter (!,1) containing iron comple;e)
-ydro;ide floc) from coag.lation proce))
Corro)ion prod.ct) from piping material) .)ed for the feed water
7ilicate) containing iron

Page #0 of 181
The method) to pre+ent fo.ling with colloidal and partic.late iron ha+e 2een de)cri2ed in Section 2.*" 4ron )ilicate) ha+e
2een di)c.))ed in Section 2.).+" The pretreatment of water containing ferro.) (di+alent) iron i) de)cri2ed 2elow"

:no;ic water) typically contain di+alent ironD mangane)eD or 2oth" 4f water containing iron or mangane)e ha) taken .p more
than 3 mg@5 of o;ygenD or ha) 2een chlorinatedD e
2U
(ferro.)) i) con+erted into e
/U
(ferric)D which form) in)ol.2le colloidal
hydro;ide particle) that may fo.l *,@! mem2rane)" The o;idation of iron and mangane)e i) gi+en 2yE
0e(-C,/)2 U ,2 U 2-2, 0e(,-)/ U 8C,2
01n(-C,/)2 U ,2 U 2-2, 01n(,-)/ U 8C,2

4ron fo.ling occ.r) more freB.ently than mangane)e fo.ling 2eca.)e the o;idation of iron occ.r) at a m.ch lower p-" Th.)D
a fo.ling pro2lem can 2e created e+en if the 7D4 i) 2elow 3 and the le+el of iron in the *, feed water i) 2elow $"1 mg@5"
9ater) with low alkalinity .).ally ha+e higher iron concentration) than water) with high alkalinityD 2eca.)e the e
2U
concentration i) .).ally limited 2y the )ol.2ility of eC,/"

,ne approach to a+oid mem2rane fo.ling i) to pre+ent o;idation and precipitation of iron and mangane)e 2y keeping the
water in the red.ced )tate" The e;po).re of the water to air or to any o;idi<ing agent (e"g"D chlorine) thro.gh the whole *,
proce)) m.)t 2e pre+ented" : low p- i) fa+ora2le to retarding e
2U
o;idation" :t p- Q# and o;ygen Q$"3 mg@5D the ma;im.m
permi))i2le e
2U
concentration i) 0 mg@5"

4f the ano;ic proce)) i) .)edD care m.)t 2e taken to a+oidE
,;ygen leakage into the feedwater
*eaction of iron with )ilica to form in)ol.2le iron )ilicate
,;idation 2y iron red.cing 2acteria re).lting in acceleration of 2iofilm growth and iron depo)it
(lending of ferro.) iron containing water with water containing hydrogen ).lfide (-27)D )ince thi) co.ld form an in)ol.2le
2lack ferro.) ).lfideD e7

*eg.lar iron cleaning ()ee Section 6.6.)) will 2e nece))ary with the ano;ic proce))"

The alternati+e method of handling ano;ic water) i) 2y o;idation&filtration a) de)cri2ed in Section 2.*.3"

*#"8 Prevention o! 4luminum Foulin)

7o.rce) of al.min.m fo.ling areE
loc) carry&o+er from a pretreatment proce)) .)ing al.min.m 2a)ed flocc.lant)
Po)t&precipitation of al.min.m flocc.lant) d.e to poor p- control
*eaction of al.min.m with )ilicaD forming al.min.m )ilicate)
!at.ral mineral )ilt and colloidal al.min.m )ilicate)

:l.min.m )ilicate fo.ling can 2e fo.nd in the fir)t and la)t )tage of *,@! plant)" 6+en )mall al.min.m concentration) (like
3$ pp2) may re).lt in a performance decline d.e to )e+eral factor)E
1" :l.min.m react) with )ilica" 5ow )ilica concentration) (1$ mg@5) can re).lt in al.min.m )ilicate fo.ling" The .)e of
al.min.m 2a)ed prod.ct) in the pretreatment increa)e) the ri)k of al.min.m fo.ling )ignificantly" ThereforeD the .)e of
al.min.m 2a)ed prod.ct) i) not recommended" 4ron 2a)ed prod.ct) are recommended in)tead"
2" The )ol.2ility of the al.min.m i) lowe)t at p- #"3" Thi) i) the p- at which the flocc.lation )ho.ld 2e r.n" The *,@!
)y)tem )ho.ld 2e operated prefera2ly at p- '&% (dependent on the water analy)i) )ince calci.m car2onate )caling
)ho.ld 2e a+oided) to keep al.min.m in )ol.tion"
/" :nti)calant) containing polymer) (like acrylic acid 2a)ed prod.ct)) are )en)iti+e to the pre)ence of metal) like iron and
al.min.m" 4t i) important to )elect the right anti)calant" ,therwi)eD the anti)calant i) deacti+ated (poi)oned) and
).2)eB.ently )caling and anti)calant fo.ling may occ.r in the mem2rane" 4n additionD the anti)calant fo.ling can act a)
a n.trient for microorgani)m) and 2iofo.ling will occ.r"
0" ine clay@)and particle)" 4t i) recommended to remo+e clay and )and particle) in the pretreatment 2y either m.ltimedia
filtrationD .ltrafiltration or microfiltration" 4t may 2e nece))ary to .)e coag.lant) in order to form larger particle) that can
2e remo+ed 2y the ).2)eB.ent filtration proce))"

To minimi<e al.min.m fo.lingD it i) recommended to keep al.min.m in the feed water 2elow $"$3 mg@5"

Page #3 of 181
*#"" Treatment o! Fee%water Containin) '3%ro)en Sul!i%e

7ome well water)D .).ally 2racki)h water)D are in a red.ced )tate typically lack of o;ygen (therefore referred to a) ano;ic or
anaero2ic) and the pre)ence of ironD mangane)eD ammoni.m and@or hydrogen ).lfide (-27)" -27 in gro.nd water aB.ifer)
.).ally occ.r) at concentration) of $"3 to 3 mg@5 a) the re).lt of the di))ol.tion of mineral) in geologic depo)it) or a)
anaero2ic 2acterial acti+ity on organic ).lf.rD elemental ).lf.rD ).lfate) and ).lfite)" The amo.nt of ).lfide di))ol+ed in water
i) p- dependent a) )hown in the following eB.ation)E

- 27 U -2, W -/,
U
U -7
A
pF 1 W '"$
-7
A
U -2, W -/,
U
U 7
2&
pF 2 W 10"$

-27 le+el) a) low a) $"1 mg@l can ad+er)ely affect the performance of *, or ! )y)tem)"

'reention of 'otential 'roblems on Feed8Concentrate ,ide of Membrane
The pre)ence of -27 in feed water e;po)ed to o;idant) (e"g"D o;ygen in airD chlorine) can re).lt in the precipitation of
elemental ).lf.r or metallic ).lfide)" The depo)it) can ha+e a 2lack )ooty appearance or 2e a gray pa)ty re)id.e that clog)
filter cartridge) and coat) the feedwater piping" !ot only will the)e precipitated )olid) ca.)e a higher than normal filter
cartridge replacement rate 2.tD 2eca.)e the particle )i<e for metallic ).lfide) and colloidal ).lf.r i) in the ).2&micron rangeD a
)ignificant B.antity of precipitant) will pa)) thro.gh the typical 3 micron (Sm) rated filter cartridge" The)e ).)pended )olid)
will acc.m.late in the feed@concentrate channel )pacer of the *, or ! mem2rane element)D increa)ing the operating
differential pre)).re" .rther acc.m.lation of ).lf.r and metallic ).lfide) on the mem2raneH) ).rface will ca.)e an increa)e
in )alt pa))age and a decrea)e in fl.; red.cing the )y)tem efficiency"

:ir can al)o 2e introd.ced into the feed@concentrate area in *, or ! element) a) a re).lt of )iphoning in the concentrate
piping" Thi) i) partic.larly likely when a long r.n of pipe i) .)ed for the concentrate line" : )iphon 2reaker )ho.ld 2e .)ed to
pre+ent creation of the partial +ac..m that tend) to draw water from the feed@concentrate )ide of the mem2rane again
prod.cing +oid) that can introd.ce air" Drain line) di)charging directly to floor drain) or trenche) )ho.ld 2e pro+ided with a
).ita2le air&gap to a+oid contamination pro2lem) a))ociated with Icro))&connection)J" The .)e of )pring&loaded check&
+al+e) in the concentrate line will al)o help pre+ent )iphoning" The piping arrangement )ho.ld 2e de)igned to keep the *,
or ! mem2rane )kid a))em2ly IfloodedJ and free from air d.ring idle period)"

Colloidal ).lf.r may 2e diffic.lt to remo+e" : )ol.tion of )odi.m hydro;ide (!a,-) with a chelating agent ).ch a) 6DT: i) an
appropriate cleaner" 4f the fo.lant i) not hea+ily compo)ed of elemental ).lf.rD a pho)phoric acidic )ol.tion may 2e capa2le
of di))ol+ing o.t the ).lfide component)" -igh +elocity permeate fl.)he) may al)o 2e 2eneficial" 7ee Section 6 for cleaning
proced.re)"

'reention of 'otential 'roblems on 'ermeate ,ide of t3e Membrane
7ince -27 i) a ga)D it pa))e) thro.gh the mem2rane 2arrier layer andD .nder certain condition)D will precipitate a) elemental
).lf.r in the mem2rane microporo.) poly).lfone ).2)trateD polye)ter ).pporting we2 and permeate channel )pacer" :n
i+ory to yellowi)h precipitate i) formed on the I2ack)ideJ on the mem2rane compo)ite when -27 i) e;po)ed to an o;idi<ing
en+ironmentD ).ch a) on )h.tdown when air enter) the permeate )ide of the )y)tem" There i) a tendency for a re+er)e flow
of water from the permeate )ide of the mem2rane to the feed@concentrate )ide a) the re).lt of nat.ral o)mo)i)" Thi) i)
partic.larly )ignificant in high )alinity water) containing X#$$$ mg@l of total di))ol+ed )olid) (TD7)" Thi) 2ack&flow can
introd.ce air into the permeate )ide of the mem2rane element" : fre)hwater fl.)h i) recommendedD e)pecially for feed)
containing -27D to di)place the concentrated )ol.tion a) part of any )h.tdown )eB.ence" Thi) eliminate) any o)motic dri+ing
force for 2ack&flow" -owe+erD in location) that e;perience freB.ent lo))e) of electrical power that lead to .n)ched.led
)h.tdown) where fl.)hing i) not po))i2leD a I).ck&2ackJ or Idraw&2ackJ re)er+oir located in the permeate piping ele+ated
a2o+e the top pre)).re +e))el i) recommended" Thi) draw&2ack tank )ho.ld 2e of ).fficient +ol.me to make.p any 2ack
flow d.e to o)mo)i) that occ.r) d.ring an .n)ched.led )h.tdown ()ee Section 3.13.6D 2an5s)"

7ometime) a techniB.e i) .)ed to pre+ent a negati+e tran)mem2rane pre)).re (higher pre)).re on the permeate )ide than on
the feed@concentrate )ide) greater than 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar)" Thi) i) commonly done .)ing a d.mp +al+e to relie+e pre)).re on the
permeate line .pon )y)tem )h.tdown" or )y)tem) with feed) containing -27D it m.)t 2e done in ).ch a manner )o a) not to
allow air to 2e introd.ced into the )y)tem" 7iphoning i) another condition that )ho.ld not 2e o+erlooked in de)igning the
permeate piping for )y)tem) witho.t a draw&2ack tank 2.t with feed) containing -27" ,nce againD the piping arrangement
)ho.ld 2e de)igned to keep the *, or ! mem2rane )kid a))em2ly IfloodedJ and free from air d.ring idle period)"

Page ## of 181
The precipitation of elemental ).lf.r on the permeate )ide doe) not ca.)e immediate degradation in performanceD 2.t o+er
time a grad.al increa)e in feed pre)).re (net dri+ing force) i) o2)er+ed that can e+ent.ally lead to )e+ere lo)) of efficiency
(decrea)e in )pecific fl.;)" 4t i) +irt.ally impo))i2le to clean thi) precipitate from the I2ack)ideJ of the mem2rane and
permeate channel )pacer" D.e to the typical aggre))i+e nat.re of permeate (*, in partic.lar)D howe+erD after correcting the
)it.ation that ca.)ed the pro2lemD =.)t operating the )y)tem can re)tore the lo)) in )pecific fl.; o+er timeD pro+ided there are
no other )erio.) fo.ling pro2lem)"

'retreatment
The 2e)t pretreatment for -27 i) keeping the )y)tem .nder anaero2ic condition)" The water m.)t not 2e e;po)ed to air (i"e"D
o;ygen)D chlorine or any other o;idi<ing agent) from the well .ntil it e;it) from the mem2rane )y)tem" -27 i) remo+ed from the
permeate ()ee MPo)t&treatmentH 2elow)" Thi) r.le applie) to 2oth 2racki)h water and )eawater and i) of )pecific importance
when iron i) pre)ent in the gro.nd water" 4n factD where it might normally 2e )ati)factory to practice o;idation@media filtration
with green)and (gla.conite)D the pre)ence of -27 2ecome) the o+erriding factor that eliminate) thi) method of iron remo+al
from con)ideration"

9ell) reB.ire a check +al+e to pre+ent re+er)e flow 2ack into the well (e;ceptionE arte)ian well))" (ack&flow of water into the
well will tend to create a +ac..m" Thi) can prod.ce +oid) that will likely ca.)e air containing o;ygen to enter the )y)tem and
o;idi<e the -27" The preferred techniB.e to pre+ent thi) i) to .)e ).2mer)i2le p.mp) with a check +al+e at the p.mp di)charge
in the well" Check +al+e) in)talled a2o+e gro.nd may al)o work" The)e check +al+e) m.)t 2e I2.22le tightJ" 4f it i)nHt po))i2le
to pre+ent 2ack&flow into the well)D then a )pecial proced.re )ho.ld 2e employed .pon )tart .p to a.tomatically p.rge the initial
flow from the well to wa)te" Thi) will help e;tend the life of the filter cartridge) a) well a) red.ce fo.ling of the mem2rane"

'ost4treatment
7ince ga))e) incl.ding -27 typically pa)) thro.gh *, and ! mem2rane)D it i) nece))ary to remo+e thi) o2=ectiona2le
contaminate from permeate a) a po)t&treatment )tep" The method employed in mo)t mem2rane )y)tem) i) air (ga))
)tripping that employ) a forced draft dega)ifier" Thi) de+ice .)e) a packed tower with co.nter c.rrent airflow to )trip the -27
o.t of the water" !ote that thi) proce)) will al)o remo+e any C,2 pre)ent (increa)ing the p-) while )at.rating the permeate
with o;ygenD th.) e;acer2ating the inherent aggre))i+e nat.re of thi) water" To effecti+ely remo+e ).lfide with thi) methodD it
m.)t e;i)t a) -27" (eing p- dependentD thi) mean) that either acidification of the feed i) done to achie+e a permeate p-
Q#"$ or the permeate i) acidified to thi) point to allow for X%$ K remo+al"

*#"* 5ui%elines !or Fee%water 9ualit3

Ta2le 2"1$ ).mmari<e) the limit) of B.ality parameter) of the feed water" 4t i) recommended to re)pect the)e limit) to en).re
).cce))f.l operation of the mem2rane )y)tem" ,therwi)eD more freB.ent cleaning and@or )aniti<ation may 2ecome
nece))ary" The concentration) corre)pond to the entry to the mem2rane for a contin.o.) feed )treamD incl.ding any
infl.ence) to the feed water from do)ing chemical) or piping material) in the pretreatment line"

*able 2.12 >uidelines for feedwater Iualit+
Component Unit MaA. leel Comments F conditions
7D4 1 3 7ee Section 3D System Design ?ui&elines
14$"03 1 0 TargetE Q1
,il and grea)e mg@5 $"1 7ee Section 2.+D Prevention o" Fouling by <rganics
T,C mg@5 / 7ynthetic organic compo.nd) (7,C) ha+e generally more ad+er)e effect) on *,@!
mem2rane) compared with nat.ral organic matter) (!,1)"
& 7ee Section 2.+D Prevention o" Fouling by <rganics
C,D mg@5 1$
:,C g@l :c&C 1$ TargetE Q3
(* pg@cm
2
:TP 3 TargetE Q1
ree chlorine mg@5 $"1 8nder certain condition)D the pre)ence of chlorine and other o;idi<ing agent) will ca.)e
premat.re mem2rane fail.re" 7ince o;idation i) not co+ered .nder warrantyD ilmTec
recommend) remo+ing re)id.al free chlorine 2y pretreatment prior to mem2rane e;po).re"
& 7ee Section 2.6.3D 8#lorination 9 Dec#lorination
erro.) iron mg@5 0 p- Q#D o;ygen Q$"3 ppm
erric iron mg@5 $"$3
1angane)e mg@5 $"$3
:l.min.m mg@5 $"$3

Page #' of 181
*#"+ Summar3 o! Pretreatment O,tions

Ta2le 2"11 ).mmari<e) the pretreatment option) when )pecific ri)k) for )caling and fo.ling are pre)ent" 4t i) a B.ick
reference for Ipo))i2leJ and I+ery effecti+eJ method)" : com2ination of Ipo))i2leJ method) may al)o 2e I+ery effecti+eJ"

*able 2.11 'retreatment options for scaling and fouling
'retreatment CaC! " Ca,! & 7a,! & ,r,! & CaF 2 ,i! 2 ,@1 Fe )l 7acteria !Aid. agents !rg. matter
:cid addition \ ]
7cale inhi2itor antifo.lant ] \ \ \ \ ] ]
7oftening with 4L \ \ \ \ \
Dealkali<ation with 4L ] ] ] ] ]
5ime )oftening ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
Pre+enti+e cleaning ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
:d=.)tment of operation
parameter
] ] ] ] ] \
1edia filtration ] ] ] ]
,;idation filtration ] \
4n&line coag.lation ] ] ] ]
Coag.lation&flocc.lation ] \ ] ] \
1icrofiltration@8ltrafiltration \ \ ] ] ] \
Cartridge filtration ] ] ] ] ]
Chlorination \
Dechlorination \
7hock treatment ]
Pre+enti+e 2iocidal
treatment
]
?:C filtration ] \ \
]Po))i2le \>ery effecti+e

Page #8 of 181
References

1" 7tandard 1ethod) for the 6;amination of 9ater and 9a)tewaterD 2$th 6ditionD a) p.2li)hed =ointly 2y the :merican
P.2lic -ealth :))ociationD the :merican 9ater 9ork) :))ociationD and the 9ater Poll.tion Control ederation
2" :7T1 D 01%3 A 88 (*eappro+ed 2$$/)E 7tandard ?.ide for 9ater :naly)i) for *e+er)e ,)mo)i) :pplication
/" 9ater C.ality and TreatmentD 3th 6ditionD Prepared 2y the :merican 9ater 9ork) :))ociationD 1c?raw&-illD 4nc"D !ew
ôrkD 1%%%
0" 9ater Treatment -and2ookD Degremont CompanyD #th 6d 1%%1
3" 9ater 1an.alD 9:(:?D 2
nd
6d" (2$$/)
#" :7T1 D/'/%&%0 (2$$/)E 7tandard Practice for Calc.lation and :d=.)tment of the 5angelier 7at.ration 4nde; for
*e+er)e ,)mo)i)
'" :7T1 D0382&%1 (2$$1)E 7tandard Practice for Calc.lation and :d=.)tment of the 7tiff and Da+i) 7ta2ility 4nde; for
*e+er)e ,)mo)i)
8" :7T1 D0#%2&$1E 7tandard Practice for Calc.lation and :d=.)tment of 7.lfate 7caling 7alt) (Ca7,0D 7r7,0D and
(a7,0) for *e+er)e ,)mo)i)
%" 1ar)hallD 9"5" and 7l.)herD *"D I7ol.2ility to 2$$PC of 7.lfate and it) -ydrate) in 7ea 9ater and 7aline 9ater
Concentrate) and Temperat.reD Concentration 5imit)DJ No.rnal of Chemical and 6ngineering DataD 1/(1)D 8/ (1%#8)
1$" Da+i)D N"9" and Collin)D :"?"D I7ol.2ility of (ari.m and 7tronti.m 7.lfate) in 7trong 6lectrolyte 7ol.tion)DJ
6n+ironmental 7cience and TechnologyD 3(1$)D 1$/% (1%'1)
11" Perma)ep (&1$ Technical 4nformation 1an.alD 7ection 4> Pro=ection)D 6" 4" d. Pont de !emo.r) R Co" 1%8$
12" >or.mD 1" and 9illiam)D *"6"D I: 7t.dy of 7ilica in -igh *eco+ery *e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem)JD P(81&2//38' (1%'%)
1/" 5" D.dleyD ICom2ating the Threat of 7ilica o.ling in *, Plant A Practical 6;perience)JD De)alination R 9ater *e.)eD
12(0)D 28 (2$$/)
10" 7"4" ?rahamD *"5" *ei<D and C"6" -ickmanD I4mpro+ing *e+er)e ,)mo)i) Performance tho.gh Periodic CleaningJD
De)alinationD '0D 11/ (1%8%)
13" 1" 5.o and V" 9angD IComple; o.ling and Cleaning&in&Place of a *e+er)e ,)mo)i) De)alination 7y)temJD
De)alinationD 101D 13 (2$$1)
1#" :7T1 D0%%/&8% (2$$/)E 7tandard Practice for Calc.lation and :d=.)tment of 7ilica (7i,2) 7caling for *e+er)e
,)mo)i)
1'" :le;anderD ?"("D -e)terD 9"1"D 4lerD *"F"D IThe 7ol.2ility of :morpho.) 7ilica in 9aterJD No.rnal of Phy)ical Chemi)tryD
38D 03/ (1%30)
18" 1" 1a.rer and 1" (ollerD I1odelling of Pho)phor.) Precipitation in 9a)tewater Treatment Plant) with 6nhanced
(iological Pho)phor.) *emo+alJD 9at" 7ci" TechD /%(1)D 10' (1%%%)
1%" 7" F.2oD T" Takaha)hiD -" 1orinagaD and -" 8ekiD I4nhi2ition of Calci.m Pho)phate 7cale on -eat 6;changerE The
*elation 2etween 5a2oratory Te)t *e).lt) and Te)t) on -eat Tran)fer 7.rface)JD Corro)ionH'%D Paper !o" 22$D :tlanta
(1%'%)
2$" D188% @:7T1 D188%&$$ 7tandard Te)t 1ethod for T.r2idity of 9ater
21" :7T1 D##%8&$1 7tandard Te)t 1ethod for ,n&5ine 1ea).rement of T.r2idity (elow 3 !T8 in 9ater
22" :7T1 D018%&%3 (2$$2)E 7tandard Te)t 1ethod for 7ilt Den)ity 4nde; (7D4) of 9ater
2/" 7chipper)D N"C" and >erdo.wD N"E The modified fo.ling inde;D a method of determining the fo.ling characteri)tic) of
waterD De)alination /2D 1/' (1%8$)
20" (oerlageD 7""6"D FennedyD 1D :niyeD 1"P" and 7chipper)D N"C"E :pplication) of the 14&8 to mea).re and predict
partic.late fo.ling in *, )y)tem)D N" 1em2rane 7ci" 22$D %' (2$$/)
23" :7T1 D0188&82 (*eappro+ed 1%%%)E 7tandard Practice for Performing Pre)).re 4n&5ine Coag.lation&locc.lation&
iltration Te)t

Page #% of 181
2#" -and2ook of 4nd.)trial 1em2rane TechnologyD 6d"E PorterD 1"C"D !oye) P.2lication)D Park *idgeD !ew Ner)eyD 8"7":"
(1%%$)
2'" D0033&83(2$$2)E 7tandard Te)t 1ethod for 6n.meration of :B.atic (acteria 2y 6pifl.ore)cence 1icro)copy Co.nting
Proced.re
28" D0030&83(2$$2) 7tandard Te)t 1ethod for 7im.ltaneo.) 6n.meration of Total and *e)piring (acteria in :B.atic
7y)tem) 2y 1icro)copy
2%" N"7" >ro.wen+elder and D" +an der Fooi=D Diagno)i)D prediction and pre+ention of 2iofo.ling of ! and *, mem2rane)D
De)alinationD 1/%D #3 (2$$1)
/$" 11 !ederlofD NC Fr.ithofD N:1- -ofmanD 1 de FoningD NP +an der -oekD P:C (onneD 4ntegrated m.lti&o2=ecti+e
mem2rane )y)tem) application of re+er)e o)mo)i) at the :m)terdam 9ater 7.pplyD De)alinationD 11%D 2#/ (1%%8)
/1" N"7" >ro.wen+elder" 4n Pre)) (2$$/)
/2" D" +an der Fooi=D -"*" >eenendaalD C" (aar)&5ori)tD D"9" +an der Flift and ^"C" Dro)tE (iofilm formation on ).rface) of
gla)) and teflon e;po)ed to treated water" 9at"*e)"D 2%(')(1%%3) 1#33&1##2
//" :7T1 D12%1&$1E 7tandard Practice for 6)timation of Chlorine *eB.irement or Demand of 9aterD or (oth
/0" 9hiteD ?"C"E -and2ook of Chlorination" >an !o)trand *einhold Co"D !ew ôrk (2nd ed"D 1%8#)
/3" 1" !agaiD -" 4waha)hiD ^" -aya)hiD and ^" ,ginoD IThe (eha+ior of an ,;idi<ing@*ed.cing :gent in 7eawaterJD
De)alinationD %#D 2%1 (1%%0)
/#" T" ?rie2eD -"&C" lemmingE (iocide&free antifo.ling )trategy to protect *, mem2rane) from 2iofo.ling" De)alination
118 (1%%8)D 13/&13#
/'" C""9endD P"7"7tewardD 9"None)D :"F"CamperE Pretreatment for mem2rane water treatment )y)tem)E a la2oratory
)t.dy" 9ater *e)earch /' (2$$/) //#'&//'8
/8" P" 7ehnE 6;perience) with fo.ling re)i)tant mem2rane) in com2ination with intermittent 2iocide do)age" %
th
:achen
1em2rane ColloB.i.m 1arch 18&2$D 2$$/D >erlag 1ain<D :achenD 47(! /&8#1/$&183&'

Page '$ of 181
+# S3stem Desi)n

+#" Intro%uction

:n entire re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,)@nanofiltration (!) water treatment )y)tem con)i)t) of the pretreatment )ectionD the
mem2rane element )ectionD and the po)t&treatment )ection" Pretreatment techniB.e) are di)c.))ed in Section 2D (ater
8#emistry an& Pretreatment" Po)t&treatment i) employed to achie+e the reB.ired prod.ct B.ality" 4n )eawater de)alinationD
thi) i) .).ally p- ad=.)tmentD rehardening and di)infection" 4n .ltrap.re water (8P9) prod.ctionD the permeate i) .).ally
po)t&treated 2y poli)hing ion e;change deminerali<ation"

4n thi) )ectionD the mem2rane )y)tem i) addre))ed" The )y)tem incl.de) a )et of mem2rane element)D ho.)ed in pre)).re
+e))el) that are arranged in a certain manner" : high&pre)).re p.mp i) .)ed to feed the pre)).re +e))el)" 4n)tr.mentationD
)pare part) and tool) for )er+ice) are added a) reB.ired" : clean&in&place (C4P) )y)tem facilitate) cleaning of the
mem2rane)" Thi) i) de)cri2ed in Section 6D 8leaning an& Saniti0ation"

The mem2rane )y)tem i) a complete plant with an inlet for feed water and o.tlet) for permeate and concentrate" *,@!
)y)tem performance i) typically characteri<ed 2y two parameter)D permeate (or prod.ct) flow and permeate B.ality" The)e
parameter) )ho.ld alway) 2e referenced to a gi+en feed water analy)i)D feed pre)).re and reco+ery" The goal of the
de)igner of an *,@! )y)tem for a certain reB.ired permeate flow i) to minimi<e feed pre)).re and mem2rane co)t) while
ma;imi<ing permeate B.ality and reco+ery"

The optim.m de)ign depend) on the relati+e importance of the)e a)pect)" The reco+ery of 2racki)h water )y)tem) i) limited
2y the )ol.2ility of )paringly )ol.2le )alt) ()ee Section 2.)D Scaling 8alculations)_%$K i) a2o.t the ma;im.m" 4n )eawater
de)alinationD the limit of a2o.t 3$K reco+ery i) dictated 2y the o)motic pre)).re of the concentrate )treamD which
approache) the phy)ical pre)).re limit of the 451T6C )eawater element"

,2taining the reB.e)ted )alt re=ection i) mainly a matter of mem2rane )election" The ! (!2'$ X !2$$ X !%$)D 2racki)h
water ((9) (e;tra low energy (L56) X (9/$56 X (9/$)D 79 ()eawater)D and 79-* ()eawater high re=ection) +er)ion) of
the 451T6C ! and *, mem2rane ha+e higher )alt re=ection) in thi) orderD 2.t they al)o need higher feed pre)).re)
.nder the )ame condition)" ThereforeD the ! to (9/$56 mem2rane i) typically applied to feed water) .p to 2D$$$ mg@5
total di))ol+ed )olid) (TD7)D (9/$ .p to 1$D$$$ mg@lD and 79 and 79-* to high )alinity feed water) .p to 3$D$$$ mg@5"
or gi+en operating condition)D the permeate B.ality can 2e calc.lated"

The feed pre)).re needed to prod.ce the reB.ired permeate flow for a gi+en mem2rane depend) on the de)igned permeate
fl.; (permeate flow rate per .nit mem2rane area)" The higher the permeate flow per .nit of acti+e mem2rane areaD the
higher the feed pre)).re" 4n )eawater )y)tem) the permeate fl.; i) relati+ely low e+en at ma;im.m allowed pre)).re"
-owe+erD the permeate fl.; co.ld 2e +ery high in 2racki)h water )y)tem) witho.t reaching the limit of #$$ p)i (01 2ar) for
2racki)h water element)" :ltho.gh it i) tempting to increa)e the permeate fl.; to minimi<e the co)t) for mem2rane element)D
the fl.; ha) to 2e limited to minimi<e fo.ling"

rom e;perienceD the fl.; limit to 2e .)ed in )y)tem de)ign depend) on the fo.ling tendency of the feed water" : )y)tem
de)igned with high permeate fl.; rate) i) likely to e;perience higher fo.ling rate) and more freB.ent chemical cleaning" ,nly
e;perience can )et the limit) on permeate fl.; for different type) of water)" 9hen de)igning a mem2rane )y)tem for a
)pecific feed waterD it i) ad+antageo.) to know the performance of other mem2rane )y)tem) operating on the )ame water"
-owe+erD B.ite often there are no other mem2rane )y)tem) for compari)on" Then the )y)tem de)ign ).gge)tion) in Design
?ui&elines "or ,@inc# (Section 3.6.1) and Mi&si0e F1:M2'8 elements (Section 3.6.2) co.ld 2e followed"

.rther information reB.ired to de)ign a )y)tem i) 2e)t collected 2y .)ing the form) of Ta2le /"1 and Ta2le /"2" The more
complete thi) informationD the 2etter the )y)tem de)ign can 2e optimi<ed toward) the c.)tomerH) need)"

Page '1 of 181
*able ".1 ,+stem design information

Juotation !umber1.............. 9ate =equested1........................
9ate (ubmitted1.................. =equested +&1...........................
%ustomer<#K.1.................................................................................................................................................
Address1.............................................................................................................................................................
'roposed 0ocation1............................................................................................................................................
+rief 9escription1................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
=equired 'roduct $low =ate ,gpd or m
6
<h-1.......................................................................................................
Kxpected =ecover&1...........................................................................................................................................
Annual Water *emperature =ange igh 2%1...............................................................................................
0ow 2%1................................................................................................
9esign 2%1...........................................................................................
!$<=# 'lant1 ;ndoors #utdoors
9esigned for %ontinuous Use1 Les !o
;f not> state needed pea: hourl& capacit&1......................
'lant Will +e #perated +&1 Knduser Les !o
*rained 'ersonnel Les !o
Kquipment .anufacturer Les !o
#thers Les !o
Water (ource1 Well Water (oftened water
(urface Water $iltered Kffluent Water
(ea Water #ther
Kxisting 'retreatment Les !o (9;...................................................................
0ist of 'retreatment (teps1.................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
'lanned 'retreatment1.......................................................................................................................................
+acterial %ontrol1 Les !o 9echlorination1 Ac-$ilter
%hlorine Used Les !o !a-+isulfite
%hloramines Used1 Les !o #ther
Antiscalant Used1 Les !o Which #neM................................................
9esired Acidification1 %l
"
(#
3
!one
+rief 9escription of #ther 'retreatment (teps1..................................................................................................
,e.g.> clarification> flocculation> multimedia<sand filtration> etc............................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
Application1 'otable Water
;ndustrial (uppl& for1 +oiler $eed 'harma Klectronics #ther
(pecif& Water Jualit& !eeded after =# *reatment1..........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(tate #ther 9esired 9esign %riteria1..................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

Page '2 of 181
*able ".2 $ater anal+sis for reerse osmosis8nanofiltration

(ample identification1.............................................................................................................................................
$eed source1..........................................................................................................................................................
%onductivit&1.................................................... p1................ *emperature ,2%-1............................

$eed water anal&sis1 !
3
4
..................... %#
"
.....................

Please indicate units (mg/L as ion
5
4
..................... %#
6
" 7
.....................

or ppm as CaCO3 or meq/L)
!a
4
..................... %#
6
7

.....................
.g
"4
..................... !#
6
7
.....................
%a
"4
..................... %l
7

.....................
+a
"4
.................... $
7
.....................
(r
"4
..................... (#
3
" 7
.....................
$e
"4
..................... '#
3
"7
.....................
$e ,tot- ..................... (
"7
.....................
.n
"4
..................... (i#
"
,colloidal- .....................
+oron 88888... (i#
"
,soluble- .....................
Al
64
.....................

#ther ions1..............................................................................................................................................................

*9( ,b& method-1...................................................................................................................................................
*#%1.......................................................................................................................................................................
+#91.......................................................................................................................................................................
%#91......................................................................................................................................................................
A#%........................................................................................................................................................................
+9#%.....................................................................................................................................................................

*otal al:alinit& ,m-value-1........................................................................................................................................
%arbonate al:alinit& ,p-value-1................................................................................................................................
*otal hardness1.......................................................................................................................................................
*urbidit& ,!*U-1 .....................................................................................................................................................
(ilt densit& index ,(9;-1..........................................................................................................................................
+acteria ,count<m0-1...............................................................................................................................................
$ree chlorine1.........................................................................................................................................................

=emar:s1................................................................................................................................................................
,odor> smell> color> biological activit&> etc.-.....................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

Anal&sis b&1............................................................................................................................................................

9ate1 ......................................................................................................................................................................

Page '/ of 181
+#* $atc vs# Continuous Process

:n *,@! )y)tem i) .).ally de)igned for contin.o.) operation" The operating condition) of e+ery mem2rane element in the
plant are con)tant with time" ig.re /"1 ill.)trate) the contin.o.) proce)) mode"

Figure ".1 Continuous R! process

4n certain application)D when relati+ely )mall +ol.me) (2atche)) of )pecial feed water) occ.r di)contin.o.)lyD e"g"D wa)te
water or ind.)trial proce)) )ol.tion)D the 2atch operation mode i) preferred" The feed water i) collected in a tank and treated
).2)eB.ently" The permeate i) remo+ed and the concentrate i) recycled 2ack to the tank" :t the end of the 2atch proce))D a
)mall +ol.me of concentrate remain) in the feed tank" :fter thi) ha) 2een drainedD the mem2rane) are typically cleaned
2efore the tank i) filled again with a new 2atch" ig.re /"2 )how) the 2atch operation mode"

Figure ".2 7atc3 R! process

The )emi&2atch mode i) a modification of the 2atch mode" 4n )emi&2atch mode of operation the feed tank i) refilled with feed water
already d.ring operation" The 2atch i) terminated with the feed tank f.ll of concentrate" Thi) allow) a )maller tank to 2e .)ed"

(atch )y)tem) are .).ally de)igned with con)tant feed pre)).re and declining permeate flow while the feed 2ecome) more
concentrated" The g.ideline) gi+en in Design ?ui&elines "or ,@inc# (Section 3.6.1) and Mi&si0e F1:M2'8A elements
(Section 3.6.2) )ho.ld 2e applied to 2atch )y)tem) a) well" -owe+erD the permeate flow limit) are con)er+ati+e and may 2e
e;ceededD if =.)tified 2y preceding te)t r.n)D and if an appropriate cleaning freB.ency i) taken into acco.nt"

The 2atch proce)) ha) the following ad+antage) +er).) the contin.o.) proce))E
le;i2ility when the feed water B.ality change)
7y)tem reco+ery can 2e ma;imi<ed 2atch 2y 2atch
Cleaning i) ea)ily implemented
7imple a.tomatic control)
Permeate B.ality can 2e controlled 2y termination of the proce))
Permeate B.ality can 2e impro+ed 2y total or partial )econd&pa)) treatment
a+ora2le operating condition) for )ingle (or low n.m2er) element )y)tem)D 2eca.)e the mem2rane) are only in contact
with the final concentrate for a )hort time
6;pan)ion i) rather ea)y
5ower in+e)tment co)t)

The di)ad+antage) areE
!o contin.o.) permeate flow
!o con)tant permeate B.ality
5arge feed tank reB.ired
5arger p.mp reB.ired
5arger power con).mption
5onger re)idence time for feed@concentrate
-igher total r.nning co)t)

Page '0 of 181
The ma=ority of *, )y)tem) are de)igned for contin.o.) operation with con)tant permeate flow and con)tant )y)tem
reco+ery" >ariation) in feed water temperat.re and fo.ling effect) are compen)ated for 2y ad=.)ting the feed pre)).re" The
foc.) of thi) man.al i) therefore on the contin.o.) proce))"

+#+ Sin)le:Mo%ule S3stem

: mod.le con)i)t) of a pre)).re +e))el with .p to eight mem2rane element)D which are connected in )erie)" The
concentrate of the fir)t element 2ecome) the feed to the )econdD and )o on" The prod.ct t.2e) of all element) are co.pled
and connected to the mod.le permeate port" The permeate port may 2e located on the feed end or on the concentrate end
of the mod.le"

7ingle&mod.le )y)tem) are cho)en when only one or a few mem2rane element) are needed for the )pecified permeate flow"
ig.re /"/ )how) a mod.le containing two 451T6C element)" eed water enter) the )y)tem thro.gh the feed +al+e and
flow) thro.gh the cartridge filter to the high&pre)).re p.mp" :lternate mean) of controlling p.mp di)charge pre)).re are
de)cri2ed in Section 3.13.1D ;ig# Pressure Pum."

rom the high&pre)).re p.mpD the feed water flow) to the feed inlet connection of the mod.le" The prod.ct )tream )ho.ld
lea+e the mod.le at no more than 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar) o+er atmo)pheric pre)).re" -owe+erD higher permeate pre)).re i)
)ometime) reB.iredD e"g"D to feed the po)t&treatment )ection or to di)tri2.te the prod.ct witho.t f.rther p.mping" Then the
feed pre)).re m.)t 2e increa)ed 2y the reB.ired +al.e of the permeate pre)).reD 2.t the )pecified ma;im.m feed pre)).re
m.)t 2e o2)er+ed" 4n thi) ca)eD e;treme care m.)t 2e e;erci)ed )o that at any timeD e)pecially at emergency )h.tdown)D the
permeate pre)).re doe) not e;ceed the feed pre)).re 2y more than 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar)" The ma;im.m permi))i2le permeate
pre)).re i) a feat.re of the pre)).re +e))el"

The concentrate lea+e) the concentrate o.tlet connection at e))entially the feed pre)).re" Pre)).re drop will .).ally amo.nt
to 3A/$ p)i ($"/A2 2ar) from feed inlet to concentrate o.tletD depending on the n.m2er of mem2rane element)D the feed flow
+elocity and the temperat.re" The concentrate flow rate i) controlled 2y the concentrate flow control +al+e" The )y)tem
reco+ery i) controlled 2y thi) +al+e and m.)t ne+er e;ceed the de)ign )et +al.e"

4n )ingle&mod.le )y)tem)D concentrate recycling i) .).ally reB.ired to comply with the g.ideline) for element reco+ery" To
achie+e )y)tem reco+ery of more than 3$KD a part of the concentrate lea+ing the mod.le goe) to drainD while the other part
i) recycled and added to the ).ction )ide of the high&pre)).re p.mpD th.) increa)ing the feed flow to the mod.le" : high
fraction of the concentrate 2eing recycled help) red.ce element reco+ery and th.) the ri)k of fo.ling" ,n the other handD it
ha) the following draw2ack)E
5arger (more e;pen)i+e) high pre)).re p.mp"
-igher energy con).mption"
Permeate B.ality decrea)e) with more concentrate 2eing recycled and added to the feed water"
The rin)e&o.t time at )tart&.p after pre)er+ation or cleaning can 2e long" Prefera2lyD no concentrate )ho.ld 2e recycled
d.ring the rin)e&o.t period"

Figure "." ,ingle4module s+stem
2 FILMTEC Elements

Page '3 of 181
+#- Sin)le:Sta)e S3stem

4n a )ingle&)tage )y)temD two or more mod.le) are arranged in parallel" eedD prod.ct and concentrate line) are connected
to manifold)" ,ther a)pect) of the )y)tem are the )ame a) in a )ingle&mod.le )y)tem" 7ingle&)tage )y)tem) are typically
.)ed where the )y)tem reco+ery i) le)) than 3$KD e"g"D in )eawater de)alination"

:n e;ample of a )ingle&)tage )y)tem i) o.tlined in ig.re /"0" 6ach of the three pre)).re +e))el) ho.)e) )i; 451T6C
element)"

Figure ".& ,ingle4stage s+stem
6 FILMTEC Elements
6 FILMTEC Elements
6 FILMTEC Elements

+#. Multi:Sta)e S3stem

7y)tem) with more than one )tage are .)ed for higher )y)tem reco+erie) witho.t e;ceeding the )ingle element reco+ery
limit)" 8).ally two )tage) will ).ffice for reco+ery .p to '3KD and three m.)t 2e .)ed for higher reco+ery" The)e n.m2er)
are 2a)ed on the a)).mption that )tandard pre)).re +e))el) with )i; element) are .)ed" or )horter +e))el) ho.)ing only
three element)D for e;ampleD the n.m2er of )tage) ha) to 2e do.2led for the )ame )y)tem reco+ery" ?enerally )peakingD the
higher the )y)tem reco+eryD the higher the n.m2er of mem2rane element) that ha+e to 2e connected in )erie)" To
compen)ate for the permeate that i) remo+ed and to maintain a .niform feed flow to each )tageD the n.m2er of pre)).re
+e))el) per )tage decrea)e) in the direction of feed flow" : typical two&)tage )y)tem .)ing a )taging ratio of 2E1 i) )hown in
ig.re /"3" The )taging ratio i) defined a) the ratio of pre)).re +e))el) in two ad=acent )tage)D .p)tream
+e))el)Edown)tream +e))el)"

Figure ".( *wo4stage s+stem
Stage 1
Stage 2

Page '# of 181
+#/ Plu) Flow vs# Concentrate Recirculation

The )tandard *, )y)tem de)ign for water de)alination application) i) the pl.g flow concept" 4n a pl.g flow )y)temD the feed
+ol.me i) pa))ed once thro.gh the )y)tem" : certain fraction / of the feed pa))e) acro)) the mem2rane to prod.ce
permeate" The feed i) grad.ally concentrated and lea+e) the )y)tem at a higher concentration" 6;ample) of pl.g&flow
)y)tem) are )hown in ig.re /"1D ig.re /"0 and ig.re /"3"

Concentrate recirc.lation i) employed when the n.m2er of element) i) too )mall to achie+e a ).fficiently high )y)tem
reco+ery with pl.g flow" Concentrate recirc.lation )y)tem) can al)o 2e fo.nd in )pecial application) like proce)) liB.id) and
wa)te water)" 4n )y)tem) with internal concentrate recirc.lationD a fraction of the concentrate )tream o.t of the mod.le (or
)tage) i) directed 2ack to the feed )ide of the mod.le (or )tage) and mi;ed with the feed )tream" ig.re /"/ )how) a )y)tem
with internal concentrate recirc.lation"

1.lti&)tage )y)tem) can al)o 2e de)igned with internal concentrate recirc.lation for each )tageD .)ing a )eparate
recirc.lation p.mp" or e;ampleD the )y)tem )hown in ig.re /"3 can 2e de)igned with concentrate recirc.lation in)tead of
pl.g flowD )ee ig.re /"#"

Figure ".- *wo4stage s+stem wit3 internal concentrate recirculation

The main ad+antage of the recirc.lation concept i) the defined feed flow rate to the mod.le) regardle)) of the degree of
fo.ling of preceding mod.le) and the change) in feed water compo)ition" .rther a)pect) of the recirc.lation concept are
mentioned in Section 3.2D $atc# vs. 8ontinuous Process and Section 3.3D Single@Mo&ule System" : comparati+e ).mmary i)
gi+en in Ta2le /"/"

*able "." Comparison of plug flow and recirculation s+stems
'arameter 'lug flow Recirculation
eed compo)ition 1.)t 2e con)tant Can +ary
7y)tem reco+ery 1.)t 2e con)tant Can +ary
Cleaning circ.it 1ore complicated 7imple
Compen)ating fo.ling 1ore diffic.lt 6a)y
1em2rane pre)).re from feed inlet to concentrate end Decrea)ing 8niform
Power con).mption 5ower -igher (13 & 2$K)
!.m2er of p.mp) (in+e)tmentD maintenance) 5ower -igher
6;ten)ionD +arying the mem2rane area 1ore diffic.lt 6a)y
Taking indi+id.al )tage) of m.lti&)tage )y)tem) in@o.t of )er+ice !ot po))i2le Po))i2le
7y)tem )alt pa))age 5ower -igher

Page '' of 181
The apparent )alt pa))age of the )y)temD 7PsD al)o called )y)tem )alt pa))ageD i) defined a) the concentration of a
compo.nd (may 2e a certain ionD an organic compo.nd or TD7) in the permeate (8.) related to it) concentration in the feed
water (8")E
f
p
s
C
C
(' 6B" 1

4n pl.g flow )y)tem)D 7Ps i) a f.nction of the )y)tem reco+ery / and the mem2rane )alt pa))age 7PME
()
Y
Y

s
('
? ?
('

6B" 2

where the mem2rane )alt pa))age i) defined a) the concentration of a compo.nd in the permeate (8.) related to it) a+erage
concentration on the feed&concentrate )ide (8"c)E
fc
p
C
C
(' 6B" /

;n s&stems with internal concentrate recirculation> however> there is an additional dependence on the +eta
number N> which is defined as
module the leaving flow e concentrat
module the leaving flow permeate
6B" 0

$or s&stems with the concentrate being partl& rec&cled to the feed stream> the s&stem salt passage is
()
()() + + +
+
? ?
? ?
('
('
('
Y Y

s
6B" 3

or high )y)tem reco+erie)D the )y)tem )alt pa))age of a recirc.lation )y)tem i) m.ch higher than that of a pl.g flow )y)tem"
Thi) i) demon)trated 2y a )ample calc.lationD )ee ig.re /"'" The difference i) le))D howe+erD for m.lti&)tage )y)tem) with
recirc.lation loop) for each )tage" The )y)tem )alt pa))age of ).ch a )y)tem (for an e;ampleD )ee ig.re /"#) ha) to 2e
calc.lated 2y application of 6B" 3 to each )tage"

Figure ".. ,+stem salt passage for a plug flow and a concentrate recirculation s+stem
(8 6 $9*)
S
y
s
t
e
m

S
a
l
t

,
a
s
s
a
g
e

(
-
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
)
System Reco)ery : (-raction)

Page '8 of 181
9hen the recirc.lated concentrate )tream approache) <eroD the ` n.m2er approache) 1@Y(1@^) A1ZD and the recirc.lation
)y)tem 2ecome) a pl.g flow )y)tem" : compromi)e 2etween pl.g flow and recirc.lation )y)tem) i) the tapered recirc.lation
)y)tem with a declining n.m2er of parallel mod.le) per )tage when +iewed in feed flow direction ()ee ig.re /"8)"

The recirc.lation p.mp) can 2e tailored in ).ch a way that only a minor part of the concentrate lea+ing the )tage i) recycled
while the ma=or part i) flowing to the ne;t )tage (or to the concentrate o.tletD for the la)t )tage)" ThenD there are almo)t pl.g
flow condition)D 2.t the ad+antage) of the recirc.lation concept are )till pre)ent"

Figure "./ *apered recirculation s+stem

+#1 Permeate Sta)e% S3stem

: permeate )taged )y)tem may 2e con)idered for the following rea)on)E
7tandard permeate B.ality i) not ).fficient
Po)t&treatment with ion e;change technology i) not allowed (regeneration chemical))
*e=ection of 2acteriaD pyrogen) and organic matter i) mo)t important
-igh relia2ility

The prod.ction of water for pharmace.tical and medical .)e i) a typical application of permeate )taged )y)tem)" : permeate
)taged )y)tem i) the com2ination of two con+entional *,@! )y)tem) where the permeate of the fir)t )y)tem (fir)t pa)))
2ecome) the feed for the )econd )y)tem ()econd pa)))" (oth *,@! )y)tem) may 2e of the )ingle&)tage or m.lti&)tage
typeD either with pl.g flow or with concentrate recirc.lation"

ig.re /"% )how) a )chematic flow diagram of a permeate )taged *, )y)tem" The concentrate of *, 44 i) recycled 2ack to
the feed of *, 4 2eca.)e it) B.ality i) .).ally 2etter than the )y)tem feed water" (eca.)e the feed water to *, 44 i) of high
B.ality (*, permeate)D *, 44 can 2e de)igned for a higher reco+ery than *, 4D and with fewer mem2rane element) ()ee
Section 3.6D Membrane System Design ?ui&elines)"

Figure ".0 'ermeate staged s+stem

Page '% of 181
4n)tead of ha+ing a )eparate high&pre)).re p.mp for the )econd pa))D the whole )y)tem can al)o 2e operated with one
)ingle high&pre)).re p.mpD pro+ided the ma;im.m permi))i2le feed pre)).re of the mem2rane element i) not e;ceeded
(#$$ p)i (01 2ar) for (9 element))" The )econd pa)) i) then operated with the permeate 2ackpre)).re from *, 4" or the
ma;im.m permeate 2ackpre)).re allowedD plea)e refer to Section 3.13.2D Pressure >essels" Care m.)t 2e e;erci)ed that
the permeate 2ackpre)).re at no time e;ceed) the feed pre)).re 2y more than 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar)"

: ).rge tank can al)o 2e .)ed to collect the permeate from the fir)t pa))" Thi) tank m.)t 2e caref.lly protected again)t d.)t
and micro2iological contamination"

The cond.cti+ity i) in many ca)e) the mo)t important B.ality parameter of the prod.ct water" 7ince car2on dio;ide i) not
re=ected 2y the mem2raneD it i) pre)ent in the prod.ct waterD where it react) to form car2onic acid and ca.)e) the
cond.cti+ity to increa)e" The pa))age of car2on dio;ide can 2e pre+ented 2y ad=.)tment of the feed water p- to *, 4 to a
+al.e of a2o.t 8"2" :t thi) p-D mo)t car2on dio;ide i) con+erted into hydrogen car2onateD which i) re=ected well 2y the
mem2rane" 7odi.m hydro;ide (ca.)tic )odaD !a,-) can 2e in=ected either into the permeate of *, 4 or into the feed of *, 4"
The 2e)t prod.ct water cond.cti+ity can 2e achie+ed if the p- in the feed to *, 4 i) optimi<ed" Thi) howe+er implie) that the
calci.m car2onate )caling potential i) .nder control at the reB.ired p- of 8"2 to 8"3" 9ith thi) conceptD a prod.ct cond.cti+ity
of typically Q 1 S7@cm can 2e achie+ed"

The reco+ery of *, 4 i) normally limited 2y the )caling potential of the feed waterD 2.t the reco+ery of *, 44 can 2e a) high
a) %$ & %3K in order to red.ce )y)tem co)t)" ,n the other handD a more moderate reco+ery for *, 44 help) to ma;imi<e the
prod.ct water B.ality at the e;pen)e of a larger fir)t pa)) (which ha) then to treat the increa)ed *, 44 concentrate flow rate)"

+#2 S,ecial Desi)n Possibilities

There are a n.m2er of )pecial de)ign po))i2ilitie) for )pecific reB.irement)E
4mpro+e prod.ct B.alityE
8)e part or all )eawater element) for 2racki)h feed water
8)e )eawater element) in one or 2oth )tage) of a permeate )taged )y)tem
*ecycle permeate of la)t )tage into feed

4ncrea)e )y)tem reco+eryE
eed the concentrate to a )econd )y)temD after )pecific pretreatment

,2tain high )y)tem reco+ery and .niform permeate flow per element with medi.m )alinity feed waterE
8)e 2oo)ter p.mp) 2etween )tage) to compen)ate for o)motic pre)).re increa)e
8)e declining permeate 2ack pre)).re from fir)t to la)t )tage
8)e hy2rid )y)tem de)ign with tighter mem2rane) in the fir)t )tage than in the )econd )tageD e"g" (9/$
mem2rane) in the fir)t and L56 mem2rane) in the )econd )tage

Prod.ce different permeate B.alitie)E
7eparate the permeate) from the different )tage)E the permeate from the fir)t )tage ha) the 2e)t B.ality_e)pecially
when the fir)t )tage i) eB.ipped with higher re=ection mem2rane)

*ed.ce the plant capacity to o2tain =.)t the reB.ired permeate B.alityE
(lend the permeate with feed water

1ake pro+i)ion) for later )y)tem e;ten)ionE
8)e free )pace in pre)).re +e))el (element )pacer to replace element)
De)ign mod.le ).pport rack) to accommodate e;tra pre)).re +e))el)

Page 8$ of 181
+#7 Membrane S3stem Desi)n 5ui%elines

The factor which ha) the greate)t infl.ence on the mem2rane )y)tem de)ign i) the fo.ling tendency of the feed water"
1em2rane fo.ling i) ca.)ed 2y particle) and colloidal material which are pre)ent in the feed water and are concentrated at
the mem2rane ).rface" The 7ilt Den)ity 4nde; (7D4) +al.e of the pretreated feed water correlate) fairly well with the amo.nt
of fo.ling material pre)ent" The concentration of the fo.ling material) at the mem2rane ).rface increa)e) with increa)ing
permeate fl.; (the permeate flow rate per .nit mem2rane area) and increa)ing 451T6C element reco+ery (the ratio of
permeate flow rate to feed flow rate for a )ingle element)" : )y)tem with high permeate fl.; rate) i)D therefore likely to
e;perience higher fo.ling rate) and more freB.ent chemical cleaning"

: mem2rane )y)tem )ho.ld 2e de)igned ).ch that each element of the )y)tem operate) within a frame of recommended
operating condition) to minimi<e the fo.ling rate and to e;cl.de mechanical damage" The)e element operating condition) are
limited 2y the ma;im.m reco+eryD the ma;im.m permeate flow rateD the minim.m concentrate flow rate and the ma;im.m
feed flow rate per element" The higher the fo.ling tendency of the feed water the )tricter are the limit) of the)e parameter)"
The propo)ed limit) are recommended g.ideline) 2a)ed on many year) of e;perience with 451T6C mem2rane)"

The a+erage fl.; of the entire )y)temD i"e" the )y)tem permeate flow rate related to the total acti+e mem2rane area of the
)y)temD i) a characteri)tic n.m2er of a de)ign" The )y)tem fl.; i) a .)ef.l n.m2er to B.ickly e)timate the reB.ired n.m2er of
element) for a new pro=ect" 7y)tem) operating on high B.ality feed water) are typically de)igned at high fl.; +al.e) wherea)
)y)tem) operating on poor B.ality feed water) are de)igned at low fl.; +al.e)" -owe+erD e+en within the )ame feed water
categoryD )y)tem) are de)igned with higher or lower fl.; +al.e)D depending on the foc.) 2eing either on minimi<ing the capital
e;pen)e) or minimi<ing the long term operational e;pen)e)" The range) of fl.; +al.e) gi+en in the ta2le) 2elow are typical
n.m2er) for the ma=ority of )y)tem)D 2.t they are not meant to 2e limit)"

: contin.o.) *,@! proce)) de)igned according to the )y)tem de)ign g.ideline) and with a well&de)igned and operated
pretreatment )y)tem will )how )ta2le performance with no more than a2o.t fo.r cleaning) per year in )tandard application)"
6;ceeding the recommended limit) may re).lt in more freB.ent cleaning)D red.ced capacityD increa)ed feed pre)).re and
red.ced mem2rane life" : moderate +iolation of the limit) for a )hort time may 2e accepta2le a) long a) the phy)ical limit) A
the ma;im.m pre)).re drop and the ma;im.m feed pre)).re A are not e;ceeded" ,n the other handD a con)er+ati+e
approach i) to anticipate a higher fo.ling tendency and to de)ign the )y)tem according to the )tricter limit) in order to en=oy a
tro.2le free )y)tem operation and an increa)ed mem2rane life"

Page 81 of 181
".0.1 Membrane ,+stem @esign >uidelines for /4inc3 F15M*6C9 6lements

The following ta2le) )how the recommended g.ideline) for de)igning *, )y)tem) with 8&inch 451T6C element) according
to feed water type"

*able ".& @esign guidelines for /4inc3 F15M*6C elements in water treatment applications
Feed source R! 'ermeate $ell $ater ,urface ,uppl+ $astewater (Filtered
Municipal 6ffluent)
,eawater
MF
1
Conentional $ell or MF
1
!pen inta%e
eed )ilt den)ity inde; 7D4 Q 1 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3
gfd 21&23 1#&2$ 1/&1' 12&1# 1$&10 8&12 8&12 '&1$ :+erage
)y)tem fl.; l@m
2
h /#&0/ 2'&/0 22&2% 2$&2' 1'&20 10&2$ 1/&2$ 11&1'
MaAimum element recoer+ ; /$ 1% 1' 13 10 12 13 1/

)ctie Membrane )rea

MaAimum permeate flow rateK gpd (m
"
8d)
/2$ ft
2
element) %D$$$ (/0) 'D3$$ (28) #D3$$ (23) 3D%$$ (22) 3D/$$ (2$) 0D'$$ (18) #D'$$ (23) #D1$$ (2/)
/#3 ft
2
element) 1$D$$$ (/8) 8D/$$ (/1) 'D2$$ (2') #D3$$ (23) 3D%$$ (22) 3D2$$ (2$)
/8$ ft
2
element) 1$D#$$ (0$) 8D#$$ (//) 'D3$$ (28) #D8$$ (2#) 3D%$$ (22) 3D2$$ (2$) 'D%$$ (/$) 'D2$$ (2')
/%$ ft
2
element) 1$D#$$ (0$) 8D%$$ (/0) 'D'$$ (2%) 'D$$$ (2#) #D/$$ (20) 3D3$$ (21)
0$$ ft
2
element) 11D$$$ (02) %D1$$ (/0) 'D%$$ (/$) 'D2$$ (2') #D0$$ (20) 3D'$$ (22)
00$ ft
2
element) 12D$$$ (03) 1$D$$$ (/8) 8D'$$ (//) 'D%$$ (/$) 'D1$$ (2') #D/$$ (20)

6lement t+pe

Minimum concentrate flow rate
2
K gpm (m
"
83)
(9 element) (/#3 ft
2
) 1$ (2"/) 1/ (/"$) 1/ (/"$) 13 (/"0) 1# (/"#) 18 (0"1)
(9 element) (0$$ ft
2
and 00$ ft
2
) 1$ (2"/) 1/ (/"$) 1/ (/"$) 13 (/"0) 18 (0"1) 2$ (0"#)
! element) 1$ (2"/) 1/ (/"$) 1/ (/"$) 13 (/"0) 18 (0"1) 18 (0"1)
.ll&fit element) 23 (3"') 23 (3"') 23 (3"') 23 (3"') 23 (3"') 23 (3"')
79 element) 1$ (2"/) 1/ (/"$) 1/ (/"$) 13 (/"0) 1# (/"#) 18 (0"1) 1/ (/"$) 13 (/"0)

6lement t+pe
)ctie area
ft
2
(m
2
)

MaAimum feed flow rate
2
K gpm (m
"
83)
(9 element) /#3 (//"%) #3 (13) #3 (13) #/ (10) 38 (1/) 32 (12) 32 (12)
(9 or ! element) 0$$ (/'"2) '3 (1') '3 (1') '/ (1') #' (13) #1 (10) #1 (10)
(9 element) 00$ (0$"%) '3 (1') '3 (1') '/ (1') #' (13) #1 (10) #1 (10)
.ll&fit element) /%$ (/#"2) 83 (1%) '3 (1') '/ (1') #' (13) #1 (10) #1 (10)
79 element) /2$ (2%"') #3 (13) #3 (13) #/ (10) 38 (1/) 32 (12) 32 (12) #/ (10) 3# (1/)
79 element) /8$ (/3"/) '2 (1#) '2 (1#) '$ (1#) #0 (13) 38 (1/) 38 (1/) '$ (1#) #2 (10)
1
1E 1icrofiltration & contin.o.) filtration proce)) .)ing a mem2rane with pore )i<e of Q$"3 micron"
2
The ma;im.m recommended pre)).re drop acro)) a )ingle element i) 13 p)id (12ar) or 3$ p)id (/"3 2ar) acro)) m.ltiple element) in a pre)).re +e))elD whiche+er
+al.e i) more limiting" 9e recommend de)igning at ma;im.m of 8$K (12 p)id) for any element in a )y)tem"
!oteE The limiting +al.e) li)ted a2o+e ha+e 2een incorporated into the *,7: (*e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem :naly)i)) )oftware" De)ign) of )y)tem) in e;ce)) of the
g.ideline) re).lt) in a warning on the *,7: printo.t"

Page 82 of 181
".0.2 Membrane ,+stem @esign >uidelines for Midsi?e F15M*6C9 6lements

The following ta2le) )how the recommended g.ideline) for de)igning *, )y)tem) with 2"3 and 0&inch 451T6C element) in
light ind.)trial and )mall commercial application)"

5ight ind.)trial )y)tem) in Ta2le /"3 ha+e the )ame reB.irement) a) for large )y)tem)D reB.iring )ta2le performance o+er
)e+eral year)" They are typically for piloting large )y)tem)D with contin.o.) operationD C4P facilitie) and none (or minimal)
concentrate recirc.lation" The e;pected mem2rane lifetime i) more than / year)"

*able ".( @esign guidelines for F15M*6C elements in lig3t industrial and small seawater applications
Feed source R! permeate $ell water ,oftened
Municipal
,urface $astewater
(filtered tertiar+ effluent)

,eawater
MF
1
Conentional $ell or MF
1
!pen inta%e
eed )ilt den)ity inde; 7D4 Q 1 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3
Typical target fl.;D gfd (l@m
2
h) 22 (/') 18 (/$) 1# (2') 10 (20) 1/ (22) 11 (1%) 1/ (22) 11 (1%)
1a;im.m element reco+ery K /$ 1% 1' 13 10 12 13 1/

6lement diameter

"
8d)
2"3&inch 8$$ (/"$) '$$ (2"#) #$$ (2"/) 3$$ (1"%) 3$$ (1"%) 0$$ (1"3) '$$ (2"#) #$$ (2"/)
0"$&inch 2D/$$ (8"') 1D%$$ ('"2) 1D'$$ (#"0) 1D3$$ (3"') 1D0$$ (3"/) 1D2$$ (0"3) 1D8$$ (#"8) 1D3$$ (3"')

6lement t+pe

Minimum concentrate flow rateK gpm (m
"
83)
1

2"3&inch diameter $"' ($"1#) 1 ($"2) 1 ($"2) 1 ($"2) 1 ($"2) 1 ($"2) 1 ($"2) 1 ($"2)
0"$&inch diameter (e;cept f.ll&fit)) 2 ($"3) / ($"') / ($"') / ($"') 0 ($"%) 3 (1"1) / ($"') 0 ($"%)
.ll&fit 0$0$ # (1"0) # (1"0) # (1"0) # (1"0) # (1"0) # (1"0) !: !:

6lement t+pe
)ctie area
ft
2
(m
2
)
U.,. gpm (m
"
83)
MaAimum pressure drop per element
psig (bar)
MaAimum feed pressure
psig (bar)
Tape&wrapped 230$ 28 (2"#) # (1"0) 1/ ($"%) #$$ (01)
i2ergla)ed 230$ 28 (2"#) # (1"0) 13 (1"$) #$$ (01)
7eawater 230$ 2% (2"') # (1"0) 1/ ($"%) 1D$$$ (#%)
Tape&wrapped 0$0$ 8' (8"1) 10 (/"2) 1/ ($"%) #$$ (01)
T9/$&0$0$ 82 ('"#) 10 (/"2) 1/ ($"%) #$$ (01)
i2ergla))ed 0$0$ 82 ('"#) 1# (/"#) 13 (1"$) #$$ (01)
79 i2ergla))ed 0$0$ 8$ ('"0) 1# (/"#) 13 (1"$) 1D$$$ (#%)
.ll&fit 0$0$ 83 ('"%) 18 (0"1) 13 (1"$) #$$ (01)
1
1E 1icrofiltration & contin.o.) filtration proce)) .)ing a mem2rane with pore )i<e of Q$"3 micron"
2
29e recommend that the pre)).re drop for new@clean element) 2e at lea)t 2$K 2elow the ma;im.m"

Page 8/ of 181
4n Ta2le /"#D the )mall commercial )y)tem) are typically 2etween 1A# element) that are either reg.larly replaced or el)e
cleaned (e+ery half year or year) or performance lo)) i) accepta2le" The e;pected element lifetime i) not more than / year)"
Thi) i) a low&co)tD compact )ol.tion for intermittently operated )y)tem)"

*able ".- @esign guidelines for F15M*6C9 elements in small commercial applications
Feed source R! permeate ,oftened Municipal $ell water ,urface or Municipal
$ater
eed )ilt den)ity inde; 7D4 Q 1 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q / 7D4 Q 3
Typical target fl.;D gfd (l@m
2
h) /$ (31) /$ (31) 23 (02) 2$ (/0)
MaAimum element recoer+ ; /$ /$ 23 2$

"
8d)

2"3&inch diameter 1D1$$ (0"2) 1D1$$ (0"2) %$$ (/"0) '$$ (2"')
0"$&inch diameter /D1$$ (11"') /D1$$ (11"') 2D#$$ (%"8) 2D1$$ ('"%)

Minimum concentrate flow rate
1
K gpm (m
"
83)

2"3&inch diameter $"3 ($"11) $"3 ($"11) $"' ($"1#) $"' ($"1#)
0"$&inch diameter 2 ($"3) 2 ($"3) / ($"') / ($"')

6lement t+pe
)ctie area
ft
2
(m
2
)
U.,. gpm (m
"
83)
MaAimum pressure drop per
element
1

psig (bar)
MaAimum feed pressure
psig (bar)
Tape&wrapped 230$ 28 (2"#) # (1"0) 1/ ($"%) #$$ (01)
i2ergla)ed 230$ 28 (2"#) # (1"0) 13 (1"$) #$$ (01)
7eawater 230$ 2% (2"') # (1"0) 1/ ($"%) 1D$$$ (#%)
Tape&wrapped 0$0$ 8' (8"1) 10 (/"2) 1/ ($"%) #$$ (01)
T9/$&0$0$ 82 ('"#) 10 (/"2) 1/ ($"%) #$$ (01)
i2ergla))ed 0$0$ 82 ('"#) 1# (/"#) 13 (1"$) #$$ (01)
79 i2ergla))ed 0$0$ 8$ ('"0) 1# (/"#) 13 (1"$) 1D$$$ (#%)
1
9e recommend that the pre)).re drop for new@clean element) 2e at lea)t 2$K 2elow the ma;im.m"

+#"8 Te Ste,s to Desi)n a Membrane S3stem

The following )tep) are taken to de)ign a mem2rane )y)temE

,tep 1< Consider feed sourceK feed Iualit+K feed8product flowK and reIuired product Iualit+
The mem2rane )y)tem de)ign depend) on the a+aila2le feed water and the application" Therefore the )y)tem de)ign
information according to Ta2le /"1 and the feed water analy)i) according to Ta2le /"2 )ho.ld 2e collected fir)t"

,tep 2< ,elect t3e flow configuration and number of passes
The )tandard flow config.ration for water de)alination i) pl.g flowD where the feed +ol.me i) pa))ed once thro.gh the
)y)tem" Concentrate recirc.lation i) common to )maller )y)tem) .)ed in commercial application)D a) well a) in larger
)y)tem) when the n.m2er of element) i) too )mall to achie+e a ).fficiently high )y)tem reco+ery with pl.g flow" Concentrate
recirc.lation )y)tem) can al)o 2e fo.nd in )pecial application) like proce)) liB.id) and wa)tewater)"

:n *, )y)tem i) .).ally de)igned for contin.o.) operation and the operating condition) of e+ery mem2rane element in the
plant are con)tant with time" 4n certain application)D howe+erD a 2atch operation mode i) .)edD e"g"D in treating wa)tewater or
ind.)trial proce)) )ol.tion)D when relati+ely )mall +ol.me) (2atche)) of feed water are di)charged non&contin.o.)ly" The
feed water i) collected in a tank and then periodically treated" : modification of the 2atch mode i) the )emi&2atch modeD
where the feed tank i) refilled with feed water d.ring operation" 7ee al)o Section 3.2D $atc# vs. 8ontinuous Process"

: permeate )taged (do.2le pa))) )y)tem i) the com2ination of two con+entional *, )y)tem) where permeate of the fir)t
)y)tem (fir)t pa))) 2ecome) the feed for the )econd )y)tem ()econd pa)))" (oth *, )y)tem) may 2e of the )ingle&)tage or
m.lti&)tage typeD either with pl.g flow or with concentrate recirc.lation" The prod.ction of water for pharmace.tical and
medical .)e are typical application) of permeate )taged )y)tem)" :) an alternati+e to a )econd pa))D ion e;change may
al)o 2e con)idered"

Page 80 of 181
,tep "< ,elect membrane element t+pe
6lement) are )elected according to feed water )alinityD feed water fo.ling tendencyD reB.ired re=ection and energy
reB.irement)" The )tandard element )i<e for )y)tem) greater than 1$ gpm (2"/ m
/
@hr) i) 8&inch in diameter and 0$&inch
long" 7maller element) are a+aila2le for )maller )y)tem)"

The characteri)tic) of 451T6C element) and their .)e in )pecific application) are de)cri2ed in Section 1., 'lement
8#aracteristics" :n interacti+e prod.ct )election g.ide i) al)o a+aila2le for a range of different application) in o.r we2 )ite"

or high B.ality water application) where +ery low prod.ct )alinity i) reB.iredD ion e;change re)in) are freB.ently .)ed to
poli)h *, permeate"

,tep &< ,elect aerage membrane fluA
7elect the de)ign fl.;D fD (gfd or l@m
2
&h) 2a)ed on pilot dataD c.)tomer e;perience or the typical de)ign fl.;e) according to the
feed )o.rce fo.nd in Section 3.6D Membrane System Design ?ui&elines"

,tep (< Calculate t3e number of elements needed
Di+ide the de)ign permeate flow rate CP 2y the de)ign fl.; f and 2y the mem2rane ).rface area of the )elected element 76
(ft
2
or m
2
) to o2tain the n.m2er of element) !6"
E
P
E
S f
Q
N
.
6B" #

,tep -< Calculate number of pressure essels needed
Di+ide the n.m2er of element) !6 2y the n.m2er of element) per pre)).re +e))elD !6p>D to o2tain the n.m2er of pre)).re
+e))el)D !> A ro.nd .p to the neare)t integer" or large )y)tem)D #&element +e))el) are )tandardD 2.t +e))el) with .p to 8
element) are a+aila2le" or )maller and@or compact )y)tem)D )horter +e))el) may 2e )elected"
EpV
E
V
N
N
N
6B" '

:ltho.gh the approach de)cri2ed in the following )ection) apply for all )y)tem)D it i) e)pecially applica2le for 8&inch )y)tem)
with a larger n.m2er of element) and pre)).re +e))el)D which then can 2e arranged in a certain way" 7mall )y)tem) with
only one or a few element) are mo)tly de)igned with the element in )erie) and a concentrate recirc.lation for maintaining the
appropriate flow rate thro.gh the feed@2rine channel)"

,tep .< ,elect number of stages
The n.m2er of )tage) define) how many pre)).re +e))el) in )erie) the feed will pa)) thro.gh .ntil it e;it) the )y)tem and i)
di)charged a) concentrate" 6+ery )tage con)i)t) of a certain n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) in parallel" The n.m2er of )tage) i)
a f.nction of the planned )y)tem reco+eryD the n.m2er of element) per +e))elD and the feed water B.ality" The higher the
)y)tem reco+ery and the lower the feed water B.alityD the longer the )y)tem will 2e with more element) in )erie)" or
e;ampleD a )y)tem with fo.r #&element +e))el) in the fir)t and two #&element +e))el) in the )econd )tage ha) 12 element) in
)erie)" : )y)tem with three )tage) and 0&element +e))el)D in a 0E/E2 arrangement ha) al)o 12 element) in )erie)" TypicallyD
the n.m2er of )erial element po)ition) i) linked with the )y)tem reco+ery and the n.m2er of )tage) a) ill.)trated in Ta2le /"'
for 2racki)h water )y)tem) and Ta2le /"8 for )eawater )y)tem)"

*able ".. Number of stages of a brac%is3 water s+stem
,+stem recoer+ (;) Number of serial element positions Number of stages (-4element essels)
0$ & #$ # 1
'$ & 8$ 12 2
83 & %$ 18 /

,ne&)tage )y)tem) can al)o 2e de)igned for high reco+erie) if concentrate recycling i) .)ed"

4n )eawater )y)tem) the reco+erie) are lower than in 2racki)h water )y)tem)" The n.m2er of )tage) depend) on reco+ery
a) )hown in Ta2le /"8"

Page 83 of 181
*able "./ Number of stages of a seawater s+stem

,+stem recoer+ (;)
Number of serial
element positions
Number of stages
(-4element essels)
Number of stages
(.4element essels)
Number of stages
(/4element essels)
/3 & 0$ # 1 1 |
03 ' & 12 2 1 1
3$ 8 & 12 2 2 1
33 & #$ 12 & 10 2 2 |

,tep /< ,elect t3e staging ratio
The relation of the n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) in ).2)eB.ent )tage) i) called the )taging ratio *"
1) (i N
(i) N
R
V
V
+

or a )y)tem with fo.r +e))el) in the fir)t and two +e))el) in the )econd )tage the )taging ratio i) 2E1" : three&)tage )y)tem
with fo.rD three and two +e))el) in the fir)tD )econd and third )tage re)pecti+ely ha) a )taging ratio of 0E/E2" 4n 2racki)h water
)y)tem)D )taging ratio) 2etween two ).2)eB.ent )tage) are .).ally clo)e to 2E1 for #&element +e))el) and le)) than that for
)horter +e))el)" 4n two&)tage )eawater )y)tem) with #&element +e))el)D the typical )taging ratio i) /E2"

The ideal )taging of a )y)tem i) ).ch that each )tage operate) at the )ame fraction of the )y)tem reco+eryD pro+ided that all
pre)).re +e))el) contain the )ame n.m2er of element)" The )taging ratio * of a )y)tem with n )tage) and a )y)tem
reco+ery ^ (a) fraction) can then 2e calc.latedE
n
1
Y) - (1
1
R
1
]
1

The n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) in the fir)t )tage !+(1) can 2e calc.lated with the )taging ratio * from the total n.m2er of
+e))el) !+"

or a two&)tage )y)tem (nW2) and a three&)tage )y)tem (nW/)D the n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) in the fir)t )tage i)

R 1
N
(1) N
1 -
V
V
+
for n W2

R R 1
N
(1) N
2 - 1 -
V
V
+ +
for n W /D etc"

The n.m2er of +e))el) in the )econd )tage i) then
R
(1) N
(2) N
V
V
and )o on"

:nother a)pect for )electing a certain arrangement of +e))el) i) the feed flow rate for +e))el of the fir)t )tage and the
concentrate flow rate per +e))el of the la)t )tage" (oth feed and concentrate flow rate for the )y)tem are gi+en (from
permeate flow rate and reco+ery)" The n.m2er of +e))el) in the fir)t )tage )ho.ld then 2e )elected to pro+ide a feed flow
rate in the range of /3&33 gpm (8&12 m
/
@h) per 8&inch +e))el" 5ikewi)eD the n.m2er of +e))el) in the la)t )tage )ho.ld 2e
)elected ).ch that the re).ltant concentrate flow rate i) greater than the minim.m of 1# gpm (/"# m
/
@h)" low rate g.ideline)
for different element) are gi+en in Section 3.6D Membrane System Design ?ui&elines"

,tep 0< 7alance t3e permeate flow rate
The permeate flow rate of the tail element) of a )y)tem (the element) located at the concentrate end) i) normally lower than
the flow rate of the lead element)" Thi) i) a re).lt of the pre)).re drop in the feed@2rine channel and the increa)e of the
o)motic pre)).re from the feed to the concentrate" 8nder certain condition)D the ratio of the permeate flow rate of the lead
element and the tail element can 2ecome +ery highE
-igh )y)tem reco+ery
-igh feed )alinity
5ow pre)).re mem2rane)
-igh water temperat.re
!ew mem2rane)

Page 8# of 181
The goal of a good de)ign i) to 2alance the flow rate of element) in the different po)ition)" Thi) can 2e achie+ed 2y the
following mean)E
(oo)ting the feed pre)).re 2etween )tage)E preferred for efficient energy .)e
:pply a permeate 2ackpre)).re only to the fir)t )tage of a two&)tage )y)temE low )y)tem co)t alternati+e
-y2rid )y)temE .)e mem2rane) with lower water permea2ility in the fir)t po)ition) and mem2rane) with higher water
permea2ilitie) in the la)t po)ition)E e"g" high re=ection )eawater mem2rane) in the fir)t and high prod.cti+ity )eawater
mem2rane) in the )econd )tage of a )eawater *, )y)tem

The need for flow 2alancing and the method can al)o 2e determined after the )y)tem ha) 2een analy<ed with *,7:"

,tep 12< )nal+?e and optimi?e t3e membrane s+stem
The cho)en )y)tem )ho.ld then 2e analy<ed and refined .)ing the *e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem :naly)i) (*,7:) comp.ter
program"

6Aample
eed )o.rceE 2racki)h ).rface ).pply waterD 7D4 Q 3
*eB.ired permeate flow W 1/2 gpm ('2$ m
/
@d)
7i;&element pre)).re +e))el) to 2e .)ed

1" (racki)h ).rface ).pply water with 7D4 Q 3O total permeate flow W 1/2 gpm ('2$ m
/
@d)

2" 7elect pl.g flow

/" (9/$&/#3 ((9 element with acti+e mem2rane area of /#3 ft
2
(//"% m
2
))

0" *ecommended a+erage fl.; for ).rface ).pply water feed with 7D4 Q3 W 13"$ gfd (23 5@m@h)

3" Total n.m2er of element) W
6F
- ft gfd-<,6EF ,?F
gpd<gpm- gpm-,?33@ ,?6"
"
or 6F
<h- 0<m -<,"F m ,66.C
<d- 0<h-<,m <d-,3?.ED m ,D"@
" "
6 6

#" Total n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) W /3@# W 3"8/ W #

'" !.m2er of )tage) for #&element +e))el) and '3K reco+ery W 2

8" 7taging ratio )electedE 2E1" :ppropriate )tage ratio W 0E2

%" The cho)en )y)tem m.)t then 2e analy<ed .)ing the *e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem :naly)i) (*,7:) comp.ter
program" Thi) program calc.late) the feed pre)).re and permeate B.ality of the )y)tem a) well a) the operating
data of all indi+id.al element)" 4t i) then ea)y to optimi<e the )y)tem de)ign 2y changing the n.m2er and type of
element) and their arrangement"

Page 8' of 181
+#"" S3stem Per!ormance Pro;ection

".11.1 ,+stem !perating C3aracteristics

(efore a )y)tem performance pro=ection i) r.nD one )ho.ld 2e familiar with the operating characteri)tic) of a )y)tem" The)e
will 2e e;plained .)ing a typical e;ample" ig.re /"1$ )how) a two&)tage )y)tem with three )i;&element pre)).re +e))el)
.)ing a )taging ratio of 2E1"

Figure ".12 *+pical two4stage configuration for spiral4wound R!8NF elements

Two&)tage )y)tem) are generally capa2le of operating at an o+erall reco+ery rate of 33 to '3K" or ).ch )y)tem) the
a+erage indi+id.al reco+ery rate per element will +ary from ' to 12K" To operate a two&)tage )y)tem at an o+erall reco+ery
m.ch higher than '3K will ca.)e an indi+id.al element to e;ceed the ma;im.m reco+ery limit) )hown in Section 3.6D
Membrane System Design ?ui&elines" 9hen thi) happen)D a third )tage will ha+e to 2e employed which place) 18 element)
in )erie)D )hifting the a+erage element reco+ery rate to lower +al.e)"

4f two&)tage )y)tem) are operated at too low a reco+ery (e"g" Q 33K)D the feed flow rate) to the fir)t&)tage +e))el) can 2e too
highD ca.)ing e;ce))i+e feed@concentrate&)ide pre)).re drop) and potentially damaging the element)" or e;ampleD a
partic.lar 451T6C 8&inch element may ha+e a ma;im.m feed flow rate in the range of 3$A'$ gpm (11A1# m
/
@h)
depending on the water )o.rce" 1ore information i) a+aila2le in Section 3.6D Membrane System Design ?ui&elines"

:) a re).ltD )y)tem) with lower than 3$K reco+ery will typically .)e )ingle&)tage config.ration)" 1a;im.m flow con)ideration)
can al)o limit the )taging ratio" 4t i) .nlikely to find )y)tem) with )taging ratio) greater than /E1" 9hen a )ingle *, element i)
r.nD the operating +aria2le) are readily mea).redD and performance can 2e ea)ily correlated" 9hen a large n.m2er of
element) are com2ined in a )y)tem with a m.ltiple )taging (i"e" com2ination of element) in parallel and in )erie)) config.ration
and only inlet operating +aria2le) are knownD )y)tem performance prediction 2ecome) con)idera2ly more comple;" eed
pre)).re) and )alt concentration) for each element in )erie) are changing" The rate and e;tent of the)e change) are
dependent not only on the inlet condition) and o+erall reco+eryD 2.t al)o on the )tage config.rationD i"e"D )taging ratio())"

-eed
,ermeate
Concentrate
I; % I; ' < I; #
IB % IB ' < IB #
II % II ' < II #

ig.re /"11 ill.)trate) the dynamic nat.re of predicting )y)tem performance 2a)ed on the ).m of indi+id.al element
performance) within the )y)tem" 4t )how) how fi+e different element performance parameter) +ary thro.gho.t the twel+e
)erie) po)ition) in a 2E1 array of )i;&element pre)).re +e))el)" The )y)tem i) operating at '3K reco+ery and 23PC with a
feed o)motic pre)).re of 2$ p)i (1"0 2arD which ro.ghly corre)pond) to a 2D$$$ mg@5 feed TD7)" The inlet feed pre)).re ha)
2een ad=.)ted )o that the lead (9 element i) prod.cing 'D3$$ gpd (28"0 m
/
@d)D the ma;im.m recommended permeate flow
for thi) partic.lar element .)ed on a well water )y)tem with feed 7D4 Q /"

The top third of ig.re /"11 )how) indi+id.al element permeate flow) decrea)ing .niformly thro.gho.t the )erie) config.ration
from 'D3$$ gpd (28"0 m
/
@d) in the lead element of the fir)t )tage to appro;imately /D/$$ gpd (12"3 m
/
@d) in the la)t element of
the )econd )tage" The a+erage element permeate rate i) 3D8$$ gpd (22 m
/
@d) or ''K of the ma;im.m allowa2le limit"

Page 88 of 181
Figure ".11 1ndiidual element performance in a s+stem 2<1 arra+ of /4inc3 7$"2 elements (eAample)

Permeate flow decrea)e) 2eca.)e the net dri+ing pre)).reD P A D i) .niformly declining" (P i) the pre)).re difference
2etween the feed )ide and the permeate )ide of the mem2raneO i) the o)motic pre)).re difference 2etween 2oth )ide))"
Thi) i) e+ident 2y looking at the two c.r+e) in the 2ottom third of the fig.re" The .pper c.r+e )how) how the inlet feed
pre)).re to each element (P"i4 decrea)e) d.e to the .p)tream concentrate&)ide pre)).re lo))e) within each element"

The 2ottom c.r+e )how) how the inlet feed o)motic pre)).re to each element (
"i) i) increa)ing a) )alt&free (mo)tly)
permeate i) progre))i+ely remo+ed 2y each .p)tream elementD lea+ing 2ehind a )teadily increa)ing concentrate
concentration" The difference 2etween the)e two pre)).re c.r+e) i) ro.ghly eB.i+alent to the net permeation dri+ing force"

The middle portion of ig.re /"11 e;hi2it) two ).2tle 2.t important effect)" The left&hand )cale )how) how indi+id.al element
reco+ery +arie) within the twel+e element ()erie)) )eB.ence" The 2reak occ.r) 2etween the fir)t and )econd )tage)" 4n
generalD the indi+id.al reco+ery profile will increa)e in 2oth )tage) 2.t typically more )trongly in the fir)t" The )y)tem
de)ignerD .tili<ing a comp.ter programD m.)t +erify that the la)t element in the fir)t )tage doe) not e;ceed the appropriate
reco+ery limit" :) element reco+ery increa)e)D the effecti+e o)motic pre)).re that the mem2rane I)ee)J will 2e higher d.e to
concentration polari<ation" Thi) inefficiency red.ce) permeate flow) and can lead to mem2rane )caling or fo.ling if allowed
to go to e;ce))"

The other c.r+e in the middle portion of ig.re /"11 (right&hand )cale) ill.)trate) an intere)ting phenomenon e;hi2ited 2y the
451T6C mem2rane" 4t )how) that the mem2rane water permea2ility coefficientD or :&+al.eD i) a re+er)i2le f.nction of )alt
concentrationD decrea)ing at higher )alinity and increa)ing at lower )alinity" The water permea2ility decline) 2y almo)t 13K
in thi) e;ample thro.gh the )erie) of twel+e element)D and thi) m.)t 2e taken into con)ideration if an acc.rate de)ign for
)y)tem permeate flow rate i) to 2e o2tained"
;)erage ,ermeate -low 6 '' m
*
/d
,
2i

2i
I = % I = ' I = * I = 5 I = ( I = # II = % II = ' II = * II = 5 II = ( II = #
Element Series ,osition (Stage >o9 = ?essel ,os9)
+&$$$
7&$$$
#&$$$
(&$$$
5&$$$
'$
%(
%$
(
$
'$$
%($
%$$
($
$
,
r
e
s
s
.
r
e

(
1
s
i
)
@

R
e
c
o
)
e
r
y
,
e
r
m
e
a
t
e

-
l
o
w

(
g
1
d
)
*$9$
'79(
'(9$
''9(
'$9$
%79(
%(9$
%'9(
%9$$
$9A(
$9A$
$9+(
%(
%$
(
$
,
r
e
s
s
.
r
e

(
!
a
r
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
)
e

;
=
)
a
l
.
e
,
e
r
m
e
a
t
e

-
l
o
w

(
m
*
/
d
)

Page 8% of 181
".11.2 @esign 6Iuations and 'arameters

The performance of a )pecified *, )y)tem i) defined 2y it) feed pre)).re (or permeate flowD if the feed pre)).re i)
)pecified) and it) )alt pa))age" 4n it) )imple)t term)D the permeate flow B thro.gh an *, mem2rane i) directly proportional
to the wetted ).rface area S m.ltiplied 2y the net dri+ing pre)).re (P A )" The proportionality con)tant i) the mem2rane
permea2ility coefficient or :&+al.e" The familiar water permeation eB.ation ha) the formE
()()( )
P S A Q
6B" 8

The )alt pa))age i) 2y diff.)ionD hence the )alt fl.; =! i) proportional to the )alt concentration difference 2etween 2oth )ide)
of the mem2rane" The proportionality con)tant i) the )alt diff.)ion coefficient or (&+al.e"
( )
p fc !
C C " #
6B" %

whereE
C fc W feed&concentrate a+erage concentration
C p W permeate concentration

There are 2a)ically two way) to calc.late the performance of a )pecified de)ignE I6lement&to&6lementJ and I6ntire 7y)temJ"

6lement4to46lement
Thi) i) the mo)t rigoro.) calc.lation method" 4t i) too tedio.) for hand calc.lationD 2.t it i) ).ita2le for comp.ter calc.lation)"
:ll the operating condition) of the fir)t element m.)t 2e knownD incl.ding the feed pre)).re" Then the flowD pre)).reD etc"D of
the concentrateD which i) the feed to the )econd elementD can 2e calc.lated" :fter calc.lating the re).lt) for all the element)D
the original feed pre)).re may 2e too high or lowD )o the trial and error proce)) )tart) with a new pre)).re"

9ith the help of the 451T6C *e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem :naly)i) (*,7:) comp.ter programD acc.rate re).lt) can 2e
o2tained +ery B.icklyD )o thi) program can 2e .)ed to modify and optimi<e the de)ign of an *, or an ! )y)tem"
:ccordinglyD the entire )y)tem calc.lation method will not 2e de)cri2ed here" 4t i) al)o not intended to o.tline the proce)) of
the element to element comp.ter calc.lation" -owe+erD the go+erning eB.ation) and parameter) are gi+en in Ta2le /"%"

4n order to ena2le the determination of +al.e) for the term) !D PD and in 6B" 8D the water permeation eB.ation i)
e;panded to 6B" 1$" The permeate concentration can 2e deri+ed from 6B" % after con+er)ion into 6B" 1%" The de)ign
eB.ation) are li)ted in Ta2le /"%D the )ym2ol definition) in Ta2le /"11"

The ).2)cript i in the eB.ation) of Ta2le /"% indicate) that they apply to the i
th
element in a )eB.ence of n element) in a
)erie) flow config.ration" To acc.rately determine )y)tem performanceD 6B" 1$ i) ).cce))i+ely )ol+ed for each of the n
element) )tarting with an inlet )et of condition)" The )ol.tion) depend on ma)) 2alance) aro.nd each element for )alt (6B"
10) and water (6B" 1%)D a) well a) correlation) for indi+id.al element parameter) ).ch a) concentrate&)ide flow re)i)tanceD
aP"c (6B" 2'c)O temperat.re correction factor for water permea2ilityD TC (6B" 1#)O polari<ation factorD pfi (6B" 1')D and the
mem2rane permea2ility coefficient for waterD !i (
i) (6B" 28) which in the ca)e of the 451T6C T/$ mem2rane depend) on
the a+erage concentrate concentration orD alternati+elyD o)motic pre)).re" The)e )ol.tion) .).ally in+ol+e a ).ita2le a+erage
for the feed and permeate )ide hydra.lic and o)motic pre)).re)" or low reco+ery +al.e) typical of )ingle element operationD
an acc.rate )ol.tion can 2e o2tained .)ing a )imple arithmetic a+erage of the inlet and o.tlet condition)" 6+en )oD )ince the
o.tlet condition) are not knownD iterati+e trial and error )ol.tion) are in+ol+ed"

Page %$ of 181
*able ".0 @esign eIuations for projecting R! s+stem performance< indiidual element performance
1tem 6Iuation
6Iuation
Number
Permeate flow
()()

,
_

pi pi
i fc
fi $ i i i
P
P
P % ! &
"
$$ *%$
1$
:+erage concentrate&)ide o)motic pre)).re
()
i
i f
i fc
fi i
pf
C
C
,
_

11
:+erage permeate&)ide o)motic pre)).re
( )
i fi pi
'
?
12
*atioE arithmetic a+erage concentrate&)ide to
feed concentration for 6lement i
,
_
+
i f
i c
i f
i fc
C
C
C
C
?
"
?

1/
*atioE concentrate to feed concentration for
6lement i
( )
()
i
i i
i f
i c
Y
' Y
C
C
?
? ?

10
eed water o)motic pre)).re
( )
+
( f
m )
"D6 ?" . ?
13
Temperat.re correction factor for *, and !
mem2rane % "F * O
"D6
?
"CG
?
"E3@ KP' *%$
1
]
1
,
_
+

)

% "F * O
"D6
?
"CG
?
6@"@ KP' *%$
1
]
1
,
_
+

)

1#aD2
Concentration polari<ation factor for 451T6C
8&inch element)
[ ]
i i
Y pf
D . @ KP'
1'
7y)tem reco+ery
()()() [] ()

n
i
i n
Y Y Y Y Y
?
" ?
? ? ? ... ? ? ?
18
Permeate concentration
( )()()
i
$
i ( fc
(
p
&
%
pf C " C
*%$
1%

6ntire ,+stem
:+erage +al.e) are .)ed to calc.late feed pre)).re and permeate B.ality if the feed B.alityD temperat.reD permeate flow rate
and n.m2er of element) are known" 4f the feed pre)).re i) )pecified in)tead of the n.m2er of element)D the n.m2er of
element) can 2e calc.lated with a few iteration)" The de)ign eB.ation) for 8&inch (9/$ 451T6C element) are li)ted in
Ta2le /"1$D the )ym2ol definition) in Ta2le /"11"

Page %1 of 181
*able ".12 @esign eIuations for projecting R! s+stem performance< s+stem aerage performace
1tem 6Iuation
6Iuation
Number
Total permeate flow
()() ()
1
]
1

' p
C
C
P
P
P ! % # &
f
f
fc
f p
fc
f $ $
?
"
$$ *%$
2$
*atioE a+erage concentrate&)ide to
feed concentration for )y)tem
( )
()()
()
'
Y Y Y Y
Y Y '
C
C
L L
L
f
fc
+

?
< ? ln ?
< ? ln

21
5imiting )y)tem reco+ery
( )( )
p
fc
f
f
L
P P P
' pf
Y

?
22
:ppro;imate log&mean concentrate&
)ide to feed concentration ratio for
)y)tem
( )
Y
Y
C
C
' Y
f
fc
L
? ln
? >

2/
:+erage element reco+ery
()
n
i
Y Y
< ?
? ?
20
:+erage polari<ation factor
[ ]
i
Y $*P pf
D . @
23
:+erage concentrate&)ide o)motic
pre)).re for )y)tem
pf
C
C
f
fc
i
,
_

2#
:+erage concentrate&)ide )y)tem
pre)).re drop for 451T6C 8&inch
element)O 2 )tage)
"
@3 . @
fc
fc q P

( )
,
_
+
1
]
1

Y
# Y#
&
P
+' +
fc
?
? ?33@ < ? . @
"

2'aD2Dc
4ndi+id.al 451T6C 8&inch elementD
or )ingle&)tage concentrate&)ide
pre)).re drop
D . ?
@? . @
fc fc
q n P

451T6C mem2rane permea2ility
a) a f.nction of a+erage
concentrate&)ide o)motic pre)).re
() "F O ?"F . @
!

() "@@ "F O
6F
"F
@?? . @ ?"F . @
,
_

!

() ( ) @@ 3 "@@ O "@@ @@@? . @ @D@ . @
!

28aD2Dc
Permeate concentration
()
,
_
&
% #
pf "C C
$ $
fc p
*%$
2%

Page %2 of 181
*able ".11 ,+mbol definitions
i
&
permeate flow of 6lement i (gpd)
(

).mmation of all ionic )pecie)
i i
!

mem2rane permea2ility at 23P for 6lement iD a f.nction
of the a+erage concentrate&)ide o)motic pre)).re
(gfd@p)i)
Y
)y)tem reco+ery (e;pre))ed a) a fraction) W permeate
flow@feed flow
$
%

mem2rane ).rface area per element (ft
2
)
n
i
?
m.ltiplication of n term) in a )erie)
*%$
temperat.re correction factor for mem2rane
permea2ility
n
n.m2er of element) in )erie)
$$
mem2rane fo.ling factor
&

)y)tem permeate flow (gpd)
i f
P

feed pre)).re of 6lement i (p)i)
$
#

n.m2er of element) in )y)tem
i fc
P

concentrate&)ide pre)).re drop for 6lement i (p)i)
i
&

a+erage element permeate flow (gpd) W C@!6
i
p
P

permeate pre)).re of 6lement i (p)i)
!

a+erage mem2rane permea2ility at 23PCE a f.nction of
the a+erage concentrate&)ide o)motic pre)).re (gfd@p)i)
i

a+erage concentrate&)ide o)motic pre)).re (p)i)
fc
C

a+erage concentrate&)ide concentration for )y)tem (ppm)
i f

feed o)motic pre)).re of 6lement i
'

a+erage fractional )alt re=ection for )y)tem
i
p

permeate&)ide o)motic pre)).re of 6lement i (p)i) a+erage concentrate&)ide o)motic pre)).re for )y)tem
(p)i)
i
pf

concentration polari<ation factor for 6lement i
fc
P
a+erage concentrate&)ide )y)tem pre)).re drop (p)i)

i
'

)alt re=ection fraction for 6lement i
conc. feed
conc. perm. - conc. feed

L
Y

limiting (ma;im.m) )y)tem reco+ery (e;pre))ed a) a
fraction)
i fc
C

a+erage concentrate&)ide concentration for 6lement i
(ppm)
i
Y

a+erage element reco+ery (e;pre))ed a) a fraction)
i f
C

feed concentration for 6lement i (ppm)
pf

a+erage concentration polari<ation factor
i c
C

concentrate concentration for 6lement i (ppm)
fc
q

arithmetic a+erage concentrate&)ide flow rate (gpm)
(W1@2(feed flow U concentrate flow)
i
Y

reco+ery fraction for 6lement i
flow feed
flow permeate

+
#
n.m2er of )i;&element pre)).re +e))el) in )y)tem (
!6@#)
f

treated feed water o)motic pre)).re (p)i)
?
+
#

n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) in fir)t )tage of 2&)tage
)y)tem ( 1@/ !>)
)

feed water temperat.re (PC)
"
+
#

n.m2er of pre)).re +e))el) in )econd )tage of 2&)tage
)y)tem ( !>@/)
(
m

molal concentration of =
th
ion )pecie)
+'
#

)tage ratio (W!>4@!>2)

Page %/ of 181
".11." Comparing )ctual 'erformance of F15M*6C9 6lements to R!,) 'rojection

*,7: i) a tool .)ed to e)timate )ta2ili<ed performance for a )pecific *, or ! )y)tem .nder de)ign or act.al condition)"
Thi) pro=ected performance i) 2a)ed on a nominal performance )pecification for the 451T6C element()) .)ed in that
)y)tem" : fo.ling factor of 1 in the pro=ection i) .)ed to calc.late the performance of new element) with e;actly nominal flow
rate" : fo.ling factor Q 1 )ho.ld 2e applied when making a de)ign for long&term operation"

4n a real )y)temD the element) may ha+e a flow performance +ariation of U@&13K of the nominal +al.eD or whate+er +ariation
i) )pecified for thi) element type" :l)o the )alt re=ection of an indi+id.al element may 2e higher or lower than the nominal
)alt re=ection (2.t not lower than the minim.m )alt re=ection)" ThereforeD the mea).red )ta2ili<ed performance i) .nlikely to
e;actly hit the pro=ected performanceD 2.t for )y)tem) with more than /# new element) it )ho.ld come clo)e"

The act.al fo.ling factor of a )ta2ili<ed new *, )y)tem with at lea)t /# element) )ho.ld range 2etween $"%3 and 1"$3" The
act.al mea).red TD7 of the permeate )ho.ld 2e no higher than a2o.t 1"3 time) the calc.lated TD7"

or )y)tem) with only one or a few element)D the de+iation of the mea).red act.al performance from the pro=ected
performance may 2ecome a) large a) the )pecified element performance +ariation"

4f the mea).red performance doe) not match clo)e eno.gh with the pro=ected performanceD go to Section ,D 2roubles#ooting
or +i)it the tro.2le)hooting g.ide in o.r we2)ite"

+#"* Testin)

or the de)alination of )tandard water) with a defined origin and compo)itionD )y)tem performance can 2e pro=ected with
).fficient acc.racy 2y .)ing a comp.ter program ).ch a) *,7:" -owe+erD in )ome ca)e)D te)ting i) recommended to
).pport the proper )y)tem de)ign" The)e incl.deE
8nknown feed water B.ality
8nknown +ariation of feed water B.ality
7pecial or new application)D e"g"D proce)) or wa)te water effl.ent)
7pecial permeate B.ality reB.irement)
6;tremely high )y)tem reco+erie) (X8$K)
5arge plant) X/"3 mgd (1/D23$ m
/
@d)

Te)ting i) typically carried o.t at different ).2)eB.ent le+el)E

".12.1 ,creening *est

The goal of a )creening te)t i) to )elect the appropriate mem2rane for the de)ired )eparation and to o2tain a ro.gh idea
a2o.t the fl.; (gfd or 5@m
2
&h) and re=ection propertie) of the mem2rane" : )mall piece of flat )heet mem2rane i) mo.nted in
a IcellJ and e;po)ed to the te)t )ol.tion .)ing the cro))&flow mechani)m" The method i) fa)tD ine;pen)i+eD and reB.ire) only
)mall B.antitie) of te)t )ol.tion" -owe+erD a )creening te)t cannot pro+ide engineering )cale&.p data and long&term effect) of
the te)t )ol.tion on the mem2raneD nor doe) it pro+ide data on fo.ling effect) of the te)t )ol.tion"

".12.2 )pplication *est

The application te)t pro+ide) )cale&.p data ).ch a) permeate fl.; and permeate B.ality a) a f.nction of feed pre)).re and
)y)tem reco+ery" The te)t typically in+ol+e) the e+al.ation of a 13A#$ gal (3$A2$$ 5) )ample )ol.tionD .)ing a 230$ (2"3&inch
; 0$&inch) or 0$0$ (0"$&inch ; 0$&inch) )i<ed element" The element i) mo.nted in a te)t )y)tem with engineering feat.re)
that allow ad=.)tment) to the feed flowD feed pre)).reD and feed temperat.re in the range) of the element operating limit)"

Page %0 of 181
@etermining !perating 'ressure
The optim.m operating pre)).re i) determined 2y ad=.)ting the feed pre)).re .ntil the de)ired permeate B.ality and
permeate fl.; rate are o2tained (typically 2etween #A2$ gfd (1$A/0 5@m
2
&h))" 7.fficient feed flow )ho.ld 2e maintained to
en).re a low reco+ery rate (Q3K) a) the mem2rane fl.; rate i) increa)ed" Permeate and concentrate )tream) are recycled
2ack to the feed tank d.ring thi) fir)t te)t" The feed pre)).re at which the optim.m permeate fl.; and permeate B.ality i)
o2tained i) the feed pre)).re .)ed for the )econd te)tD determining the reco+ery rate"

@etermining Concentration Factor8Recoer+ Rate
To aid in the determination of the ma;im.m )ingle element reco+ery rate (permeate flow@feed flow) the )econd te)t i) r.n in
2atch mode" Thi) i) done 2y directing the permeate )tream into a )econd container while ret.rning the concentrate )tream to
the feed tank" (oth the permeate flow and permeate B.ality are monitored d.ring the te)t" The te)t i) )topped when the
permeate flow rate ha) declined to an .neconomically low +al.e or permeate B.ality ha) declined 2elow accepta2le limit)"
The concentration factor (C) i) then calc.lated 2y di+iding the original feed +ol.me 2y the remaining feed +ol.me" The
reco+ery rate i) calc.lated 2y ).2tracting the remaining feed +ol.me from the original feed +ol.me and then di+iding 2y the
original feed +ol.me"

*epeating the 2atch te)t will gi+e an indication of mem2rane )ta2ility and fo.ling effect)" -owe+erD long&term performanceD
incl.ding the a))e))ment of cleaning proced.re)D can only 2e o2tained 2y pilot te)t)"

".12." 'ilot *ests

: pilot te)t i) typically r.n in the field on the intended feed )tream in a contin.o.) operation mode" The pilot plant )ho.ld
ha+e at lea)t one elementD 0$&inch length i) recommended" Prefera2ly the arrangement of element) will 2e )imilar to that of
the large&)cale )y)tem" The permeate flow of the pilot plant )ho.ld 2e at lea)t 1K of the large&)cale plant and )ho.ld 2e r.n
for a minim.m of /$ day)" The o2=ecti+e i) to confirm the )y)tem de)ign and to fine&t.ne operating parameter) a) well a) to
minimi<e the ri)k in large pro=ect)"

+#"+ S3stem Com,onents

".1".1 #ig3 'ressure 'ump

The p.mp di)charge pre)).re ha) to 2e controlled to maintain the de)igned permeate flow and not e;ceed the ma;im.m
allowed feed pre)).reD which i)E
#$$ p)i (01 2ar) for T9/$D (9/$D and ! element)
1D$$$ p)i (#% 2ar) for 79/$
1D2$$ p)i (82 2ar) for 79/$-* element)

7ee the late)t prod.ct information )heet to +erify the correct limit"

) positie displacement pump cannot 2e throttledD )o feed pre)).re i) controlled 2y a 2ackpre)).re +al+e in a 2ypa)) line
from the p.mp di)charge to the p.mp ).ction" : p.l)ation damper (acc.m.lator) on the p.mp di)charge line i) .)ed to
minimi<e pre)).re ).rge)" : relief +al+e en).re) that the ma;im.m allowed pre)).re will not 2e e;ceeded"

: throttling +al+e on the di)charge line control) a centrifugal pump" i;ed )peed motor) are .)ed with centrif.gal p.mp) for
mo)t mem2rane )y)tem)" 8)ing a +aria2le )peed motor i) an energy&)a+ing alternati+e altho.gh the co)t i) higher" >aria2le
)peed motor) )ho.ld 2e con)idered when there i) greater than 3PC difference 2etween the low and high feed&water
temperat.re)"

4n )eawater )y)tem)D typically 33 to #$K of the pre)).ri<ed feed water lea+e) the )y)tem with a2o.t 8'$ p)i (#$ 2ar)
pre)).re in the concentrate )tream" Thi) energy can 2e reco+ered to decrea)e the )pecific energy demand of the )y)tem"
6nergy reco+ery method) areE
Pelton wheel
*e+er)e t.rning t.r2ine
Pi)ton type work e;changer

Page %3 of 181
The high&pre)).re concentrate i) fed into the energy reco+ery de+ice where it prod.ce) a rotating power o.tp.t" Thi) i) .)ed
to a))i)t the main electric motor in dri+ing the high&pre)).re p.mp" Compared to traditional p.mp dri+e)D the energy
reco+ery )y)tem repre)ent) energy )a+ing) .p to 0$K"

".1".2 'ressure Eessels

Pre)).re +e))el) are a+aila2le with different diameter)D length)D and pre)).re rating)" 9hen )electing a pre)).re +e))elD the
cho)en pre)).re rating m.)t 2e high eno.gh to allow for a pre)).re increa)e to compen)ate for irre+er)i2le fo.ling (typically
1$K more than needed in a /&year de)ign)"

9hen dynamic permeate 2ackpre)).re i) employed d.ring plant operationD the limiting component for )ome pre)).re
+e))el) i) the permeate port" 1aterial) ).ch a) poly+inylchloride (P>C) are .)ed for the permeate port on many pre)).re
+e))el)" The permeate pre)).re rating i) a )trong f.nction of temperat.reD a) )hown in Ta2le /"12" Plea)e con).lt with the
man.fact.rer of the pre)).re +e))el for detail) on the )pecific +e))el" !ote that at )tatic condition)D i"e"D with the high&
pre)).re p.mp )h.t downD permeate 2ackpre)).re m.)t ne+er e;ceed 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar)"

*able ".12 MaAimum d+namic permeate bac%pressure for pressure essels wit3 F15M*6C9 elements
MaAimum d+namic permeate bac%pressure
*emperature (F) *emperature (C) psi bar
11/ 03 103 1$"$
1$0 0$ 18$ 12"0
%3 /3 21% 13"1
8# /$ 23' 1'"'
'' 23 2%% 2$"#
#8 2$ //8 2/"/

".1"." ,3utdown ,witc3es

The mem2rane element) m.)t 2e protected again)t .nd.e operating condition)" 4f there i) a po))i2ility that ).ch condition)
can occ.rD for e;ampleD 2y a pretreatment .p)etD pro+i)ion) m.)t 2e made )o that the )y)tem i) )h.t down"

7ome .nd.e operating condition) and the pro+i)ion) to pre+ent the)e are li)ted in Ta2le /"1/"

*able ".1" 'roisions against undue operating conditions
Undue operating condition 'roision
Too high feed pre)).re -igh pre)).re )h.tdown )witch in the feed line
4n).fficient feed pre)).re 5ow pre)).re )h.tdown )witch in the p.mp ).ction line
Too high feed temperat.re -igh temperat.re )witch in the feed line
Permeate pre)).re e;ceeding feed 2y more than $"/ 2ar (3 p)i) pre)).re Pre)).re relief mechani)m in the permeate line
Too high concentration of colloidal matter in the feed T.r2idity control in the feed line
Too high concentration of )paringly )ol.2le )alt) in the feed Do)ing p.mp) for acid and anti)calant )ho.ld 2e electrically
interlocked with the feed p.mp dri+e
-igh p- )h.tdown )witch
,;idi<ing agent) in the feed ,*P (,;idation *ed.ction Potential) control in feed line or chlorine
detection monitor with a.tomatic )h.tdown
,il in the feed ,il detector in feed line

Page %# of 181
".1".& Eales

The following +al+e) are typically incl.ded in a mem2rane )y)temE
eed inlet +al+e to )h.t down the plant for maintenance and pre)er+ation"
>al+e on the p.mp di)charge line or 2ypa)) line to control feed pre)).re d.ring operation and feed pre)).re increa)e
rate d.ring )tart&.p"
Check +al+e on p.mp di)charge line"
Check +al+e and atmo)pheric drain +al+e on permeate line to pre+ent permeate pre)).re from e;ceeding the feed
pre)).re"
low control +al+e on the concentrate line to )et the reco+ery" (Ca.tionE 2ackpre)).re +al+e m.)t not 2e .)ed")
>al+e in the permeate line to pro+ide permeate drain d.ring cleaning and )tart&.p"
>al+e) in the feed and concentrate line) (and 2etween )tage)) to connect a clean&in&place )y)tem"

".1".( Control 1nstruments

To en).re proper operation of the *, or ! )y)temD a n.m2er of control in)tr.ment) are nece))ary" The acc.racy of all
in)tr.ment) i) critical" They m.)t 2e in)talled and cali2rated according to man.fact.rerH) in)tr.ction)"
Pre)).re ga.ge) to mea).re the pre)).re drop acro)) the cartridge filterD the pre)).re on the p.mp inlet line and
di)charge lineD the feed pre)).re to the mem2rane element())D the pre)).re drop 2etween feed and concentrate of each
)tageD and e+ent.ally the pre)).re in the permeate line" 5iB.id&filled ga.ge) )ho.ld contain mem2rane&compati2le fl.id)
).ch a) water in place of oil) or other water&immi)ci2le liB.id)"
low meter) to mea).re concentrate and total permeate flow rateD al)o permeate flow rate of each )tage"
9ater meter) in the permeate and feed line to log the total water +ol.me treated and prod.ced"
-o.r meter to log the total operating time"
p- meter in the feed line after acidification to mea).re car2onate )caling potential"
Cond.cti+ity meter) in the feed lineD concentrate line and permeate line to determine permeate B.ality and )alt re=ection"
7ample port) on the feedD concentrate and permeate (total permeate and permeate of each )tage) to ena2le e+al.ation of
)y)tem performance" : )ample port on each pre)).re +e))el permeate o.tlet i) recommended to facilitate tro.2le)hooting"

".1".- *an%s

7toring water in tank) )ho.ld 2e generally kept at a minim.m" 9hen tank) are .)edD the inlet and o.tlet )ho.ld 2e placed
that no )tagnant <one) are permitted" The tank) )ho.ld 2e protected from d.)t and micro2iological contamination" 4n critical
application) tank) are clo)ed and +ented thro.gh a -6P:&filter"

: feed tan% i) needed to pro+ide the reaction time (2$A/$ min) when chlorine i) .)ed" The free +ol.me of media filter) can
2e .)ed for thi) p.rpo)e a) well" eed tank) are al)o freB.ently .)ed a) a 2.ffer to allow contin.o.) operation of the *, or
! )y)tem (e"g"D d.ring 2ackwa)h of filter))" 7y)tem) that are operated in the 2atch or )emi&2atch mode reB.ire a feed tank"

: permeate tan% i) typically employed when the permeate i) the prod.ct" Plant )tart&.p) and )h.tdown) are initiated 2y low&
le+el and high&le+el )ignal) from the permeate tank" The )y)tem capacity and the tank )i<e )ho.ld 2e de)igned )o that the
*, or ! plant i) allowed to r.n for )e+eral ho.r) contin.o.)ly" The le)) freB.ently the plant i) )h.t downO the 2etter the
)y)tem performance"

: draw4bac% tan% i) a )mall tank in the permeate line that pro+ide) eno.gh +ol.me for nat.ral o)mo)i) 2ack&flow when the
)y)tem )h.t) down" 4t i) typically employed in )eawater )y)tem)D 2.t not in 2racki)h water )y)tem)" :n empty draw&2ack
tank can ca.)e air to 2e ).cked 2ack into the 451T6C element)" Thi) may create the following pro2lem)E
Contamination of the permeate )ide of the mem2rane 2y air2orne micro2e) and f.ngi"
-ydra.lic )hock) and )l.g) of air that .p)et meter) and )et point controller) when the air i) e;pelled from the )y)tem on
the ne;t )tart&.p"
Drying of the mem2rane (fl.; lo)))"
4f the feed water i) in a red.ced )tat.) and contain) -27D e
2U
D 1n
2U
D etc"D the air intr.)ion may ca.)e fo.ling of the
mem2rane 2y o;idi<ed and precipitated colloidal matter ()ee Section 2.11 2reatment o" Fee&water 8ontaining ;y&rogen
Sul"i&e)"

Page %' of 181
4f the prod.ct water from an *, )y)tem i) chlorinatedD care m.)t 2e e;erci)ed to en).re that the chlorine doe) not migrate
2ack to the mem2rane" :ir 2reak) )ho.ld 2e employed appropriately"

4f a draw&2ack tank i) .)edD it) water le+el )ho.ld 2e higher than the highe)t pre)).re +e))elD 2.t not e;ceeding %"8 ft (/ m)
from the lowe)t +e))el" To pre+ent contaminationD the flow i) in at the 2ottom and o.t at the topD and the tank m.)t 2e
co+ered" Po)t&chlorination if performed m.)t 2e done down)tream of thi) tank"

The +ol.me of a draw&2ack tank can 2e )i<ed a) follow)E
>D(T W (23T6) A >PP

whereE
> D(T W >ol.me of draw&2ack tank (in liter))
T 6 W !.m2er of in)talled element)
> PP W >ol.me of permeate piping 2etween pre)).re +e))el) and draw&2ack tank (in liter))

@osing tan%s are reB.ired when chemical) are added to the feed water" They )ho.ld 2e )i<ed typically for a daily refill"

) cleaning tan% i) part of the eB.ipment de)cri2ed in Section 6D 8leaning an& Saniti0ation"

!ptional 6Iuipment
>ario.) optional eB.ipment and feat.re) are .)ef.l in operating and monitoring the )y)temE
: )h.tdown fl.)h )y)tem fl.)he) the feed&concentrate line with pre&treated feed water or with permeate after )h.tdown"
9hen anti)calant) are .)edD a fl.)h )y)tem i) mandatory"
:larm) for
-igh permeate cond.cti+ity
-igh concentrate cond.cti+ity
5ow feed p-
-igh feed p-
-igh feed hardne))
-igh feed temperat.re
5ow le+el in do)ing tank
Contin.o.) recorder for
eed temperat.re
eed p-
eed and permeate cond.cti+ity
eed 7D4
eed ,*P
eedD permeate and concentrate pre)).re
Permeate and concentrate flow

4deallyD a monitoring )y)tem i) in)talled that allow) on&line recording and proce))ing of the important operating data of the
)y)tem" 1ore information i) a+aila2le in Section *.6D Recor& -ee.ing"

Control and motor )tarter panel with a.tomation en).ring a )afe plant operation" :.tomation for filter 2ackwa)hD mem2rane
cleaning) and plant fl.)h o.t) can 2e incorporated"
CleanD dry air )y)tem incl.ding compre))orD air dryerD air control )tation) and complete pipe )y)tem)"
7pare part) for 1 or 2 year) of normal operation"
Tool) for general and )pecial )er+ice)"
,ption) ).ch a) trainingD ).per+i)ion and maintenance"

Page %8 of 181
+#"- Materials o! Construction< Corrosion Control

rom a corro)ion point of +iewD a +ery har)h en+ironment pre+ail) in an *, water de)alination plant" -ence the material) of
con)tr.ction m.)t po))e)) a certain degree of corro)ion re)i)tance" Thi) i) tr.e for 2oth the e;terior part) e;po)ed to
)pillage and a h.mid and )aline atmo)phere a) well a) for the interior of the )y)tem e;po)ed to the wide +ariety of water)
treated"

:ltho.gh not to 2e .ndere)timatedD the control of e;terior corro)ion can .).ally 2e o+ercome 2y .)ing a ).rface coating
(paintingD gal+ani<ingD etc") on material) likely to corrode (mild )teelD ca)t ironD etc") and 2y e)ta2li)hing a maintenance
program in+ol+ing periodical fl.)h down and cleaningD repair of leak)D etc"

7electing material) of con)tr.ction for the interior wetted )y)tem i) a far more complicated ta)k" :part from 2eing compati2le
with the pre)).re)D +i2ration)D temperat.re)D etc"D e;i)ting in an *, )y)temD the material) m.)t al)o 2e a2le to with)tand
potential corro)ion attack) ca.)ed 2y the high chloride content of the feed water and concentrate )treamD the aggre))i+e
prod.ct water and the chemical) .)ed for application) ).ch a) mem2rane cleaning"

:pplication of nonmetallic material) ).ch a) pla)tic)D fi2ergla))D etc"D are widely .)ed for pre+enting corro)ion and chemical
attack) a) well in the low&pre)).re (Q 103 p)i@1$ 2ar) part of the *, )y)tem a) in the *, element) and pre)).re +e))el)"
-owe+erD it i) .).ally nece))ary to .)e metal) for the high&pre)).re (103A1D$$$ p)i@1$A'$ 2ar) part) ).ch a) p.mp)D piping
and +al+e)" Car2on and low alloy )teel) do not ha+e ).fficient corro)ion re)i)tanceD and their corro)ion prod.ct) can fo.l the
mem2rane)"

5ined piping i) .).ally not a reali)tic alternati+e 2eca.)e of the often compact piping de)ign and relati+ely great amo.nt of
connection) and fitting) needed" )l4bron?e can 2e an alternati+e for p.mp) etc"D 2.t the ri)k of ero)ion corro)ion and
chemical attack) m.)t 2e taken into acco.nt" The mo)t rele+ant material to 2e .)ed for the high&pre)).re part) i) stainless
steel"

The 2a)ic ad+antage with )tainle)) )teel i) that it i) +ery re)i)tant to general corro)ion and ero)ion corro)ion" 7tainle)) )teel
i) rarely attacked 2y gal+anic corro)ionD 2.t it will infl.ence the attack on the other metal in a two&metal co.ple (e"g" copperD
2ra))D etc")" 7tre)) corro)ion cracking of )tainle)) )teel) in media containing chloride rarely occ.r) 2elow 138P ('$PC) )o it
doe) not need to 2e con)idered in an *, de)alination plant"

8nfort.natelyD )ome )tainle)) )teel) are prone to pitting and cre+ice corro)ion in the water) occ.rring in an *, plant" Pitting
mean) locali<ed attack) that re).lt in hole) in the metal" Pitting occ.r) where the pa))i+e film formed 2y chromi.m o;ide)
2reak) and chloride) can attack the 2are metal" Cre+ice corro)ion i) pitting a))ociated with )mall +ol.me) of )tagnant water
ca.)ed 2y hole)D ga)ket ).rface)D depo)it)D and cre+ice) .nder 2olt)D etc" 4n order to a+oid pitting and cre+ice corro)ion in
the *, water de)alination plant the following recommendation) can 2e gi+enE

R! 'lants wit3 Concentrate ,tream *@, below .K222 ppm
7tainle)) )teel type :474 /1# 5 with Q$"$/K C i) the minim.m demand for the pipe )y)tem 2eca.)e lower grade )tainle))
)teel) with higher car2on content will ).ffer from pitting in the welding <one) (intergran.lar corro)ion)" or non&welded part)D
)tainle)) )teel type :474 /1# i) .).ally accepta2le"

R! 'lants wit3 Concentrate ,tream *@, 3ig3er t3an .K222 ppm
7tainle)) )teel type %$0 5 i) recommended for pipe) and 2end) for welding and for )imilar part) witho.t cre+ice)" 9here
cre+ice) occ.rD ).ch a) at flange connection)D in +al+e)D in p.mp)D etc"D )tainle)) )teel type 230 71, or )imilar with [ #K 1o
i) recommended" The)e two higher alloy )tainle)) )teel) can 2e welded together witho.t ri)king gal+anic corro)ion" 7en)or
element) of in)tr.ment) may 2e coated or lined" The compo)ition of the named )tainle)) )teel) i) gi+en in Ta2le /"10"

*able ".1& Composition of stainless steels
Usual designation UN, No. C; Cr; Ni; Mo; Cu; N;
:474 /1# 7 /1#$$ Q $"$8 1#"$ & 18"$ 1$ & 10 2"$ & /"$ | |
:474 /1#5 7 /1#$/ Q $"$/ 1#"$ & 18"$ 1$ & 10 2"$ & /"$ | |
%$0 5 ! $8%$0 Q $"$2 1%"$ & 2/"$ 2/"$ & 28"$ 0"$ & 3"$ 1"$ & 2"$ |
230 71, 7 /1230 Q $"$2 1%"3 & 2$"3 1'"3 & 18"3 #"$ & #"3 $"3 & 1"$ $"18 & $"22

Page %% of 181
(e)ide) the a2o+e recommendation)D general preca.tion) m.)t 2e taken d.ring de)ign and con)tr.ctionD ).ch a)E
De)ign with a minim.m of cre+ice) and dead end)"
De)ign the piping )o that the flow +elocity i) a2o+e 3 ft@) (1"3 m@))" Thi) promote) the forming and maintenance of the
pa))i+e film"
8)e 2acking ga) when welding in order to a+oid the weld o;ide film forming a 2a)e for cre+ice corro)ion"
Pickle and pa))i+ate the pipe )y)tem a) thi) gi+e) the optim.m )afety again)t chloride attack"
l.)h the plant with low TD7 water 2efore a )h.tdown period"

+#". S3stem Desi)n Consi%erations to Control Microbiolo)ical 4ctivit3

(iofo.ling i) one of the mo)t common and mo)t )e+ere pro2lem) in the operation of *, )y)tem)" 4t i) partic.larly important
to control micro2iological acti+ity in plant) .)ing ).rface water or 2acteria&contaminated water a) a feed )o.rce" : properly
de)igned )y)tem i) a prereB.i)ite for ).cce))E
4f intermediate open 2a)in) or tank) are .)edD pro+i)ion) )ho.ld 2e made to allow for proper )aniti<ation at that open
)o.rce and the part of the )y)tem down)tream from it"
4f intermediate )ealed tank) are .)edD their air 2reathing or +entilation )y)tem) )ho.ld 2e eB.ipped with 2acteria&
retaining de+ice) (e"g" -6P: filter))"
(lindD long piece) of piping )ho.ld 2e a+oided 2y de)ignD and when .na+oida2leD )ho.ld 2e periodically )aniti<ed"
The component) of the pretreatment )y)tem ).ch a) pipe)D manifold)D filter) and retention tank) )ho.ld 2e opaB.e to
).nlight to a+oid enhancing the 2iological growth"
7tand&2y de+ice) with large ).rface)D like )and or cartridge filter)D )ho.ld 2e a+oided" 4f they are not a+oida2leD drain)
)ho.ld 2e in)talled to allow di)charge of the )aniti<ation chemical) after the de+ice) ha+e 2een )aniti<edD and 2efore
connecting them to the acti+e )y)tem"
4t )ho.ld 2e made po))i2le to phy)ically i)olate the *,@! )ection from the pretreatment 2y .)ing a flange" Thi) allow)
to .)e chlorine for )aniti<ing the pretreatment )ection while the mem2rane) are protected from chlorine contact" : drain
+al+e )ho.ld 2e in)talled at the lowe)t point clo)e to the flangeD to allow complete drainage of the chlorine )ol.tion"
1em2rane )electionE ilmTec offer) mem2rane) with a )pecial ).rface that make) them more re)i)tant again)t
2iofo.ling" The)e )o&called (9/$* element) are typically )elected for ).rface water) and tertiary effl.ent treatment"
,ther )pecial element type) are made with a f.ll&fit config.ration for application) reB.iring )anitary grade mem2rane
element)" The f.ll&fit config.ration minimi<e) )tagnant area) and complie) with D: )tandard)" 7ee al)o Section 1D
$asics o" Reverse <smosis an& =ano"iltrationD and the rele+ant Prod.ct 4nformation 7heet)"

+#"/ S3stem Desi)n Su))estions !or Troublesootin) Success

9hen con)idering the de)ign and p.rcha)e of large mem2rane )y)tem)D there are a n.m2er of po))i2le eB.ipment de)ign)
and addition) that can 2e added to help with f.t.re tro.2le)hooting" Depending on the )i<e and comple;ity of the )y)temD
)ome or all of the)e ).gge)tion) co.ld 2e di)c.))ed with yo.r )y)tem ).pplier" !one are reB.ired for ).cce))f.l operationD
2.t all make day&to&day operation and tro.2le)hooting ea)ierD B.icker and more effecti+e"

)ccess to 5oad and *roubles3oot t3e ,+stem
6+en tho.gh mem2rane )y)tem) are B.ite compactD there i) often a temptation to )a+e e+en more floor )pace 2y crowding
eB.ipmentD pipeline) and ).pport) )o clo)e together a) to limit acce)) to the mem2rane )y)tem" 4deallyD one )ho.ld ha+e
.nre)tricted acce)) to 2oth the feed and 2rine end of each and e+ery +e))el for loadingD .nloading and tro.2le)hooting of
the mem2rane element)" 9hen loadingD at lea)t the length of one element i) nece))ary 2etween the feed end of the +e))el)
and the neare)t eB.ipment or ).pport)" 9hen .nloadingD often more room co.ld 2e .)ed )o that a large wooden 2oard or
)ome other de+ice can 2e .)ed to p.)h the element )tack toward the 2rine end"

Connections )llowing 'robingK 'rofiling and ,ampling
9hen tro.2le)hooting potential element pro2lem)D one of the fir)t operation) i) alway) to attempt to locali<e any pro2lemD
either to a )tageD a +e))elD or e+en to an element" -a+ing )ample point) on all the +e))el permeate) greatly facilitate) the)e
operation)" 4deallyD the permeate )ample point) can allow a pro2e t.2e to 2e pa))ed thro.gh" -a+ing additional )ample
point) on the feedD the concentrate and any inter)tage header)D can help locali<e pro2lem) to a )tage and e+en allow for
ma)) 2alance mea).rement) to corro2orate flow mea).rement) and .ltimately )etting of the )y)tem reco+ery"

Page 1$$ of 181
To control the micro2iological acti+ityD adeB.ate )ampling point) )ho.ld 2e pro+ided to make a micro2iological 2alance and
control in the plant po))i2le" The minim.m n.m2er of )ampling point) reB.ired are li)ted 2elowE
1" 4ntake ().rface) or wellD 2efore chlorination if any"
2" :fter a clarifierD )ettling pondD )l.dge contact .nitD or )imilar )edimentation proce))"
/" :fter filtration .nit) ()andD m.ltimediaD acti+ated car2onD or other)"
0" :fter dechlorination (normally after cartridge filtration)"
3" Concentrate )tream"
#" Permeate )tream"

1nstrumentation to )llow 'erformance Monitoring b+ ,tage
(eyond )imple )ample point)D the ne;t )tep in )y)tem )ophi)tication i) to in)tr.ment the )tage) )o that performance data
can 2e gathered and normali<edD )howing day to day +ariation in the )y)tem performance again)t a reference condition ).ch
a) )tart.p" :deB.ate in)tr.mentation mean) ha+ing cond.cti+ity or TD7 mea).rement)D pre)).re mea).rement)D
temperat.re mea).rement)D and flow mea).rement) on the feedD concentrate and permeate of each )tage" ?i+en thi) dataD
performance of the )tage can 2e monitored and early )ign) of tro.2le can 2e ea)ily detected from the normali<ed data" 6+en
tho.gh a ma)) 2alance aro.nd the )y)tem can 2e .)ed to eliminate )ome of the in)tr.mentationD ha+ing all the
in)tr.mentation mean) that the ma)) 2alance can 2e .)ed to te)t the internal con)i)tency of the data and th.) monitor the
performance of the in)tr.ment)"

Real4*ime !nline Normali?ation
4n term) of )y)tem monitoringD online in)tr.ment) feeding an ongoing and contin.o.) normali<ation program i) the .ltimate"
or +ery large )y)tem)D or for )y)tem) with highly +aria2le feed condition)D real&time control may 2e warranted"

'roisions to Clean 6ac3 ,tage 1ndiiduall+
1any large )y)tem) are pro+ided with )o called clean in place )y)tem) (C4P)" ,ne de)ign ).gge)tion to con)ider i) that 2y
pro+iding ).fficient piping and +al+ing to clean each )tage of a )y)tem indi+id.ally will in+aria2ly make the cleaning) more
effecti+e" Cleaning m.ltiple )tage) together mean) that dirtD de2ri)D 2io&ma)) and )cale m.)t 2e p.)hed from the fir)t )tage
and thro.gh ).2)eB.ent )tage) 2efore 2eing remo+ed from the )y)tem" C4P )y)tem) )ho.ld al)o pro+ide adeB.ate flow
rate) for effecti+e cleaning) a) well a) facilitie) to heat the cleaning )ol.tion)"

'ermeate Flus3ing Capabilit+
: potential )y)tem feat.re that can lower the freB.ency of cleaning) i) to pro+ide for periodic permeate fl.)hing of the
)y)tem" Permeate fl.)hing i) accompli)hed 2y recycling permeate or prod.ct water thro.gh the )y)tem at a high rate to
loo)en and p.)h o.t fo.lant layer) 2efore they adhere to the mem2rane ).rface" Thi) capa2ility i) e)pecially .)ef.l in
)y)tem) handling treated wa)te water"

,@1 Measurement @eice and Connection 'oints in t3e ,+stem
: great diagno)tic tool e)pecially for the pretreatment end of a )y)tem i) ha+ing and .)ing an 7D4 in)tr.ment" 5ike profiling
and pro2ing the element) can locali<e a potential mem2rane pro2lemD and 7D4 in)tr.ment with connection) thro.gho.t the
pretreatment )y)tem can help B.ickly locali<e pretreatment pro2lem)"

$et 5ab at t3e 'lant ,ite
-a+ing the capa2ility to do la2oratory work at the plant )ite mean) that water analy)e) can 2e more ea)ily monitoredD
e)pecially for )etting .p and maintaining pretreatment chemical addition)"

,ingle 6lement *est Unit
-a+ing a )ingle element te)t .nit at the plant can 2e a real ad+antage" 7.)pect mem2rane element) can 2e B.ickly te)ted
and =.dged good or 2ad" 4n additionD cleaning )trategie) can 2e te)ted and pro+en on fo.led element) 2efore tried on whole
)tage) of the plant"

Page 1$1 of 181
-# Loa%in) o! Pressure 6essels

Thi) )ection pro+ide) g.ideline) for loading and .nloading 451T6C re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,) and nanofiltration (!)
element)" or additional loading in)tr.ction)D contact the indi+id.al pre)).re +e))el man.fact.rer"

-#" Pre,aration

: )chematic diagram of the *, )y)tem )ho.ld 2e prepared for recording pre)).re +e))el and element location)" 4t )ho.ld
)how the entire piping )y)tem for the )kid a) well" To identify indi+id.al element location)D .)e the 451T6C )erial
n.m2er) written on each la2el" Thi) diagram will help yo. keep track of each indi+id.al element in the )y)tem"

The following eB.ipment i) recommendedE
7afety )hoe)
7afety gla))e)
*.22er glo+e)
7ilicone l.2ricant (Dow Corning @ 1olykote 111 recommended)
:llen wrench
Clean rag)
?lycerin
-o)e and water to fl.)h +e))el
7ponge@)wa2D long )tick and rope to clean +e))el

1" 5oad 451T6C element) into the pre)).re +e))el) =.)t prior to )tart&.p"
2" (efore a))em2ling all component)D check the part) li)t and make ).re all item) are pre)ent and in the right B.antitie)"
/" Caref.lly remo+e all d.)tD dirtD and foreign matter from the pre)).re +e))el) 2efore opening"
0" *emo+e all end cap a))em2lie) and thr.)t ring) (if pro+ided) from all pre)).re +e))el) in the train or )y)tem"
=oteC There are )e+eral man.fact.rer) of pre)).re +e))el) .)ed for )piral wo.nd nanofiltration and re+er)e o)mo)i)
element)" *efer to the man.fact.rerH) drawing for yo.r pre)).re +e))el d.ring remo+al and in)tallation of end cap a))em2ly"
3" 7pray clean water thro.gh the open pre)).re +e))el) to remo+e any d.)t or de2ri) pre)ent in the +e))el)"
=oteC 4f additional cleaning i) reB.iredD create a )wa2 large eno.gh to fill the in)ide diameter of the pre)).re +e))el"
7oak the )wa2 in a glycerin@water )ol.tion (3$ +ol K) and mo+e it 2ack and forth thro.gh the pre)).re +e))el .ntil the
+e))el i) clean and l.2ricated"

-#* Element Loa%in)

?. 4n)tall the thr.)t ring in the concentrate di)charge end of the +e))el" Con).lt the man.fact.rerH) drawing for )pecific
information on the thr.)t ring po)itioning" Thi) ha) to 2e done 2efore the loading of any element)D there i) a ri)k of not
in)talling it properly"
". ô. need to +erify whether yo. are in)talling
i
:'8 (4nterlocking 6ndcap) or )tandard element) which reB.ire the .)e of a
).pplied interconnect"
6. 4tH) recommended to )tage the element) prior to loading and record each )erial n.m2er 2y po)ition )o that in the f.t.re yo.
will know where each element i) located in)ide the pre)).re +e))el"
3. Place the leading end of the fir)t *, or ! element into the feed water end of the fir)t pre)).re +e))el and )lide it in
appro;imately one&half of the element length" =oteC :lway) load ! or *, element) into the feed water end of the
pre)).re +e))el" >erify that the 8&c.p 2rine )eal i) properly )eated in the end cap groo+e of the element ).ch that the
2rine )eal open) in the .p)tream direction"
F. To 5oad 7tandard element)E 5.2ricate the o&ring )eal) on the interconnector and the in)ide of the prod.ct water t.2e with
a +ery thin layer of )ilicone l.2ricant" 4n)tall the interconnector into the permeate t.2e of the element" ?lycerin may 2e
.)ed 2.t i) not recommended" :ltho.gh glycerin l.2ricate) d.ring the initial in)tallationD it B.ickly wa)he) o.t d.ring normal
operation" 6;perience ha) )hown that .)ing a )ilicone l.2ricant applied )paringly to the 2ore of 8&inch element) or the
permeate water t.2e o.ter )ealing ).rface for 0&inch and 2"3&inch element) maintain) the de)ired l.2ricity long after the
initial )tart&.p" or pota2le water and food proce))ing application)D the )ilicone l.2ricant Dow Corning 111 +al+e l.2ricant
and )ealantD which carrie) 2oth D: and !7 appro+alD work) B.ite well"

Page 1$2 of 181
a" :pply a thin layer of )ilicone l.2ricant to each 2rine )eal" 9hen )ilicone i) appliedD a) each element i) in)talled and
p.)hed into po)ition thi) will act a) a l.2ricant on the in)ide of the pre)).re +e))el which will remain d.ring the
operation of the )y)tem making remo+al m.ch ea)ier"
2" 5ift the ne;t element into po)ition and in)tall the trailing end on the interconnector" (e +ery caref.l to hold the ne;t
element )o that the weight i) not ).pported 2y the interconnectorD and p.)h the element into the pre)).re +e))el
.ntil a2o.t one&half of the element e;tend) o.t)ide the +e))el"

To load
i
:'8 element)E : )pecial tool i) recommended which i) called a ratcheting 2and clamp which can 2e ordered
directly from ilmTec" The 2and clamp ha) a hea+y&d.ty )trap that grip) the element )ec.rely 2.t will not damage the
element o.ter )hell" The 2and clamp i) lightweightD d.ra2leD and )afe" 4t will ).cce))f.lly hold the element in place no matter
what ).2)tance may 2e on the o.ter fi2ergla)) )hell" =oteC
i
:'8 element) can 2e connected to the end pl.gD one of two
way)D one 2eing a )pecial
i
:'8 adaptorD the other i) with a )tandard P> adaptor" 4t i) pre)).re +e))el man.fact.rer
dependantD there are )light difference) in each man.fact.rer) endpl.g )o itH) e))ential to make ).re when the part) are
ordered and prior to in)tallation"

a" 4n)ert the fir)t elementD down)tream end fir)tD and p.)h it into the +e))el in the )ame direction a) the feed water
flow" 5ea+e eno.gh of the element protr.ding from the +e))el to allow attachment of the ratcheting 2and clamp"
Thi) i) a good time to check the condition of the o&ring"
2"
i
:'8 element) with
i
:'8 adaptor) A :ttach the down)tream
i
:'8 adaptor to the male )ide of the fir)t in)talled (la)t
po)ition) element and apply a +ery thin layer of )ilicone l.2ricant" (egin in)erting the element into the +e))el lea+ing
eno.gh of the element protr.ding o.t for the attachment of the ratcheting 2and clamp
c" :ttach the )econd elementD taking care to hold the element hori<ontal when applying clockwi)e torB.e" *ather than
gripping the o.ter )hellD apply torB.e 2y gripping the )poke) on the .p)tream endcap with one handD while
).pporting the element with the other hand" The ratcheting 2and clamp )ho.ld 2e )ec.red to pre+ent rotation"
d" :fter the element) are )napped togetherD +erify that the marking) are properly aligned"
e" (y the time the third or fo.rth element ha) 2een in)talledD the ratcheting 2and clamp may 2e .nnece))ary" The
2and clamp i) only reB.ired .ntil friction generated 2y the in)talled element) i) greater than the force reB.ired to
)nap the element) together"
f" P.)h the element) deeper into the +e))el" *epeat thi) proce)) .ntil all of the element) ha+e 2een in)talled in the
+e))el" =oteC ,n
i
:'8H) after connecting the la)t elementD in)tall the other
i
:'8 adaptor to the female end of the
element"

*epeat the)e )tep) .ntil all element) are loaded into the pre)).re +e))el)" The n.m2er of element) loaded into an indi+id.al
+e))el will depend on the length of the element) and the +e))el it)elf" =oteC Do not p.)h the element) in too farD if yo. doD
then the end plate may not fit properly and the element) may ha+e to 2e rein)talled"

#" 4n)tall the down)tream end cap a))em2ly on each end of the pre)).re +e))elE
a" Caref.lly po)ition the down)tream end cap a))em2ly in the +e))el and p.)h the end cap a))em2ly a) a .nit
)B.arely into the end of the element" 8)e care when )eating the o&ring )eal on the adapter into the element and
a+oid pinching or rolling o&ring)" =oteC 1ake ).re that the o&ring) and prod.ct water t.2e are l.2ricated"
2" *otate the end cap a))em2ly to en).re proper alignment with the connecting piping"
c" *eplace the hardwareD )ealing the end cap a))em2ly in place" *efer to the pre)).re +e))el man.fact.rerH)
drawing"
'" P.)h the element )tack from the feed end (.p)tream) toward) the down)tream end"
8" :fter the element) ha+e 2een in)talledD it may 2e nece))ary to add )him) to red.ce the amo.nt of )pace 2etween the
face of the lead element and the face of the adapter h.2" The +e))el adapter internally connect) the element prod.ct
water t.2e with the permeate port on the pre)).re +e))el" Thi) proced.re help) pre+ent mo+ement and hammering of
element) when the )y)tem )tart) and )h.t) down" Plea)e refer to Section ).3 for additional detail" Contin.e the)e )tep)
for each pre)).re +e))el in the train or )y)tem"
%" 4n)tall the feed end cap a))em2ly on each of the pre)).re +e))el) like the down)tream end cap a))em2ly" Clo)e each
pre)).re +e))el with the part) from the )ame +e))el" *e&in)tall any piping that wa) pre+io.)ly remo+ed for element
loading"

Page 1$/ of 181
-#+ Simmin) Elements

Pre)).re +e))el) for mem2rane element) are all 2.ilt with a tolerance to allow for )light +ariation) in the length of the
element)" Thi) i) referred to a) free2oard" 4n operationD the element) can )lip 2ack and forth d.ring )tart&.p and )h.tdownD
ca.)ing wear to the internal )eal)" :dditionallyD the pre)).re +e))el elongate) when pre)).ri<edD which in the mo)t e;treme
ca)e co.ld p.)h the whole )tack of element) off of the lead end adapterD re).lting in a )e+ere feed&to&permeate leak"
7himming the element) in a pre)).re +e))el at the time they are loaded will minimi<e the )hifting that occ.r) d.ring )tart&.p)
and )h.tdown) and en).re) that the adapter) are properly )eated in the permeate t.2e) of the lead and tail element)"

7him) them)el+e) are pla)tic )pacer ring) (like wa)her))D .).ally a2o.t $"2$ inche) (3 mm) thick with an in)ide diameter
)lightly larger than the pre)).re +e))el head end of the adapter" ig.re 0"1 )how) a drawing of a typical )him and the
placement of m.ltiple )him) on the adapter 2etween the adapter h.2 and the pre)).re +e))el head" 7him) are alway)
placed on the feed end adapterD keeping the )tack of element) tight again)t the thr.)t ring and end pl.g on the 2rine end of
the pre)).re +e))el"

Figure &.1 ,3im and placement on feed end adapter
7him) can 2e p.rcha)ed from yo.r pre)).re +e))el man.fact.rer" :n alternati+e i) to c.t )him) from an appropriately )i<ed
piece of poly+inylchloride (P>C) pipe" 4f c.t from pipeD the )him) m.)t 2e free of 2.rr) and m.)t 2e c.t parallel and flat to
work correctly"

The proce)) of )himming i) performed after the mem2rane element) ha+e 2een loaded" The element )tack )ho.ld 2e
p.)hed completely into the +e))el ).ch that the down)tream element i) firmly )eated again)t the thr.)t ring at the 2rine end
of the +e))el" *efer to the pre)).re +e))el man.fact.rerH) in)tr.ction) on loading element)" rom thi) point the proced.re i)
a) follow)E

1" *emo+e the adapter o&ring and head )eal from the feed end of the)e +e))el component)" Thi) will a)).re that there i)
no interference from any of the )ealing component) and minimi<e the force reB.ired to I)eat the head"J
2" *emo+e the end plate and )lide )pacer) o+er the head end of the adapter that fit) into the permeate port" :dd eno.gh
)pacer) )o it i) not po))i2le to in)tall the retaining ring)"
/" *emo+e one )pacer at a time .ntil yo. can =.)t in)tall the retaining ring)" The )light remaining mo+ement i) accepta2le"
0" *emo+e the head and rein)tall the adapter o&ring and head )eal"
3" Clo)e the +e))el according to the man.fact.rerH) in)tr.ction)"

Page 1$0 of 181
-#- Element Removal

7tandard element)E Two operator) are recommended when remo+ing ! or *, element) from a train or )y)tem" *emo+e
the element from each pre)).re +e))el a) follow)E
1" Di)connect the hard pl.m2ing at each end of the pre)).re +e))el" *efer to the +e))el man.fact.rerH) drawing a)
reB.ired" 1ark or tag all remo+ed item) for ret.rn to the )ame location" =oteC !.m2ering of the endplate) and rein)talling
in the )ame +e))el i) +ery importantD thi) make) rein)tallation m.ch ea)ier and all the connection) will line .p properly"
2" *emo+e the head) a))em2lie) from each end of the pre)).re +e))el"
/" P.)h the ! or *, element) from the pre)).re +e))el in the )ame direction a) feed water flow)" P.)h the element) o.t
one at a time" 7.pport each element a) it i) 2eing p.)hed o.t of the +e))el .ntil the element i) free of the pre)).re +e))el"

i
:'8 element)E 9ith the +e))el endpl.g remo+edD the down)tream +e))el adapter can 2e di)connected" Thi) i) done 2y
reaching into the +e))el and applying co.nter&clockwi)e torB.e to the down)tream adapter"
1" :ttach the optional p.lling tool with a clockwi)e twi)ting motion
2" P.ll the )tack of element) far eno.gh o.t of the +e))el )o that the fir)t element can 2e )afely remo+ed"
RememberK elements ma+ become disconnected inside t3e essel during unloadingK so use caution w3en
pus3ing or pulling elements from t3e essel.
/" 9ith the element ).pportedD de&co.ple the element with a co.nter&clockwi)e twi)t" 7ometime)D it work) 2e)t to face
away from the +e))el when .nlocking"
0" *epeat thi) operation .ntil the +e))el i) emptied" :) an alternati+e to p.lling the element) from the +e))elD the entire
)tack can 2e p.)hed from the oppo)ite end of the +e))el with a p.)h rodD or with replacement element)"

-#. Interconnector Tecnolo)3 !or 2:inc Diameter FILMTEC Elements

The interconnector 2etween two mem2rane element) i) a critical item in the o+erall performance of a re+er)e o)mo)i) or
nanofiltration )y)tem" The interconnector cond.ct) the low pre)).re prod.ct water from element to element and .ltimately o.t of
a pre)).re +e))el while keeping it )eparate from the high pre)).re feed and 2rine )ol.tion)" The interconnector m.)t therefore
2e )trong eno.gh to with)tand the pre)).re of the feed a) well a) pro+ide a perfect )eal 2etween the feed and prod.ct water"

&.(.1 New 1nterconnector )dantages

The Idog 2oneJ interconnector offer) three ad+antage) o+er pre+io.) generation) of interconnector)" The fir)t ad+antage i)
that total )eal area of the dog 2one interconnector i) the )ame a) the old 0 o&ring interconnector" 4t i) the )ame 2eca.)e the
o&ring) .)ed are twice the cro))&)ectional diameter and the groo+e proportion) are the )ame" :dditionallyD 2eca.)e the )eal
footprint i) larger with one large o&ringD the )eal i) more likely to 2ridge defect) in the )ealing ).rface" -a+ing one large
footprint )eal i) an ad+antage o+er two )mall footprint )eal)" ig.re 0"2 i) a )caled drawing of two )maller o&ring) and one
larger o&ring ha+ing twice the cro))&)ectional diameter"

Figure &.2 !4ring cross4section of 2 o4ring and Gdog4bonedH interconnector ends

$igure ?a. ;nterconnector#-rings
$igure ?b. 9og boned;nterconnector #-ring
$igure ?a. ;nterconnector#-rings
$igure ?b. 9og boned;nterconnector #-ring

Page 1$3 of 181
The )econd ad+antage of the Idog 2onedJ interconnector i) that it allow) for mi)alignment of the prod.ct water t.2e) of
element)" The prod.ct water t.2e end) do not nat.rally line .p 2eca.)e one end of the element ha) a 2rine )eal while the
other doe) not" The 2rine )eal nat.rally center) one end of the element in the pre)).re +e))el while the end witho.t the 2rine
)eal )ag) in relation" ig.re 0"/ ill.)trate) the potential mi)alignment of two element) and )how) the enlargement of the
interconnector alone" (eca.)e the interconnector ha) only one o&ring on each end and i) narrow in the middleD it i) free to
pi+ot and correct for mi)alignment of prod.ct water t.2e)"

Figure &." 'roduct water tube misalignment

: third ad+antage of the Idog 2onedJ interconnector i) that the larger cro))&)ection o&ring ha) le)) of a chance of Irolling o.tJ
of the o&ring groo+e" 9hen o&ring )ealed part) )lide 2ack and forthD the o&ring ha) a tendency to e;tr.de into the gap
2etween the two part)" 4n 2oth the interconnector de)ign)D the gap 2etween the part) i) the )ame" (.t )ince the ratio of the
o&ring diameter to the gap width i) m.ch larger for the dog&2oned interconnectorD there i) m.ch le)) chance of the o&ring
coming o.t of the groo+e and the )eal 2eing damaged or lo)t"

Page 1$# of 181
&.(.2 ,ummar+ of 5arge 6lement 1nterconnectors

Ta2le 0"1 ).mmari<e) the range of interconnector) .)ed 2y ilmTec for 8&inch&diameter element)" 4t )how) 2oth the part
n.m2er of the interconnector and the part n.m2er and eB.i+alence for the o&ring) )ho.ld they need replacement d.ring
)y)tem maintenance"

*able &.1 F15M*6C9 interconnector (coupler) summar+
1nterconnector 1nterconnector part number Replacement o4rings
1nterconnector

Film*ec "1"10/

b

8)ed in (9/$&/#3D (9/$&0$$D 56&0$$D
(9/$&/#3&*D (9/$&0$$&*D 7?/$&0$$D
79/$-*56&0$$D 79/$-*&/8$D 79/$-*&/2$D
!&0$$ and 1aple 7ap 1ark 4 element)

b6ach interconnector incl.de) two /&%12
6P* o&ring) (ilmTec part n.m2er 131'$3)

Film*ec 2((2/0

b

8)ed in *,&/%$&D -7*,&/%$&D
and !&/%$& element)
b Poly).lfone
b6ach interconnector incl.de) two /&%12
6P* o&ring) (ilmTec part n.m2er 131'$3)
Full fit interconnector

b6ach interconnector incl.de) two 2&218
6P* o&ring) (ilmTec part n.m2er 21#/'$)
Film*ec 2(01.1

b

8)ed in (9/$56&00$D L56&00$D 7?/$&0/$D
!%$&0$$D !2'$&0$$D and !2$$&0$$ element)
b 4n=ection molded high impact :(7
5ow energ+ interconnector

-#/ Installin) an Element S,acer

4n )ome in)tance) it i) de)ira2le to red.ce the amo.nt of water that a mem2rane )y)tem prod.ce)" 4n large )y)tem)D thi) i)
often done 2y t.rning off 2ank) of element)" 4n other )y)tem) the feed pre)).re i) red.cedD 2.t red.cing the feed pre)).re
will lower the o+erall water B.ality" ThereforeD it may 2e nece))ary to remo+e the lead element) from a )y)tem and in)tall
element )pacer) in)tead"

:n element )pacerD al)o called a Idead manDJ i) )imply a )tandard prod.ct water t.2e witho.t permeate hole)" Proper
in)tallation i) critical to 2oth performance and )afety" ,nly one element )pacer can 2e in)talled per pre)).re +e))elD and it
m.)t alway) 2e in)talled in the fir)t or lead element po)ition" 4f placed in any other po)ition it may crack or 2reak d.e to the
force 2eing p.t on the prod.ct water t.2e"

To in)tall the )pacerE
1" *emo+e the fir)t or lead po)ition element"
2" *emo+e and in)pect the adapter and fir)t interconnectorD making certain that the o&ring) are not rolledD compre))ion )et
(flat on one )ide)D or otherwi)e damaged" *eplace the o&ring) if nece))ary"
/" 4n)ert the interconnector in the )pacer and p.)h the )pacer@interconnector into the )econd po)ition element"
0" 4n)ert the adapter and then replace the pre)).re +e))el head" 4t may 2e helpf.l to only partially in)ert the interconnector
and adapter to lea+e room to line .p the part)" :lternatelyD a g.ide )tick can 2e in)erted thro.gh the permeate port on
the +e))el head to hold the )pacer in line while the part) are p.)hed together"

ig.re 0"0 )how) an element )pacer properly in)talled in a pre)).re +e))el"

Page 1$' of 181
Figure &.& 6lement spacer properl+ installed in a pressure essel

Page 1$8 of 181
.# S3stem O,eration

.#" Intro%uction

7.cce))f.l long&term performance of the mem2rane )y)tem (! and *,) depend) on proper operation and maintenance of
the )y)tem" Thi) incl.de) the initial plant )tart&.p and operational )tart&.p) and )h.t&down)" Pre+enting fo.lingD )calingD
pl.gging and degradationD e"g" 2y o;idationD of the mem2rane) i) not only a matter of )y)tem de)ignD 2.t al)o a matter of
proper commi))ioning and operation" *ecord keeping and data normali<ation i) reB.ired in order to know the act.al plant
performance and to ena2le correcti+e mea).re) when nece))ary" Complete and acc.rate record) are al)o reB.ired in ca)e
of a )y)tem performance warranty claim

.#* Initial Start:0,

(efore initiating )y)tem )tart&.p proced.re)D pretreatment check)D loading of the mem2rane element)D in)tr.ment cali2ration
and other )y)tem check) )ho.ld 2e completed"

(.2.1 6Iuipment

The initial )y)tem )tart&.p i) typically performed =.)t after the element loading" The material needed for element loading i)
li)ted in Section ).1D Pre.aration" or )tart&.pD the following additional eB.ipment i) recommended & thi) )ho.ld al)o 2e part
of the eB.ipment at the )iteE

7afety gla))e) when working with chemical)
Thermometer
p- meter
Cond.cti+ity meter (rangeE from permeate to concentrate cond.cti+ity)
7D4 mea).ring eB.ipment
:deB.ate chemical) for cleaningD )aniti<ation and pre)er+ation
7cale to weigh one element
7pare element)
7ingle element te)t )tand (for large )y)tem) X 3$$ element))
(ottle) for water )ample)E
& >ol.meE at lea)t 123 ml
& 1aterialE -DP6 (high den)ity polyethylene)
& !.m2erE ).fficient to )ample raw waterD )y)tem feedD )y)tem permeate and )y)tem concentrate" 4n ca)e of a
)y)tem with more than one trainD each train i) to 2e )ampled )eparately" 4n ca)e of )y)tem) with more than one
)tageD permeate )ample) of the indi+id.al )tage) and feed@concentrate )ample) from in&2etween the )tage) ha+e
to 2e added" The operating condition) of the mem2rane )y)tem d.ring )ampling ha+e to 2e pro+ided"
:naly)i) eB.ipment forE
& Total hardne))
& Calci.m
& :lkalinity
& Chloride
& 7.lfate
& 4ron
& 7ilica
& ree chlorine
& *edo; potential
& T,C
& Color (a large white container may ).ffice to detect color in the permeate)

Page 1$% of 181
(.2.2 're4,tart4Up C3ec% and Commissioning )udit

:fter ha+ing loaded the element) into the pre)).re +e))el) and 2efore )tarting .p the mem2rane .nitD make ).re that the
whole pretreatment )ection i) working in accordance with the )pecification)" 4f the pretreatment in+ol+ed changing of the
chemical characteri)tic) of the raw waterD then a f.ll analy)i) of the water entering the mem2rane .nit m.)t 2e made"
.rthermoreD a2)ence of chlorineD t.r2idity and 7D4 m.)t 2e determined"

The raw water intake m.)t 2e )ta2le with re)pect toE
low
7D4
T.r2idity
Temperat.re
p-
Cond.cti+ity
(acteria ()tandard plate co.nt)

The following check) of the pretreatment )y)tem and the mem2rane .nit are recommended for the initial )tart&.p (re).lt) to
2e incl.ded in the )tart&.p report)E

're4,tart4Up C3ec%list
c Corro)ion re)i)tant material) of con)tr.ction are .)ed for all eB.ipment from the ).pply )o.rce to the mem2rane
incl.ding pipingD +e))el)D in)tr.ment) and wetted part) of p.mp)
c :ll piping and eB.ipment i) compati2le with de)igned pre)).re
c :ll piping and eB.ipment i) compati2le with de)igned p- range (cleaning)
c :ll piping and eB.ipment i) protected again)t gal+anic corro)ion
c 1edia filter) are 2ackwa)hed and rin)ed
c !ew@clean cartridge filter i) in)talled directly .p)tream of the high pre)).re p.mp
c eed lineD incl.ding *, feed manifoldD i) p.rged and fl.)hedD 2efore pre)).re +e))el) are connected
c Chemical addition point) are properly located
c Check@anti&)iphon +al+e) are properly in)talled in chemical addition line)
c Pro+i)ion) e;i)t for proper mi;ing of chemical) in the feed )tream
c Do)age chemical tank) are filled with the right chemical)
c Pro+i)ion) e;i)t for pre+enting the *, )y)tem from operating when the do)age p.mp) are )h.t down
c Pro+i)ion) e;i)t for pre+enting the do)age p.mp) from operating when the *, )y)tem i) )h.t down
c 4f chlorine i) .)edD pro+i)ion) e;i)t to en).re complete chlorine remo+al prior to the mem2rane)
c Planned in)tr.mentation allow) proper operation and monitoring of the pretreatment and *, )y)tem ()ee Section 3.13.*)
c Planned in)tr.mentation i) in)talled and operati+e
c 4n)tr.ment cali2ration i) +erified
c Pre)).re relief protection i) in)talled and correctly )et
c Pro+i)ion) e;i)t for pre+enting the permeate pre)).re from e;ceeding the feed@concentrate pre)).re more than 3 p)i
($"/

2ar) at any time
c 4nterlock)D time delay relay) and alarm) are properly )et
c Pro+i)ion) e;i)t for )ampling permeate from indi+id.al mod.le)
c Pro+i)ion) e;i)t for )ampling raw waterD feedD permeate and concentrate )tream) from each )tage and the total plant
permeate )tream
c Pre)).re +e))el) are properly piped 2oth for operation and cleaning mode
c Pre)).re +e))el) are )ec.red to the rack or frame per man.fact.rerH) in)tr.ction)
c Preca.tion) a) gi+en in Section )D !ssembly an& :oa&ing o" Pressure >esselsD are taken
c 1em2rane) are protected from temperat.re e;treme) (free<ingD direct ).nlightD heater e;ha.)tD etc")
c P.mp) are ready for operationE alignedD l.2ricatedD proper rotation
c itting) are tight
c Cleaning )y)tem i) in)talled and operati+e
c Permeate line i) open
c Permeate flow i) directed to drain (4n do.2le&pa)) )y)tem)D pro+i)ion) e;i)t to fl.)h fir)t pa)) witho.t permeate going
thro.gh the )econd pa)))
c *e=ect flow control +al+e i) in open po)ition
c eed flow +al+e i) throttled and@or p.mp 2ypa)) +al+e i) partly open to limit feed flow to le)) than 3$K of operating feed flow

Page 11$ of 181
(.2." ,tart4Up ,eIuence

Proper )tart&.p of re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,) and nanofiltration (!) water treatment )y)tem) i) e))ential to prepare the
mem2rane) for operating )er+ice and to pre+ent mem2rane damage d.e to e;ce))i+e pre)).re@flow or hydra.lic )hock"
ollowing the proper )tart&.p )eB.ence al)o help) en).re that )y)tem operating parameter) conform to de)ign condition) )o
that water B.ality and prod.cti+ity goal) can 2e achie+ed" 1ea).rement of initial )y)tem performance i) an important part of
the )tart&.p proce))" Doc.mented re).lt) of thi) e+al.ation )er+e a) 2enchmark) again)t which ongoing )y)tem operating
performance can 2e mea).red"

ollowing i) the recommended *, )y)tem )tart .p )eB.enceE

*+pical ,tart4Up ,eIuence
a" (efore initiating the )tart&.p )eB.enceD thoro.ghly rin)e the pretreatment )ection to fl.)h o.t de2ri) and other
contaminant) witho.t letting the feed enter the element)" ollow the Pre&7tart&.p check de)cri2ed in Section *.2.2D Pre@
Start@u. 8#ec5 an& 8ommissioning !u&it"

2" Check all +al+e) to en).re that )etting) are correct" The feed pre)).re control and concentrate control +al+e) )ho.ld 2e
f.lly open"

c" 8)e low pre)).re water at a low flow rate to fl.)h the air o.t of the element) and pre)).re +e))el)" l.)h at a ga.ge
pre)).re of /$ to #$ p)i ($"2 & $"0 1Pa)" :ll permeate and concentrate flow) )ho.ld 2e directed to an appropriate wa)te
collection drain d.ring fl.)hing"

!ir remaining in t#e elements an&9or in t#e .ressure vessels may lea& to excessive "orces on t#e element in "low
&irection or in ra&ial &irection an& causing "iberglass s#ell crac5ing i" t#e "ee& .ressure is ram.e& u. too Duic5ly 3see
also Section , 2roubles#ooting4.

d" D.ring the fl.)hing operationD check all pipe connection) and +al+e) for leak)" Tighten connection) where nece))ary"

e" :fter the )y)tem ha) 2een fl.)hed for a minim.m of /$ min.te)D clo)e the feed pre)).re control +al+e"

f" 6n).re that the concentrate control +al+e i) open"

Starting against a close& or almost close& concentrate valve coul& cause t#e recovery to be excee&e& w#ic# may lea& to
scaling .

g" 7lowly crack open the feed pre)).re control +al+e (feed pre)).re )ho.ld 2e le)) than #$ p)i@$"0 1Pa)"

h" 7tart the high pre)).re p.mp"

i" 7lowly open the feed pre)).re control +al+eD increa)ing the feed pre)).re and feed flow rate to the mem2rane element)
.ntil the de)ign concentrate flow i) reached" The feed pre)).re increa)e to the element) )ho.ld 2e le)) than 1$ p)i ($"$'
1Pa) per )econd to achie+e a )oft )tart" Contin.e to )end all permeate and concentrate flow) to an appropriate wa)te
collection drain"

1" t#e "ee& .ressure an&9or t#e "ee& "low rate are ram.e& u. too Duic5ly t#e #ousing o" t#e elements may be &amage& by
excessive "orces in "low &irection an&9or in ra&ial &irection @ es.ecially i" air is in t#e system @ lea&ing to telesco.ing
an&9or "iberglass s#ell crac5ing 3see Section , 2roubles#ooting4.

=" 7lowly clo)e the concentrate control +al+e .ntil the ratio of permeate flow to concentrate flow approache)D 2.t doe) not
e;ceedD the de)ign ratio (reco+ery)" Contin.e to check the )y)tem pre)).re to en).re that it doe) not e;ceed the .pper
de)ign limit"

k" *epeat )tep) "i" and "=" .ntil the de)ign permeate and concentrate flow) are o2tained"

l" Calc.late the )y)tem reco+ery and compare it to the )y)temd) de)ign +al.e"

Page 111 of 181
m" Check the addition of pretreatment chemical) (acidD )cale inhi2itor and )odi.m meta2i).lfite if .)ed)" 1ea).re feedwater
p-"

n" Check the 5angelier 7at.ration 4nde; (574) or the 7tiff R Da+i) 7ta2ility 4nde; (7RD74) of the concentrate 2y mea).ring
p-D cond.cti+ityD calci.m hardne))D and alkalinity le+el) and then making the nece))ary calc.lation)"

o" :llow the )y)tem to r.n for one ho.r"

p" Take the fir)t reading of all operating parameter)"

B" Check the permeate cond.cti+ity from each pre)).re +e))el to +erify that all +e))el) conform to performance
e;pectation) (e"g"D +e))el) with leaking ,&ring) or other e+idence of malf.nction to 2e identified for correcti+e action)"

r" :fter 20 to 08 ho.r) of operationD re+iew all recorded plant operating data ).ch a) feed pre)).reD differential pre)).reD
temperat.reD flow)D reco+ery and cond.cti+ity reading) (plea)e refer to Section *.6)" :t the )ame time draw )ample) of
feedwaterD concentrate and permeate for analy)i) of con)tit.ent)"

)" Compare )y)tem performance to de)ign +al.e)"

t" Confirm proper operation of mechanical and in)tr.mental )afety de+ice)"

." 7witch the permeate flow from drain to the normal )er+ice po)ition"

+" 5ock the )y)tem into a.tomatic operation"

w" 8)e the initial )y)tem performance information o2tained in )tep) "p" thro.gh "r" a) a reference for e+al.ating f.t.re
)y)tem performance" 1ea).re )y)tem performance reg.larly d.ring the fir)t week of operation to en).re proper
performance d.ring thi) critical initial )tage"

Figure (.1 *+pical R!8NF s+stem
cond
Cond.cti)ity
eter
FI
FI
Concentrate
QI

Page 112 of 181
(.2.& Membrane ,tart4Up 'erformance and ,tabili?ation

The )tart&.p performance of an *,@! mem2rane )y)tem and the time reB.ired to reach the )ta2ili<ed performance
depend) on the prior )torage condition) of the mem2rane" Dry mem2rane) and wet pre)er+ed mem2rane)D if properly
)toredD reach the )ame )ta2ili<ed performance after )ome ho.r) or a few day) of operation" The flow performance of wet
mem2rane) i) typically )ta2le right from the )tartD while dry mem2rane) tend to )tart at a )lightly higher flow" The )alt
re=ection of 451T6C mem2rane) in general impro+e) d.ring the fir)t few ho.r) or day) of operation and remain) )ta2le
then" 9et mem2rane) )ta2ili<e fa)ter than dry mem2rane)"

(.2.( ,pecial ,+stems< @ouble 'ass R!

9hen a do.2le pa)) )y)tem i) )tarted .pD the fir)t pa)) )y)tem m.)t ha+e 2een in operation for at lea)t 20 ho.r) 2efore the
permeate of the fir)t pa)) i) fed to the mem2rane) of the )econd pa))" ,therwi)e a permanent fl.; lo)) of the )econd pa))
may re).lt" The p- of the feedwater to 2oth pa))e) ha+e to 2e ad=.)ted for optim.m re).lt) in re=ection" : final prod.ct
water cond.cti+ity of Q 1 S7@cm i) 2eing o2tained ro.tinely from 2racki)h water )o.rce) with do.2le pa)) (9*, mem2rane
)y)tem)"

(.2.- ,pecial ,+stems< #eat ,aniti?able R!

!ew -7*, heat )aniti<a2le )piral element) m.)t 2e pre&conditioned prior to initial .)e 2y e;po).re to hot water" Plea)e
refer to Section 6.17.)D ;eat Saniti0ation"

.#+ O,eration Start:0,

,nce a mem2rane )y)tem ha) 2een )tarted .pD ideally it )ho.ld 2e kept r.nning at con)tant condition)" 4n realityD mem2rane
plant) ha+e to 2e )h.t down and re)tarted freB.ently" 7tart@)top cycle) re).lt in pre)).re and flow change)D ca.)ing
mechanical )tre)) to the mem2rane element)" ThereforeD the )tart@)top freB.ency )ho.ld 2e minimi<edD and the reg.lar
operation )tart&.p )eB.ence )ho.ld 2e a) )mooth a) po))i2le" 4n principleD the )ame )eB.ence i) recommended a) for the
initial )tart&.p" 1o)t important i) a )low feed pre)).re increa)eD e)pecially for )eawater plant)"

The normal )tart&.p )eB.ence i) typically a.tomated thro.gh the .)e of programma2le controller) and remotely operated
+al+e)" The cali2ration of in)tr.ment)D the f.nction of alarm) and )afety de+ice)D corro)ion pre+ention and leak&free
operation ha+e to 2e checked and maintained on a reg.lar 2a)i)"

.#- RO an% &F S3stems Sut%own

:n *,@! )y)tem i) de)igned to 2e operated contin.o.)ly" -owe+erD in reality mem2rane )y)tem) will )tart&.p and
)h.tdown on )ome freB.ency" 9hen the mem2rane )y)tem i) )h.tdownD the )y)tem m.)t 2e fl.)hed preferentially with
permeate water or alternati+ely with high B.ality feedwaterD to remo+e the high )alt concentration from the pre)).re +e))el)
.ntil concentrate cond.cti+ity matche) feedwater cond.cti+ity" l.)hing i) done at low pre)).re (a2o.t 0$ p)i@/ 2ar)" : high
feed flow rate i) )ometime) 2eneficial for a cleaning effectO howe+erD the ma;im.m pre)).re drop per element and per m.lti&
element +e))el A a) )tated on the 451T6C mem2rane) prod.ct information )heet & m.)t not 2e e;ceeded" D.ring low
pre)).re fl.)hingD the +e))el) of the la)t )tage of a concentrate )taged )y)tem are normally e;po)ed to the highe)t feed flow
rate) and therefore they )how the highe)t pre)).re drop"

The water .)ed for fl.)hing )hall contain no chemical) .)ed for the pretreatmentD e)pecially no )cale inhi2itor)" ThereforeD
any chemical in=ection (if .)ed) i) )topped 2efore fl.)hing" :fter fl.)hing the )y)temD the feed +al+e) are clo)ed completely" 4f
the concentrate line end) into a drain 2elow the le+el of the pre)).re +e))el)D then an air 2reak )ho.ld 2e employed in the
concentrate line at a po)ition higher than the highe)t pre)).re +e))el" ,therwi)eD the +e))el) might 2e emptied 2y a
)iphoning effect"

Page 11/ of 181
9hen the high pre)).re p.mp i) )witched offD and the feed@concentrate )ide had not 2een fl.)hed o.t with permeate waterD
a temporary permeate re+er)e flow will occ.r 2y nat.ral o)mo)i)" Thi) re+er)e flow i) )ometime) referred to a) permeate
draw&2ack or ).ck&2ack" Permeate ).ck&2ack alone or in com2ination with a feed&)ide fl.)h may pro+ide a 2eneficial
cleaning effect" To accommodate permeate ).ck&2ackD eno.gh water +ol.me )ho.ld 2e a+aila2le to pre+ent a +ac..m from
2eing drawn or air 2eing ).cked 2ack into the mem2rane element" or dimen)ioning a draw&2ack tankD )ee Section 3.13.6"

4f the permeate line i) pre)).ri<ed d.ring operation and the )y)tem )h.t) downD the mem2rane might 2ecome e;po)ed to a
)tatic permeate 2ackpre)).re" To a+oid mem2rane damage from 2ackpre)).reD the )tatic permeate 2ackpre)).re m.)t not
e;ceed 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar) at any time" Check +al+e) or atmo)pheric drain +al+e) in the permeate line can 2e .)ed to )afeg.ard
the mem2rane" The)e )afeg.ard +al+e) need to work al)o and e)pecially in ca)e of non&)ched.led )h.tdown)D e"g" 2eca.)e
of a power fail.reD or emergency )h.tdown)"

9hen the )y)tem m.)t 2e )h.t down for longer than 08 ho.r)D take care thatE
The element) do not dry o.t" Dry element) will irre+er)i2ly lo)e fl.;"
The )y)tem i) adeB.ately protected again)t micro&2iological growthD or reg.lar fl.)hing i) carried o.t e+ery 20 ho.r)"
9hen applica2leD the )y)tem i) protected again)t temperat.re e;treme)"

The mem2rane plant can 2e )topped for 20 ho.r) witho.t pre)er+ation and preca.tion) for micro2iological fo.ling" 4f
feedwater for fl.)hing e+ery 20 ho.r) i) not a+aila2leD pre)er+ation with chemical) i) nece))ary for longer )top) than 08
ho.r)" Plea)e refer to Section +.) for f.rther lay&.p con)ideration)"

.#. 4%;ustment o! O,eration Parameters

(.(.1 1ntroduction

: mem2rane )y)tem i) de)igned on the 2a)i) of a defined )et of data ).ch a) the permeate flowD feedwater compo)ition and
temperat.re" 4n realityD the plant operation ha) to 2e fle;i2le to re)pond to changing need) or changing condition)"

(.(.2 7rac%is3 $ater

The normal way of operating 2racki)h water *, and ! mem2rane plant) i) to keep the flow) and th.) the reco+ery
con)tant at the de)ign +al.e)" :ny change in the mem2rane fl.;D e"g" 2y temperat.re or fo.lingD are compen)ated 2y
ad=.)ting the feed pre)).re" -owe+erD the ma;im.m )pecified feed pre)).re m.)t not 2e e;ceededD nor )ho.ld too m.ch
fo.ling 2e tolerated (for cleaningD plea)e refer to Section 6D 8leaning an& Saniti0ation)"

4f the feedwater analy)i) change) ).ch that the )caling potential increa)e)D the )y)tem reco+ery ha) to 2e decrea)edD or
other mea).re) ha+e to 2e taken to cope with the new )it.ation" Plea)e refer to Section 2D (ater 8#emistry an&
Pretreatment"

The mo)t common )it.ation i) that the permeate capacity of the plant ha) to 2e ad=.)ted to the need)" !ormallyD the capacity
i) de)igned to meet the peak need)" ,perating with o+ercapacity i) generally not recommended" Th.)D ad=.)tment mean)
lowering the de)ign permeate o.tp.t" The ea)ie)t way i) to )h.t the plant down when no permeate i) needed" : high
)tart@)top freB.encyD howe+erD can lower the performance and the lifetime of the mem2rane)" : permeate 2.ffer tank may 2e
.)ed to allow a more con)tant operation"

*ed.cing the feed pre)).re i) another way to red.ce the permeate flow" Prefera2lyD thi) i) done 2y .)ing a )peed controlled
p.mp in order to )a+e energy" !ormallyD the )y)tem reco+ery i) kept con)tant when the permeate flow i) red.ced" 4t ha) to
2e en).red 2y a )y)tem analy)i) .)ing the comp.ter programD that )ingle element reco+erie) do not e;ceed their limit) ()ee
Section 3D System Design)" D.ring low flow operationD the )y)tem )alt re=ection i) lower than d.ring de)ign flow operation"
:l)oD yo. m.)t 2e certain that minim.m concentrate flow) are maintained d.ring low flow operation"

Page 110 of 181
(.(." ,eawater

4n principleD the operation parameter) of )eawater plant) are ad=.)ted the )ame way a) in 2racki)h water application)"
-owe+erD the ma;im.m allowed feed pre)).re a) )pecified on the prod.ct information )heetD and the permeate TD7 are
often the limiting factor)"

Decrea)ing feedwater temperat.re can 2e compen)ated 2y increa)ing the feed pre)).re .p to the ma;im.m" ,nce the
ma;im.m pre)).re i) reachedD a f.rther decrea)ing temperat.re ca.)e) the permeate flow to decrea)e"

4ncrea)ing temperat.re i) compen)ated 2y lowering the feed pre)).re" Thi) i) only po))i2leD howe+erD a) far a) the tolerated
permeate TD7 i) not e;ceeded" :lternati+elyD increa)ing temperat.re can 2e compen)ated 2y taking a n.m2er of pre)).re
+e))el) o.t of )er+ice" (y red.cing the acti+e mem2rane areaD the feed pre)).re and the permeate TD7 are kept a2o.t
con)tant" : )y)tem analy)i) ha) to 2e r.n to make ).re that ma;im.m element permeate flow) are not e;ceeded" 9hen
)ome +e))el) are taken o.t of )er+iceD they ha+e to 2e properly i)olated and pre)er+ed"

:n increa)e in the feedwater )alinity can 2e compen)ated 2y increa)ing the feed pre)).re .p to the ma;im.m" 4f f.rther
pre)).re increa)e i) not po))i2leD than a lowered permeate flow and )y)tem reco+ery ha) to 2e accepted" : lower feedwater
)alinity allow) to decrea)e the feed pre)).re and@or to increa)e the )y)tem reco+ery and@or to increa)e the permeate flow"

The ad=.)tment of the permeate capacity to red.ced need) i) normally accompli)hed 2y ).fficiently dimen)ioned permeate
tank)"

(ig plant) are )plit .p into a n.m2er of identical train)" Then the n.m2er of train) in )er+ice can 2e ad=.)ted to the need)"

.#/ Recor% =ee,in)

(.-.1 1ntroduction

4n order to 2e a2le to follow the performance of the *, .nitD it i) nece))ary that all rele+ant data are collectedD recorded and
kept on file" :part from keeping track of the performanceD the log)heet) are al)o +al.a2le tool) for tro.2le)hootingD and are
needed in the ca)e) of warranty claim)"

Thi) chapter i) for general g.idance only and m.)t not 2e .)ed in place of the operating man.al for a partic.lar plant" 7ite&
dependent factor) pre+ent )pecific recommendation) for all record keeping" Th.)D only the more general record keeping i)
co+ered here"

(.-.2 ,tart4Up Report

Pro+ide a complete de)cription of the *, plant" Thi) can 2e done .)ing a flow diagram and eB.ipmentD in)tr.mentationD
and material li)t to )how water )o.rceD pretreatment )y)temD *, config.ration and po)ttreatment )y)tem"
?i+e re).lt) of checking according to check li)t (Section *.2.2D Pre@Start@u. 8#ec5 an& 8ommissioning !u&it)
Pro+ide cali2ration c.r+e) of all ga.ge) and meter) 2a)ed on man.fact.rer)d recommendation)"
*ecord initial performance of *, and pretreatment )y)tem a) pro+ided 2elow"

Page 113 of 181
(.-." R! !perating @ata

The following data m.)t 2e recorded and logged into an appropriate log)heet at lea)t once per )hiftD .nle)) otherwi)e )tated
()ee Ta2le 3"1 for an e;ample)"

DateD time and ho.r) of operation"
Pre)).re drop per filter cartridge and per )tage"
eedD permeate and concentrate pre)).re of each )tage"
Permeate and concentrate flow) of each )tage"
Cond.cti+ity of the feedD permeate and concentrate )tream) for each )tage" Permeate cond.cti+ity of each pre)).re
+e))el weekly"
TD7 of feedD permeate and concentrate )tream) for each )tage" The TD7 i) calc.lated from the water analy)i)" 4t can
al)o 2e calc.lated from the cond.cti+ity (at 23PC) 6C23 and an appropriate F factorE
TD7 W F 6C23

The F factor ha) to 2e determined for each )pecific )tream" Typical F factor) are )hown in Ta2le 3"2"

p- of the feedD permeate and concentrate )tream)"
7ilt Den)ity 4nde; (7D4) or t.r2idity of the *, feed )treamD or 2oth"
9ater temperat.re of the feed )tream"
5angelier 7at.ration 4nde; (574) of the concentrate )tream from the la)t )tage (for concentrate )tream) Q 1$D$$$ mg@l
TD7)"
7tiff and Da+i) 7ta2ility 4nde; (7RD74) of the concentrate )tream from the la)t )tage
(for concentrate )tream) X1$D$$$ mg@l)"
Cali2ration of all ga.ge) and meter) 2a)ed on man.fact.rerH) recommendation) a) to method and freB.ency 2.t no
le)) freB.ent than once e+ery three month)"
:ny .n.).al incident)D for e;ampleD .p)et) in 7D4D p- and pre)).re and )h.tdown)"
Complete water analy)i) of the feedD permeate and concentrate )tream) and the raw water at )tart&.p and e+ery week
thereafter"

The water analy)i) )hall incl.deE
& Calci.m
& 1agne)i.m
& 7odi.m
& Pota))i.m
& 7tronti.m
& (ari.m
& 4ron (totalD di))ol+ed and ferro.))
& :l.mini.m (total and di))ol+ed)
& (icar2onate
& 7.lfate
& Chloride
& !itrate
& l.oride
& Pho)phate (total)
& 7ilica (di))ol+ed)
& Total di))ol+ed )olid)
& Cond.cti+ity
& p-
& T,C

Page 11# of 181
*able (.1 Reerse osmosis operating log (eAample)

*able (.2 Factors for estimating *@, from conductiit+
$ater 6C2(1 (m,8m) B
Permeate $"1 & 1
/$ & 8$
$"3$
$"33
7eawater 0D3$$ & #D$$$ $"'$
Concentrate #D3$$ & 8D3$$ $"'3

Page 11' of 181
(.-.& 'retreatment !perating @ata

7ince the *, )y)tem performance depend) largely on the proper operation of the pretreatmentD the operating characteri)tic)
of the pretreatment eB.ipment )ho.ld 2e recorded" 7pecific recommendation) for all record keeping cannot 2e gi+enD
2eca.)e pretreatment i) )ite dependent" TypicallyD the following item) m.)t 2e recordedE
Total re)id.al chlorine concentration in the *, feed (daily & .nle)) known to 2e completely a2)ent)"
Di)charge pre)).re of any well or 2oo)ter p.mp) (twice a day)"
Pre)).re drop of all filter) (twice a day)"
Con).mption of acid and any other chemical) (daily & if .)ed)"
Cali2ration of all ga.ge) and meter) 2a)ed on man.fact.rer)d recommendation) a) to method and freB.ency 2.t no
le)) freB.ent than once e+ery / month)"
:ny .n.).al incident)D for e;ampleD .p)et) and )h.tdown) a) they occ.r"

(.-.( Maintenance 5og

*ecord ro.tine maintenance"
*ecord mechanical fail.re) and replacement)"
*ecord any change of mem2rane element location) with element )erial n.m2er)"
*ecord replacement) or addition) of *, de+ice)"
*ecord cali2ration of all ga.ge) and meter)"
*ecord replacement or addition) of pretreatment eB.ipmentD for e;ample cartridge filter) and incl.de dateD 2rand name
and nominal rating"
*ecord all cleaning) of *, mem2rane)" 4ncl.de dateD d.ration of cleaningD cleaning agent()) and concentrationD )ol.tion
p-D temperat.re d.ring cleaningD flow rate and pre)).re (for cleaning proced.re) )ee Section 6D 8leaning an& Saniti0ation)"

(.-.- 'lant 'erformance Normali?ation

The performance of an *,@! )y)tem i) infl.enced 2y the feedwater compo)itionD feed pre)).reD temperat.re and reco+ery"
or e;ampleD a feed temperat.re drop of 0PC will ca.)e a permeate flow decrea)e of a2o.t 1$K" Thi)D howe+erD i) a normal
phenomenon"

4n order to di)ting.i)h 2etween ).ch normal phenomena and performance change) d.e to fo.ling or pro2lem)D the
mea).red permeate flow and )alt pa))age ha+e to 2e normali<ed" !ormali<ation i) a compari)on of the act.al performance
to a gi+en reference performance while the infl.ence) of operating parameter) are taken into acco.nt" The reference
performance may 2e the de)igned performance or the mea).red initial performance"

!ormali<ation with reference to the de)igned (or warranted) )y)tem performance i) .)ef.l to +erify that the plant gi+e) the
)pecified (or warranted) performance" !ormali<ation with reference to the initial )y)tem performance i) .)ef.l to )how .p
any performance change) 2etween day one and the act.al date"

Plant performance normali<ation i) )trongly recommendedD 2eca.)e it allow) an early identification of potential pro2lem)
(e"g" )caling or fo.ling) when the normali<ed data are recorded daily" Correcti+e mea).re) are m.ch more effecti+e when
taken early"

: comp.ter program called T!,*1 i) a+aila2le for normali<ing operating data and graphing normali<ed permeate flow and
)alt pa))age a) well a) pre)).re drop" Thi) program i) a+aila2le from o.r we2 )ite www"filmtec"com and reB.ire) 6;cel

)oftware" :lternati+elyD the mea).red plant performance at operating condition) can 2e tran)ferred to )tandard (reference)
condition) 2y the following calc.lation)E

Page 118 of 181
:" !ormali<ed Permeate low

o
o
s
fc p
o
f
fc p f
S
Q
TCF
TCF
P
P
P
P P
Q
o o
s s s

2
2
P

0
s

(1)

with P
f
W feed pre)).re
a P
2 W one half de+ice pre)).re drop
P
p
W prod.ct pre)).re
e
fc
W o)motic pre)).re of the feed&concentrate mi;t.re
TC W temperat.re correction factor
C

W prod.ct flow
).2)cript ) W )tandard condition
).2)cript o W operating condition

The temperat.re correction factor follow) the form.laE
TC W 6LP Y2#0$

;

f1 @ 2%8 A 1 @ (2'/ U T)gZO T 23PC
W 6LP Y/$2$

;

f1 @ 2%8 A 1 @ (2'/ U T)gZO T 23PC
where T W temperat.re a) PC"

:) )tandard condition)D we take either the de)ign +al.e) or the condition) at initial performance a) gi+en in the )tart&.p
reportD )o that a fi;ed reference point i) a+aila2le"

or the o)motic pre)).reD different form.la) are a+aila2le in the literat.re" : +alid and practical )hort appro;imation i)E

bar
T Cfc
fc
491000
) 320 (
+
for C
fc
Q 2$$$$ mg@l

and

bar
T c Cf
fc
345
320

23 . 14
34 0117 . 0
+

for C
fc
X 2$$$$ mg@l

with C
fc
W concentration of the feed&concentrate

C
fc
can 2e calc.lated from following appro;imationE
Y
Y
C C
f fc

1
1
ln

prod.ct flow
where ^ W reco+ery ratio W feed flow

C
f
W TD7 feed mg@l

Page 11% of 181
(" The !ormali<ed Permeate TD7 i) calc.lated from
o
s
s s s s
o o
o s
fc
fc
p fc p
s
f
p fc po
o
f
p p
C
C
P
P
P
P
P
P
C C
- -
2
-
- -
2
-

0

(2)

Term) not yet defined .nder : areE
C
p
W prod.ct concentration a) ion in mg@l
e
p
W o)motic pre)).re of the permeate in 2ar

6Aample
>al.e) of 7tart&8pE
eed water analy)i) in mg@lE
CaE 2$$ -C,/E 132
1gE #1 7,0E 332
!aE /88 ClE #//

Temp"E 3%P (13PC) Pre)).re dropE 00 p)i (/ 2ar)
Pre)).reE /#/ p)i (23 2ar) Permeate pre)).reE 10"3 p)i (1 2ar)
lowE ##$ gpm (13$ m
/
@h) Permeate TD7E 8/ mg@l
*eco+eryE '3 K

>al.e) after / month)E
eed water analy)i) in mg@lE
CaE 2$$ -C,/E 132
1gE 8$ 7,0E 3/$
!aE 08$ ClE 83$

Temp"E 3$P (1$PC) Pre)).re dropE 38 p)i (0 2ar)
Pre)).reE 0$# p)i (28 2ar) Permeate pre)).reE 2% p)i (2 2ar)
lowE #$$ gpm (12' m
/
@h) Permeate TD7E 8$ mg@l
*eco+eryE '2 K

or the )tandard condition) we ha+eE

P
f
)
W /#/ p)i (23 2ar)

aP
)

__ W 181"3 p)i (1"3 2ar)
2

C
f
)
W 1%8# mg@l
l mg C
s fc
/ 3671
75 . 0
75 . 0 1
1
ln
1986

E
fc
)
W /#"/ p)i (2"3 2ar)

TC
)
W 6LP Y/$2$

;

f1 @ 2%8 A 1 @ (2'/ U 13)gZ W $"'$

Page 12$ of 181
or the operating condition) we ha+eE

P
f
o
W 0$# p)i (28 2ar)

a P
o

__ W 2% p)i (2 2ar)
2

C
f
o

W 22%2 mg@l

1
ln ___
1 & $"'2
C
fc
o
W 22%2 ; _____ W 0$32 mg@l
$"'2

E
fc
o
W /%"0 p)i (2"'2 2ar)

TC
o
W 6LP Y/$2$

;

f1 @ 2%8 A 1 @ (2'/ U 1$)gZ W $"38

7.2)tit.ting the)e +al.e) in eB.ation) (1) gi+e)E

23 & 1"3 & 1 & 2"3 $"'$
C
)
W ________ ; __ ; 12'
28 & 2 & 2 & 2"' $"38

W #/# gpm normali<ed flow (100 m
/
@h)

Compared to the )tart&.p condition)D the plant ha) lo)t 0 K capacity" Thi) i) a normal +al.e after a period of / month)"
Cleaning i) not yet nece))ary"

The normali<ed permeate TD7 i) deri+ed from eB.ation (2)E

28 & 2 & 2 & 2"'2 U $"$# /#'1
C
p
)
W ___________ ; ___ ; 8$
23 & 1"3 & 1 & 2"3 U $"$3 0$32

W '' mg@l

Compared to the initial 8/ mg@lD the )alt re=ection ha) )lightly impro+ed" 7.ch 2eha+ior i) typical for the initial pha)e"

Re!erences

1) ô.ng2ergD D":"E 7tart&.p of an *,@D4 P.re 9ater 7y)tem" 8ltrap.re 9aterD 1arch@:pril 1%8#D 0#&3$"
2) :7T1 D00'2&8% (*eappro+ed 2$$/)E 7tandard ?.ide for *ecord Feeping for *e+er)e ,)mo)i) 7y)tem)"
/) :7T1 D031#&$$E 7tandard Practice for 7tandardi<ing *e+er)e ,)mo)i) Performance Data"
0) :7T1 D01%3&88 (*eappro+ed 2$$/)E 7tandard ?.ide for 9ater :naly)i) for *e+er)e ,)mo)i) :pplication"
3) 9altonD >"*"?"E 6lectrical Cond.cti+ity and Total Di))ol+ed 7olid) A 9hat i) Their Preci)e *elation)hiph De)alinationD
'2 (1%8%) 2'3&2%2"

Page 121 of 181
/# Cleanin) an% Saniti>ation

/#" Intro%uction

The ).rface of a re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,) mem2rane i) ).2=ect to fo.ling 2y foreign material) that may 2e pre)ent in the feed
waterD ).ch a) hydrate) of metal o;ide)D calci.m precipitate)D organic) and 2iological matter" The term Ifo.lingJ incl.de) the
2.ild&.p of all kind) of layer) on the mem2rane ).rfaceD incl.ding )caling"

Pretreatment of the feed water prior to the *, proce)) i) 2a)ically de)igned to red.ce contamination of the mem2rane
).rface) a) m.ch a) po))i2le" Thi) i) accompli)hed 2y in)talling an adeB.ate pretreatment )y)tem and )electing optim.m
operating condition)D ).ch a) permeate flow rateD pre)).re and permeate water reco+ery ratio"

,cca)ionallyD fo.ling of the mem2rane ).rface) i) ca.)ed 2yE
4nadeB.ate pretreatment )y)tem
Pretreatment .p)et condition)
4mproper material) )election (p.mp)D pipingD etc")
ail.re of chemical do)ing )y)tem)
4nadeB.ate fl.)hing following )h.tdown
4mproper operational control
7low 2.ild&.p of precipitate) o+er e;tended period) (2ari.mD )ilica)
Change in feed water compo)ition
(iological contamination of feed water

The fo.ling of mem2rane ).rface) manife)t) it)elf in performance declineD lower permeate flow rate and@or higher )ol.te
pa))age" 4ncrea)ed pre)).re drop 2etween the feed and concentrate )ide can 2e a )ide effect of fo.ling"

Cleaning can 2e accompli)hed +ery effecti+ely 2eca.)e of the com2ination of p- )ta2ility and temperat.re re)i)tance of the
mem2rane and the element component)" -owe+erD if cleaning i) delayed too longD it co.ld 2e diffic.lt to remo+e the fo.lant)
completely from the mem2rane ).rface" Cleaning will 2e more effecti+e the 2etter it i) tailored to the )pecific fo.ling
pro2lem" 7ometime) a wrong choice of cleaning chemical) can make a )it.ation wor)e" ThereforeD the type of fo.lant) on
the mem2rane ).rface )ho.ld 2e determined prior to cleaning" There are different way) to accompli)h thi)E
:naly<e plant performance data" Detail) are gi+en in Section ,.2D 'valuation o" System Per"ormance an& <.eration"
:naly<e feed water" : potential fo.ling pro2lem may already 2e +i)i2le there"
Check re).lt) of pre+io.) cleaning)"
:naly<e fo.lant) collected with a mem2rane filter pad .)ed for 7D4 +al.e determination ()ee Section 2.*.1)"
:naly<e the depo)it) on the cartridge filter"
4n)pect the inner ).rface of the feed line t.2ing and the feed end )croll of the 451T6C element" 4f it i) reddi)h&
2rownD fo.ling 2y iron material) may 2e pre)ent" (iological fo.ling or organic material i) often )limy or gelatino.)"

/#* Sa!et3 Precautions

1" 9hen .)ing any chemical indicated here or in ).2)eB.ent )ection)D follow accepted )afety practice)" Con).lt the
chemical man.fact.rer for detailed information a2o.t )afetyD handling and di)po)al"
2" 9hen preparing cleaning )ol.tion)D en).re that all chemical) are di))ol+ed and well mi;ed 2efore circ.lating the
)ol.tion) thro.gh the element)"
/" 9e recommend that the element) 2e fl.)hed with good&B.ality chlorine&free water (2$PC minim.m temperat.re) after
cleaning" Permeate water i) recommended" Prefiltered raw water or *,@! feed water can 2e .)ed for fl.)hing o.t the
cleaning )ol.tionD howe+er there i) a ri)k that cleaning chemical and@or fo.lant precipitation may occ.r" Care )ho.ld 2e
taken to operate initially at red.ced flow and pre)).re to fl.)h the 2.lk of the cleaning )ol.tion from the element) 2efore
re).ming normal operating pre)).re) and flow)" De)pite thi) preca.tionD cleaning chemical) will 2e pre)ent on the
permeate )ide following cleaning" ThereforeD when )tarting .p after cleaningD the permeate m.)t 2e di+erted to drain for
at lea)t 1$ min.te) or .ntil the water i) clear"

Page 122 of 181
0" D.ring recirc.lation of cleaning )ol.tion)D there are temperat.re and p- limit)" Plea)e refer to Ta2le #"1"
3" or element) greater than # inche) in diameterD the flow direction d.ring cleaning m.)t 2e the )ame a) d.ring normal
operation to pre+ent element tele)coping 2eca.)e the +e))el thr.)t ring i) in)talled only on the re=ect end of the +e))el"
Thi) i) al)o recommended for )maller element)" 6B.ipment for cleaning i) ill.)trated 2elow"

*able -.1 p# range and temperature limits during cleaning

6lement t+pe
MaA *emp (2LC (122LF)
p# range
MaA *emp &(LC (11"LF)
p# range
MaA *emp "(LC( 0( LF)
p# range
MaA *emp 2(LC (..LF)
p# range
(9/$D (9/$56D 56D L56D
T9/$D T9/$-PD !%$
Plea)e contact Dow for
a))i)tance
1 & 1$"3 1 & 12 1 & 1/
79/$-*D 79/$-* 56D
79/$L56D 79/$
Plea)e contact Dow for
a))i)tance
1 & 1$"3 1 & 12 1 & 1/
!2$$D !2'$ !ot allowed / & 1$ 1 & 11 1 & 12
7*%$ !ot allowed / & 1$ 1 & 11 1 & 12

/#+ Cleanin) Re?uirements

4n normal operationD the mem2rane in re+er)e o)mo)i) element) can 2ecome fo.led 2y mineral )caleD 2iological matterD
colloidal particle) and in)ol.2le organic con)tit.ent)" Depo)it) 2.ild .p on the mem2rane ).rface) d.ring operation .ntil they
ca.)e lo)) in normali<ed permeate flowD lo)) of normali<ed )alt re=ectionD or 2oth"

6lement) )ho.ld 2e cleaned when one or more of the 2elow mentioned parameter) are applica2leE
The normali<ed permeate flow drop) 1$K
The normali<ed )alt pa))age increa)e) 3 & 1$K
The normali<ed pre)).re drop (feed pre)).re min.) concentrate pre)).re) increa)e) 1$ & 13K

4f yo. wait too longD cleaning may not re)tore the mem2rane element performance ).cce))f.lly" 4n additionD the time
2etween cleaning) 2ecome) )horter a) the mem2rane element) will fo.l or )cale more rapidly"

Differential Pre)).re (iP) )ho.ld 2e mea).red and recorded acro)) each )tage of the array of pre)).re +e))el)" 4f the feed
channel) within the element 2ecome pl.ggedD the iP will increa)e" 4t )ho.ld 2e noted that the permeate fl.; will drop if
feedwater temperat.re decrea)e)" Thi) i) normal and doe) not indicate mem2rane fo.ling"

: malf.nction in the pretreatmentD pre)).re controlD or increa)e in reco+ery can re).lt in red.ced prod.ct water o.tp.t or an
increa)e in )alt pa))age" 4f a pro2lem i) o2)er+edD the)e ca.)e) )ho.ld 2e con)idered fir)t" The element()) may not reB.ire
cleaning" : comp.ter program called T!,*1 i) a+aila2le from ilmTec for normali<ing performance data of 451T6C
*, mem2rane)" Thi) program can 2e .)ed to a))i)t in determining when to clean and can 2e downloaded from o.r we2 )ite
(www"filmtec"com)"

/#- Cleanin) E?ui,ment

The eB.ipment for cleaning i) )hown in the cleaning )y)tem flow diagram (ig.re #"1)" The p- of cleaning )ol.tion) .)ed
with 451T6C element) can 2e in the range of 1A1/ ()ee Ta2le #"1)D and thereforeD noncorroding material) of con)tr.ction
)ho.ld 2e .)ed in the cleaning )y)tem"

Page 12/ of 181
Figure -.1 Cleaning s+stem flow diagram
Permeate
From Storage Tank
Tank
Concentrate
To Cleaning Tank
(Cleaning Operation)
Concentrate
To Drain
(Normal Operation)
Permeate
To Storage Tank
(Normal Operation)
Permeate
To Cleaning Tank
(Cleaning Operation)
V5
V6 V2
V1
V7
V3
V4
IH
TC
TI
DP
PI
CF
SS
LLS
PUMP
FI
RO UNIT
FT

@' Differential Pre)).re ?a.ge
F1 low 4ndicator
F* low Tran)mitter (optional)
'1 Pre)).re 4ndicator
E1 P.mp *ecirc.lation >al+eD CP>C
E2 low Control >al+eD CP>C
E" Concentrate >al+eD CP>C /&way +al+e
E& Permeate >al+eD CP>C /&way +al+e
E( Permeate 4nlet >al+eD CP>C
E- Tank Drain >al+eD P>CD or CP>C
E. P.rge >al+eD 77D P>CD or CP>C
*)NB Chemical 1i;ing TankD polypropylene or *P
1# 4mmer)ion -eater (may 2e replaced 2y cooling
coil for )ome )ite location))
*1 Temperat.re 4ndicator
*C Temperat.re Control
55, 5ower 5e+el 7witch to )h.t off p.mp
,, 7ec.rity 7creenA1$$ me)h
'UM' 5ow&Pre)).re P.mpD /1# 77 or
non&metallic compo)ite
CF Cartridge ilterD 3&1$ micron polypropylene with
P>CD *PD or 77 ho.)ing

1" The mi;ing tank )ho.ld 2e con)tr.cted of polypropylene or fi2ergla))&reinforced pla)tic (*P)" The tank )ho.ld 2e
pro+ided with a remo+a2le co+er and a temperat.re ga.ge" The cleaning proced.re i) more effecti+e when performed
at a warm temperat.reD and we recommend that the )ol.tion 2e maintained according to the p- and temperat.re
g.ideline) li)ted in Ta2le #"1" 9e do not recommend .)ing a cleaning temperat.re 2elow 13PC 2eca.)e of the +ery
)low chemical kinetic) at low temperat.re)" 4n additionD chemical) ).ch a) )odi.m la.ryl ).lfate might precipitate at low
temperat.re)" Cooling may al)o 2e reB.ired in certain geographic region)D )o 2oth heating@cooling reB.irement) m.)t
2e con)idered d.ring the de)ign" ) rule of t3umb in si?ing a cleaning tan% is to use t3e approAimate olume of
t3e empt+ pressure essels and t3en add t3e olume of t3e feed and return 3oses or pipes. or e;ampleD to
clean ten 8&inch&diameter pre)).re +e))el) with )i; element) per +e))elD the following calc.lation) wo.ld applyE

). Eolume in Eessels
l r +
"
vessel
O where r W radi.)O l W length
" "
6 "
vessel
<ft in. ?33
- gal<ft ft-,D.3G ,"@ in.- ,3 ?3 . 6
+

>+e))el W 32"2 gal@+e))el
>1$ +e))el) W 32 ; 1$ W 322 gal (2"$ m
/
)

7. Eolume in 'ipesK assume (2 ft lengt3 totalM &4in. ,C# /2 pipe
l r +
"
pipe
O where r W radi.)O l W length
" "
6 "
pipe
<ft in. ?33
- gal<ft ft-,D.3G ,F@ in.- ,?.C? ?3 . 6
+

>pipe W /$ gal
>1$ +e))el) U pipe W 322 U /$ W 332 gal (2"1 m
/
)

ThereforeD the cleaning tank )ho.ld 2e a2o.t 33$ gal (2"1 m
/
)"

Page 120 of 181
2" The cleaning p.mp )ho.ld 2e )i<ed for the flow) and pre)).re) gi+en in Ta2le #"2D making allowance) for pre)).re lo))
in the piping and acro)) the cartridge filter" The p.mp )ho.ld 2e con)tr.cted of /1# 77 or nonmetallic compo)ite
polye)ter)"

*able -.2 Recommended feed flow rate per pressure essel during 3ig3 flow rate rec+cle
Feed pressure
a
6lement diameter Feed flow rate per pressure essel
psig bar inc3es gpm m
"
83
2$ & #$ 1"3 & 0"$ 2"3 / & 3 $"' & 1"2
2$ & #$ 1"3 & 0"$ 0 8 & 1$ 1"8 & 2"/
2$ & #$ 1"3 & 0"$ 0 f.ll fit 12 & 10 2"' & /"2
2$ & #$ 1"3 & 0"$ # 1# & 2$ /"# & 0"3
2$ & #$ 1"3 & 0"$ 8 /$ & 03 #"$ & 1$"2
2$ & #$ 1"3 & 0"$ 8 f.ll fit 03 & 33 1$"2 & 12"3
a
Dependent on n.m2er of element) in pre)).re +e))elD amo.nt of fo.lant and flow re)triction of the concentrate +al+e"

/" :ppropriate +al+e)D flow meter) and pre)).re ga.ge) )ho.ld 2e in)talled to adeB.ately control the flow" 7er+ice line)
may 2e either hard&piped or ho)e)" 4n either ca)eD the flow rate )ho.ld 2e a moderate 1$ ft@) (/ m@)) or le))"
0" 6n).re that the concentrate and permeate ret.rn line) are ).2merged in the cleaning tank to minimi<e foaming"

/#. Cleanin) Proce%ure

There are )i; )tep) in the cleaning of element)E

1" 1ake .p cleaning )ol.tion"
2" 5ow&flow p.mping" P.mp mi;edD preheated cleaning )ol.tion to the +e))el at condition) of low flow rate (a2o.t half of
that )hown in Ta2le #"2) and low pre)).re to di)place the proce)) water" 8)e only eno.gh pre)).re to compen)ate for
the pre)).re drop from feed to concentrate" The pre)).re )ho.ld 2e low eno.gh that e))entially no or little permeate i)
prod.ced" : low pre)).re minimi<e) redepo)ition of dirt on the mem2rane" D.mp the concentrateD a) nece))aryD to
pre+ent dil.tion of the cleaning )ol.tion"
/" *ecycle" :fter the proce)) water i) di)placedD cleaning )ol.tion will 2e pre)ent in the concentrate )tream" Then recycle
the concentrate and permeate to the cleaning )ol.tion tank and allow the temperat.re to )ta2ili<e" 1ea).re the p- of
the )ol.tion and ad=.)t the p- if needed"
0" 7oak" T.rn the p.mp off and allow the element) to )oak" 7ometime) a )oak period of a2o.t 1 ho.r i) ).fficient" or
diffic.lt fo.ling an e;tended )oak period i) 2eneficialO )oak the element) o+ernight for 1$&13 ho.r)" To maintain a high
temperat.re d.ring an e;tended )oak periodD .)e a )low recirc.lation rate (a2o.t 1$ percent of that )hown in Ta2le #"2)"
3" -igh&flow p.mping" eed the cleaning )ol.tion at the rate) )hown in Ta2le #"2 for /$&#$ min.te)" The high flow rate
fl.)he) o.t the fo.lant) remo+ed from the mem2rane ).rface 2y the cleaning" 4f the element) are hea+ily fo.ledD a flow
rate which i) 3$ percent higher than )hown in Ta2le #"2 may aid cleaning" :t higher flow rate)D e;ce))i+e pre)).re drop
may 2e a pro2lem" The ma;im.m recommended pre)).re drop) are 13 p)i per element or 3$ p)i per m.lti&element
+e))elD whiche+er +al.e i) more limiting" Plea)e note that the 13 p)i per element or the 3$ p)i per m.lti&element +e))el
)ho.ld !,T 2e .)ed a) a cleaning criteria" Cleaning i) recommended when the pre)).re drop increa)e) 13K"
Pre)).re drop a2o+e 3$ p)i in a )ingle )tage may ca.)e )ignificant mem2rane damage"
#" l.)h o.t" *, permeate or deioni<ed water i) recommended for fl.)hing o.t the cleaning )ol.tion" Prefiltered raw water
or feed water )ho.ld 2e a+oided a) it) component) may react with the cleaning )ol.tionE precipitation of fo.lant) may
occ.r in the mem2rane element)" The minim.m fl.)h o.t temperat.re i) 2$PC"

Page 123 of 181
/#/ Cleanin) Ti,s

1" 4t i) )trongly recommended to clean the )tage) of the *, or ! )y)tem )eparately" Thi) i) to a+oid ha+ing the remo+ed
fo.lant from )tage 1 p.)hed into the 2nd )tage re).lting in minimal performance impro+ement from the cleaning" 4f the
)y)tem con)i)t) of / )tage)D )tage 2 and )tage / )ho.ld al)o 2e cleaned )eparately" or m.lti&)tage )y)tem)D while each
)tage )ho.ld 2e cleaned )eparatelyD the fl.)hing and )oaking operation) may 2e done )im.ltaneo.)ly in all )tage)" re)h
cleaning )ol.tion need) to 2e prepared when the cleaning )ol.tion 2ecome) t.r2id and@or di)colored" -igh&flow
recirc.lationD howe+erD )ho.ld 2e carried o.t )eparately for each )tageD )o the flow rate i) not too low in the fir)t )tage or
too high in the la)t" Thi) can 2e accompli)hed either 2y .)ing one cleaning p.mp and operating one )tage at a timeD or 2y
.)ing a )eparate cleaning p.mp for each )tage"
2" The fo.ling or )caling of element) typically con)i)t) of a com2ination of fo.lant) and )calant)D for in)tance a mi;t.re of
organic fo.lingD colloidal fo.ling and 2iofo.ling" ThereforeD it i) +ery critical that the fir)t cleaning )tep i) wi)ely cho)en"
ilmTec )trongly recommend) alkaline cleaning a) the fir)t cleaning )tep" :cid cleaning )ho.ld only 2e applied a) the fir)t
cleaning )tep if it i) known that only calci.m car2onate or iron o;ide@hydro;ide i) pre)ent on the mem2rane element)" :cid
cleaner) typically react with )ilicaD organic) (for in)tance h.mic acid)) and 2iofilm pre)ent on the mem2rane ).rface which
may ca.)e a f.rther decline of the mem2rane performance" 7ometime)D an alkaline cleaning may re)tore thi) decline that
wa) ca.)ed 2y the acid cleanerD 2.t often an e;treme cleaning will 2e nece))ary" :n e;treme cleaning i) carried o.t at p-
and temperat.re condition) that are o.t)ide the mem2rane man.fact.rerH) g.ideline) or 2y .)ing cleaning chemical) that
are not compati2le with the mem2rane element)" :n e;treme cleaning )ho.ld only 2e carried o.t a) a la)t re)ort a) it can
re).lt in mem2rane damage" & 4f the *, )y)tem ).ffer) from colloidalD organic fo.ling or 2iofo.ling in com2ination with
calci.m car2onateD then a two&)tep cleaning program will 2e neededE alkaline cleaning followed 2y an acid cleaning" The
acid cleaning may 2e performed when the alkaline cleaning ha) effecti+ely remo+ed the organic fo.lingD colloidal fo.ling
and 2iofo.ling"
/" :lway) mea).re the p- d.ring cleaning" 4f the p- increa)e) more than $"3 p- .nit) d.ring acid cleaningD more acid
need) to 2e added" 4f the p- decrea)e) more than $"3 p- .nit) d.ring alkaline cleaningD more ca.)tic need) to 2e
added"
0" 5ong )oak time)" 4t i) po))i2le for the )ol.tion to 2e f.lly )at.rated and the fo.lant) can precipitate 2ack onto the
mem2rane ).rface" 4n additionD the temperat.re will drop d.ring thi) periodD therefore the )oaking 2ecome) le))
effecti+e" 4t i) recommended to circ.late the )ol.tion reg.larly in order to maintain the temperat.re (temperat.re )ho.ld
not drop more than 3PC) and add chemical) if the p- need) to 2e ad=.)ted"
3" T.r2id or )trong colored cleaning )ol.tion) )ho.ld 2e replaced" The cleaning i) repeated with a fre)h cleaning )ol.tion"
#" 4f the )y)tem ha) to 2e )h.tdown for more than 20 ho.r)D the element) )ho.ld 2e )tored in 1K w@w )odi.m meta2i).lfite
)ol.tion"

Page 12# of 181
/#1 E!!ect o! ,' on Foulant Removal

4n addition to applying the correct cleaning )eB.ence (alkaline cleaning )tep fir)t)D )electing the correct p- i) +ery critical for
optim.m fo.lant remo+al" 4f fo.lant i) not ).cce))f.lly remo+edD the mem2rane )y)tem performance will decline fa)ter a) it i)
ea)ier for the fo.lant to depo)it on the mem2rane ).rface area" The time 2etween cleaning) will 2ecome )horterD re).lting in
)horter mem2rane element life and higher operating and maintenance co)t)"

1o)t effecti+e cleaning allow) longer )y)tem operating time 2etween cleaning) and re).lt) in the lowe)t operating co)t)"

ig.re #"2 and #"/ 2elow )how the importance of the )electing the right p- for ).cce))f.l cleaning"

Figure -.2 6ffect of p# on t3e remoal of calcium carbonate

$
$9(
%
%9(
'
'9(
R
e
l
a
t
i
)
e

c
h
a
n
g
e

1
e
r
m
e
a
t
e

2
l
o
w
'@ citric
acidB14 5&
5$C
4Cl B14
'9( & *(C
4ClB14 '&
*(C
4ClB14 %&
'(C
4ClB14%&
*(C
Less E22ecti)e Less E22ecti)e ore E22ecti)e ore E22ecti)e
Recommended Cleaning Conditions Recommended Cleaning Conditions

Calci.m car2onate i) 2e)t remo+ed 2y cleaning with hydrochloric acid at p- 1&2"

Figure -." 6ffect of p# on t3e remoal of biofouling

$
'
5
#
+
%$
%'
%5
%#
%+
R
e
l
a
t
i
)
e

c
h
a
n
g
e

1
e
r
m
e
a
t
e

2
l
o
w
14 %$ 14 %% 14 %'
'@ S0,, C $9+@
>aED0;B*(C
Less E22ecti)e Less E22ecti)e ore E22ecti)e ore E22ecti)e

(iofo.ling i) 2e)t remo+ed 2y cleaning at p- 12"

Page 12' of 181
/#2 Cleanin) Cemicals

Ta2le #"/ li)t) ).ita2le cleaning chemical)" :cid cleaner) and alkaline cleaner) are the )tandard cleaning chemical)" :cid
cleaner) are .)ed to remo+e inorganic precipitate) (incl.ding iron)D while alkaline cleaner) are .)ed to remo+e organic
fo.ling (incl.ding 2iological matter)" 7.lf.ric acid )ho.ld not 2e .)ed for cleaning 2eca.)e of the ri)k of calci.m ).lfate
precipitation" 7pecialty cleaning chemical) may 2e .)ed in ca)e) of )e+ere fo.ling or .niB.e cleaning reB.irement)"
Prefera2lyD *,@! permeate )ho.ld 2e .)ed for the preparation cleaning )ol.tion)D howe+erD prefiltered raw water may 2e
.)ed" The feed water can 2e highly 2.fferedD )o more acid or hydro;ide may 2e needed with feed water to reach the de)ired
p- le+elD which i) a2o.t 2 for acid cleaning and a2o.t 12 for alkaline cleaning"

*able -." ,imple cleaning solutions
Cleaner

Foulant
2.1; ($) Na!#
and p# 12K "(LC
maA. or 1.2;
($) Na&6@*)
and p# 12K
"(LC maA.
2.1; ($) Na!#
and p# 12K
"(LC maA. or
2.22(; ($)
Na4@,, and p#
12K "(LC maA.
2.2; ($)
#C1K 2(LC and
p# 1 4 2

1.2; ($)
Na2,2!&K 2(LC
and p# (
2.(; ($)
#"'!& K 2( LC
and
p# 1 4 2
1.2; ($)
N#2,!"# K 2(LC
and p# " 4 &
4norganic 7alt) (for e;ampleD CaC,/)
7.lfate 7cale) (Ca7,0D (a7,0)
1etal ,;ide) (for e;ampleD iron)
4norganic Colloid) ()ilt)
7ilica
(iofilm)
,rganic

,F

:lternati+e
:lternati+e
:lternati+e

Preferred
Preferred
Preferred
Preferred
Preferred :lternati+e

Preferred
:lternati+e

:lternati+e

:lternati+e
Te tem,eratures an% ,' liste% in Table /#+ are a,,licable !or $W+8< $W+8LE< LE< @LE< TW+8< TW+8'P< SW+8'R<
SW+8'R LE < SW+8@LE< SW+8 an% &F78 membrane elements# For more in!ormation re)ar%in) te allowe%
tem,eratures an% ,' !or cleanin)< ,lease re!er to Table /#"#

!ote)E
1" (9) denote) weight percent of acti+e ingredient"
2" o.lant chemical )ym2ol) in order .)edE CaC,/ i) calci.m car2onateO Ca7,0 i) calci.m ).lfateO (a7,0 i) 2ari.m ).lfate"
/" Cleaning chemical )ym2ol) in order .)edE !a,- i) )odi.m hydro;ideO !a06DT: i) the tetra&)odi.m )alt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and i) a+aila2le from The
Dow Chemical Company .nder the trademark >6*76!6j 1$$ and >6*76!6 22$ cry)tal)O !a&D77 i) )odi.m )alt of dodecyl).lfateO 7odi.m 5a.rel 7.lfateO -C4 i)
hydrochloric acid (1.ratic :cid)O -/P,0 i) pho)phoric acidO !-27,/- i) ).lfamic acidO !a272,0 i) )odi.m hydro).lfite"
0" or effecti+e ).lfate )cale cleaningD the condition m.)t 2e ca.ght and treated early" :dding !aCl to the cleaning )ol.tion of !a,- and !a06DT: may help a) ).lfate
)ol.2ility increa)e) with increa)ing )alinity" 7.cce))f.l cleaning of ).lfate )cale) older than 1 week i) do.2tf.l"
3" Citric :cid i) another cleaning alternati+e for metal o;ide) and calci.m car2onate )cale" 4t i) le)) effecti+e" 4t may contri2.te to 2iofo.ling e)pecially when it i) not
properly rin)ed o.t"

/#7 Cleanin) Proce%ure !or S,eci!ic Situations

-.0.1 >eneral Considerations

6ach cleaning )it.ation i) differentO thereforeD )pecific cleaning recommendation) are dependent on the type of fo.lant"
Con).lt the general cleaning in)tr.ction) for information that i) common to all type) of cleaning ).ch a) ).gge)ted
eB.ipmentD p- and temperat.re limit) and recommended flow rate)O then apply the )pecific recommendation a) needed"

-.0.2 ,ulfate ,cale

The following cleaning proced.re i) de)igned )pecifically for a )y)tem that ha) had ).lfate )cale precipitated in the
element)" 7.lfate )cale) are +ery diffic.lt to cleanD and if their pre)ence i) not detected earlyD the likelihood of cleaning
).cce)) i) +ery low" 1ore than likelyD a flow lo)) will occ.r that cannot 2e reco+ered" To regain performance of the
mem2rane )y)temD it may take )e+eral cleaning and )oak cycle)"

Page 128 of 181
Cleaning 'rocedure
There are )e+en )tep) in cleaning element) with ).lfate )cale"
1" 1ake .p the cleaning )ol.tion li)ted from Ta2le #"0"
2" 4ntrod.ction of the cleaning )ol.tion"
/" *ecycle the cleaning )ol.tion for /$ min.te)"
0" 7oak the element) in the cleaning )ol.tion for 1&13 ho.r)"
3" -igh&flow p.mping"
#" l.)h o.t"

'" *e)tart"

*able -.& ,ulfate scale cleaning solutions
Cleaning solutions ,olution
Preferred $"1 wt K !a,-
1"$ wt K !a06DT:
p- 12D /$C ma;im.m
Cleaning chemical form.la in order .)edE !a,- i) )odi.m hydro;ideO !a06DT: i) the tetra)odi.m
)alt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and i) a+aila2le from The Dow Chemical Company .nder
the trademark >6*76!6 1$$ and >6*76!6 22$ cry)tal)"
or effecti+e ).lfate )cale cleaningD the condition m.)t 2e ca.ght and treated early" :dding 1K
!aCl to the cleaning )ol.tion of !a,- and !a06DT: may help 2eca.)e ).lfate )ol.2ility
increa)e) with increa)ing )alinity"

-.0." Carbonate ,cale

The following cleaning proced.re i) de)igned )pecifically for a )y)tem that ha) had car2onate )cale precipitated in the
element)" 4n )e+ere calci.m car2onate )calingD the cleaning )ol.tion may ha+e to 2e heated to a2o+e /3PC" Typical
calci.m car2onate cleaning i) cond.cted at 2$&23PC" The cleaning proced.re i) con)idered complete when the p- of the
cleaning )ol.tion doe) not change d.ring recycle and@or high flow p.mping"

4t may 2e po))i2le to reco+er )e+erely )caled element) 2y acid cleaning" Calci.m car2onate )cale) di))ol+e ea)ily in acid)
2y relea)ing car2on dio;ide" Thi) can 2e o2)er+ed a) a foaming@2.22ling reaction"

Cleaning 'rocedure
There )e+en )tep) in cleaning element) with car2onate )cale"
/" Rec+cle. *ecycle the cleaning )ol.tion for 1$ min.te) or .ntil there i) no +i)i2le color change" 4f at anytime d.ring the
circ.lation proce)) there i) a color changeD di)po)e of the )ol.tion and prepare a new )ol.tion a) de)cri2ed in )tep 2"
1aintain the p- for effecti+e cleaning" :dd additional cleaning chemical a) needed to maintain p-"
0" ,oa%. or lightly )caled )y)tem)D a )oak time of 1&2 ho.r) i) ).fficient" 7e+erely )caled )y)tem) can al)o 2e reco+ered
with e;tended )oak time)" 7e+erely )caled element) )ho.ld 2e )oaked indi+id.ally o.t)ide of the pre)).re +e))el in a
+ertical po)ition" Check p- and ad=.)t a) reB.iredD or replace cleaning )ol.tion"
#" l.)h o.t"
'" *e)tart"

*able -.( Carbonate scale cleaning solutions
Preferred
:lternati+e
$"2 wt K -Cl (p- 1 & 2D /3C)
2"$ wt K citric acid
:lternati+e $"3K -/P,0
,ptional 1"$K !a272,0
Cleaning chemical form.la in order .)edE -Cl i) hydrochloric acid (m.riatic acid)O -/P,0 i)
pho)phoric acidD !a272,0 i) )odi.m hydro).lfite"

Page 12% of 181
-.0.& 1ron Fouling

The following cleaning proced.re i) de)igned )pecifically for a )y)tem that i) fo.led with iron"

Cleaning 'rocedure
There are )e+en )tep) in cleaning element) with iron fo.ling"
1" 1ake .p the cleaning )ol.tion li)ted from Ta2le #"#"
/" *ecycle"
0" 7oak" 7oak time) are e))ential for )odi.m hydro).lfite to 2e effecti+e" 7oak time will +ary depending on the )e+erity of
the fo.ling" : typical )oak time i) 2&0 ho.r)"
#" l.)h o.t"
'" *e)tart"

*able -.- 1ron fouling cleaning solutions
Preferred 1"$ wt K !a272,0 (p- 3D /$C)
:lternati+e 2"$ wt K citric acid
:lternati+e $"3K -/P,0
:lternati+e 1"$K !-27,/-
Cleaning chemical form.la in order .)edE !a272,0 i) )odi.m hydro).lfiteO -/P,0 i) pho)phoric
acidO !-27,/- i) ).lfamic acid"

)dditional 1nformation
The )odi.m hydro).lfite ha) a +ery p.ngent odorD )o the room m.)t 2e well +entilated" ollow all )afety reg.lation) and
proced.re)" Contact time i) key to ).cce))f.l cleaning" The )ol.tion will )ometime) change many different color)" (lackD
2rownD yellow are all +ery normal for thi) type of cleaning" :nytime the )ol.tion change) colorD it )ho.ld 2e di)po)ed of and
a new )ol.tion prepared" The length of time and the n.m2er of )oaking period) will depend on the )e+erity of the fo.ling"

-.0.( !rganic Fouling

The following cleaning proced.re i) de)igned )pecifically for a )y)tem that ha) 2een fo.led with organic )pecie) ).ch a)
h.mic and f.l+ic acid)D anti)calant)D or oil)"

Cleaning 'rocedure
There are eight )tep) in cleaning element) fo.led with organic)D 2.t the )i; )tep) are cond.cted fir)t with a high p- cleaning
)ol.tion and then repeated with a low p- cleaning )ol.tion"
1" 1ake .p the de)ired high p- cleaning )ol.tion )elected Ta2le #"'"
/" *ecycle the cleaning )ol.tion for /$ min.te)" 4f a color change occ.r)D di)po)e of the cleaning )ol.tion and prepare a
fre)h )ol.tion"
0" 7oak"
#" l.)h o.t"
'" *epeat )tep) 2 thro.gh # with cleaning )ol.tion of -Cl at p- 2"
8" *e)tart"

or ma;im.m effecti+ene))D the temperat.re of the cleaning )ol.tion) m.)t 2e a2o+e 23PC" 6le+ating the temperat.re of the
cleaning )ol.tion will a))i)t in organic remo+al from the mem2rane ).rface" 7ome organic) ).ch a) oil) are +ery diffic.lt to
remo+e" To remo+e themD e;periment with different )oak time) for optim.m effecti+ene))" 4n additionD the mo)t effecti+e
cleaning )ol.tion .).ally contain) a ).rfactant ).ch a) !a&DD7 or perhap) )ome commercially a+aila2le mem2rane
cleaner) containing ).rfactant) or detergent) that can help remo+e the oil)" Con).lt yo.r chemical ).pplier for their
recommendation"

Page 1/$ of 181
4f the organic fo.ling i) the re).lt of o+erfeeding of a coag.lant .)ed for feed water pretreatmentD re+er)ing the order of the
cleaner) can 2e more effecti+e" To determine the proper order of the cleaning )ol.tion) (high p- followed 2y low p- or +ice
+er)a)D try to gather a )ample of the organic fo.lant from yo.r )y)tem" 9ith the )ampleD try treating it with ca.)tic and then
acid and +ice +er)a to determine B.alitati+ely which order of cleaning )ol.tion treatment di))ol+e) the fo.lant 2etter" 4f 2oth
treatment) appear to work eB.allyD it i) .).ally 2etter to clean with the high p- )ol.tion fir)t"

*able -.. !rganic fouling cleaning solutions
Preferred

$"1 wt K !a,-
p- 12D /$C ma;im.mD followed 2yE
$"2K -Cl
p- 2D 03C ma;im.m
$"$23 wt K !a&DD7
$"2K -Cl
p- 2D 03C ma;im.m
:lternate $"1 wt K !a,-
1"$ wt K !a06DT:
$"2K -Cl
p- 2D 03C ma;im.m
Cleaning chemical form.la in order .)edE !a,- i) )odi.m hydro;ideO -Cl i) hydrochloric acid
(m.riatic acid)O !a&DD7 i) )odi.m )alt of dodecyl).lfateO )odi.m la.rel ).lfateO !a06DT: i) the
tetra)odi.m )alt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and i) a+aila2le from The Dow Chemical
Company .nder the trademark >6*76!6 1$$ and >6*76!6 22$ cry)tal)"

-.0.- 7iofouling

The following cleaning proced.re i) de)igned )pecifically for a )y)tem that ha) 2een fo.led with 2iological matter"

Cleaning 'rocedure
There are )e+en )tep) in cleaning element) with 2iofo.ling"
/" *ecycle"
0" 7oak"
#" l.)h o.t"
'" *e)tart"

*able -./ 7iofouling cleaning solutions
Preferred

$"1 wt K !a,-
p- 1/D /3C ma;im.m
$"$23 wt K !a&DD7
p- 1/D /3C ma;im.m
:lternate $"1 wt K !a,-
1"$ wt K !a06DT:
p- 1/D /3C ma;im.m
Cleaning chemical form.la in order .)edE !a,- i) )odi.m hydro;ideO !a&DD7 i) )odi.m )alt of
dodecyl).lfate ()odi.m la.ryl ).lfate)O !a06DT: i) the tetra)odi.m )alt of ethylene diamine
tetraacetic acid and i) a+aila2le from The Dow Chemical Company .nder the trademark
>6*76!6 1$$ and >6*76!6 22$ cry)tal)"

Page 1/1 of 181
(y e;perienceD the cleaning )ol.tion of !a06DT: with ca.)tic ha) 2een fo.nd to 2e )lightly le)) effecti+e than a )tandard
ca.)tic )ol.tion or a )ol.tion of ca.)tic and !a&DD7"

or any )ol.tionD contact time i) critical" 7e+eral o+ernight )oak) may 2e nece))ary to re)tore the )y)tem performance"
:fter the element) are clean it i) +ery 2eneficial to clean one additional time to clean off the la)t remaining 2iofilm layer on
the ).rface of the mem2rane" :ny remaining 2iofilm will tend to attract and trap dirtD )o an e;tra cleaning will increa)e the
time 2etween cleaning)" 4n the e+ent of )e+ere 2iofo.lingD )l.g do)ing of a 2iocide may 2e reB.ired to enhance the re).lt) of
the cleaning proced.re" Plea)e refer to Section 2.6.* for detail) regarding 2iocide .)age"

9hen 2iofo.ling i) an operational pro2lemD reg.lar )aniti<ation proced.re) a) de)cri2ed in Section 6.17 are recommended
after cleaning"

-.0.. 6mergenc+ Cleaning

9hen cleaning ha) not 2een carried o.t in timeD e"g"D the differential pre)).re (aP) ha) already do.2ledD or the normali<ed
prod.ct flow ha) dropped 2y 3$KD the ).cce)) of the pre+io.)ly de)cri2ed cleaning proce))e) may 2e limited" 4f tho)e
)tandard cleaning techniB.e) fail to remo+e the fo.lant)D more har)h cleaning method) can 2e tried"

Plea)e contact yo.r Dow repre)entati+e for recommendation)" 4t ha) to 2e )tre))edD howe+erD that no warranty can 2e gi+en
on the efficiency of any cleaningD nor on the mem2rane performance after ).ch cleaning attempt)"

/#"8 Saniti>in) ROA&F Membrane S3stems

-.12.1 1ntroduction

The )aniti<ation of *,@! mem2rane )y)tem) a) de)cri2ed in thi) chapter i) the application of 2iocidally effecti+e )ol.tion)
or hot water to the mem2rane) while the )y)tem i) offlineD i"e" not in prod.ction mode" The online do)age of 2iocidal
chemical) while the )y)tem i) in prod.ction mode i) dealt with in Section 2.6D $iological Fouling Prevention"

1em2rane )y)tem) are )aniti<ed in order to keep the n.m2er of li+ing microorgani)m) at an accepta2ly low le+el" There are
two main rea)on) why )aniti<ation i) reB.iredE
a) ,moot3 operation. 1icroorgani)m) may grow into a 2iofilm at the mem2rane and feed )pacer ).rface and ca.)e
2iofo.ling" (iofo.ling i) a ma=or threat to )y)tem operationD and reg.lar )aniti<ation i) part of a )trategy to control
2iofo.ling" *eg.lar )aniti<ation help) to keep the le+el of 2iological growth low eno.gh to a+oid operational pro2lem)"
4n *, )y)tem) operating with 2iologically acti+e feed waterD a 2iofilm can appear within /A3 day) after inoc.lation with
+ia2le organi)m)" Con)eB.entlyD the mo)t common freB.ency of )aniti<ation i) e+ery /A3 day) d.ring peak 2iological
acti+ity ().mmer) and a2o.t e+ery ' day) d.ring low 2iological acti+ity (winter)" The optimal freB.ency for )aniti<ation
will 2e )ite&)pecific and m.)t 2e determined 2y the operating characteri)tic) of the *, )y)tem"
2) 'ermeate water Iualit+. 7ome application)D for e;ample in food and pharmace.tical ind.)trie)D reB.ire a high prod.ct
water B.ality with re)pect to micro2iological parameter)" :ltho.gh *, and ! mem2rane) are theoretically re=ecting
1$$K of microorgani)m)D any min.te leakage in the mem2rane )y)tem may allow the permeate water to get
contaminated" The ri)k of contamination i) m.ch higher with a 2iofilm pre)ent on the feed )ideO therefore the mem2rane
ha) to 2e kept in a )anitary )tate" *eg.lar )aniti<ation) in the)e application) are reB.ired to en).re the micro2iological
B.ality of the permeate waterD e+en if no operational pro2lem) are enco.ntered"

-.12.2 #+drogen 'eroAide and 'eracetic )cid

-ydrogen pero;ide or a mi;t.re of hydrogen pero;ide and peracetic acid ha) 2een .)ed ).cce))f.lly for treating 2iologically
contaminated re+er)e o)mo)i) and nanofiltration )y)tem) that .)e 451T6C mem2rane)" Commercially a+aila2le
hydrogen pero;ide@peracetic acid )ol.tion) come in a concentrated form and are dil.ted with *,@! permeate to o2tain a
$"2K (2y weight) pero;ide )ol.tion"

Page 1/2 of 181
There are two factor) that greatly infl.ence the rate of hydrogen pero;ide attack on the mem2raneE temperat.re and iron"
The di)infecting )ol.tion )ho.ld not e;ceed ''P (23PC)" T/$ mem2rane )ample) te)ted with $"3K hydrogen pero;ide at
/0PC )howed a +ery high )alt pa))age after )e+eral ho.r)" :t 20PCD howe+erD mem2rane )ample) demon)trated
compati2ility with $"3K hydrogen pero;ide after %# ho.r)"

The pre)ence of iron or other tran)ition metal) in con=.nction with hydrogen pero;ide )ol.tion) can al)o ca.)e mem2rane
degradation" T/$ mem2rane )ample) were te)ted .)ing a $"13K )ol.tion of hydrogen pero;ide and tap water containing
iron" :fter 13$ ho.r)D the )alt pa))age of the mem2rane 2egan to increa)e dramatically" Contin.o.) e;po).re at thi)
concentration may e+ent.ally damage the mem2rane" 4n)teadD periodic .)e i) recommended"

or 2iologically contaminated *, )y)tem) .)ing the 451T6C mem2raneD the following proced.re for applying hydrogen
pero;ide )ol.tion) i) recommendedE
1" :ny type of depo)it on the mem2rane or other part) of the )y)tem )ho.ld 2e remo+ed with an alkaline cleaner 2efore
)aniti<ing" *emo+al of the)e depo)it)D which har2or microorgani)m)D will ma;imi<e the degree of )aniti<ation" :fter
alkaline cleaningD fl.)h the )y)tem with *, permeate"
2" Clean the *, )y)tem with acid a) de)cri2ed in Section 6.6.) to remo+e any iron from the mem2rane ).rface" l.)h the
)y)tem with *, permeate"
/" Circ.late a )ol.tion of $"2K (2y weight) hydrogen pero;ide dil.ted with *, permeate at a temperat.re 2elow ''P
(23PC) for 2$ min" : p- of /A0 gi+e) optimal 2iocidal re).lt) and longer mem2rane lifetime"

-.12." C3lorinated and !t3er 7iocidal 'roducts

:pplying free chlorineD chlorine dio;ide or 2iocidal agent) containing com2ined chlorine i) generally not recommendedD )ee
Section 2.6.3 an& 2.6.6.

4odineD B.aternary 2iocide) and phenolic compo.nd) ca.)e fl.; lo))e) and are not recommended for .)e a) 2iocidal agent)"

-.12.& #eat ,aniti?ation

The -7*, )erie) of 451T6C element) can 2e )aniti<ed with hot water" 4t i) the preferred method in food and
pharmace.tical application)" The ad+antage) of hot water a) a )aniti<ation agent areE
1ay reach area) chemical) do not (dead leg)D etck)
6a)y to +alidate
& 7impler to monitor heat than chemical concentration)
& 6a)ier to demon)trate complete di)tri2.tion of heat
!o need to rin)e o.t chemical)
!o need to )tore chemical)
1inimi<e) wa)te di)po)al i)).e)
!o need to appro+e chemical)

!ew -7*, heat )aniti<a2le )piral element) m.)t 2e pre&conditioned prior to initial .)e 2y e;po).re to hot water" 7.ita2le
B.ality water m.)t 2e .)ed d.ring all pre&conditioning )tep)" Thi) water i) chlorine&freeD non&)caling@fo.ling water" *,
permeate i) preferredD 2.t the *, mem2rane m.)t ha+e 2een in operation for at lea)t 20 ho.r) 2efore permeate water i)
.)ed for pre&conditioning" :lternati+elyD prefiltered feedwater may 2e .)ed"

:n appropriate conditioning proced.re con)i)t) of the followingE
1" l.)h to drain with ).ita2le B.ality water at low pre)).re and low permeate flow rate"
2" *ecycle warm water (03PC or le))) at +ery low tran)&mem2rane pre)).re (Q23 p)ig @ 1"' 2ar) with a ma;im.m feed
pre)).re of 03 p)ig (/ 2ar)"
/" 4ntrod.ce hot water to the )y)tem to increa)e temperat.re to 1'#P (8$PC)"
0" Feep tran)&mem2rane pre)).re 2elow 23 p)ig (1"' 2ar) when warm or hot water (03PC or higher) i) 2eing fed to the
mem2rane)"
3" 1aintain temperat.re for #$&%$ min.te)"
#" :llow )y)tem to cool to 03PC or 2elow"

Page 1// of 181
'" l.)h to drain with ).ita2le water B.ality at +ery low tran)&mem2rane pre)).re (Q23 p)ig @ 1"' 2ar) with a ma;im.m feed
pre)).re of 03 p)ig (/ 2ar)"

-7*, mem2rane) ha+e high water permea2ility 2efore they ha+e 2een pre&conditioned" :fter pre&conditioningD they attain
their )pecified flow and )alt re=ection performance d.ring operation at normal temperat.re" The performance will remain
)ta2le irre)pecti+e of ).2)eB.ent additional )aniti<ation cycle)" The proced.re for reg.lar )aniti<ation may 2e the )ame a)
de)cri2ed a2o+eD 2.t .ltimately i) the re)pon)i2ility of the end&.)er" Certain ind.)trie) ha+e reB.ired )aniti<ing proced.re)
that may 2e different from o.r proced.re)"

Page 1/0 of 181
1# 'an%lin)< Preservation an% Stora)e

1#" 5eneral

451T6C mem2rane element) )ho.ld 2e handled in ).ch a way that 2iogrowth and change in mem2rane performance
d.ring long&term )torageD )hipping or )y)tem )h.tdown) are pre+ented" The element) )ho.ld prefera2ly 2e )tored and
)hipped o.t)ide the pre)).re +e))el) and loaded into the pre)).re +e))el) =.)t prior to )tart&.p"

ollow accepted )afety practice) when .)ing 2iocide )ol.tion) a) mem2rane pre)er+ation)" :lway) wear eye protection"
Con).lt the rele+ant 1aterial 7afety Data 7heet) a) ).pplied 2y the man.fact.rer of the chemical)"

1#* Stora)e an% Si,,in) o! &ew FILMTEC Elements

!ew 451T6C element) are te)ted and )hipped either in dry condition or a) wet and pre)er+ed element)" 9et element)
are pre)er+ed in a )tandard )torage )ol.tion containing a 2.ffered 1 wt K food&grade )odi.m meta2i).lfite (71(7)" The
)torage )ol.tion pre+ent) 2iological growth d.ring )torage and )hipping of element)" or pre)er+ati+e 1aterial 7afety Data
7heet) plea)e +i)it the :n)wer Center at www"dowwater)ol.tion)"com"

9et element) are 2agged in a d.ra2leD o;ygen&2arrier compo)ite pla)tic 2ag and pre)er+ati+e )ol.tion i) deli+ered prior to
+ac..m )ealing" Preci)e pre)er+ati+e +ol.me and high 2ag integrity help en).re a )ta2le pre)er+ati+e en+ironment d.ring
tran)portation and )torage"

Dry 451T6C element) are 2agged and )ealed in a ro2.)t pla)tic 2ag" They do not reB.ire any pre)er+ation )ol.tionD 2.t
they )ho.ld 2e kept in their )ealed 2ag .ntil they are .)ed"

Plea)e follow the)e g.ideline) for )torage of 451T6C element)E
7tore in)ide a cool 2.ilding or wareho.)e and not in direct ).nlight"
Temperat.re limit)E 22P to %3P (&0PC to U/3PC)"
& !ew dry element) will not 2e affected 2y temperat.re) 2elow 22P (&0PC)"
& 6lement) )tored in 1K 71(7 will free<e 2elow &0PCD 2.t the mem2rane will not 2e damagedD pro+ided the element)
are thawed 2efore loading and .)e"
Feep new element) in their original packaging"
Pre)er+ed element) )ho.ld 2e +i).ally in)pected for 2iological growth 12 month) after )hipment and thereafter e+ery
three month)" 4f the pre)er+ation )ol.tion appear) to 2e not clear the element )ho.ld 2e remo+ed from the 2agD )oaked
in a fre)h pre)er+ation )ol.tion and repacked" *efer to 2.lletin l#$%&$21$0 for g.ideline)" 4n ca)e no eB.ipment for re&
pre)er+ation (fre)h )ol.tionD clean en+ironmentD 2ag )ealing de+ice) i) a+aila2leD the element) can 2e left in their original
packaging for .p to 18 month)" 9hen the element) are then loaded into the pre)).re +e))el)D they )ho.ld 2e cleaned
with an alkaline cleaner 2efore the plant i) )tarted .p"

1#+ 0se% FILMTEC Elements

..".1 'reseration and ,torage

:ny 451T6C element that ha) 2een .)ed and remo+ed from the pre)).re +e))el for )torage or )hipping m.)t 2e
pre)er+ed in a pre)er+ation )ol.tion a) follow)E
8)e the )tandard )torage )ol.tion of 1K food&grade 71(7 (not co2alt&acti+ated) in good&B.ality water (prefera2ly
re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,) or nanofiltration (!) permeate)"
7oak the element for 1 h in the )ol.tionO keep it in a +ertical po)ition )o that the entrapped air can e)cape" :llow it to drip
o.tD and )eal it into an o;ygen 2arrier pla)tic 2ag" 9e recommend re.)ing the original 2ag or original )pare 2ag)
a+aila2le from Dow" Do not fill the pla)tic 2ag with the pre)er+ation )ol.tion_the moi)t.re in the element i) ).fficientD
and leaking 2ag) might create a pro2lem d.ring tran)port"

Page 1/3 of 181
4dentify the element and the pre)er+ation )ol.tion on the o.t)ide of the 2ag"
The )torage condition) are the )ame a) for new element) A )ee Section +.2"
*e&pre)er+ed element) )ho.ld 2e +i).ally in)pected for 2iological growth e+ery three month)" 4f the pre)er+ation
)ol.tion appear) to 2e not clear the element )ho.ld 2e re&pre)er+ed and repacked a) a2o+e"
The p- of the pre)er+ation )ol.tion m.)t ne+er drop 2elow p- /" 4n the a2)ence of a 2.ffer ).ch a) i) .)ed in the
original pre)er+ati+e for wet 451T6C element)D a p- decrea)e can occ.r when 2i).lfite i) o;idi<ed to ).lf.ric acid"
ThereforeD the p- of the 2i).lfite pre)er+ation )ol.tion )ho.ld 2e )pot checked at lea)t e+ery / month)" *e&pre)er+ation
i) mandatory when the p- i) / or lower"
9ear protecti+e glo+e) and )lee+e) to a+oid prolonged contact with )kin and )lee+e) when working with pre)er+ati+e"

..".2 Re4wetting of @ried !ut 6lements

6lement) that ha+e dried o.t after .)e may irre+er)i2ly lo)e water permea2ility" *e&wetting might 2e ).cce))f.l with one of
the following method)E
7oak in 3$@3$K ethanol@water or propanol@water for 13 min"
Pre)).ri<e the element at 13$ p)i (1$ 2ar) and clo)e the permeate port for /$ min" Take care that the permeate port i)
reopened 2efore the feed pre)).re i) relea)ed" Thi) proced.re can 2e carried o.t while the element) are in)talled in a
)y)tem" 4n thi) ca)eD the pre)).re drop from the feed )ide to the concentrate )ide m.)t not e;ceed 1$ p)i ($"' 2ar)
d.ring high pre)).re operation with clo)ed permeate port A otherwi)e the permeate 2ackpre)).re near the concentrate
end will 2ecome too high" Prefera2lyD the permeate port i) not completely clo)ed 2.t throttled to a +al.e eB.al the
concentrate pre)).re" Then there i) no need for a )pecial pre)).re drop limit"
7oak the element in 1K -Cl or 0K -!,/ for 1A1$$ h" 4mmer)e the element in a +ertical po)ition to allow the entrapped
air to e)cape"

.."." ,3ipping

9hen 451T6C element) ha+e to 2e )hippedD they m.)t 2e pre)er+ed with a pre)er+ation )ol.tion according to Section +.3.1"

1ake ).re thatE
The pla)tic 2ag doe) not leak"
The element i) properly identified"
The pre)er+ation )ol.tion i) correctly la2elled"

9e recommend .)ing the original packaging with the original poly)tyrene foam c.)hion) to protect the element from mechanical
damage" 6lement) with non fl.)h&c.t prod.ct water t.2e) )ho.ld 2e protected again)t damage to the prod.ct water t.2e end)"

The mem2rane element) will not 2e damaged 2y free<ing temperat.re) d.ring )hipping pro+ided the element) are thawed
2efore loading and .)e"

..".& @isposal

8)ed 451T6C element) can 2e di)po)ed of a) m.nicipal wa)teD pro+idedE
!o pre)er+ation )ol.tion or other ha<ardo.) liB.id i) contained in the element"
!o depo)ition) of ha<ardo.) ).2)tance) are on the mem2rane) (e"g"D element) .)ed in wa)te water treatment)"

Page 1/# of 181
1#- Preservation o! RO an% &F S3stems

The proced.re of )h.tting down an *,@! )y)tem ha) 2een de)cri2ed in Section *.)" 451T6C element) m.)t 2e
pre)er+ed any time the plant i) )h.t down for more than a ma;im.m of 08 h to pre+ent 2iological growth" Depending on the
pre+io.) operational hi)tory of the plantD it will 2e nece))ary in almo)t all ca)e) to clean the mem2rane) prior to )h.tdown
and pre)er+ation" Thi) applie) to ca)e) when the mem2rane) are known or a)).med to 2e fo.led"

:fter cleaningD the pre)er+ation )ho.ld follow within the ne;t 1$ h a) follow)E
1" Totally immer)e the element) in the pre)).re +e))el) in a )ol.tion of 1 to 1"3K 71(7D +enting the air o.t)ide of the
pre)).re +e))el)" 8)e the o+erflow techniB.eE circ.late the 71(7 )ol.tion in ).ch a way that the remaining air in the
)y)tem i) minimi<ed after the recirc.lation i) completed" :fter the pre)).re +e))el i) filledD the 71(7 )ol.tion )ho.ld 2e
allowed to o+erflow thro.gh an opening located higher than the .pper end of the highe)t pre)).re +e))el 2eing filled"
2" 7eparate the pre)er+ation )ol.tion from the air o.t)ide 2y clo)ing all +al+e)" :ny contact with o;ygen will o;idi<e the 71(7"
/" Check the p- once a week" 9hen the p- 2ecome) / or lowerD change the pre)er+ation )ol.tion"
0" Change the pre)er+ation )ol.tion at lea)t once a month"

D.ring the )h.tdown periodD the plant m.)t 2e kept fro)t&freeD and the temperat.re m.)t not e;ceed 11/P (03PC)" : low
temperat.re i) de)ira2le"

Page 1/' of 181
2# Troublesootin)

2#" Intro%uction

5o)) of )alt re=ection and lo)) of permeate flow are the mo)t common pro2lem) enco.ntered in re+er)e o)mo)i) (*,) and
nanofiltration (!)" Pl.gging of the feed channel) a))ociated with pre)).re drop increa)e i) another typical pro2lem" 4f the
re=ection and@or the permeate flow decrea)e) moderately and )lowlyD thi) may indicate a normal fo.ling which can 2e
handled 2y proper and reg.lar cleaning ()ee Section 6D 8leaning an& Sanitation)" :n immediate decline in performance
indicate) a defect or mi)operation of the plant" 4n any ca)eD it i) e))ential that the proper correcti+e mea).re i) taken a) early
a) po))i2le 2eca.)e any delay decrea)e) the chance of re)toring the plant performance A apart from other pro2lem) that
might 2e created 2y an e;ce))i+ely low permeate flow and@or too high permeate TD7"

: prereB.i)ite for early detection of potential pro2lem) i) proper record keeping ()ee Section *.6) and plant performance
normali<ation ()ee Section *.6.6)" Thi) incl.de) proper cali2ration of all in)tr.ment)" 9itho.t acc.rate reading) it might 2e
too late 2efore a pro2lem i) detected and corrected"

,nce a performance decline ha) 2een identifiedD the fir)t )tep in )ol+ing the pro2lem i) to locali<e the pro2lem and to identify
the ca.)e()) of the pro2lem" The fir)t )tep i) to e+al.ate the performance and the operation of the )y)tem" Thi) can 2e done
.)ing the data of the record keeping log)heet or of )ome additional on&line mea).rement)" Then )ome check) and )y)tem
te)t) )ho.ld 2e made" Tro.2le)hooting i) m.ch more effecti+e if certain )y)tem feat.re) and eB.ipment are pro+idedD )ee
Section 3.16D System Design "or 2roubles#ooting Success" 4f the )y)tem data i) not ).fficient in determining the ca.)e())
and to recommend correcti+e actionD one or more mem2rane element) m.)t 2e taken from the plant and analy<ed" 6lement
performance analy)i) incl.de) non&de)tr.cti+e and de)tr.cti+e analy)i)" inallyD correcti+e mea).re) are taken to re)tore the
plant performance and to a+oid f.t.re pro2lem)"

.rther readingE (.$yrne 3'&.4C Reverse <smosis 8#a.ter + @1@"

2#* Evaluation o! S3stem Per!ormance an% O,eration

4f the performance of the mem2rane )y)tem i) not )ati)factoryD the fir)t )tep i) to e+al.ate the performance and the operation
of the entire )y)tem" Thi) i) done on the 2a)i) of normali<ed plant dataD )ee Section *.6.6D Plant Per"ormance =ormali0ation"
9hen the act.al normali<ed plant performance i) compared again)t the performance at )tart&.pD any )ignificant performance
deterioration can 2e identified"

4n ca)e that the initial )y)tem performance at )tart&.p i) not )ati)factoryD a compari)on of the act.al )y)tem performance with
the *,7: pro=ected )y)tem performance .nder act.al condition) i) helpf.l"

*,7: i) a tool .)ed to e)timate the )ta2ili<ed performance of a new *, or ! )y)tem .nder de)ign condition)D 2.t it can
al)o 2e .)ed to e)timate the performance of an e;i)ting *,@! )y)tem .nder pre+ailing act.al condition)" Thi) pro=ected
performance i) 2a)ed on the nominal performance )pecification for the 451T6C element()) .)ed in that )y)tem" : fo.ling
factor of 1"$$ in the pro=ection i) .)ed to calc.late the performance of new element) with e;act nominal flow rate" : fo.ling
factor of Q 1 )ho.ld 2e applied when making a de)ign for long&term operation" 4n a real )y)temD the element) may ha+e a
flow performance +ariation of U@&13K of the nominal +al.eD or whate+er +ariation i) )pecified for thi) element type" :l)o the
)alt re=ection of an indi+id.al element may 2e higher or lower than the nominal )alt re=ection (2.t not lower than the minim.m
)alt re=ection)" ThereforeD the mea).red )ta2ili<ed performance i) .nlikely to e;actly hit the pro=ected performanceD 2.t for
)y)tem) with more than /# new element) it )ho.ld come clo)e"

The act.al fo.ling factor of a )ta2ili<ed new *, )y)tem with at lea)t /# element) )ho.ld range 2etween $"%3 and 1"$3" The
act.al mea).red TD7 of the permeate )ho.ld 2e no higher than a2o.t 1"3 time) the calc.lated TD7"

or )y)tem) with only one or a few element)D the de+iation of the mea).red act.al performance from the pro=ected
performance may 2ecome a) large a) the )pecified element performance +ariation"

Page 1/8 of 181
4f the normali<ed act.al performance ha) deteriorated too m.ch compared to the initial performanceD or the mea).red act.al
performance doe) not match clo)e eno.gh with the pro=ected performanceD check the followingE

:re all meter)D )en)or) and pre)).re ga.ge) cali2ratedh

*roubles3ooting *ip<
8)e )imple ma)) 2alance eB.ation) to confirm acc.racy of flow and cond.cti+ity in)tr.ment)" *,@! )y)tem) )ho.ld
2e operated at de)ign flow and reco+ery rate) in order to en).re tro.2le&free operation" Damage to mem2rane
element) can re).lt from operation at ele+ated flow rate)D and fo.ling can re).lt from flow rate) which are too low to
pre+ent depo)ition of partic.late matter" 7caling or fo.ling can occ.r in *, )y)tem) when operated at a2o+e de)ign
reco+ery rate)"

6B.ation) 1 and 2 pro+ide a )imple method to check the acc.racy of flow and cond.cti+ity meter)" The)e eB.ation)
)ho.ld 2e .)ed a) an indicator and are not intended to replace periodic cali2ration of in)tr.ment)" 4f de+iation from
.nity i) o2)er+ed in eB.ation 2D the acc.racy of one of the meter) i) compromi)edD and cali2ration )ho.ld 2e
performed"

1" eed flow W Permeate flow U (rine flow

2" (eed flow) (eed Cond.cti+ity) W 1 U@& $"$3
(Permeate flow) (Permeate Cond.cti+ity) U ((rine flow) ((rine Cond.cti+ity)

4n order for eB.ation 2 to 2e +alidD cond.cti+ity mea).rement) )ho.ld 2e taken after all chemical addition) and
acc.rately reflect the feed water"

-a) the )y)tem )ta2ili<edh 4t )ho.ld ha+e 2een in contin.o.) operation for 20 to '2 ho.r) when the reading) are taken"
7y)tem) that ha+e 2een in operation for e;tended time )ho.ld 2e in+e)tigated 2y the e+ol.tion of the normali<ed )y)tem
performance data" Thi) can 2e done with the T!,*1 program a) de)cri2ed in Section *.6.6"

-a) permeate pre)).re 2een taken into acco.nth !eglected permeate pre)).re re).lt) in a higher than pro=ected feed
pre)).re"

4) there any )ignificant pre)).re lo))e) from the feed to the concentrateh *,7: 3 and earlier +er)ion) anticipate a
pre)).re lo)) in the piping of 3 p)i ($"/3 2ar) per )tage in addition to the pre)).re lo)) in the 451T6C element)"
*e)triction) in feed or concentrate header) wo.ld re).lt in higher pre)).re lo))e) than pro=ected" Check the di)tance of
the pre)).re )en)or) from the feed and concentrate end of the pre)).re +e))el)" The location) of the pre)).re )en)or)
)ho.ld 2e a) clo)e a) po))i2le to the pre)).re +e))el and in ).fficient di)tance from +al+e) or other place) of high
t.r2.lence"

Check the Proce)) and 4n)tr.mentation Diagram of the )y)temE
& :re pro+i)ion) made to a+oid .nd.e operating condition)h 7ee Section 3.13.3D S#ut&own Switc#es
& :re the nece))ary +al+e) in)talledh 7ee Section 3.13.)D >alves
& :re pro+i)ion) made for efficient tro.2le)hootingh 7ee Section 3.16D System Design "or 2roubles#ooting Success"
& :re pro+i)ion) made to a+oid )iphoning of the pre)).re +e))el) d.ring )h.tdown period)h 7ee Section *.)D R<
an& =F System S#ut&own

Check the )tart&.p and )h.t&down proced.reE i) it )afe with re)pect to hydra.lic )hock)D permeate 2ackpre)).re and
2ack&flow of permeateh 7ee Sections *.2 to *.) for )tart&.p and )h.t&down proced.re)"

Check the cleaning proced.re and chemical) .)edE i) the proced.re efficient and the chemical) )afe with re)pect to
mem2rane damageh 7ee 8#a.ter 6D 8leaning an& Saniti0ation"

Page 1/% of 181
-ow freB.ently i) the )y)tem 2eing cleanedh : high cleaning freB.ency (more than once per 0&# week)) may indicate a
poor performance of the pretreatment or a *,@! )y)tem operating o.t)ide of the de)ign g.ideline)" :) a g.idelineD
anything from one to three chemical cleaning) per year i) con)idered goodD while fo.r and .p to to )i; ann.al cleaning)
are typically )till con)idered accepta2le" : higher cleaning freB.ency i) normally not =.)tifia2le and it i) .).ally more
economical to impro+e the pretreatment )y)tem"

-a+e water analy)e) 2een performedh The cond.cti+ity i) not ).fficient for the calc.lation of TD7 re=ection" Partic.larlyD
car2on dio;ide (C,2) in the feed water will pa)) into the permeateD create car2onic acid and increa)e the permeate
cond.cti+ity"

Check the application of chlorine and other o;idi<ing chemical) A thi) can indicate a potential o;idation pro2lem"

Check the replacement rate of prefilter) A a high replacement rate can indicate a potential fo.ling pro2lem" : too low
replacement rate e"g" of cartridge filter) may al)o po)t a ri)k ().dden collap)eD etc")"

Check the 7D4 log)heet)E the feed 7D4 )ho.ld 2e con)i)tently Q3 or Q/D depending on the )y)tem de)ign"

Check the )caling calc.lation) and confirm the do)age rate) of chemical)D e"g" )caling inhi2itor"

4f all thi) ha) 2een con)idered and the o2)er+ed )y)tem performance i) )till o.t)ide of e;pectation)D perform the )y)tem
te)t) a) de)cri2ed ne;t"

2#+ S3stem Tests

:fter the a+aila2le data of the )y)tem operation and performance ha+e 2een checked and in+e)tigatedD the )y)tem will 2e
in)pected and te)ted in more detail"

/.".1 Eisual 1nspection

-ow clean i) the planth 1old and 2iogrowth in tank) and pipe) are indicator) of a 2iofo.ling pro2lem" 5eaking +e))el)
may ).ck air when the )y)tem )h.t) down and lead to hydra.lic )hock at )tart&.p and premat.re fo.lingD e)pecially in
79 condition)"
,pen a pre)).re +e))el at the feed )ideE i) there any fo.ling pre)ent on the face of the lead elementh : 2iofilm on a wet
).rface feel) )lippery" :ny )mellh :re the element) properly )himmed ()ee Section ).3D S#imming 'lements)h
,pen a pre)).re +e))el at the concentrate )ideE )caling feel) like )anding paper to the to.ch"
*emo+e the element) from one or from )e+eral +e))el) and check the co.pler) for tornD damaged or mi)placed ,&ring)"
*eplace ,&ring)" 7ee Section ).* for interconnector technology"
4n)pect the element) for fo.lingD )caling and mechanical damage A check at lea)t one lead element and one tail
element"

/.".2 *+pe of Foulant and Most 6ffectie Cleaning

-ow doe) the )y)tem re)pond to different cleaning)h The efficiency of a )pecific cleaning i) an indication for a )pecific
fo.ling pro2lem" 7ee Section 6.6D 8leaning Proce&ure "or S.eci"ic Situations"
-ow doe) the cleaning )ol.tion coming o.t of the )y)tem lookh The initial cleaning )ol.tion e;iting from the mem2rane
)y)tem may contain high amo.nt) of remo+ed fo.lant)" :naly<e the )pent cleaning chemical for metal) and T,C and
compare with a fre)h )ol.tion" The type of fo.lant can 2e e)timated from the compari)on of the analy)e) of the .)ed
and the .n.)ed cleaning )ol.tion"

Page 10$ of 181
/."." 5ocali?ation of #ig3 ,olute 'assage

/.".".1 'rofiling

4f a )y)tem e;hi2it) high )ol.te pa))ageD one of the fir)t )tep) in tro.2le)hooting i) to locali<e the )o.rce" : lo)) in )ol.te
re=ection may 2e .niform thro.gho.t the )y)temD or it co.ld 2e limited to the front or to the tail end of the )y)tem" 4t co.ld 2e
a general plant fail.reD or it co.ld 2e limited to one or few indi+id.al +e))el)" To locali<e high )ol.te pa))age in a )y)temD it i)
fir)t recommended to profile the )y)tem" To profile a )y)temD all indi+id.al +e))el TD7 or cond.cti+ity or other rele+ant
B.ality +al.e) are checked" : well de)igned )y)tem contain) a )ample port located in the permeate )tream from each
+e))el" Care m.)t 2e taken d.ring )ampling to a+oid mi;ing of the permeate )ample with permeate from other +e))el)" :ll
permeate )ample) are then te)ted for their concentration of di))ol+ed )olid) with a TD7 or cond.cti+ity meter" 4n
nanofiltration application)D )pecific analytical method) for ).lfate or other rele+ant compo.nd) ha+e to 2e .)ed" The
permeate )ample) of all pre)).re +e))el) in the )ame )tage )ho.ld gi+e reading) in the )ame range" !otice that from one
)tage to the ne;t the a+erage permeate TD7 or cond.cti+ity .).ally increa)e)D 2eca.)e for e;ample the )econd )tage i) fed
with the concentrate from the fir)t )tage" To determine the )ol.te pa))age of all pre)).re +e))el) from their permeate
concentrationD the concentration of the feed )tream to each )tage m.)t al)o 2e mea).red" The )ol.te pa))age i) the ratio of
the permeate concentration to the feed concentration" Then the high )ol.te pa))age of the )y)tem can 2e a))igned to the
fir)t or the la)t )tageD or to indi+id.al +e))el)"

/.".".2 'robing

4f one pre)).re +e))el )how) a )ignificantly higher permeate concentration than the other +e))el) of the )ame )tageD then
thi) +e))el )ho.ld 2e pro2ed" The proced.re allow) locating a pro2lem within a pre)).re +e))el while online witho.t
.nloading element)" Pro2ing in+ol+e) the in)ertion of a pla)tic t.2e (appro;" 1@0 inch (# mm) in diameter) into the f.ll length
of the permeate t.2e ()ee ig.re 8"1) in order to mea).re the permeate cond.cti+ity at different location) in)ide the pre)).re
+e))el" Thi) can 2e accompli)hed 2y i)olating the +e))el from itH) permeate manifold) and .)e the open permeate portD or
2y remo+ing the oppo)ite end capH) permeate pl.g" 9hen the permeate manifold) remain in placeD it m.)t 2e en).red that
no permeate from other +e))el) can infl.ence the pro2ing" 4f the )y)tem operate) with a permeate 2ackpre)).reD the pro2ed
+e))el m.)t 2e di)connected from the )y)tem permeateO otherwi)e permeate from the other +e))el) will enter into the
pro2ed +e))el"

2#e use o" a mo&i"ie& tube "itting accor&ing to Figure ,.2 eliminates water lea5age at t#e .oint o" entry. 2#is &evice can be
use& at t#e o..osite en& o" t#e .ressure vessel "rom t#e .ro&uct #ea&er .i.ing wit# t#e .ermeate mani"ol& remaining in
.lace even un&er a mo&erate .ermeate bac5.ressure. ! F inc# ball valve is connecte& to t#e .ermeate .ort. 1t is "itte& wit#
a G inc# .lastic Par5er tube "itting w#ic# #as been mo&i"ie& by &rilling t#e bo&y to allow a G inc# .lastic .robe tubing to .ass
com.letely t#roug# t#e "itting. 1n a&&ition a s#ort .iece 32 inc#es 3* cm44 o" very su..le t#in wall gum rubber tubing w#ic# "its
snugly over t#e en& o" t#e nylon .robe tubing an& .rotru&es a..roximately 192 inc# will .revent #angu.s at t#e .ro&uct tube
a&a.ters an& t#e .ro&uct tube interconnectors.

9hile the mem2rane )y)tem i) operating at normal operating condition)D water i) di+erted from the permeate )tream of the
+e))el in B.e)tion" : few min.te) )ho.ld 2e allowed to rin)e o.t the t.2ing and allow the mem2rane )y)tem to eB.ili2rate"
or an *, )y)temD the TD7 or the cond.cti+ity of the permeate )ample from the t.2ing can then 2e mea).red with a hand&
held meter and the data recorded" 4t i) de)ira2le to )et .p the cond.cti+ity meter for contin.o.) indication .tili<ing a flow
thro.gh cell or the arrangement )hown in ig.re 8"1" Thi) mea).rement )ho.ld reflect the TD7 of the permeate 2eing
prod.ced 2y the 451T6C element at that po)ition" or a ! )y)temD the permeate cond.cti+ity might not 2e )en)iti+e
eno.gh to locali<e a leakage" 4n)teadD the ).lfate concentration in the )ample )ho.ld 2e determined"

The t.2ing i) then p.lled o.t )i; inche) (13 cm) from the end and a )ample i) taken to mea).re the cond.cti+ity at the
adaptor@element interface" Then the t.2ing i) e;tracted eight inche) (2$ cm) and another )ample i) taken" The t.2ing i) then
withdrawn in f.rther increment) to o2tain a cond.cti+ity profile ()ee ig.re 8"1)" The )ampling location) )ho.ld 2e e+ery
eight inche) (2$ cm) )o that e+ery fifth )ample mark) the co.pler connection for two element)" Thi) allow) for m.ltiple
mea).rement) per element pl.) checking of all co.pler@adaptor ,&ring)" The t.2e can 2e marked )o that the de)ired
)ampling location) can ea)ily 2e acce))ed"

Page 101 of 181
2a5ing a con&uctivity rea&ing at , inc# intervals "or eac# element allows closer scrutiny "or &etermining exactly w#ic# o@ring
seal o" a cou.ler 3interconnector4 #as a lea5. Similarly t#e .robe s#oul& be .ositione& some &istance away as well as at t#e
en& o" t#e a&a.tor to c#ec5 t#e integrity o" t#e o@ring seal at t#e .ressure vessel #ea& assembly 3en& .lug4. Figure ,.2
illustrates t#is by s#owing #ow to .osition t#e .robe to c#ec5 "or lea5s at t#e o@ring seal "or t#e .ro&uct tube a&a.tors in t#e
.ermeate #ub o" t#e en& .lug. 2#e s5etc# illustrates t#e .robe at t#e %startH .osition ty.ical "or ,H elements w#ere t#e
normally .lugge& .ermeate .ort is use& to connect t#e .robing a..aratus an& insert t#e .robe tubing. 2#e &imensions will
vary &e.en&ing on manu"acturer an& mo&el o" t#e actual .ressure vessels. 1t is usually recommen&e& to o.en u. one o" t#e
.ressure vessels to &etermine exactly t#e correct &imensions "or .ositioning t#e .robe tube. !"ter t#is is &one a table s#oul&
be ma&e listing &imensionally all t#e locations w#ere .auses are reDuire& &uring wit#&rawal o" t#e .robe tubing "or recor&ing
con&uctivity measurements.

!ccurately .ositioning t#e .robe "or t#ese &ata .oints can be accom.lis#e& by using an a&&itional o@ring 3si0e 17, "or GH
<.D. tubing4 as an in&icator just outsi&e t#e tube "itting. (it# t#e .robe com.letely inserte& to t#e start .osition an& t#e
in&icator o@ring at t#e outsi&e "ace o" t#e tube "itting t#e measurement "or t#e next .re&etermine& .osition can be ma&e
accurately wit# a ta.e measure since t#e o@ring will move along wit# t#e tubing as t#e .robe is wit#&rawn. 2#en 5ee.ing t#e
.robe stationary sli. t#e in&icator o@ring bac5 to t#e tube "itting in .re.aration "or t#e next wit#&rawal measurement. 2#is
sim.le tric5 #as .rove& very e""ective in accurately .ositioning t#e .robe wit# as many as seven elements in series.

: normal cond.cti+ity profile )how) a )teady increa)e of the permeate prod.ced at the feed )ide of the pre)).re +e))el
toward) the concentrate end of the +e))el" :n .n.).ally large de+iation from thi) profile locate) the )o.rce of the high )alt
pa))age pro2lem" ,&ring pro2lem) are generally indicated 2y a )tep change in the cond.cti+ity profile at co.pler@adaptor
location)D while a marked increa)e o.t)ide thi) region point) to a leakage from an elementD e"g" d.e to a 2ackpre)).re
damage"

The normal (reference) cond.cti+ity profile depend) al)o on the location of the pro2ing t.2e entry and on the flow direction of
the permeate o.t of the pro2ed +e))el" ig.re 8"1 )how) an arrangement with pro2ing from the concentrate end of the
+e))el with the permeate flowing to the concentrate )ide a) well" The fir)t )ample from the feed )ide end of the +e))el
repre)ent) the permeate prod.ced at e;actly that location" :) the t.2e i) grad.ally p.lled o.t from the +e))elD the )ample
repre)ent) the com2ined permeate which i) prod.ced .p)tream of the )ample location" The la)t )ample repre)ent) the
permeate of the entire +e))el"

4f the +e))el i) connected to the permeate manifold) and@or the pro2ing t.2e i) in)erted from the feed )ide of the +e))elD the
reference cond.cti+ity profile change) accordingly" The acc.racy of the method i) 2e)t where the )ample i) lea)t infl.enced
2y permeate from .p)tream mem2rane)" Thi) ha) to 2e 2orn in mind when the re).lt) are e+al.ated"

Figure /.1 Conductiit+ profile
S
S
S
S
S
S
12346 5
Permeate
Concentrate
Marks
Feed
TDS

Page 102 of 181
Figure /.2 'ermeate probing apparatus for spiral wound membrane
!oteE T.2e fitting modified 2y e;tending the m inch 2ore thro.gh the 2ody and di)carding the gripper ring"

2#- Membrane Element Evaluation

/.&.1 ,ample ,election

9hen the ca.)e) of a plant performance lo)) are not knownD or when they ha+e to 2e confirmedD one or more element) of
the )y)tem ha+e to 2e analy<ed indi+id.ally" The element()) which )ho.ld 2e analy<ed are tho)e with a )tep increa)e in the
cond.cti+ity profile"

9hen there i) a general plant fail.reD a front&end element or a tail&end element )ho.ld 2e )electedD depending on where the
pro2lem i) located" Typical front&end pro2lem) are fo.ling pro2lem)O typical tail&end pro2lem) are )caling pro2lem)" 9hen
the pro2lem cannot 2e locali<edD an element from 2oth end) of the )y)tem )ho.ld 2e taken"

7ampling a )econd element from a neigh2or po)ition i) ad+i)a2le when cleaning te)t) are planned" Then one of the
element) can 2e .)ed to analy<e the fo.ling layer and to perform la2 )cale cleaning te)t)D the re).lt) of which can then 2e
applied to the other element"

/.&.2 ,N,*6M !'*1M1O)*1!N ,6RE1C6,

ilmTec offer) an element analy)i) )er+ice called 7^7T61 ,PT414V:T4,! 76*>4C67D incl.ding a +ariety of in)pectionD
diagno)tic and te)ting proced.re)" 4n warranty ca)e)D the Dow C.ality Department m.)t 2e in+ol+ed"

The e;aminationD te)ting and analy)i) of mem2rane element) can al)o 2e carried o.t 2y an e;ternal la2oratory" 5arger
in)tallation) often ha+e the capa2ilitie) for e+al.ating mem2rane element) at the )ite" : +i).al in)pection and )ome )imple
check) at the )ite can pro+ide )ome B.ick and +al.a2le information"

The proced.re) which are de)cri2ed are 2a)ed on :7T1 7tandard 1ethod) and Practice) whene+er po))i2le" The)e
method) are recommended for mem2rane element e+al.ationD 2.t not all of the)e method) are offered 2y 7^7T61
,PT414V:T4,! 76*>4C67" ,n the other handD 7^7T61 ,PT414V:T4,! 76*>4C67 offer) )ome )pecific e+al.ation) which
are not de)cri2ed here" The detail)D the condition) and element ret.rn proced.re) are a+aila2le from o.r we2 page)
(httpE@@www"dowwaterandproce))"com@).pportntraining@director@memndirector"htm)"

Page 10/ of 181
/.&." Eisual 1nspection and $eig3ing

The +i).al in)pection of mem2rane element) pro+ide) information a2o.t a potential fo.ling or )caling pro2lem" The element
i) in)pected for di)coloration) of the o.ter wrapping and the fi2ergla)) or tape wrap" The element i) al)o in)pected for any
depo)it) or foreign matter" Tele)coping and fi2ergla)) damage wo.ld indicate e;ce))i+e hydra.lic load) or improper
pre)).re +e))el loading" The permeate water t.2e i) in)pected for mechanical damage which co.ld ca.)e )alt pa))age" The
2rine )eal i) in)pected for condition and proper in)tallation"

/.&.& Eacuum @eca+ *est

: 451T6C element with a high )alt pa))age )ho.ld fir)t 2e checked if leak) are pre)ent with feed@concentrate water
leaking into the permeate )ide of the element" 5eak) may occ.r thro.gh damage of the mem2rane ).rface it)elf 2y
p.nct.re) or )cratche) or 2y delamination and phy)ical damage of the mem2rane 2y e"g" permeate 2ackpre)).re or water
hammer" The +ac..m decay te)t a) de)cri2ed in the following may 2e .)ed to detect leak) or to confirm the mechanical
integrity of a 451T6C element" The method i) 2a)ed on :7T1 7tandard) D/%2/ @2@ and D#%$8 @3@"

The +ac..m decay te)t i) a tool to detect leak) or to confirm the integrity of 451T6C *, and ! element) after they ha+e
2een in operation" 4t can 2e applied to a )ingle element or to a complete pre)).re +e))el containing )e+eral element)" (efore
te)tingD the element ha) to 2e drained from water pre)ent in the feed channel) and in the permeate lea+e)" The pre)).re
+e))el to 2e te)ted m.)t not contain any water" The permeate t.2e of the element i) e+ac.ated and i)olated" The rate of the
+ac..m decay indicate) mechanical integrity or a leak of the mem2rane element" : mechanically intact element and al)o a
chemically damaged mem2rane wo.ld )till hold the +ac..mD 2.t a mechanically damaged mem2rane wo.ld not"

Thi) te)t i) .)ef.l a) a )creening proced.re and i) not intended a) a mean of a2)ol.te +erification of a leak" -owe+erD the
te)t allow) identifying leaking element) or ,&ring) within a )hort time" 4t al)o help) to di)ting.i)h 2etween chemical
mem2rane damage (which wo.ld not )how .p a) a leak) and mechanical mem2rane damage" The te)t can 2e applied in the
field to te)t a large n.m2er of element) when a )ingle element te)t .nit i) not a+aila2leD or if not eno.gh time i) a+aila2le for
performance te)ting"

The proced.re i) a) follow) ()ee ig.re 8"/)E
a" Drain the element"
2" 7eal one end of the permeate t.2e with a ).ita2le leak&tight cap"
c" Connect the other end of the permeate t.2e to a +ac..m ga.ge and a +al+ed +ac..m )o.rce"
d" 6+ac.ate the element to 1$$&/$$ m2ar a2)ol.te pre)).re"
e" Clo)e the i)olation +al+e and o2)er+e the reading on the +ac..m ga.ge" !ote the rate at which the +ac..m decay)" :
rapid decay (greater than 1$$ m2ar pre)).re increa)e per min.te) will indicate the pre)ence of a leak"
f" 7lowly relea)e the +ac..m and allow the element to reach atmo)pheric pre)).re 2efore di)connecting"
g" The te)t )ho.ld 2e repeated )e+eral time) to confirm itH) reprod.ci2ility"

Te)ting a complete pre)).re +e))el allow) incl.ding the co.pler) and adaptor) into the leak te)t" The proced.re i) the )ame
a) de)cri2ed with the difference that the permeate port at one )ide of the +e))el i) clo)edD and the +ac..m i) p.lled from the
permeate port of the other )ide" eed and concentrate port) may 2e open"

Figure /." Eacuum deca+ test
Stopper
Special Stopper
Ball valve
Vacuum pump
T-cross
Vacuum meter
Element

Page 100 of 181
/.&.( 'erformance *est

The )tandard element performance te)t i) .)ed to determine the )ol.te re=ection and the permeate flow rate of a 451T6C
element .nder 451T6C 7tandard Te)t Condition)" The te)t re).lt) can then 2e compared with the )pecification of the
element in B.e)tion" The element performance i) determined 2efore and after any cleaning trial in order to a))e)) the
efficacy of the treatment"

The apparat.) for the )tandard te)t con)i)t) of a feed holding tank eB.ipped with a thermo)tated heat e;changer )y)tem to
maintain the feed )ol.tion at 23o1PCD a p.mp to pro+ide the reB.ired pre)).re and feed flow rateD and a re+er)e o)mo)i)
de+ice" : detailed de)cription i) gi+en in :7T1 D01%0&$/ @)@" : )ynthetic te)t )ol.tion i) .)ed a) feed water" Permeate and
concentrate are recycled 2ack to the feed tank"

7odi.m chloride i) .)ed a) a te)t )ol.te for re+er)e o)mo)i)" or nanofiltrationD magne)i.m ).lfate and calci.m chloride are
.)ed a) well" The )alt concentration and the feed pre)).re are gi+en in the 7tandard Te)t Condition) in the prod.ct
information )heet of the rele+ant 451T6C element" The feed flow rate )ho.ld 2e ad=.)ted to o2tain the element reco+ery a)
indicated in the mentioned 7tandard Te)t Condition)" The feed water p- )ho.ld 2e ad=.)ted to a p- of 8 2y adding -Cl or
!a,-" or a ).mmary of the )tandard te)t condition)D )ee Section 1.,D Ta2le 1"3"

The following data are recorded one ho.r after )tart&.pD and repeated 2 to / ho.r) after )tart&.pD and ho.rly thereafter .ntil
three ).cce))i+e permeate flow rate) (corrected to 23PC) and )alt pa))age) agree within 3K (relati+e)E
eedD concentrateD and permeate pre)).re)
Permeate and concentrate flow) (.)e cali2rated flow meter) or a cali2rated +ol.me container and )topwatch)
Permeate temperat.re
Cond.cti+ity of feedD permeate and concentrateD or chloride content of the three )tream)"

The permeate flow rate )ho.ld 2e corrected to 23PC .)ing the form.la) gi+en in 7ection #"'D Plant Performance
!ormali<ation" The )alt re=ection i) calc.lated from the permeate cond.cti+ity F
p
and the feed cond.cti+ity F
f
E
F
p

*e=ectionD K W (1 A _ ) ; 1$$
F
f

/.&.- Cleaning 6aluation

9hen the permeate flow rate of the te)ted element i) too low compared with the )pecified +al.eD a cleaning can 2e tried"
Cleaning cannot 2e ).cce))f.l howe+erD when the mem2rane it)elf i) damagedD or when the mem2rane i) hea+ily
fo.led@)caled (typically when the permeate flow i) Q 3$K of )pecification)"

The cleaning e+al.ation incl.de) the e)ta2li)hment of cleaning proced.re)D their reali<ation on mem2rane )ample) and
).2)eB.ent performance te)ting" The cleaning e+al.ation may 2e performed on mem2rane element) after performance
te)ting or on mem2rane flat )heet co.pon) after the de)tr.cti+e a.top)y" Cleaning i) carried o.t according to the cleaning
proced.re de)cri2ed in Section 6D 8leaning an& Sanitation"

9hen the cleaning te)t ha) pro+en effecti+eD the treatment can 2e applied to the whole *, )y)tem"

/.&.. )utops+

:fter the pre+io.)ly de)cri2ed te)t) ha+e 2een doneD the .ltimate method to determine the ca.)e()) of a performance lo)) i)
the de)tr.cti+e analy)i) (a.top)y) of the 451T6C element" The Dow C.ality Department m.)t 2e in+ol+ed if de)tr.cti+e
analy)i) i) reB.ired in warranty ca)e)"

The element i) c.t lengthwi)e to allow the mem2rane to 2e .nrolled" Two to fo.r c.t) m.)t 2e madeD on oppo)ite )ide)D =.)t
deep eno.gh to penetrate the element ca)ing" The element )ho.ld 2e .nrolled caref.lly )o a) to not damage the mem2rane
).rface" The )tr.ct.ral integrity of the lea+e) i) in)pected" The mem2rane i) f.lly e;amined and )ample) of the mem2rane
and@or of the fo.lant are taken for analy)i) or plate and frame te)t)"

Page 103 of 181
'ressure @+e *est< To determine the ca.)e()) and the location of a )alt pa))ageD the element i) operated with a
pre)).ri<ed dye )ol.tion prior to the a.top)y" *hodamine ( can 2e .)ed a) a dye" : pink permeate wo.ld indicate a
damaged mem2rane" The dyed element i) a.top)ied and e;amined for the location of dye pa))age" Damaged area) of the
mem2rane will attain a pink color" Thi) e+al.ation allow) to di)ting.i)h 2etween chemical (e"g" o;idati+e) mem2rane
damage) and mechanical damage)D e"g" from permeate 2ackpre)).re"

/.&./ Membrane )nal+sis

The morphology of depo)it) i) determined with a )tereo and )tandard light micro)cope or a )canning electron micro)cope (,6M)"

4nformation a2o.t the chemical element) contained in the mem2rane or it) fo.ling@)caling layer i) o2tained from 6nergy
Di)per)i+e L&*ay l.ore)cence (6@:RF) 7pectro)copy" 7ample) of the mem2rane Ia) i)J and of the cleaned and rin)ed
mem2raneD and of the i)olated and dried fo.lant@)calant can 2e analy<ed 2y 6DL*" The re).lt gi+e) a )emi&B.antitati+e
compo)ition of chemical element) of the mem2rane and the fo.lant)" Thi) method can al)o f.rni)h e+idence of halogen
damage to the mem2rane" Typical element) fo.nd are CaD (aD 7rD 7 ()caling)D eD 7iD P2D Vn (colloidal fo.ling) and ClD (rD 4
(o;idation damage)" -owe+erD p.rely organic fo.ling and 2iofo.ling can not 2e detected 2y thi) method"

1C' (4nd.cti+ely Co.pled Pla)ma 6mi))ion 7pectro)copy) i) 2eing .)ed to B.antitati+ely determine metal) and )ilica on the
mem2rane ).rface"

4mp.ritie) which ha+e 2een organically 2o.nd to the mem2rane ).rface can 2e identified with 6,C) te)ting (6lectron
7pectro)copy for Chemical :naly)i))" Thi) te)t i) predominantly .)ed to identify the )o.rce of o;idation"

'late and Frame *esting i) performed after the de)tr.cti+e a.top)y" *o.nd co.pon) are c.t from the mem2rane of the
a.top)ied element and placed in a plate and frame apparat.)" The co.pon) can 2e cleaned or treated with different
chemical)" The performance of the different plate) with the differently treated mem2rane )ample) can 2e compared again)t
control co.pon)"

7limy depo)it) or fo.lant) from the mem2rane ).rface may 2e )craped off and then microbiological test 2e done on the)e
)ample)" The micro2iological te)t wo.ld re+eal the pre)ence of 2acteria and the kind of 2acteria pre)ent which may in t.rn
allow to de+i)e an anti&2iofo.ling )trategy"

2#. S3m,toms o! Trouble< Causes an% Corrective Measures

Tro.2le with the performance of an *,@! )y)tem normally mean) at lea)t one of the followingE
5o)) of normali<ed permeate flow rateO in practice thi) i) normally )een a) a feed pre)).re increa)e in order to maintain
the permeate o.tp.t"
4ncrea)e in normali<ed )ol.te pa))ageO in *, thi) i) typically a))ociated with an increa)e in permeate cond.cti+ity"
4ncrea)e in pre)).re dropE the difference 2etween feed pre)).re and concentrate pre)).re at con)tant flow rate
2ecome) larger"

rom ).ch )ymptom)D their location and kind of occ.rrenceD the ca.)e) of the tro.2le can often 2e determined" 4n the
following )ection)D the mentioned three main tro.2le) are di)c.))ed )y)tematically"

/.(.1 5ow Flow

4f the )y)tem ).ffer) from lo)) of normali<ed permeate flow performance and the pro2lem can 2e locali<edD the general r.le i)E
ir)t )tage pro2lemE depo)ition of partic.late matterO initial 2iofo.ling
5a)t )tage pro2lemE )caling
Pro2lem in all )tage)E ad+anced fo.ling

: low flow performance may 2e com2ined with a normalD a high or a low )ol.te pa))age" Depending on thi) com2inationD
concl.)ion) a) to the ca.)e) may 2e drawn"

Page 10# of 181
/.(.1.1 5ow Flow and Normal ,olute 'assage

5ow permeate flow a))ociated with normal )ol.te pa))age can ha+e the following ca.)e)E

a. 7iofouling and Natural !rganic Matter (N!M)<
(iofo.ling of the mem2rane) i) indicated 2y the following change) in the operating parameter)D predominantly at the front
end of the )y)temE
Permeate flow decrea)e) when operated at con)tant feed pre)).re and reco+ery"
*eco+ery decrea)e) when operated at con)tant feed pre)).reD in ca)e) where 2iofo.ling i) ad+anced to large 2ioma))e)"
eed pre)).re ha) to 2e increa)ed if the permeate flow i) to 2e maintained at con)tant reco+ery" 4ncrea)ing the feed
pre)).re i) howe+er )elf&defeating when done for a long timeD )ince it increa)e) the fo.lingD making it more diffic.lt to
clean later"
Differential pre)).re increa)e) )harply when the 2acterial fo.ling i) ma))i+e or when it i) com2ined with )ilt fo.ling"
7ince pre)).re drop acro)) the pre)).re +e))el) can 2e ).ch a )en)iti+e indicator of fo.lingD it i) )trongly recommended
that pro+i)ion) for in)talling differential pre)).re monitoring de+ice) 2e incl.ded for each )tage in a )y)tem"
7ol.te pa))age remain) normal or e+en low at the 2eginningD increa)ing when fo.ling 2ecome) ma))i+e"
-igh co.nt) of microorgani)m) in water )ample) taken from the feedD concentrateD or permeate )tream indicate the
2eginning or the pre)ence of 2iofo.ling" or proper micro2iological monitoring )ee Section 2.6.2D !ssessment o" t#e
$iological Fouling Potential" 9hen 2iofo.ling i) ).)pectedD the )y)tem )ho.ld 2e checked according to the item)
de)cri2ed in Section 3.1*D System Design 8onsi&erations to 8ontrol Microbiological !ctivity"
(iofilm) feel )lippery to the to.chD often ha+e a 2ad )mell
: B.ick te)t for 2iofo.ling i) the 2.rn te)tE a )ample of 2iofilm i) collected with a )pat.l.m or the point of a knife and
incinerated o+er the flame of a lighter" The )mell of a 2.rnt 2iofilm i) like the )mell of 2.rnt hair" 32#is is really just a
Duic5 test "or an in&ication but not "or a .roo".4

ig.re 8"0 and ig.re 8"3 are photo) of a 2iofo.led mem2rane and feed )pacerD taken after element a.top)y"

Figure /.& 'icture of biofilm on membrane surface

Page 10' of 181
Figure /.( 'icture of feed spacer wit3 biofilm

Ca.)e) for 2iofo.ling are mo)tly the com2ination of a 2iologically acti+e feedwater and improper pretreatment"

The correcti+e mea).re) areE
Clean and )aniti<e the entire )y)temD incl.ding the pretreatment )ection and the element)" 7ee Section 6 for detail)" :n
incomplete cleaning and di)infection will re).lt in rapid re&contamination"
-igh p- )oak and rin)e A )ee cleaning in)tr.ction)D Section 6
The in)tallation or optimi<ation of the pretreatment )y)tem to cope with the fo.ling potential of the raw water ()ee
Section 2.6D $iological Fouling Prevention)"
4n)tallation of o.ling *e)i)tant (*) element)"

b. )ged 'reseration ,olution
6lement) or *, )y)tem) pre)er+ed in a 2i).lfite )ol.tion can al)o 2ecome 2iologically fo.ledD if the pre)er+ation )ol.tion i)
too oldD too warmD or o;idi<ed 2y o;ygen" :n alkaline cleaning .).ally help) to re)tore the permeate flow" *enew
pre)er+ati+e )ol.tion if )toring element)" 7tore in coolD dryD dark en+ironment"

c. 1ncomplete $etting
451T6C element) that ha+e 2een allowed to dry o.tD may ha+e a red.ced permeate flowD 2eca.)e the fine pore) of the
poly).lfone layer are not wetted" The techniB.e) to re&wet dry mem2rane) are de)cri2ed in Section +.3.2D Re@wetting o" Drie&
<ut 'lements"

/.(.1.2 5ow Flow and #ig3 ,olute 'assage

5ow flow a))ociated with high )ol.te pa))age i) the mo)t commonly occ.rring condition for plant fail.re" Po))i2le ca.)e)
areE

a. Colloidal Fouling
To identify colloidal fo.lingE
*e+iew recorded feedwater 7D4H)" The pro2lem i) )ometime) d.e to infreB.ent e;c.r)ion) or pretreatment .p)et)"
:naly<e re)id.e from 7D4 filter pad)"
:naly<e acc.m.lation) on prefilter cartridge)"
4n)pect and analy<e depo)it) on feed )croll end of 1
)t
)tage lead element)"

Clean the element) depending on fo.lant ()ee cleaning in)tr.ction)D Section 6)"
:d=.)tD correct and@or modify the pretreatment"

Page 108 of 181
b. Metal !Aide Fouling
1etal o;ide fo.ling occ.r) predominantly in the fir)t )tage" The pro2lem can more ea)ily 2e locali<ed when permeate flow
meter) ha+e 2een in)talled in each array )eparately" Common )o.rce) areE
4ron or al.mini.m in feedwater ()ee Section 2.6D Prevention o" 1ron an& Manganese Fouling and Section 2.17D
Prevention o" !luminum Fouling")
-ydrogen ).lfide with air in feedwater re).lt) in metal ).lfide) and@or elemental ).lf.r ()ee Section 2.11D 2reatment o"
Fee& (ater 8ontaining ;y&rogen Sul"i&e)"
Corro)ion of pipingD +e))el) or component) .p)tream of mem2rane element)"

To identify metal o;ide fo.lingE
:naly<e feedwater for iron and al.mini.m"
Check )y)tem component) for e+idence of corro)ion"

4ron fo.ling can ea)ily 2e identified from the look of the element A )ee ig.re 8"# for e;ample"

Figure /.- 'icture of iron fouled feed side of an element wit3 telescoping damage and signs of mec3anical force

The correcti+e mea).re) are
Clean the mem2rane element) a) appropriate ()ee cleaning in)tr.ction)D Section 6)"
:d=.)tD correct and@or modify the pretreatment
*etrofit piping or )y)tem component) with appropriate material)"

c. ,caling
7caling i) a water chemi)try pro2lem originating from the precipitation and depo)ition of )paringly )ol.2le )alt)" The typical
)cenario i) a 2racki)h water )y)tem operated at high reco+ery witho.t proper pretreatment" 7caling .).ally )tart) in the la)t
)tage and then mo+e) grad.ally to the .p)tream )tage)" 9ater) containing high concentration) of calci.mD 2icar2onate
and@or ).lfate can )cale a mem2rane )y)tem within ho.r)" 7caling with 2ari.m or with fl.oride i) typically +ery )low 2eca.)e
of the low concentration) in+ol+ed"

To identify )calingE
Check feedwater analy)i) for the )caling potential at pre+ailing )y)tem reco+ery"
:naly<e the concentrate for le+el) of calci.mD 2ari.mD )tronti.mD ).lfateD fl.orideD )ilicateD p- and 5angelier 7at.ration
4nde; (7tiff R Da+i) 7at.ration 4nde; for )eawater)" Try to calc.late the ma)) 2alance for tho)e )alt)D analy<ing al)o
feed water and permeate"
4n)pect concentrate )ide of )y)tem for )caling"
9eigh a tail elementE )caled element) are hea+y"
:.top)y tail element and analy<e the mem2rane for )calingE the cry)talline )tr.ct.re of the depo)it) can 2e o2)er+ed
.nder the micro)cope" : foaming reaction with acid indicate) car2onate )caling" The type of )caling i) identified 2y a
chemical analy)i)D 6DL* or 4CP analy)i)"
7caling i) hard and ro.gh to the to.ch A like )and paper" Cannot 2e wiped off"

Page 10% of 181
Photograph) of )caled mem2rane) are )hown in ig.re 8"'"

Figure /.. 'icture of scaled membrane surface wit3 imprints from t3e feed spacer

Cleaning with acid and@or an alkaline 6DT: )ol.tion ()ee cleaning in)tr.ction)D Section 6)" :n analy)i) of the )pent
)ol.tion may help to +erify the cleaning effect"
,ptimi<e cleaning depending on )caling )alt) pre)ent"
Car2onate )calingE lower p-D ad=.)t anti)calant do)age"
7.lfate )calingE lower reco+eryD ad=.)t anti)calant do)age and type"
l.oride )calingE lower reco+eryD ad=.)t anti)calant do)age or type"

/.(.1." 5ow Flow and 5ow ,olute 'assage

a. Compaction and 1ntrusion
1em2rane compaction and intr.)ion i) typically a))ociated with low permeate flow and impro+ed )alt re=ection" Compaction
i) the re).lt of applied pre)).re and temperat.re compre))ing the mem2rane which may re).lt in a decline in fl.; and )alt
pa))age" 4ntr.)ion i) the pla)tic deformation of the mem2rane when pre))ed again)t the permeate channel )pacer .nder
e;ce))i+e force) and@or temperat.re)" The pattern of the permeate )pacer i) +i)i2ly imprinted on the mem2rane" 4ntr.)ion i)
typically a))ociated with low flow" 4n practiceD compaction and intr.)ion may occ.r )im.ltaneo.)ly and are diffic.lt to
di)ting.i)h from each other" :ltho.gh the 451T6C mem2rane )how) little compaction and intr.)ion when operated
properlyD )ignificant compaction and intr.)ion might occ.r .nder the following condition)E
high feed pre)).re
high temperat.re
water hammer

9ater hammer can occ.r when the high pre)).re p.mp i) )tarted with air in the )y)tem"

Damaged element) m.)t 2e replacedD or new element) m.)t 2e added to the )y)tem to compen)ate for the fl.; lo))" 4f new
element) are in)talled together with .)ed element)D the new element) )ho.ld 2e loaded into the tail po)ition) of a )y)tem to
protect them from too high fl.; operation" !ew element) )ho.ld 2e di)tri2.ted e+enly into parallel po)ition)" 4t )ho.ld 2e
a+oided to ha+e +e))el) loaded e;cl.)i+ely with new element) in)talled in parallel with other +e))el) containing e;cl.)i+ely
.)ed element)" Thi) wo.ld ca.)e an .ne+en flow di)tri2.tion and reco+ery of the indi+id.al +e))el)"

or e;ampleD if )i; element) of a 0(#)E2(#) )y)tem are to 2e replacedD the new element) )ho.ld go into po)ition 0D3 and # of
each of the two +e))el) of the 2nd )tage" 5ikewi)eD if )i; element) are to 2e addedD they )ho.ld go into po)ition) 3 and # of
the / +e))el) of the 2nd )tage of an enlarged 0(#)E/(#) )y)tem" 4f for )ome rea)on thi) i) not po))i2leD at lea)t po)ition) 1
and 2 of the fir)t )tage )ho.ld not 2e loaded with 2rand new element)"

Page 13$ of 181
b. !rganic Fouling
The ad)orption of organic matter pre)ent in the feed water on the mem2rane ).rface ca.)e) fl.; lo))D e)pecially in the fir)t
)tage" 4n many ca)e)D the ad)orption layer act) a) an additional 2arrier for di))ol+ed )alt)D or pl.g) pinhole) of the
mem2raneD re).lting in a lower )alt pa))age" ,rganic) with a high molec.lar ma)) and with hydropho2ic or cationic gro.p)
can prod.ce ).ch an effect" 6;ample) are oil trace) or cationic polyelectrolyte)D which are )ometime) .)ed in the
pretreatment" ,rganic) are +ery diffic.lt to remo+e from the mem2rane ).rface"

To identify organic fo.lingE
:naly<e depo)it) from filter cartridge) and 7D4 filter pad)"
:naly)e the incoming water for oil and grea)eD a) well a) for organic contaminant) in general"
Check pretreatment coag.lant) and filter aid)D e)pecially cationic polyelectrolyte)"
Check cleaning detergent) and ).rfactant)"

Clean for organic) ()ee cleaning in)tr.ction)D Section 6)" 7ome organic) can 2e cleaned ).cce))f.llyD )ome cannot
(e"g" heating oil)"
Correct pretreatmentE .)e minimal coag.lant do)age)O monitor feedwater change) to a+oid o+erdo)ing"
1odify pretreatmentD i"e" oil@water )eparator)"

/.(.2 #ig3 ,olute 'assage

/.(.2.1 #ig3 ,olute 'assage and Normal 'ermeate Flow

-igh )ol.te pa))age at normal permeate flow may ha+e different ca.)e)"

a. 5ea%ing !4Ring
5eaking ,&ring) can 2e detected 2y the pro2ing techniB.e ()ee Probing @ Section ,.3.3.2)" 4n)pect ,&ring) of co.pler)D
adapter) and end pl.g) for correct in)tallation and a)&new condition" *eplace old and damaged ,&ring)" :l)o )ee
1nterconnector 2ec#nology @ Section ).*"

,&ring) may leak after e;po).re to certain chemical)D or to mechanical )tre))D e"g" element mo+ement ca.)ed 2y water
hammer" Proper )himming of the element) in a pre)).re +e))el i) e))ential to minimi<e the wear to the )eal) ()ee S#imming
'lements I Section ).3)" 7ometime)D ,&ring) ha+e )imply not 2een in)talledD or they ha+e 2een improperly in)talled or
mo+ed o.t of their proper location d.ring element loading" or replacement ,&ring)D )ee Ta2le 0"1E 451T6C
interconnector ).mmary in 1nterconnector 2ec#nology @ Section ).*"

b. *elescoping
451T6C element) can 2e mechanically damaged 2y an effect called tele)copingD where the o.ter mem2rane layer) of the
element .nra+el and e;tend down)tream pa)t the remaining layer)" : mode)t tele)coping doe) not nece))arily damage the
mem2raneD 2.t in more )e+ere ca)e) the gl.e line and@or the mem2rane can 2e r.pt.red"

Tele)coping i) ca.)ed 2y e;ce))i+e pre)).re drop from feed to concentrate" 1ake ).re that a thr.)t ring i) .)ed with eight
inch element) to ).pport the element)H o.ter diameter)"

The operating condition) that lead to e;ce))i+e pre)).re drop are detailed in ;ig# Di""erential Pressure @ Section ,.*.3"
Tele)coping damage can 2e identified 2y pro2ing and 2y a leak te)t ()ee >acuum Decay 2est I Section ,.).))" *eplace the
damaged element()) and correct the ca.)e)"

c. Membrane ,urface )brasion
Cry)talline or )harp&edged metallic particle) in the feed water may enter into the feed channel) and )cratch the mem2rane
).rface" Thi) wo.ld ca.)e )alt pa))age increa)e from the lead element)" Check the incoming water for ).ch particle)"
1icro)copic in)pection of the mem2rane ).rface will al)o re+eal the damage" Damaged mem2rane) m.)t 2e replaced" The
prefiltration m.)t 2e +erified to cope with thi) pro2lem" 6n).re that no particle) are relea)ed from the p.mp and the high
pre)).re pipingD and the piping ha) 2een rin)ed o.t 2efore the )tart&.p"

Page 131 of 181
d. 'ermeate 7ac%pressure
9hen the permeate pre)).re e;ceed) the concentrate pre)).re 2y more than 3 p)i ($"/ 2ar) at any timeD the mem2rane may
tear" The damage can 2e identified 2y pro2ing and 2y the leak te)t ()ee >acuum Decay 2est I Section ,.).)) and confirmed
2y a +i).al in)pection d.ring a.top)y"

9hen a leaf of a 2ackpre)).re damaged element i) .nrolledD the o.ter mem2rane typically )how) crea)e) parallel to the
permeate t.2eD .).ally clo)e to the o.ter gl.e line" The mem2rane delaminate) and form) 2li)ter) again)t the feed )pacer
()ee ig.re 8"8)" The r.pt.re of the mem2rane occ.r) mo)tly in the edge) 2etween the feed&)ide gl.e lineD the o.ter gl.e
lineD and the concentrate&)ide gl.e line"

Figure /./ 'icture of membrane wit3 permeate bac%pressure damage

/.(.2.2 #ig3 ,olute 'assage and #ig3 'ermeate Flow

a. Membrane !Aidation
: high )alt pa))age in com2ination with a higher than normal permeate flow i) mo)tly d.e to o;idation damage" 9hen free
chlorineD 2romineD o<one or other o;idi<ing chemical) are pre)ent in the incoming waterD the front end element) are typically
more affected than the other)" : ne.tral to alkaline p- fa+or) the attack to the mem2rane"

,;idation damage may al)o occ.r 2y di)infecting with o;idi<ing agent)D when p- and temperat.re limit) are not o2)er+edD or
when the o;idation i) cataly<ed 2y the pre)ence of iron or other metal) ()ee Saniti0ing R< an& =F membrane systems @
Section 6.17)" 4n thi) ca)eD a .niform damage i) likely"

: 451T6C element with =.)t o;idation damaged mem2rane i) )till mechanically intact when te)ted with the vacuum
&ecay test @ Section ,.).)" The chemical mem2rane damage can 2e made +i)i2le 2y a dye te)t on the element or on
mem2rane co.pon) ()ee !uto.sy I Section ,.).+)" :.top)y of one element and analy)i) of the mem2rane can 2e .)ed to
confirm o;idation damage" !o correcti+e action i) po))i2le" :ll damaged element) m.)t 2e replaced"

b. 5ea%
7e+ere mechanical damage of the element or of the permeate t.2ing can allow feed or concentrate to penetrate into the
permeateD e)pecially when working at high pre)).re)" The +ac..m te)t will )how a di)tinct po)iti+e re)pon)e" Po))i2le
ca.)e) are di)c.))ed in the ne;t )ection"

Page 132 of 181
/.(." #ig3 'ressure @rop

-igh differential pre)).reD al)o called pre)).re drop or ap from feed to concentrateD i) a pro2lem in )y)tem operation
2eca.)e the fl.; profile of the )y)tem i) di)t.r2ed in ).ch a way that the lead element) ha+e to operate at e;ce))i+ely high
fl.; while the tail element) operate at a +ery low fl.;" The feed pre)).re goe) .p which mean) increa)ed energy
con).mption" : high differential pre)).re ca.)e) a high force in flow direction on the feed )ide of the element" Thi) force ha)
to 2e taken 2y the permeate t.2e) andD in the ca)e of 8" element)D 2y the mem2rane )croll) and the fi2ergla)) )hell) of
ad=acent element) in the )ame +e))el" The )tre)) on the la)t element in the +e))el i) the highe)tE it ha) to 2ear the ).m of
the force) created 2y the pre)).re drop) of .p)tream element)"

The .pper limit of the differential pre)).re per m.lti&element +e))el i) 3$ p)i (/"3 2ar)D per )ingle fi2ergla))ed element 13 p)i
(1 2ar)" 9hen the)e limit) are e;ceededD e+en for a +ery )hort timeD the 451T6C element) might 2ecome tele)coped and
mechanically damaged"

6ight&inch element) will 2reak circ.mferentially at any location of the fi2ergla)) )hellD or the endcap will 2e p.)hed o.tD or the
)poke) of the endcap will 2reakD or the feed)pacer will 2e p.)hed o.t from the concentrate channel)" :ltho.gh ).ch damage
i) ea)ily +i)i2leD it doe) not normally affect the mem2rane performance directly" -owe+erD they indicate that the differential
pre)).re ha) 2een too high" Crack) aro.nd the endcap ca.)e 2ypa)) of feedwater and may lead to fo.ling and )caling"

Photo) of element) with tele)coping damage are )hown 2elow"

Figure /.0 *3e endcap 3as been pus3ed off Figure /.12 'icture of damaged fiberglass s3ell
Figure /.11 #ig3 pressure drop due to biofouling 3as
pus3ed out t3e feed spacer

Page 13/ of 181
:n increa)e in differential pre)).re at con)tant flow rate) i) .).ally d.e to the pre)ence of de2ri)D fo.lant) or )cale within the
element flow channel) (feed )pacer)" 4t .).ally occ.r) together with a decrea)ing permeate flowD and the ca.)e) for that
ha+e 2een di)c.))ed in Section ,.*.1"

:n e;ce))i+e pre)).re drop occ.r) when the recommended ma;im.m feed flow rate) (Section 3.6.1D Ta2le) /"0 & /"#) are
e;ceeded" 4t can al)o occ.r when the feed pre)).re 2.ild) .p too fa)t d.ring )tart&.p (water hammer)" The effect i)
dramatically increa)ed with a fo.lant 2eing pre)entD e)pecially 2iofilm ca.)e) a high pre)).re drop"

9ater hammerD a hydra.lic )hock to the mem2rane elementD can al)o happen when the )y)tem i) )tarted .p 2efore all air
ha) 2een fl.)hed o.t" Thi) co.ld 2e the ca)e at initial )tart&.p or at operational )tart&.p)D when the )y)tem ha) 2een allowed
to drain" 6n).re that the pre)).re +e))el) are not .nder +ac..m when the plant i) )h.t down (e"g" 2y in)tallation of a
+ac..m 2reaker)O otherwi)e air might enter into the )y)tem" 4n )tarting .p a partially drained *, )y)temD the p.mp may
2eha+e a) if it had little or no 2ackpre)).re" 4t will ).ck water at great +elocitie)D th.) hammering the element)" :l)o the high
pre)).re p.mp can 2e damaged 2y ca+itation"

The feed&to&concentrate differential pre)).re i) a mea).re of the re)i)tance to the hydra.lic flow of water thro.gh the
)y)tem" 4t i) +ery dependent on the flow rate) thro.gh the element flow channel) and on the water temperat.re" 4t i)
therefore ).gge)ted that the permeate and concentrate flow rate) 2e maintained a) con)tant a) po))i2le in order to notice
and monitor any element pl.gging that i) ca.)ing an increa)e in differential pre)).re"

The knowledge of the e;tent and the location of the differential pre)).re increa)e pro+ide a +al.a2le tool to identify the
ca.)e()) of a pro2lem" Therefore it i) .)ef.l to monitor the differential pre)).re acro)) each array a) well a) the o+erall feed&
to&concentrate differential pre)).re"

7ome of the common ca.)e) and pre+ention of high differential pre)).re are di)c.))ed 2elow"

a. 7+pass in Cartridge Filters
Cartridge filter) ha+e to protect the *, )y)tem from large de2ri) that can phy)ically 2lock the flow channel) in the lead&end
element)" 7.ch 2locking can happen when cartridge filter) are loo)ely in)talled in their ho.)ingD connected witho.t .)ing
interconnector)D or completely forgotten"

7ometime) cartridge filter) will deteriorate while in operation d.e to hydra.lic )hock or the pre)ence of incompati2le
material)" Cell.lo)e& 2a)ed filter) )ho.ld 2e a+oided 2eca.)e they may deteriorate and pl.g the 451T6C element)"

b. 'retreatment Media Filter 7rea%t3roug3
,cca)ionallyD )ome of the finer media from )andD m.ltimediaD car2onD weak acid cation e;change re)inD or diatomaceo.)
earth pretreatment filter) may 2reak thro.gh into the *, feedwater"

c. 'ump 1mpeller @eterioration
1o)t of the m.lti)tage centrif.gal p.mp) employ at lea)t one pla)tic impeller" 9hen a p.mp pro2lem ).ch a) mi)alignment
of the p.mp )haft de+elop)D the impeller) ha+e 2een known to deteriorate and throw off )mall pla)tic )ha+ing)" The )ha+ing)
can enter and phy)ically pl.g the lead&end *, element)" 4t i) ).gge)ted that the di)charge pre)).re of *, p.mp) 2e
monitored 2efore any control +al+e) a) part of a ro.tine maintenance )ched.le to )ee if the p.mp i) maintaining it) o.tp.t
pre)).re" 4f notD it may 2e deteriorating"

d. ,caling
7caling can ca.)e the tail&end differential pre)).re to increa)e" 1ake ).re that )cale control i) properly taken into acco.nt
()ee Section 2.3)D and clean the mem2rane) with the appropriate chemical) ()ee Section 6.,)" 6n).re that the de)igned
)y)tem reco+ery will not 2e e;ceeded"

e. 7rine ,eal 1ssues
(rine )eal damage can ca.)e a random increa)e in differential pre)).re" (rine )eal) can 2e damaged or It.rned o+erJ
d.ring in)tallation or d.e to hydra.lic ).rge)" Thi) re).lt) in a certain amo.nt of feedwater 2ypa)) aro.nd the element and
le)) flow and +elocity thro.gh the elementD th.) e;ceeding the limit for ma;im.m element reco+ery" 9hen thi) occ.r)D the
element i) more prone to fo.ling and )caling" :) a fo.led element in one of )e+eral m.lti&element pre)).re +e))el) 2ecome)
more pl.ggedD there i) a greater tendency for the down)tream element) to 2ecome fo.led d.e to in).fficient concentrate
flow rate) within that +e))el"

Page 130 of 181
4n ca)e of f.llfit or heat )aniti<a2le element) there are no 2rine )eal) in)talled" Thi) i) to deli2erately enco.rage a flow
aro.nd the )ide) of the element) to keep them free from 2acterial growth" (rine )eal) )ho.ld not 2e in)talled in plant) that
.)e f.llfit element) a) there i) no groo+e in the element to keep the 2rine )eal in placeD it wo.ld e+ent.ally 2ecome di)lodged
and ca.)e .npredicta2le pro2lem) in the )y)tem"

f. 7iological Fouling
(iological fo.ling i) typically a))ociated with a marked increa)e of the differential pre)).re at the lead end of the *, )y)tem"
(iofilm) are gelatino.) and B.ite thickD th.) creating a high flow re)i)tance" Correcti+e mea).re) ha+e 2een de)cri2ed in
Section ,.*.1.1"

g. 'recipitated )ntiscalants
9hen polymeric organic anti&)calant) come into contact with m.lti+alent cation) like al.mini.mD or with re)id.al cationic
polymeric flocc.lant)D they will form g.mlike precipitant) which can hea+ily fo.l the lead element)" Cleaning will 2e diffic.ltO
repeated application of an alkaline 6DT: )ol.tion may help"

/.(.& *roubles3ooting >rid

Change) of the permeate flowD the )alt pa))age and the differential pre)).re are )ymptom) which can 2e attached to
)pecific ca.)e) in many ca)e)" :ltho.ghD the )ymptom) of different ca.)e) may o+er&lap in realityD and the )ymptom) are
more or le)) prono.nced in )pecific ca)e)" :n o+er+iew of )ymptom)D their po))i2le ca.)e) and correcti+e mea).re) are
gi+en in the tro.2le)hooting grid of Ta2le 8"1.

(:n interacti+e tro.2le)hooting g.ide with direct link) to cleaning and remediation method) i) a+aila2le from the Dow 9ater
R Proce)) 7ol.tion) we2)ite .nder Technical 7er+ice Center & httpE@@www"dow"com@liB.id)ep)@)er+ice@tro.2le"htm )

*able /.1 ,+mptomsK causes and correctie measures
'ermeate flow ,alt passage @ifferential pressure @irect cause 1ndirect cause Correctie measure
,;idation damage
ree chlorineD o<oneD
F1n,0
*eplace element
1em2rane leak
Permeate 2ackpre)).reO
a2ra)ion
*eplace elementD impro+e
cartridge filtration
,&ring leak 4mproper in)tallation *eplace o&ring
5eaking prod.ct t.2e
Damaged d.ring element
loading
*eplace element
7caling 4n).fficient )cale control CleaningD )cale control
Colloidal fo.ling 4n).fficient pretreatment
CleaningD impro+e
pretreatment
(iofo.ling
Contaminated raw waterD
in).fficient pretreatment
CleaningD di)infectionD
impro+e pretreatment
,rganic fo.ling
,ilO cationic polyelectrolyte)
water hammer
CleaningD impro+e
pretreatment
Compaction 9ater hammer
*eplace element or add
element)

4ncrea)ing Decrea)ing !ot changing 1ain )ymptom

Re!erences

(1) 9e) (yrne (6d")E *e+er)e ,)mo)i) A : Practical ?.ide for 4nd.)trial 8)er)" 2
nd
6d" Tall ,ak) P.2li)hing 4nc"D 2$$2"
Chapter 'E Tro.2le)hooting *, 7y)tem)D pp" 0/'&0%0
(2) :7T1 D/%2/&%0(2$$/)e1 7tandard Practice) for Detecting 5eak) in *e+er)e ,)mo)i) De+ice)
(/) :7T1 D#%$8&$/ 7tandard Practice for 4ntegrity Te)ting of 9ater iltration 1em2rane 7y)tem)
,3- :7T1 D01%0&$/ 7tandard Te)t 1ethod) for ,perating Characteri)tic) of *e+er)e ,)mo)i) and !anofiltration De+ice)

Page 133 of 181
7# 4%%en%um

7#" Terminolo)3

)), :tomic :2)orption 7pectro)copy"
)!C :))imila2le ,rganic Car2on"
)nionic pol+electrol+te 8).ally acrylamide and acrylamide and acrylic copolymer)D negati+ely chargedD .)ed for
coag.lation@flocc.lationD )ee 'ol+electrol+tes.
)nt3racite : gran.lar hard coal .)ed a) a filtration mediaD commonly .)ed a) the coar)er layer in d.al
and m.ltimedia filter)"
)ntifoulant 7ee antiscalant.
)ntiscalant : compo.nd added to a water which inhi2it) the precipitation of )paringly )ol.2le inorganic
)alt)"
)nti4telescoping deice : pla)tic or metal de+ice attached to the end) of a )piral wo.nd cartridge to pre+ent
mo+ement of the cartridge lea+e) in the feed flow directionD d.e to high feed flow)"
)rra+ :n arrangement of de+ice) connected to common feedD prod.ct and re=ect header)O that i)D a
2E1 array"
)*@ 7ee anti4telescoping deice.
)*' :deno)ine tripho)phate"
)utops+ The di))ection of a mem2rane mod.le or element to in+e)tigate ca.)e) of .n)ati)factory
performance"
)ailabilit+ The on&)tream time or rated operating capacity of a water treatment )y)tem"
)4alue 1em2rane water permea2ility coefficient" The coefficient i) defined a) the amo.nt of water
prod.ced per .nit area of mem2rane when net dri+ing pre)).re (!DP) i) .nityD a .nit of
mea).rement i) m
/
@hr@m
2
@kPa"
7ac%was3 *e+er)e the flow of water with@witho.t air either acro)) or thro.gh a medi.m de)igned to
remo+e the collected foreign material from the 2ed"
7acteria :ny of a cla)) of micro)copic )ingle&celled organi)m) reprod.cing 2y fi))ion or 2y )pore)"
Characteri<ed 2y ro.ndD rod&like )piral or filamento.) 2odie)D often aggregated into colonie)
or mo2ile 2y mean) of flagella" 9idely di)per)ed in )oilD waterD organic matterD and the 2odie)
of plant) and animal)" 6ither a.totrophic ()elf&).)tainingD )elf&generati+e)D )aprophytic
(deri+e) n.trition from non&li+ing organic material already pre)ent in the en+ironment)D or
para)itic (deri+ing n.trition from another li+ing organi)m)" ,ften )ym2iotic (ad+antageo.)) in
manD 2.t )ometime) pathogenic"
7actericide :gent capa2le of killing 2acteria"
7acteriostat 7.2)tance that pre+ent) 2acterial growth and meta2oli)m 2.t doe) not nece))arily kill
them"
7an% : gro.ping of de+ice)" 7ee arra+K bloc%K trainK R! train.
7ar 8nit of pre)).reO 10"3$ l2)@in
2
D 1"$2$ kg@cm
2
D $"%8' atmD $"1 1Pa"
7@!C (iodegrada2le Di))ol+ed ,rganic Car2on"
7ed dept3 The depth of the filter medi.m or ion e;change re)in in a +e))el"
7iocide : ).2)tance that kill) all li+ing organi)m)"
7iological deposits The de2ri) left 2y organi)m) a) a re).lt of their life proce))e)"
7iomass :ny material which i) or wa) a li+ing organi)m or e;creted from a micro&organi)m"
7iostat : ).2)tance that inhi2it) 2iological growth"
7loc% : gro.ping of de+ice) in a )ingle .nit ha+ing common control" 7ee arra+K ban%K train"
7!@ (iological ,;ygen Demand" The amo.nt of di))ol+ed o;ygen .tili<ed 2y nat.ral agencie) in
water in )ta2ili<ing organic matter at )pecified te)t condition)"
7oundar+ la+er : thin layer at the mem2rane ).rface where water +elocitie) de+iate )ignificantly le)) than
tho)e in the 2.lk flow"
7rac%is3 water 9ater with an appro;imate concentration of total di))ol+ed )olid) ranging from 1D$$$ to
1$D$$$ mg@5" 7ee 3ig3 brac%is3 waterD seawater"

Page 13# of 181
7rea%point c3lorination The point at which the water chlorine demand i) )ati)fied and any f.rther chlorine i) the
chlorine re)id.alD the "free" chlorine )pecie)"
7rea% tan% : )torage de+ice .)ed for hydra.lic i)olation and ).rge protection"
7rine The concentrate (re=ect) )tream from a cro))flow mem2rane de+ice performing de)alination"
Portion of the feed )tream which doe) not pa)) thro.gh the mem2rane" 7ee Concentrate.
7rine (concentrate) seal : r.22er lip )eal on the o.t)ide of a )piral wo.nd cartridge which pre+ent) feed 2y&pa))
2etween the cartridge and the in)ide pre)).re +e))el wall"
7rine s+stem staging : proce)) in which the concentrateD .nder pre)).reD of a gro.p of mem2rane de+ice) i) fed
directly to another )et of mem2rane de+ice) to impro+e the efficiency of the water )eparation"
74alue. ,alt diffusion
coefficient
The coefficient i) defined a) the amo.nt of )alt tran)ferred per .nit area of mem2rane when
the difference in )alt concentration acro)) the mem2rane i) .nity" : .nit of mea).rement i)
m@h"
7$R! (racki)h 9ater *e+er)e ,)mo)i)"
C)C Com2ined :+aila2le Chlorine"
Calcium carbonate
eIuialents (mg85 as
CaC!")
: method for e;pre))ing mg@5 a) ion in term) of calci.m car2onate" Concentration in calci.m
car2onate eB.i+alent) i) calc.lated 2y m.ltiplying concentration in mg@5 of the ion 2y the
eB.i+alent weight of calci.m car2onate (3$) and di+iding 2y the eB.i+alent weight of the ion"
Carbonate 3ardness The hardne)) in a water ca.)ed 2y car2onate) and 2icar2onate) of calci.m and magne)i.m"
The amo.nt of hardne)) eB.i+alent to the alkalinity formed and depo)ited when water i)
2oiled" 4n 2oiler)D car2onate hardne)) i) readily remo+ed 2y 2lowdown"
Cationic pol+electrol+te : polymer containing po)iti+ely charged gro.p) .)ed for coag.lation@flocc.lationD .).ally
dimethyl & aminoethyl methacrylate or dimethyl&aminoethyl acrylate" 7ee pol+electrol+te"
CFU Colony forming .nitO .nit .)ed in the mea).re of total 2acteria co.nt (T(C)"
C3anneling 8neB.al flow di)tri2.tion in the de)alination 2.ndle or filter 2ed"
C3elating agents : )eB.e)tering or comple;ing agent thatD in aB.eo.) )ol.tionD render) a metallic ion inacti+e
thro.gh the formation of an inner ring )tr.ct.re with the ion"
C3emical feed pump : p.mp .)ed to meter chemical)D ).ch a) chlorine of polypho)phateD into a feed water ).pply"
C3loramine : com2ination of chlorine and ammonia in water which ha) 2actericidal B.alitie) for a longer
time than doe) free chlorine"
C3lorine Chemical .)ed for it) B.alitie) a) a 2leaching or o;idi<ing agent and di)infectant in water
p.rification"
C3lorine demand The amo.nt of chlorine .)ed .p 2y reacting with o;idi<a2le ).2)tance) in water 2efore
chlorine re)id.al can 2e mea).red"
C3lorineK residual The amo.nt of a+aila2le chlorine pre)ent in water at any )pecified time"
C3lorineK free aailable The chlorine (Cl2)D hypochlorite ion) (,Cl
&
)D hypochloro.) acid (,-Cl) or the com2ination
thereof pre)ent in water"
C3lorineK total aailable The ).m of free a+aila2le chlorine pl.) chloramine) pre)ent in water"
C1' Cleaning&in&place"
Citric acid C/-0(,-)(C,2-)/D mem2rane cleaning chemical"
Clarifier : tank in which precipitate )ettle) and ).pernatant o+erflow)D a liB.id&)olid) )eparation .nit
.)ing gra+ity to remo+e )olid) 2y )edimentation"
Coagulant Chemical added in water and wa)tewater application) to ca.)e de)tali<ation of ).)pended
particle) and ).2)eB.ent formation of floc) that ad)or2D entrapD or otherwi)e 2ring together
).)pended matter that i) )o fineD it i) defined a) colloidal" Compo.nd) of iron and al.min.m
are generally .)ed to form floc) to allow remo+al of t.r2idityD 2acteriaD colorD and other finely
di+ided matter from water and wa)te water"
C!@4c3emical oA+gen
demand
The amo.nt of o;ygen reB.ired .nder )pecified te)t condition) for the o;idation of water 2orne
organic and inorganic matter"
Colloid : ).2)tance of +ery fine particle )i<eD typically 2etween $"1 and $"$$1 pin in diameter
).)pended in liB.id or di)per)ed in ga)" : )y)tem of at lea)t two pha)e)D incl.ding a
contin.o.) liB.id pl.) )olidD liB.id or ga)eo.) particle) )o )mall that they remain in di)per)ion
for a practica2le time"
Colon+ forming unit (CFU) 8nit .)ed in the mea).re of total 2acterial co.nt (T(C)"

Page 13' of 181
Compaction 4n cro))flow filtrationD the re).lt of applied pre)).re and temperat.re compre))ing a polymeric
mem2rane which may re).lt in a decline in fl.;"
Composite membrane : mem2rane ha+ing two or more layer) with different phy)ical or chemical propertie)"
1em2rane man.fact.red 2y forming a thin de)alinating 2arrier layer on a poro.) carrier
mem2rane"
Concentrate The )tream e;iting a cro))flow mem2rane de+ice which ha) increa)ed concentration of
)ol.te) and particle) o+er the feed )tream" Portion of the feed )tream which doe) not pa))
thro.gh the mem2rane" The )tream in which di))ol+ed )olid) or partic.late)D or 2othD are
concentrated in a mem2rane )eparation proce))"
Concentration FactorK CF The ratio of the feed B.antity (or feed )tream) o+er the concentrate B.antity (or concentrate
)tream)
) (
) (
ion concentrat feedwater C
ion concentrat brinewater C
CF
F
B

Concentration polari?ation The increa)e of the )ol.te concentration o+er the 2.lk feed )ol.tion which occ.r) in a thin
2o.ndary layer at the feed )ide of the mem2rane ).rfaceD re).lting from the remo+al of the
)ol+ent"
Concentrate rec+cle : techniB.e for impro+ing reco+ery in which a fraction of the concentrate i) recycled thro.gh
the mem2rane )y)tem"
Conductiit+ The property of a ).2)tanced) (in thi) ca)eD water and di))ol+ed ion)) a2ility to tran)mit
electricity" The in+er)e of re)i)ti+ity" 1ea).red 2y a cond.cti+ity meterD and de)cri2ed in
micro)iemen)@cm or micromho)@cmD S7@cm"
Contaminant :ny foreign ).2)tance pre)ent which will ad+er)ely affect performance or B.ality"
Corrosion products Prod.ct) that re).lt from chemical or electrochemical reaction 2etween a metal and it)
en+ironment"
C'U Chloroplatinate .nit (color indicator)"
CRC Com2ined *e)id.al Chlorine"
Crossflow membrane
filtration
: )eparation of the component) of a fl.id 2y )emipermea2le mem2rane) thro.gh the
application of pre)).re and flow parallel to the mem2rane ).rface" 4ncl.de) the proce))e) of
re+er)e o)mo)i)D .ltrafiltrationD nanofiltrationD and microfiltration "
@alton :n ar2itrary .nit of molec.lar weightD 1 1@2 the ma)) of the n.clide of car2on 12" 8nit of
mea).re for the )malle)tD )i<e of the molec.lar retained 2y an .ltrafilter"
@ead end filtration : proce)) in which water i) forced thro.gh a media which capt.re) the retained particle) on
and within itD where the proce)) in+ol+e) one infl.ent and one effl.ent )tream"
@eioni?ation (@l) The remo+al of ion) from a )ol.tion 2y ion e;change"
@eminerali?ation The proce)) of remo+ing mineral) from water"
@esalination 7ee deminerali?ation.
@etergent : clean)ing agentO any of n.mero.) )ynthetic water )ol.2le or liB.id&organic preparation)
that are chemically different from )oap) 2.t re)em2le them in the a2ility to em.l)ify oil) and
hold dirt in ).)pen)ion"
@isinfection The proce)) of killing organi)m) in a water ).pply or di)tri2.tion )y)tem 2y mean) of heatD
chemical)D or 8> light"
@issoled solids The re)id.al material remaining after filtering the ).)pended material from a )ol.tion and
e+aporating the )ol.tion to a dry )tate at a )pecified temperat.re" That matterD e;cl.)i+e of
ga)e)D which i) di))ol+ed in water to gi+e a )ingle homogeneo.) liB.id pha)e"
@ouble pass R! s+stem *, )y)tem in which the permeate i) f.rther de)alinated 2y a ).2)eB.ent *, )y)tem"
6lement The component containing the mem2raneD generally replacea2leD ).ch a) a )piral wo.nd
cartridge"
6R@ 6nergy reco+ery de+ice"
6R* 6nergy reco+ery t.r2ine"
F)C ree :+aila2le Chlorine"
F@) ood and Dr.g :dmini)tration (87:)"

Page 138 of 181
Feed The inp.t )ol.tion to a treatment@p.rification )y)tem or de+iceD incl.ding the raw water ).pply
prior to any treatment" The liB.id entering the mod.le"
Feed c3annel spacer : pla)tic netting 2etween mem2rane lea+e) which pro+ide) the flow channel for the fl.id
pa))ing o+er the ).rface of the mem2rane and increa)e) the t.r2.lence of the feed&2rine
)tream"
Feed water That water entering a de+ice or proce))"
Ferric c3loride : coag.lantD )olid a) eCl/ or liB.id a) eCl/ p #-2,"
Ferric sulfate e2(7,0)/ p %-2,D a coag.lant"
Ferrous sulfate e7,0 p '-2,D a coag.lant"
F1 o.ling 4nde;"
Filtrate The portion of the feed )tream which ha) pa))ed thro.gh a filter"
Floc : loo)eD open&)tr.ct.red ma)) prod.ced 2y the aggregation of min.te particle)"
Flocculent Chemical()) whichD when added to waterD form 2ridge) 2etween ).)pended particle) ca.)ing
them to agglomerate into larger gro.ping) (floc)) which then )ettle or float 2y )pecific gra+ity
difference)"
Flocculation The proce)) of agglomerating fine particle) into larger gro.ping) called floc)"
FluA The mem2rane thro.ghp.tD .).ally e;pre))ed in +ol.me of permeate per .nit time per .nit
areaD ).ch a) gallon) per day per ft
2
or litre) per ho.r per m
2
"
Fouling The red.ction of fl.; d.e to a 2.ild&.p of )olid) on the ).rface or within the pore) of the
mem2raneD re).lting in changed element performance"
Fouling indeA (F1) 7ee ,@1"
FRC ree *e)id.al Chlorine"
Freeboard The )pace a2o+e a filter 2ed in a filtration +e))el to allow for e;pan)ion of the 2ed d.ring 2ack
wa)hing"
Free (aailable) c3lorine Chlorine e;i)ting a) hypochloro.) acid or it) di))ociated ion)" Chlorine remaining after the
demand ha) 2een )ati)fied"
FR' i2ergla)) reinforced pla)tic"
Fungus Primiti+e plant) di)ting.i)hed from algae 2y the a2)ence of chlorophyll"
>)C ?ran.lar :cti+ated Car2on"
>@ ?allon) per day" 7ee >'@"
>F@ (>'@,F) 8nit of permeate rate or fl.;O gallon) per day per )B.are foot of effecti+e mem2rane area"
>'@ 8nit of flow rateO gallon) per day" 7ee >@"
>rait+ filter : filter thro.gh which water flow) thro.gh it 2y gra+ity"
>reensand : mineral (gla.conite)D .)ed a) a filtration medi.m" 7ee manganese greensand"
>roundwater4water Confined in permea2le )and layer) 2etween rock or clayO that part of the ).2).rface water
that i) in the )at.rated <one"
#alogen :ny element of the family of the element) fl.orineD chlorineD 2romine and iodine (definition for
p.rpo)e of thi) )tandard)"
#ardness The poly+alent&cation concentration of water (generally calci.m and magne)i.m)" 8).ally
e;pre))ed a) mg@5 a) CaC,/"
#eader 7ee manifold"
#ead loss The red.ction in liB.id pre)).re .).ally a))ociated with the pa))age of a )ol.tion thro.gh a
filter media 2ed"
#ea+ metals 6lement) ha+ing a high den)ity or )pecific gra+ity of appro;imately 3"$ or higher" : generic
term .)ed to de)cri2e contaminant) ).ch a) cadmi.mD leadD merc.ryD etc" 1o)t are to;ic to
h.man) in low concentration"
#ig3 brac%is3 water 9ater with an appro;imate concentration of total di))ol+ed )olid) ranging from 1$D$$$ to
/$D$$$ mg@5" 7ee brac%is3 water and seawater"
#ig34purit+ water -ighly treated water with attention to micro2iologicalD particleD organic) and mineral red.ction
or elimination"
#'C -eterotrophic plate co.nt" ormerly called 7PC"
#'$ -igh P.rity 9ater"

Page 13% of 181
#umic acid : +ariety of water&)ol.2le organic compo.nd)D formed 2y the decayed +egeta2le matterD
which i) leached into a water )o.rce 2y r.noff or percolation" Pre)ent in mo)t ).rface and
)ome gro.nd water)" -igher concentration) ca.)e a 2rowni)h tint" Diffic.lt to remo+e e;cept
2y ad)orptionD .ltrafiltrationD nanofiltration or re+er)e o)mo)i)"
1n4line coagulation : filtration proce)) performed 2y contin.ally adding a coag.lant to the raw feedwater and then
pa))ing the water thro.gh a filter to remo+e the microfloc which ha) 2een formed"
1nterconnector : de+ice to connect ad=acent mem2rane element) in )erie) and to )eal the prod.ct channel
from the feed 2rine channel"
1on eAc3ange : re+er)i2le proce)) 2y which ion) are interchanged 2etween a )olid and a liB.id with no
).2)tantial )tr.ct.ral change) in the )olidO ion) remo+ed from a liB.id 2y chemical 2onding to
the media"
1onic strengt3 1ea).re of the o+erall electrolytic potential of a )ol.tionD the )trength of a )ol.tion 2a)ed on
2oth the concentration) and +alencie) of the ion) pre)ent"
1oni?ation The di)a))ociation of molec.le) into charged particle) (ion))"
5angelier ,aturation
1ndeAK 5,1
:n inde; calc.lated from total di))ol+ed )olid)D calci.m concentrationD total alkalinityD p-D and
)ol.tion temperat.re that )how) the tendency of a water )ol.tion to precipitate or di))ol+e
calci.m car2onate"
5eaf The )andwich layer of flat&)heet mem2rane@prod.ct channel )pacer@flat&)heet mem2raneD
gl.ed together on the )ide) and acro)) the o.ter end in a )piral wo.nd element"
5ime soda softening 8)e of lime and !a2C,/ for )oftening water"
5,1 5angelier 7at.ration 4nde;D mea).re of CaC,/ )ol.2ility in 2racki)h water)" 7ee ,F@,1.
Manganese greensand : mangane)e dio;ide coated green)and .)ed a) a filter medi.m for remo+al of mangane)e
and iron" 7ee greensand"
Manifold :n enlarged pipe with connection) a+aila2le to the indi+id.al feedD 2rine and prod.ct port) of a
de)alination de+ice"
Mass *ransfer Coefficient
(M*C)
1a)) (or +ol.me) tran)fer thro.gh a mem2rane 2a)ed on dri+ing force"
Membrane 6ngineered thin )emipermea2le film which )er+e) a) a 2arrier permitting the pa))age of
material) only .p to a certain )i<eD )hapeD or electro&chemical character" 1em2rane) are .)ed
a) the )eparation agent in re+er)e o)mo)i)D electrodialy)i)D .ltrafiltrationD nanofiltrationD and
microfiltrationD a) di)c filter) in la2oratorie)D and a) pleated filter cartridge)D partic.larly for
microfiltration"
Membrane area The acti+e area a+aila2le for microD nano and .ltrafiltration and re+er)e o)mo)i)"
Membrane compaction 7ee compaction.
Membrane configuration The de)ign and )hape of a gi+en mem2rane element (cartridge) ).ch a) t.2.larD )piral wo.nd
or hollow fi2er"
Membrane element : 2.ndle of )piral mem2rane en+elope) 2o.nd together a) a di)crete entity"
Membrane filter ?eometrically reg.lar poro.) matri;O remo+e) particle) a2o+e pore )i<e rating 2y phy)ical )i<e
e;cl.)ion"
Membrane salt passage 7Pm i) the concentration of a compo.nd in the permeate related to it) a+erage concentration
on the feed@concentrate )ide"
Membrane softening 8)e of cro))flow mem2rane to ).2)tantially red.ce hardne)) ion) in water" 7ee nanofiltration"
MF 1icrofiltration"
MF1 1odified o.ling 4nde;"
M>@ (M>'@) 1illion) of gallon) per day"
Microfiltration (MF) iltration de)igned to remo+e particle) in the appro;imate range of $"$3 to 2 Sm"
Microbe (acteria and other organi)m) that reB.ire the aid of a micro)cope to 2e )een"
Microorganism 7ee microbe"
Microsiemens 8nit of mea).rement of water p.rity 2y electrical cond.cti+ityO one micromhoO reciprocal of
re)i)ti+ity" 7ee mego3mK o3m.
MillieIuialent per litre
(meI85)
: weight&+ol.me mea).rement o2tained 2y di+iding the concentration e;pre))ed in milligram)
per litre 2y the eB.i+alent weight of the ).2)tance or ion" 4f )pecific gra+ity i) .nity meB@5 i)
the )ame a) epm"

Page 1#$ of 181
Milligram per litre (mg85) : weight&+ol.me mea).rement which e;pre))e) the concentration of a )ol.te in milligram)
per litre of )ol.tion" 9hen )pecific gra+ity i) .nity mg@5 W ppm" 9hen )pecific gra+ity i) not
.nityD mg@5 di+ided 2y )pecific gra+ity of )ol.tion eB.al) ppm"
MiAed4bed : phy)ical mi;t.re of anion&e;change and cation&e;change material)"
Module : mem2rane element com2ined with the elementd) ho.)ing" Pre)).re +e))el containing
mem2rane element())"
Molalit+ (
4
m1) 1ole) (gram molec.lar weight) of )ol.te per 1D$$$ g of )ol+ent"
Molarit+ (m1) 1ole) (gram molec.lar weight) of )ol.te per litre of total )ol.tion"
Molecular $eig3t Cut !ff
(M$C!)
The rating of a mem2rane for the )i<e of .ncharged )ol.te) it will re=ect" :l)o referred to a)
nominal molec.lar weight c.t off (!19C,)"
Multimedia filter ilter with a 2ed con)i)ting of three or more )eparate filter media" The coar)e)tD lowe)t den)ity
at the top and the fine)tD highe)t den)ity at the 2ottom"
Na#M' 7odi.m he;ametapho)phateD an anti)calant"
Nanofiltration (NF) : cro))flow proce)) with pore )i<e) de)igned to remo+e )elected )alt) and mo)t organic)
a2o+e a2o.t /$$ molec.lar weight rangeD )ometime) referred to a) loo)e *,"
Nep3elometer : de+ice .)ed to mea).re mainly the t.r2idity of water with re).lt) e;pre))ed in
nephelometric t.r2idity .nit) (!T8)" 1ea).re) light at %$P"
Nonionic pol+electrol+te !e.tral charged polymer)D .).ally polyacrylamide)D .)ed for coag.lation @ flocc.lation" 7ee
pol+electrol+tes"
Normali?ation Con+erting act.al data to a )et of reference condition) in order to ")tandardi<e" operation to
common 2a)e"
NF !anofiltration"
N!M !at.ral ,rganic 1atter"
N*U 7ee nep3elometer"
!6M ,riginal eB.ipment man.fact.rer"
!FM ,peration and maintenance"
!perating pressure The gage hydra.lic pre)).re at which feedwater enter) a de+ice"
!R' ,;idation&*ed.ction Potential"
!smosis The )pontaneo.) flow of water from a le)) concentrated )ol.tion to a more concentrated
)ol.tion thro.gh a )emipermea2le mem2rane .ntil chemical potential eB.ili2ri.m i) achie+ed"
!smotic pressure : mea).rement of the potential energy difference 2etween )ol.tion) on either )ide of a
)emipermea2le mem2rane" : factor in de)igning the operating pre)).re of re+er)e o)mo)i)
eB.ipment" The applied pre)).re m.)t fir)t o+ercome the o)motic pre)).re inherent in the
chemical )ol.tion in order to prod.ce any fl.;"
!Aidation4reduction
potential
The electromoti+e force de+eloped 2y a no2le metal electrode immer)ed in the waterD referred
to the )tandard hydrogen electrode"
!A+gen demand The amo.nt of o;ygen reB.ired for the o;idation of water2orne organic and inorganic matter
.nder the )pecified te)t condition)"
'arts 'er 7illion (ppb) : mea).re of proportion 2y weightD eB.i+alent to a .nit weight of )ol.te per 2illion .nit weight)
of )ol.tion (appro;imate pg@5 or mg@m
/
in dil.te )ol.tion))"
'arts 'er Million (ppm) : mea).re of proportion 2y weightD eB.i+alent to a .nit weight of )ol.te per million .nit
weight)of )ol.tion (appro;imate mg@5 or g@m
/
in dil.te )ol.tion))"
'ass : treatment )tep or one of m.ltiple treatment )tep) prod.cing in a mem2rane )y)tem a
prod.ct )tream"
'ermeable :llowing material to pa)) thro.gh"
'ermeate The portion of the feed which pa))e) thro.gh the mem2raneD al)o called prod.ct"
'ermeate c3annel spacer a2ric that mechanically ).pport) the mem2rane and drain) the permeate to the permeate
t.2eD )ee product (permeate) c3annel spacer.
'ermeate collector fabric 7ee 'ermeate c3annel spacer.
'ermeate fluA Permeate flow rate per .nit mem2rane areaD e;pre))ed commonly a) l@m
2
h (or ?D)"
'lant capacit+ 1an.fact.re of prod.ct per .nit timeD e;pre))ed a) m
/
@dayD m
/
@hD ?PDD 1?D"
'lugging factor 7ee fouling factor and ,@1.

Page 1#1 of 181
'olari?ation 7ee concentration polari?ation.
'ol+electrol+te 7ynthetic (or nat.ral) molec.le)D containing m.ltiple ionic gro.p)D .)ed a) coag.lant) and
flocc.lant)O a+aila2le a) anionicD cationic and nonionic"
'ol+mers : ).2)tance con)i)ting of molec.le) characteri<ed 2y the repetition of one or more type) of
monomeric .nit)"
'orosit+ That portion of a mem2rane filter +ol.me which i) open to fl.id flowD al)o known a) +oid +ol.me"
'ost treatment The addition of chemical) to the prod.ct or concentrate )tream to make it ).ita2le for the
de)ired end .)e application"
'ost treatment 8tili<ation of eB.ipment ).ch a) dega)ifier) to make the prod.ct or concentrate )treamD or
2othD ).ita2le for the de)ired end .)e application"
'ressure filtration iltration performed in an enclo)ed pre)).ri<ed filter +e))el"
'ressure essel The +e))el containing one or more indi+id.al mem2rane element) and de)igned to with)tand
)afely the hydra.lic pre)).re dri+ing the )eparation mechani)m"
'retreatment Proce))e) ).ch a) chlorinationD filtrationD coag.lationD clarificationD acidification which may 2e
.)ed on feedwater ahead at mem2rane de+ice) to impro+e B.alityD minimi<e )caling and
corro)ion potentialD control 2iological acti+ity"
'roduct c3annel spacer
(permeate carrier)
The fa2ric or other material thro.gh which permeate water flow) after it pa))e) thro.gh the
flat )heet mem2rane"
'roduct staging : proce)) in which the permeate from one mem2rane plant i) .)ed a) the feed to another
mem2rane plant in order to f.rther impro+e prod.ct B.ality"
'roduct tube The t.2e at the center of the )piral wo.nd cartridge which collect) permeate water
'roductiit+ low rate of prod.ct water"
'roduct water P.rified water prod.ced 2y a proce))" 7ee 'ermeate"
'rojection : calc.lation .).ally performed 2y a )oftware packageD which predict) the performance of
part) or all of a water plant"
'+rogens :ny ).2)tance capa2le of prod.cing a fe+er in mammal)" ,ften a 2acterial endoto;in ).ch a)
lipo poly)accaride generated 2y gram negati+e 2acteria at de)tr.ction" Chemically and
phy)ically )ta2leD pyrogen) are not nece))arily de)troyed 2y condition) that kill 2acteria"
Raw water 9ater which ha) not 2een treated" 8ntreated water from well)D ).rface )o.rce)D the )ea or
p.2lic water ).pplie)"
Recoer+ J N (conersion) The ratio of prod.ct B.antity (permeate )tream flow rate) o+er the feed B.antity (feed )tream
flow rate)D gi+en a) fraction or in percent"
Reject (rineD (concentrate) )tream from a de)alination de+ice" Portion of the feed )tream which doe)
not pa)) thro.gh the mem2rane"
Rejection The a2ility of the mem2rane to hinder certain element) from pa))ing thro.gh" 6;pre))ed a) 1
min.) the ratio 2etween the concentration in the prod.ct and the feed"
Retentate 7ee concentrate"
Reerse !smosis (R!) The )eparation proce)) where one component of a )ol.tion i) remo+ed from another
component 2y flowing the feed )tream .nder pre)).re acro)) a )emipermea2le mem2rane"
*, remo+e) ion) 2a)ed on electro chemical force)D colloid)D and organic) down to 13$
molec.lar weight" 1ay al)o 2e called hyperfiltration"
R! *e+er)e ,)mo)i)"
R! train ,ne of two or more complete *, in)tallation)D incl.ding mem2rane) and high pre)).re p.mp
operating in parallel"
,F@,1 7tiff R Da+i) 7ta2ility 4nde;"
,alinit+ The concentration of inorganic )alt) in water"
,alt fluA :mo.nt of di))ol+ed )alt pa))ing thro.gh the mem2raneD mole) per day per )B.are .nit of
mem2rane area" )alt pa))ageD 7P&
CF
CPx
SP
100

,aniti?ation *ed.ction in the n.m2er of 2acterial contaminant) to )afe le+el)" 7ee disinfection"
,aturation The point at which a )ol.tion contain) eno.gh of a di))ol+ed )olidD liB.idD or ga) )o that no
more will di))ol+e into the )ol.tion at a gi+en temperat.re and pre)).re"

Page 1#2 of 181
,7, 7odi.m 2i).lfiteD !a-7,/"
,cale in3ibitor : chemical which inhi2it) the growth of micro&cry)tal) (inhi2it) precipitation of )paringly
)ol.2le )alt))" 7ee antiscalant"
,caling The 2.ild&.p of precipitated )alt) on a ).rfaceD ).ch a) mem2rane)D pipe)D tank)D or 2oiler
conden)ate t.2e)
,@1 4 ,alt @ensit+ 1ndeA :n inde; calc.lated from the rate of pl.gging of $"03 Sm mem2rane filter" 4t i) an indication of
the amo.nt of partic.late matter in waterD )ometime) called fo.ling inde;"
,F@,1 7tiff and Da+i) )at.ration inde;D mea).re of CaC,/ )ol.2ility in )eawater or highly )aline
water" 7ee 5,1"
,eawater 9ater with an appro;imate concentration of total di))ol+ed )olid) ranging from /$D$$$ to
#$D$$$ mg@5" 7ee brac%is3 waterK 3ig3 brac%is3 water.
,edimentation The precipitation or )ettling of in)ol.2le material) from a ).)pen)ionD either 2y gra+ity or
artificially" or e;ampleD centrif.geD pre)).re"
,emipermeable membrane : mem2rane which preferentially allow) the pa))age of )pecific compo.nd) while re=ecting
other)"
,#M' 7odi.m -e;a1etaPho)phate" (!a-1P)"
,iemens : mea).re of electrical cond.ctance in waterD eB.i+alent to a mho" 7ee M3oK !3m.
,lime (iological depo)it) of gelatino.) or filamento.) matter"
,M7, 7odi.m 1eta(i7.lfiteD !a272,3"
,oftening 7ee membrane softening"
,oftener 9ater treatment eB.ipment that .)e) a )odi.m 2a)ed ion&e;change re)in principally to
remo+e cation) a) calci.m and magne)i.m"
,olids contact clarifier 9ater treating de+ice .)ed in lime )ofteningD wa)te water treatment and coag.lation proce))e)"
,olubilit+ product Y1
U
Z
a
YL
&
Z
2
@Y1LZ where the 2racket) indicate the concentration) of the component) of the
ioni<ation eB.ili2ri.m 1 aL2 a1
U
U 2L" or )paringly )ol.2le )alt) Y1LZ i) e))entially .nity"
,olutes 1atter di))ol+ed in a )ol+ent"
,olent -ere defined a) water"
,'C 7tandard (heterotrophic) plate co.nt" 1ea).rement method for en.merating 2acteria"
,pecific fluA l.; di+ided 2y net pre)).re dri+ing force"
,piral wound cartridge : cro))flow mem2rane element de)ign con)i)ting of a prod.ct t.2eD flat mem2rane lea+e)D
feed channel )pacer)D anti&tele)coping de+ice)D and 2rine (concentrate) )eal"
,piral wound membrane : flat )heet mem2rane with one or more feed channel )pacer) and 2arrier layer)D all of which
are rolled into a )piral config.ration"
,tage : )eB.e)tial arrangement of pre)).re +e))el)D .).ally re=ect )taged ).ch a) 2E1 arrayD
)ometime) permeate )taged a) in do.2le pa)) *,"
,taging 7ee brine staging and product staging"
,tandard test conditions The parameter) .nder which a mem2rane man.fact.rer te)t) de+ice) for flow and )alt
re=ection"
,terili?ation De)tr.ction or remo+al of all +ia2le organi)m)"
,tiff F @ais ,tabilit+
1ndeAK ,F@,1
:n inde; calc.lated from total di))ol+ed )olid)D calci.m concentrationD total alkalinityD p- and
)ol.tion temperat.re that )how) the tendency of a water )ol.tion to precipitate or di))ol+e
calci.m car2onate" 7RD74 i) .)ed primarily for )eawater *, application)"
,*' 7odi.m tripho)phate & !a3P/,1$D a cleaning agent"
,*'' 7odi.m tripolypho)phate" 7ee ,*'"
,upersaturation : )tate in which the inorganic )alt()) are in )ol.tion at a le+el higher than the re)pecti+e
)ol.2ility prod.ct"
,uspended solids (,,) 7olid organic and inorganic particle) that are held in ).)pen)ion in a liB.id"
,$R! 7eawater re+er)e o)mo)i)"
,+stem salt passage 7P7 i) the concentration of a compo.nd in the permeate related to it) concentration in the
feed waterD al)o called apparent )alt pa))age"
*7C Total (acteria Co.ntD the total n.m2er of +ia2le microorgani)m) pre)ent in the )ampleD
e;cl.ding anaero2ic organi)m)"

Page 1#/ of 181
*@, Total Di))ol+ed 7olid)D .).ally e;pre))ed a) mg@l or ppm (part) per million)"
*elescoping The mo+ement of the o.ter layer) of a )piral wo.nd cartridge in the direction of the feed flow
ca.)ed 2y e;ce))i+e pre)).re drop thro.gh the feed channel )pacer"
*emperature correction
factor (*CF)
Define) the effect of temperat.re on permeate flow relati+e to a 2a)e temperat.re (23PC)D i)
mainly a f.nction of fl.id characteri)tic) 2.t al)o mem2rane polymer"
*3in film composite (*FC) 7ee composite membrane"
*3res3old treatment The proce)) of )topping precipitation at the )tart of occ.rrenceO .).ally doe) not )top the
formation of n.clei 2.t doe) inhi2it growth" 7ee antiscalant.
*#M Trihalomethane)O a gro.p of low molec.lar weight molec.le) which can re).lt from
chlorination of organic) typically fo.nd in ).rface water"
*#M' Trihalomethane prec.r)or)O organic molec.le) fo.nd in water which ha+e the potential of
reacting with chlorine to form T-1)"
*3rust collar : pla)tic cylinder placed 2etween the la)t )piral wo.nd cartridge and +e))el end plate to
).pport the la)t cartridge in a pre)).re +e))el again)t tele)coping"
*!C Total ,rganic Car2onD a mea).re of the le+el of organic con)tit.ent) in water"
*!C1 Total organic chlorine"
*!: Total organic halide)"
*!:F' Total organic halide formation potential"
*rain : gro.ping of de+ice)" 7ee arra+K ban%K bloc%.
*ransmembrane pressure The net dri+ing force acro)) the mem2rane" The hydra.lic pre)).re differential from the feed
)ide to permeate )ide le)) the o)motic pre)).re differential on each )ide"
*RC Total *e)id.al Chlorine"
*risodium p3osp3ate
(*,')
!a/P,0 p 12-2,D a cleaning agent"
*,, Total ).)pended )olid)" Concentration of .ndi))ol+ed )olid) in a liB.idD .).ally e;pre))ed in
mg@5 or ppm"
*urbidit+ : ).)pen)ion of fine particle) that )catter) or a2)or2) light ray)"
*urbidit+K nep3elometric
(N*U)
:n empirical mea).re of t.r2idity 2a)ed on a mea).rement of the light&)cattering
characteri)tic) (tyndall effect) of the partic.late matter in the )ample"
Ultrafiltration UF : proce)) employing )emipermea2le mem2rane .nder a hydra.lic pre)).re gradient for the
)eparation of component) in a )ol.tion" The pore) of the mem2rane are of a )i<e which allow
pa))age of the )ol+ent()) 2.t will retain non&ionic )ol.te) 2a)ed primarily on phy)ical )i<eD not
chemical potential"
U'$ 4 ultra pure water 9ater generally .)ed in )emicond.ctor ind.)try ha+ing )pecification) (chemicalD phy)ical and
2iological) for e;tremely low contaminant le+el)"
Ultraiolet (UE) radiation 9a+e length) 2etween 2$$ to /$$ nm" The)e wa+e length) ha+e a )trong germicidal effect"
The ma;im.m effect i) at 23/"' min"
Eiable :2ility to li+e or grow" or e;ampleD 2acteriaD plant)"
E!C (Eiable !rganism
Count)
: mea).re of 2iological acti+ity (li+ing or growing) in water"
E!C (Eolatile !rganic
Compound)
:n organic compo.nd with a +apor pre)).re higher than water"
$ater softener : +e))el ha+ing a cation re)in in the )odi.m form that remo+e) cation) ).ch a) calci.m and
magne)i.m from water and relea)e) another ion ).ch a) )odi.m" The re)in i) .).ally
regenerated" 7ee softener"
N Con+er)ionD reco+ery"
Oero disc3arge : condition where2y a facility di)charge) no proce)) effl.ent"

Page 1#0 of 181
7#* S,eci!ic Con%uctance o! So%ium Clori%e BTable 7#"C
Cm3os8cm ppm Cm3os8cm ppm Cm3os8cm ppm Cm3os8cm ppm Cm3os8cm ppm Cm3os8cm ppm Cm3os8cm ppm
1$ 3 #0$ /1' 1D323 '## /D#3$ 1D8%% %D/$$ 3D$0' 22D3$$ 1/D$1/ #2D$$$ /8D3#1
2$ % #3$ /2/ 1D33$ ''$ /D'$$ 1D%1' %D0$$ 3D1$/ 22D'3$ 1/D1#' #/D$$$ /%D2/%
/$ 10 ##$ /28 1D3'3 '%2 /D'3$ 1D%03 %D3$$ 3D13% 2/D$$$ 1/D/21 #0D$$$ /%D%1'
0$ 1% #'$ /// 1D#$$ 8$3 /D8$$ 1D%'2 %D#$$ 3D213 2/D23$ 1/D0'0 #3D$$$ 0$D3%3
#$ 28 #8$ //8 1D#23 81' /D83$ 1D%%% %D'$$ 3D2'1 2/D3$$ 1/D#28 ##D$$$ 01D2'/
'$ // #%$ /0/ 1D#3$ 8/$ /D%$$ 2D$2' %D8$$ 3D/2' 2/D'3$ 1/D'82 #'D$$$ 01D%#1
8$ /8 '$$ /08 1D#'3 80/ /D%3$ 2D$30 %D%$$ 3D/8/ 20D$$$ 1/D%/# #8D$$$ 02D#2%
%$ 02 '1$ /3/ 1D'$$ 83# 0D$$$ 2D$81 1$D$$$ 3D0/% 20D23$ 10D$8% #%D$$$ 0/D/$'
1$$ 0' '2$ /38 1D'23 8#8 0D1$$ 2D1/# 1$D2$$ 3D331 20D3$$ 10D20/ '$D$$$ 0/D%83
11$ 32 '/$ /#/ 1D'3$ 881 0D2$$ 2D1%1 1$D0$$ 3D##0 20D'3$ 10D/%' '1D$$$ 00D##/
12$ 3' '0$ /#8 1D''3 8%0 0D/$$ 2D203 1$D#$$ 3D''# 23D$$$ 10D33$ '2D$$$ 03D/01
1/$ #1 '3$ /'/ 1D8$$ %$' 0D0$$ 2D/$$ 1$D8$$ 3D888 23D3$$ 10D838 '/D$$$ 0#D$%1
10$ ## '#$ /'8 1D823 %2$ 0D3$$ 2D/3# 11D$$$ #D$$$ 2#D$$$ 13D1#3 '0D$$$ 0#D#%'
13$ '1 ''$ /8/ 1D83$ %/2 0D#$$ 2D012 11D2$$ #D122 2#D3$$ 13D0'/ '#D$$$ 08D$3/
1#$ '3 '8$ /88 1D8'3 %03 0D'$$ 2D0#8 11D0$$ #D20/ 2'D$$$ 13D'8$ ''D$$$ 08D'/1
1'$ 8$ '%$ /%/ 1D%$$ %38 0D8$$ 2D320 11D#$$ #D/#0 2'D3$$ 1#D$8' '8D$$$ 0%D0$%
18$ 83 8$$ /%% 1D%23 %'1 0D%$$ 2D38$ 11D8$$ #D083 28D$$$ 1#D/%3 '%D$$$ 3$D$8'
1%$ %$ 81$ 0$0 1D%3$ %8/ 3D$$$ 2D#/# 12D$$$ #D#$' 28D3$$ 1#D'$2 8$D$$$ 3$D'#3
2$$ %3 82$ 0$% 1D%'3 %%# 3D1$$ 2D#%2 12D2$$ #D'28 2%D$$$ 1'D$1$ 81D$$$ 31D00/
21$ 1$$ 8/$ 010 2D$$$ 1D$$$ 3D2$$ 2D'08 12D0$$ #D80/ 2%D3$$ 1'D/1' 82D$$$ 32D121
22$ 1$3 80$ 01% 2D$23 1D$22 3D/$$ 2D8$3 12D#$$ #D%'$ /$D$$$ 1'D#20 8/D$$$ 32D'%%
2/$ 11$ 83$ 020 2D$3$ 1D$/0 3D0$$ 2D8#1 12D8$$ 'D$%1 /$D3$$ 1'D%/2 80D$$$ 3/D0''
20$ 113 8#$ 02% 2D$'3 1D$0' 3D3$$ 2D%1' 1/D$$$ 'D21/ /1D$$$ 18D2/% 83D$$$ 30D133
23$ 12$ 8'$ 0/0 2D123 1D$'/ 3D#$$ 2D%'/ 1/D2$$ 'D//0 /1D3$$ 18D30' 8#D$$$ 30D8//
2#$ 123 88$ 0/% 2D13$ 1D$83 3D'$$ /D$2% 1/D0$$ 'D033 /2D$$$ 18D830 8'D$$$ 33D311
2'$ 1/$ 8%$ 000 2D1'3 1D$%8 3D8$$ /D$83 1/D#$$ 'D3'# /2D3$$ 1%D1#1 88D$$$ 3#D1/$
28$ 1/3 %$$ 00% 2D2$$ 1D111 3D%$$ /D101 1/D8$$ 'D#%8 //D$$$ 1%D0#% 8%D$$$ 3#D8#'
2%$ 10$ %1$ 030 2D223 1D120 #D$$$ /D1%' 10D$$$ 'D81% /0D$$$ 2$D$80 %$D$$$ 3'D303
/$$ 103 %2$ 03% 2D23$ 1D1/' #D1$$ /D23/ 10D2$$ 'D%0$ /0D3$$ 2$D/%1 %1D$$$ 38D22/
/1$ 13$ %/$ 0#0 2D2'3 1D10$ #D2$$ /D/$% 10D0$$ 8D$#1 /3D$$$ 2$D#%8 %2D$$$ 38D%$1
/2$ 133 %0$ 0#% 2D/$$ 1D1#2 #D/$$ /D/#3 10D#$$ 8D182 /3D3$$ 21D$$# %/D$$$ 3%D3'%
//$ 1#$ %3$ 0'0 2D/23 1D1'3 #D0$$ /D021 10D8$$ 8D/$0 /#D$$$ 21D/1/ %0D$$$ #$D23'
/0$ 1#3 %#$ 08$ 2D/3$ 1D188 #D3$$ /D0'' 13D$$$ 8D023 /#D3$$ 21D#21 %3D$$$ #$D%/3
/3$ 1'1 %'$ 083 2D/'3 1D2$$ #D#$$ /D3// 13D23$ 8D3'# /'D$$$ 21D%28 %#D$$$ #1D#1/
/#$ 1'# %8$ 0%$ 2D0$$ 1D21/ #D'$$ /D38% 13D3$$ 8D'28 /'D3$$ 22D2/3 %'D$$$ #2D2%1
/'$ 181 %%$ 0%3 2D023 1D22# #D8$$ /D#03 13D'3$ 8D8'% /8D$$$ 22D30/ %8D$$$ #2D%#%
/8$ 18# 1D$$$ 3$$ 2D03$ 1D2/% #D%$$ /D'$1 1#D$$$ %D$/1 /8D3$$ 22D83$ %%D$$$ #/D#0'
/%$ 1%1 1D$2$ 31$ 2D0'3 1D231 'D$$$ /D'38 1#D23$ %D182 /%D$$$ 2/D138 1$$D$$$ #0D/23
0$$ 1%# 1D$0$ 32$ 2D3$$ 1D2#0 'D1$$ /D810 1#D3$$ %D//0 /%D3$$ 2/D0#3
01$ 2$1 1D$8$ 30$ 2D33$ 1D2%$ 'D2$$ /D8'$ 1#D'3$ %D08# 0$D$$$ 2/D''/
02$ 2$# 1D1$$ 33$ 2D#$$ 1D/13 'D/$$ /D%2# 1'D$$$ %D#/' 01D$$$ 20D/8'
0/$ 211 1D12$ 3#1 2D#3$ 1D/00 'D0$$ /D%82 1'D3$$ %D%0$ 02D$$$ 23D$$2
00$ 21# 1D10$ 3'1 2D'$$ 1D/'1 'D3$$ 0D$/8 1'D'3$ 1$D$%2 0/D$$$ 23D#'%
03$ 221 1D1#$ 381 2D'3$ 1D/%8 'D#$$ 0D$%0 18D$$$ 1$D20' 00D$$$ 2#D/3'
0#$ 22# 1D18$ 3%1 2D8$$ 1D02# 'D'$$ 0D13$ 18D23$ 1$D0$$ 03D$$$ 2'D$/3
0'$ 2/1 1D2$$ #$1 2D83$ 1D03/ 'D8$$ 0D2$# 18D3$$ 1$D330 0#D$$$ 2'D'1/
08$ 2/# 1D22$ #11 2D%$$ 1D08$ 'D%$$ 0D2#2 18D'3$ 1$D'$8 0'D$$$ 28D/%1
0%$ 201 1D20$ #21 2D%3$ 1D3$8 8D$$$ 0D/18 1%D$$$ 1$D832 08D$$$ 2%D$#%
3$$ 20' 1D2#$ #/2 /D$$$ 1D3/3 8D1$$ 0D/'0 1%D23$ 11D$13 0%D$$$ 2%D'0'
31$ 232 1D28$ #02 /D$3$ 1D3#2 8D2$$ 0D0/$ 1%D3$$ 11D1#% 3$D$$$ /$D023
32$ 23' 1D/$$ #32 /D1$$ 1D38% 8D/$$ 0D08# 1%D'3$ 11D/2/ 31D$$$ /1D1$/
3/$ 2#2 1D/2$ ##2 /D13$ 1D#1' 8D0$$ 0D302 2$D$$$ 11D0'# 32D$$$ /1D'81
33$ 2'2 1D/0$ #'2 /D2$$ 1D#00 8D3$$ 0D3%8 2$D23$ 11D#/$ 3/D$$$ /2D03%
3#$ 2'' 1D/#$ #82 /D23$ 1D#'1 8D#$$ 0D#30 2$D3$$ 11D'80 30D$$$ //D1/'
3'$ 282 1D/8$ #%2 /D/$$ 1D#%% 8D'$$ 0D'1$ 2$D'3$ 11D%/' 33D$$$ //D813
38$ 28' 1D0$$ '$2 /D/3$ 1D'2# 8D8$$ 0D'#' 21D$$$ 12D$%1 3#D$$$ /0D0%/
3%$ 2%2 1D02$ '1/ /D0$$ 1D'3/ 8D%$$ 0D82/ 21D23$ 12D203 3'D$$$ /3D1'1
#$$ 2%' 1D00$ '2/ /D03$ 1D'81 %D$$$ 0D8'% 21D3$$ 12D/%% 38D$$$ /3D80%
#1$ /$2 1D0#$ '// /D3$$ 1D8$8 %D1$$ 0D%/3 21D'3$ 12D332 3%D$$$ /#D32'
#2$ /$' 1D08$ '0/ /D33$ 1D8/3 %D2$$ 0D%%1 22D$$$ 12D'$3 #$D$$$ /'D2$3
#/$ /12 1D3$$ '30 /D#$$ 1D8#/ %D21# 3D$$$ 22D23$ 12D8#$ #1D$$$ /'D88/

Page 1#3 of 181
7#+ Con%uctivit3 o! Ions
*able 0.2 Conductiit+ of ions eApressed as C,8cm per meI8lK infinitel+ diluted
1on -/ F (22C) .. F (2(C) 212 F (122C)
-
U
/28 /3$ #0#
!a
U
03 3$"1 133
F
U
#' '/"3 2$$
!-0
U
#' '/"3 2$$
1g
UU
0' 3/"1 1'$
Ca
UU
3/"' 3%"3 1%1
,-
&
1'% 1%' 00#
Cl
&
#%"$ '#"/ 2$'
-C,/ /#"3 00"3 |
!,/
&
#3"2 '1"0 1'8
-2P,0
&
/$"1 /#"$ |
C,/
&&
#/"$ '2"$ |
-P,0
&&
| 3/"0 |
7,0
&&
'1"8 '%"8 2/0
P,0
&&&
| #%"$ |

7o.rceE 5andolf&(qrn)tein # edition (and 44@'

7#- Con%uctivit3 o! Solutions
*able 0." Conductiit+ of solutionsK acidsK al%alies and salts ..F (2(C) eApressed as C,8cm per meI8l
Concentration in meI8l
Component 1nfin. diluted 2.1 2.( 1.2 (.2 12.2 (2.2 122.2
-Cl 02# 023 02/ 021 013 012 /%% /%2
-!,/ 021 02$ 01' 01# 01$ 0$' /%0 /8#
-27,0 0/$ 020 012 0$' /%$ /8$ /0# /1'
-/P,0 01% /%0 /3% //# 2#0 22/ 1// 1$0
!a,- 208 20' 20# 203 201 2/8 22' 221
F,- 2'1 2'$ 2#% 2#8 2#0 2#1 231 20#
!-0,- 2'1 1$% 0% /# 1' 12 3"# /"%
!aCl 12# 12# 120 120 121 118 111 1$'
!a27,0 1/$ 128 12# 120 11' 11/ %'"' %$"$
!a2C,/ 120 122 12$ 11% 112 1$8 %/"2 8#"/
!a-C,/ %#"$ %3"2 %0"2 %/"3 %$"3 88"0 8$"# '#"$
FCl 13$ 10% 108 101 100 101 1// 12%

The graph) on the following page relate the cond.cti+ity of a )ol.tion containing one gi+en chemical to the concentration of
thi) chemical"

The cond.cti+ity of )ol.tion) at other temperat.re) can 2e calc.lated 2y m.ltiplying cond.cti+itie) at '' (23C) with the
correction factor) in the following ta2le" The)e factor) are only +alid for dil.ted )ol.tion) a) they pre).ppo)e total ionic
di))ociation of the chemical"

*able 0.& Conductiit+ correction factors
"2 F (2C) -& F (1/C) .. F (2(C) 122 F ((2C)
-Cl $"## $"8% 1"$$ 1"/'
-27,0 $"## $"8' 1"$$ 1"/8
!aCl $"3/ $"8# 1"$$ 1"3'
!a,- $"30 $"8% 1"$$ 1"31
F,- $"33 $"8% 1"$$ 1"3$

Page 1## of 181
Figure 0.1 Conductiit+ of ionic solutions at ..F (2(C)

Figure 0.2 Conductiit+ of ionic solutions at ..F (2(C)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
6
4
2
0
0
HCl H
2
SO
4
NaOH
8
23 145789
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,

S
/
c
m
Concentration, g/m
3
(mg/l)
6
KOH
NH
3
NaCl
CO
2
10

Concentration, g/m
3
(mg/l)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,

S
/
c
m

Page 1#' of 181
7#. Conversion o! Concentration 0nits o! Ionic S,ecies

The following ta2le gi+e) con+er)ion factor) for the con+er)ion of concentration .nit) of ionic )pecie) gi+en a) gram of the
ion per liter (g@5) into eB.i+alent per liter (eB@5) or of gram of CaC,/ eB.i+alent) per liter (g CaC,/@5)"

*able 0.( Conersion factors for t3e conersion of concentration units of ionic species
Compound Formula 1onic weig3t 6Iuialent weig3t Conersion to g CaC!"85 eI85
'ositie ions
:l.mini.m :l
UUU
2'"$ %"$ 3"3# $"111
:mmoni.m !-0
U
18"$ 18"$ 2"'8 $"$33#
(ari.m (a
UU
1/'"0 #8"' $"'/ $"$10#
Calci.m Ca
UU
0$"1 2$"$ 2"3$ $"$3$$
Copper C.
UU
#/"# /1"8 1"3' $"$/10
-ydrogen -
U
1"$ 1"$ 3$"$ 1"$$$
erro.) iron e
UU
33"8 2'"% 1"'% $"$/38
erric iron e
UUU
33"8 18"# 2"#% $"$3/8
1agne)i.m 1g
UU
20"/ 12"2 0"1$ $"$82$
1angane)e 1n
UU
30"% 2'"3 1"82 $"$/#0
Pota))i.m F
U
/%"1 /%"1 1"28 $"$23#
7odi.m !a
U
2/"$ 2/"$ 2"18 $"$0/3

Negatie ions
(icar2onate -C,/
&
#1"$ #1"$ $"82 $"$1#0
Car2onate C,/
&&
#$"$ /$"$ 1"#' $"$///
Chloride Cl
&
/3"3 /3"3 1"01 $"$282
l.oride
&
1%"$ 1%"$ 2"#/ $"$32#
4odide 4
&
12#"% 12#"% $"/% $"$$'%
-ydro;ide ,-
&
1'"$ 1'"$ 2"%0 $"$388
!itrate !,/
&
#2"$ #2"$ $"81 $"$1#1
Pho)phate (tri&2a)ic) P,0
&&&
%3"$ /1"' 1"38 $"$/13
Pho)phate (di&2a)ic) -P,0
&&
%#"$ 08"$ 1"$0 $"$2$8
Pho)phate (mono&2a)ic) -2P,0
&
%'"$ %'"$ $"32 $"$1$/
7.lfate 7,0
&&
%#"1 08"$ 1"$0 $"$2$8
(i).lfate -7,0
&
%'"1 %'"1 $"32 $"$1$/
7.lfite 7,/
&&
8$"1 0$"$ 1"23 $"$23$
(i).lfite -7,/
&
81"1 81"1 $"#2 $"$12/
7.lfide 7
&&
/2"1 1#"$ /"1/ $"$#23

Neutral
1

Car2on dio;ide C,2 00"$ 00"$ 1"10 $"$22'
7ilica 7i,2 #$"$ #$"$ $"8/ $"$1#'
:mmonia !-/ 1'"$ 1'"$ 2"%0 $"$388

1
Calc.lation) 2a)ed on con+er)ion to mono+alent )pecie)

Page 1#8 of 181
7#/ Tem,erature Correction Factor

*able 0.- *emperature correction factor
P

*emperature
C
*emperature
Correction
Factor

*emperature
C
*emperature
Correction
Factor

*emperature
C
*emperature
Correction
Factor

*emperature
C
*emperature
Correction
Factor

*emperature
C
*emperature
Correction
Factor
1$"$ 1"'11 10"$ 1"0'3 18"$ 1"2'# 22"$ 1"1$% 2#"$ $"%'1
1$"1 1"'$3 10"1 1"0#% 18"1 1"2'2 22"1 1"1$3 2#"1 $"%#8
1$"2 1"#%8 10"2 1"0#0 18"2 1"2#' 22"2 1"1$1 2#"2 $"%#3
1$"/ 1"#%2 10"/ 1"03% 18"/ 1"2#2 22"/ 1"$%' 2#"/ $"%#2
1$"0 1"#8# 10"0 1"03/ 18"0 1"238 22"0 1"$%/ 2#"0 $"%3%
1$"3 1"#'% 10"3 1"008 18"3 1"230 22"3 1"$%$ 2#"3 $"%3'
1$"# 1"#'/ 10"# 1"00/ 18"# 1"20% 22"# 1"$8# 2#"# $"%30
1$"' 1"##' 10"' 1"0/' 18"' 1"203 22"' 1"$82 2#"' $"%31
1$"8 1"##$ 10"8 1"0/2 18"8 1"20$ 22"8 1"$'8 2#"8 $"%08
1$"% 1"#30 10"% 1"02' 18"% 1"2/# 22"% 1"$'3 2#"% $"%03
11"$ 1"#08 13"$ 1"022 1%"$ 1"2/2 2/"$ 1"$'1 2'"$ $"%0/
11"1 1"#02 13"1 1"01' 1%"1 1"22' 2/"1 1"$#' 2'"1 $"%0$
11"2 1"#/# 13"2 1"011 1%"2 1"22/ 2/"2 1"$#0 2'"2 $"%/'
11"/ 1"#/$ 13"/ 1"0$# 1%"/ 1"21% 2/"/ 1"$#$ 2'"/ $"%/0
11"0 1"#20 13"0 1"0$1 1%"0 1"210 2/"0 1"$3# 2'"0 $"%/2
11"3 1"#18 13"3 1"/%# 1%"3 1"21$ 2/"3 1"$3/ 2'"3 $"%2%
11"# 1"#11 13"# 1"/%1 1%"# 1"2$# 2/"# 1"$0% 2'"# $"%2#
11"' 1"#$3 13"' 1"/8# 1%"' 1"2$1 2/"' 1"$03 2'"' $"%20
11"8 1"#$$ 13"8 1"/81 1%"8 1"1%' 2/"8 1"$02 2'"8 $"%21
11"% 1"3%0 13"% 1"/'# 1%"% 1"1%/ 2/"% 1"$/8 2'"% $"%18
12"$ 1"388 1#"$ 1"/'1 2$"$ 1"18% 20"$ 1"$/3 28"$ $"%13
12"1 1"382 1#"1 1"/## 2$"1 1"183 20"1 1"$/1 28"1 $"%1/
12"2 1"3'# 1#"2 1"/#1 2$"2 1"18$ 20"2 1"$28 28"2 $"%1$
12"/ 1"3'$ 1#"/ 1"/3# 2$"/ 1"1'# 20"/ 1"$20 28"/ $"%$8
12"0 1"3#0 1#"0 1"/31 2$"0 1"1'2 20"0 1"$21 28"0 $"%$3
12"3 1"338 1#"3 1"/0' 2$"3 1"1#8 20"3 1"$1' 28"3 $"%$2
12"# 1"33/ 1#"# 1"/02 2$"# 1"1#0 20"# 1"$10 28"# $"%$$
12"' 1"30' 1#"' 1"//' 2$"' 1"1#$ 20"' 1"$1$ 28"' $"8%'
12"8 1"301 1#"8 1"//2 2$"8 1"13# 20"8 1"$$' 28"8 $"8%0
12"% 1"3/# 1#"% 1"/2' 2$"% 1"132 20"% 1"$$/ 28"% $"8%2
1/"$ 1"3/$ 1'"$ 1"/2/ 21"$ 1"108 23"$ 1"$$$ 2%"$ $"88%
1/"1 1"320 1'"1 1"/18 21"1 1"100 23"1 $"%%' 2%"1 $"88'
1/"2 1"31% 1'"2 1"/1/ 21"2 1"10$ 23"2 $"%%0 2%"2 $"880
1/"/ 1"31/ 1'"/ 1"/$8 21"/ 1"1/# 23"/ $"%%1 2%"/ $"882
1/"0 1"3$8 1'"0 1"/$0 21"0 1"1/2 23"0 $"%88 2%"0 $"8'%
1/"3 1"3$2 1'"3 1"2%% 21"3 1"128 23"3 $"%83 2%"3 $"8''
1/"# 1"0%# 1'"# 1"2%0 21"# 1"120 23"# $"%82 2%"# $"8'0
1/"' 1"0%1 1'"' 1"2%$ 21"' 1"12$ 23"' $"%'% 2%"' $"8'1
1/"8 1"08# 1'"8 1"283 21"8 1"11# 23"8 $"%'' 2%"8 $"8#%
1/"% 1"08$ 1'"% 1"281 21"% 1"112 23"% $"%'0 2%"% $"8##
Corrected low *ate W (1ea).red low *ate)j(TC r eed 9ater Temp")

P
Thi) ta2le appear) in orm !o" #$%&$$1/%

Page 1#% of 181
7#1 Conversion o! 0#S# 0nits into Metric 0nits

1 inch (in") W 2"30 cm W $"$230 m

1 foot (ft") W $"/$08 m

1 )B.are foot ()B" ft") W $"$%2% m
2

1 gallon (87) W /"'83 l

1 po.nd per )B.are inch (p)i) W $"$#% 2ar

1 gallon per min.te (?P1) W $"22' m
/
@h
W $"$#/ l@)

1 gallon per day (?PD) W $"$$/'83 m
/
@d
W $"138 l@h

1 million gallon) per day (1?D) W 13'"'/ m
/
@h
W /D'83 m
/
@d

1 gallon per )B" ft" and day (?D) W 1"'$ l@m
2
h

7#2 Ioni>ation o! Carbon DioDi%e Solutions

Figure 0." 1oni?ation of carbon dioAide solutions as functions of t3e p# at ..F (2(C)
pH-Value
M
o
l

F
r
a
c
t
i
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Page 1'$ of 181
7#7 Osmotic Pressure o! So%ium Clori%e

Figure 0.& !smotic pressure of sodium c3loride

7#"8 Osmotic Pressure o! Solutions

Figure 0.( !smotic pressure of solutions
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Page 1'1 of 181
7#"" Testin) Cemical Com,atibilities wit FILMTEC Membranes
E

Summar3 Chemical) are .).ally added to mem2rane )y)tem) to pre+ent and remo+e 2iogrowth and to
pre+ent mem2rane fo.ling and )caling" The)e chemical) m.)t notD 2y them)el+e)D negati+ely
affect the mem2rane performance" The following de)cri2e) )ome of the te)ting proced.re) that
may 2e .)ed to identify whether or not the)e chemical) are compati2le with thin film compo)ite
mem2rane)" The)e te)t proced.re)D )pecificallyD are de)igned to indicate whether or not the
chemical either di))ol+e) or alter) the polyamide ).rface of the mem2rane or whether the flow of
prod.ct water thro.gh the mem2rane i) affected"

Te)t proced.re) in+ol+e 2oth 1) the te)ting of mem2rane co.pon) or element) after )oaking in the
e;amined )ol.tion and 2) the contin.o.) addition of the chemical to the mem2rane element d.ring
operation" 7oak te)t) are .)ef.l in determining whether a chemical compo.nd degrade) the
mem2rane" 1eanwhileD the contin.o.) addition of a chemical to the mem2rane element d.ring
operation i) a mean) to )im.late act.al operating condition) .)ing the te)t chemical" or e;ampleD
in anti)calant compati2ility determination)D a 1$$$&ho.r contin.o.) operation te)t i) recommended"
4t i) important to note that the following proced.re) e;amine only if the chemical appear) to 2e
compati2le and whether detrimental effect) are o2)er+ed" The)e proced.re) do not determine
efficacy or whether chemical ha) 2een pro+en .)ef.l" :l)oD e+en tho.gh the following te)t) are
indication of compati2ilityD field o2)er+ation) and e;perience areD 2y farD the mo)t relia2le indication
of compati2ility and ).cce))"

4t i) important to noteD that other te)t method) on compati2ility determination) ha+e 2een
).cce))f.l" 7ome of the)e method) de+eloped 2y ).pplier) of mem2rane chemical) incl.de ).ch
techniB.e) a) e;po)ing the mem2rane to ele+ated le+el) of a partic.lar chemical for a )horter
period of time rather than at a normal .)e le+el for a longer period of time" -enceD the e;po).re inD
for e;ampleD ppm&ho.r) i) the )ame" ,ther method) incl.de e;amination of the mem2rane ).rface
2y micro)copy and@or other analytical techniB.e) that a)certain change) in or damage to the
mem2rane" 7.ch method) are often relia2le when practiced 2y e;perienced per)onnel with a firm
gra)p of mem2rane technology and the chemi)try of their prod.ct)"

6+en tho.gh a chemical may appear to 2e compati2leD it i) no indication that pro2lem) will not
occ.r" or e;ampleD gro)) o+erfeeding of a partic.lar chemical can fo.l all type) of mem2rane)
thro.gh the con+ecti+e depo)ition of a large amo.nt of chemical onto the mem2rane ).rface" Thi)
idea can 2e e;tended to the compati2ility of a partic.lar prod.ct at a low le+el which may ca.)e
cata)trophic effect) at higher le+el) thro.gh it) inad+ertent high le+el addition 2y ).ch practice) a)
it) contin.o.) addition independent of whether the mem2rane )y)tem i) in operation or not" :l)oD a
compati2le chemical may 2e incompati2le with other chemical) .)ed in the )y)tem" or e;ampleD
cationic flocc.lant) often can fo.l a mem2rane 2y their reaction with negati+ely charged
anti)calant)" -enceD it i) imperati+e that one con)ider the total mem2rane chemical addition
)y)tem and the proper integration of the +ario.) chemical prod.ct) in the mem2rane )y)tem" :l)o
it i) important to determine whether the chemical i) compati2le with the material) of con)tr.ction
.)ed in )torage and handling eB.ipment"

The following di)c.))ion) addre)) te)ting proced.re) for chemical compati2ility in each of the
following fi+e categorie)E
coag.lant) and flocc.lant)
anti)calant)
cleaning chemical)
2iocide)
mem2rane pre)er+ati+e)

Page 1'2 of 181
Details F Test
E?ui,ment an%
S,eci!ic Test
Proce%ures

Test E?ui,ment

Flat Cell Unit" Two type) of te)t loop) ha+e 2een .)ed for la2oratory chemical compati2ility
te)ting" The fir)t one ha) many flat cell) in )erie)D 8&1$D where flat )heet mem2rane co.pon)
are te)ted" The flow )chematic i) )hown in ig" 1a" : te)t cell co.ld 2e )h.t off 2y clo)ing a
2all +al+e on the permeate )ide" Te)ting co.ld al)o 2e done on a )tacked mem2rane plate
and frame apparat.) with a )y)tem de)ign )imilar to the )chematic in ig" 1a"

7tandard te)t condition) for 451T6C T/$ mem2rane) are taken from Section 1.,D
Ta2le 1"3" 1ea).rement) are taken a2o.t two ho.r) after )tart" The 2rine flow rate i) will
depend .pon the )pecific te)t cell) .)ed and )ho.ld conform to recommendation) of the te)t
cell ).pplier"

:) )hown in ig" 1aD the concentrate i) ret.rned to the feed tank" The permeate i) directed
to a drain e;cept for the 1$&/$ min.te)D when it i) collected in a 2eaker for mea).ring
permeate flow rate"

Figure 0.- Flow sc3ematic

a. Flat Cell Test Unit
PCV
Positive Displacement
Pump
Feed Tank
Drain
Permeate
Test cells, 8-10
P1
P1
FV
T1
PL
PSH
TE
b. Element Test Unit
F1
P1
P1
P1
F1
F1
PV
Feed Tank
Positive
Displacement
Pump
Carbon
Filter
4 Spiral Wound
Elements
Permeate
FV
FV
Permeate
Metering Pump
Chemical Solution
t b Ttd
Drain
CV
LE
CV
Check Valve
F1
Flow Indicator
FV
Flow Control Valve
LE
Level Control
PCV
Backpressure Regulator
PD
Pulsation Dampener
P1
Pressure Indicator
PSH
High Pressure Switch
PV
Pressure Control Valve
TE
Thermistor
T1
Temperature Indicator

Page 1'/ of 181
6lement *est Units" ig" 12 )how) the flow )chematic of the )econd te)t loop" 4t contain)
two parallel line)D each con)i)ting of two pre)).re +e))el) in )erie)" 7mall element)D ).ch
a) 2"3 inch diameter 2y 10 inche) long are often .)ed for the)e te)t)" : metering p.mp
add) the chemical which i) te)ted for mem2rane compati2ility to one of two parallel line)"
The concentrate) and permeate) from 2oth line) go to drain" There are two element) per
line" 4f )omething in the feed water i) affecting the mem2rane performanceD thi) )ho.ld 2e
noticea2le for the element) in bot# line)" 9ith thi) type of apparat.)D one i) 2etter a2le to
e)ta2li)h an effect le+el d.e to the pre)ence of a I)tandardJ line and a Ite)tJ line" Thi) type
of la2oratory de+ice can 2e e;panded toD for e;ampleD a )y)tem .)ing 8" 451T6C
mem2rane element) operated off a )ide )tream in a f.ll )cale mem2rane water treatment
.nit" The )ame )chematic a) )hown in ig" 12 co.ld 2e .)ed"

4n la2oratory te)t)D a common feed i) )oftened tap water with typical anion concentration) of
/$$ mg@l 2icar2onateD 13 mg@l chloride and 11 mg@l ).lfate and cond.cti+ity 33$ micro7@cm"
4t may al)o contain free chlorineD which m.)t 2e remo+ed 2y a car2on filter" eed and
permeate cond.cti+itie) are mea).red and it i) a)).med that the cond.cti+itie) are made .p
from )odi.m 2icar2onate alone" ?age pre)).re i) in the range of 3$&8$ p)i (/3$&0$$ kPa)D
re).lting in a fairly low permeate fl.; making it po))i2le to operate with a fairly low water
and chemical con).mption" Typical feed flow rate per line ha) 2een a2o.t $"2&$"0 l@min.te"
The feed water temperat.re )ho.ld 2e fairly con)tantD )o there i) no need for temperat.re
control"

4f the line gage pre)).re i) a2o+e 3$ p)i (/3$ kPa) mo)t of the timeD there i) no need for the
feed tank or p.mp"

4ntiscalants : ).ita2le anti)calant m.)t pa)) two te)t)D a micro2iological growth te)t and a mem2rane
compati2ility te)t"

Microbiological >rowt3 *est" :n anti)calant i) typically tran)ported in concentrated form"
4t i) dil.ted in a tank from where it i) added to the feed water to the mem2rane .nit" 4t i)
important that there i) no micro2iological growth in the anti)calant )ol.tion entering the
mem2rane .nit" Typically there i) no growth in the concentrated anti)calant )ol.tionD 2.t
there can 2e growth when it i) dil.ted 2elow a certain concentration" To determine minim.m
concentration of anti)calant in the dil.tion tankD a micro2iological growth te)t i) carried o.t"
Thi) i) normally performed 2y the anti)calant man.fact.rer"

The anti)calant i) dil.ted with chlorine&free water to different concentration) in 2eaker)D
which are )tored for one month" Typical concentration) are 1D #D 1$ and 23 percent a)
).pplied" : 2eaker with chlorine&free water i) .)ed a) control" 6ither the )ol.tion) are
inoc.lated with microorgani)m) or the 2eaker) are open to the air for Inat.ralJ inoc.lation)"
1icro2ial plate co.nt) are taken once weekly d.ring the one&month )torage time" The
lowe)t concentration of anti)calant for which there i) a decline in plate co.nt) with time will
2e the lowe)t concentration in the dil.tion tank for which the anti)calant i) appro+ed"

Prefera2lyD the micro2iological te)t i) carried o.t 2efore the 1D$$$&ho.r mem2rane
compati2ility te)t which i) de)cri2ed 2elow" The rea)on for thi) i) that if there i) a change in
the 2iocide compo)ition in the anti)calantD the mem2rane compati2ility te)t ha) to 2e
repeated"

Membrane Compatibilit+ *est" or an anti)calant to 2e con)idered compati2le for .)eD the
anti)calant m.)t 2e fed to )piral wo.nd element) containing the mem2rane for 1D$$$ ho.r)
witho.t lo)) of performance" : )et.p a) )hown in ig" 12D or )imilar )y)temD wo.ld 2e

Page 1'0 of 181
)ati)factory for ).ch a determination" 4nitially one m.)t e)ta2li)h a 2a)eline" Thi) i) achie+ed
2y operating the )y)tem for at lea)t 12 ho.r) witho.t chemical addition" The te)t can not 2e
con)idered +alid if the permeate flow rate i) more than 13 percent 2elow the e;pected +al.e
for a clean mem2rane" The 2a)eline for a mem2rane i) e)ta2li)hed witho.t anti)calant with a
te)t .)ing a )ol.tion and a pre)).re a) )hown in Section 1.,D Ta2le 1"3"

:fter the 2a)eline i) e)ta2li)hedD the anti)calant i) then added contin.o.)ly for at lea)t 1D$$$
ho.r)" The normali<ed permeate flow and )alt pa))age or re=ection )ho.ld remain relati+ely
con)tant d.ring thi) time for the chemical to 2e deem compati2le" The .pper concentration
limit for compati2ility will 2e the ma;im.m concentration of the chemical in the concentration
)tream"

Coa)ulants an%
Flocculants
Coag.lant) and flocc.lant) ha+e 2een te)ted in the )et.p )hown in ig" 12" The element) are
fir)t operated with )oftened tap water for at lea)t a day to a)certain that they are )ta2ili<ed"
Then the chemical to 2e compati2ility te)ted i) added to the feed water to one of the two
parallel line) to make .p a2o.t a 3 ppm )ol.tion" 4f chemical addition for one week doe) not
)ignificantly affect the element normali<ed permeate rate or )alt pa))ageD the chemical i)
con)idered )ati)factory"

4n generalD coag.lant) and flocc.lant) may interfere with mem2rane) either directly or
indirectly" 4ndirect interference occ.r) when the compo.nd form) a precipitate which i)
depo)ited on the mem2rane" or e;ampleD channeling of the media filter may ena2le floc) to
pa)) thro.gh and 2ecome depo)ited on the mem2rane" : precipitate can al)o 2e formed
when concentrating the treated feedwaterD ).ch a) when al.min.m or ferric coag.lant) are
added witho.t ).2)eB.ently lowering p- to a+oid ).per)at.ration in the )y)tem it)elf"
.rthermoreD a reaction with a compo.nd added after the media filter can ca.)e a precipitate
to form" Thi) i) mo)t noticea2le with anti)calant)" !early all anti)calant) are negati+ely
charged and will react with cationic coag.lant) or flocc.lant) pre)ent in the water" 7e+eral
)y)tem) ha+e 2een hea+ily fo.led 2y gel formed 2y the reaction 2etween cationic
polyelectrolyte) and anti)calant)" ThereforeD it i) important to te)t all coag.lant) and
flocc.lant) 2a)ed on the po))i2ility that )ome of the)e prod.ct) will come into contact with
the anti)calant"

Direct interference occ.r) when the compo.nd it)elf affect) the mem2rane re).lting in a fl.;
lo))" The ionic )trength of the water may ha+e an effect on the interference of the coag.lant
or flocc.lant with the mem2rane" To minimi<e the ri)k of direct or indirect interference with
the mem2raneD anionic or nonionic flocc.lant) are preferred rather than cationic one)"
,+erdo)ing m.)t 2e a+oided"

Cleanin)
Cemicals
:) one wo.ld e;pectD cleaning chemical) can 2e .)ed at a wide range of condition) ).ch a)
cleaning freB.encyD cleaning time and temperat.re" D.e to thi) am2ig.ityD the di)c.))ion) on
cleaning chemical) will 2e 2a)ed on a cleaning freB.ency in the order of once a month or
le))"

The flat cell te)t loopD a) )hown in ig" 1aD with mem2rane co.pon) ha) 2een .)ed for
cleaning chemical compati2ility te)t)"

: cleaning chemical that pro+ide) e;cellent cleaning performance may al)o degrade a
mem2rane re).lting in a decrea)e in the )alt re=ection of the mem2rane with time" Thi)
degradation might not 2e +i)i2le after only one cleaning" or determining cleaning chemical
compati2ilityD mem2rane co.pon) (at lea)t three) are )oaked in the normal )trength cleaning

Page 1'3 of 181

)ol.tion for two week) and then te)ted at )tandard te)t condition)" 4deallyD the temperat.re of
the )oak )ol.tion )ho.ld 2e the ma;im.m allowed cleaning temperat.re"

: cleaning chemical i) con)idered compati2le if a two&ho.r cleaning doe) not lower the
mem2rane fl.; or )alt re=ection and a two&week )oak te)t doe) not lower the )alt re=ection"

The )tep) for the Two&-o.r Cleaning Te)t and the Two&9eek 7oak Te)t in Cleaning 7ol.tion
are li)ted a) follow)E

*wo4#our Cleaning *est
1" Te)t the mem2rane at )tandard te)t condition) (Section 1.,D Ta2le 1"3)"
2" Clean with do.2le the normal )trength of the cleaning )ol.tion 2y circ.lating the )ol.tion
o+er the mem2rane at recommended cleaning temperat.re) and 3$ p)ig for two ho.r)"
/" *in)e o.t the cleaning )ol.tion" 8)e low cond.cti+ity water for thi) to 2e a2le to check that
2oth permeate )ide and 2rine )ide of the mem2rane) ha+e 2een rin)ed o.t effecti+ely"
0" *ete)t at the )tandard te)t condition)" l.; lo)) )hall 2e le)) than fi+e percent and there
)ho.ld 2e no increa)e in )alt pa))age compared to the initial te)t in item 1 a2o+e"

*wo4$ee% ,oa% in Cleaning ,olution
1" Te)t the mem2rane at )tandard te)t condition) (Section 1.,D Ta2le 1"3)"
2" 7oak the mem2rane in normal )trength cleaning )ol.tion at normal cleaning temperat.re for
two week)"
/" *in)e o.t the cleaning )ol.tion" 8)e low cond.cti+ity water for thi) to 2e a2le to check that
2oth permeate )ide and 2rine )ide of the mem2rane) ha+e 2een rin)ed o.t effecti+ely"
0" *epeat at te)t condition) according to item 1 a2o+e" There )hall 2e no increa)e in )alt
pa))age compared to the initial te)t in item 1 a2o+e"

$ioci%es 5ike cleaning chemical)D 2iocide) can ca.)e the mem2rane to lo)e )alt re=ection and@or water
permea2ility" (iocide) po))i2ly co.ld 2e in contact with the mem2rane contin.o.)ly for a long
periodD e"g"D 2iocide) .)ed for mem2rane )torage or contin.o.) addition to feed waterD or
added intermittentlyD e"g"D 2iocide) .)ed for periodical di)infection or I)hockJ treatment)" :
)ati)factory 2iocide m.)t not negati+ely affect the mem2rane performance d.ring one&year
contact" 5ike other compati2ility te)t)D 2oth I)oak te)t)J and Icontin.o.) te)t)J are often
completed to determine chemical compati2ility and )ati)factory performance"

:n initial one&week te)t o2)er+ing the effect of the contin.o.) addition of a 2iocide on the
water permea2ility of the mem2rane i) often recommended" 4f the re).lt i) that the 2iocide
ha) no negati+e effect on the water permea2ility of the mem2raneD a one&year )oak te)t i)
then carried o.t"

:n alternati+eD .)ed more e;ten)i+ely in recent year)D i) a 1D$$$&ho.r contin.o.)
compati2ility te)t )imilar to that of anti)calant te)ting"

:ll 2iocide te)t) are generally carried o.t at 2$&23PC" The )ol.tion p- might ha+e an
infl.ence on how the 2iocide affect) the mem2raneD e)pecially when the molec.lar )tr.ct.re
of the 2iocide change) with p- or when an o;idation reaction might take place"

!ption 1
!ne4$ee% Continuous !peration *est" The contin.o.) operation te)t i) reB.ired when the
water permea2ility of the mem2rane decrea)e) d.ring the )oak te)tD which ha) 2een the

Page 1'# of 181

ca)e for almo)t all te)ted 2iocide)" The te)t .nit in ig" 12 i) .)ed for the contin.o.)
operation te)t" The element) are operated for at lea)t one day 2efore the 2iocide i) added to
make certain that the element) are )ta2ili<ed"

:fter the element) are )ta2ili<edD the 2iocide i) added to the feed water to make .p the
ma;im.m concentration for which the 2iocide will 2e appro+ed" 4f there i) no )ignificant
decrea)e in water permea2ility or )alt re=ection d.ring one week of contin.o.) 2iocide
additionD the 2iocide i) a)).med 2e a good candidate in not affecting the water permea2ility
of the mem2rane and the longer term I)oak te)tJ can then 2e p.r).ed"

7oak Te)t" The 2iocide )ol.tion) to 2e te)ted are placed into gla)) =ar) with lid)" The
concentration of the 2iocide i) the ma;im.m appro+al concentration" :) control)D a =ar with
)tandard )torage )ol.tion (1 percent )odi.m 2i).lfite )ol.tion) and an empty =ar are .)ed"
:2o.t 2$ co.pon) of each mem2rane typeD to 2e te)tedD are placed in each =ar" Two co.pon)
of each type mem2rane from each =ar are te)ted after a )oak time ofE

1" 1 week
2" 2 week)
/" 0 week)
0" 2 month)
3" 0 month)
#" # month)
'" 1 year

The co.pon) are .)ed only once and are di)carded after the te)t" 7ome 2iocide )ol.tion)
ha+e a )horter lifetime than one year and the)e m.)t 2e replaced with fre)h 2iocide )ol.tion
at ).ita2le interim inter+al)"

4f the )alt pa))age of the mem2rane )oaked in the 2iocide )ol.tion for one year ha) not
increa)ed )ignificantlyD the 2iocide i) a)).med not to degrade the mem2rane"

The com2ined data from the one year )oak te)t and one week contin.o.) operation te)t
often i) eno.gh for a deci)ion whether to determine if a 2iocide i) compati2le" -owe+erD if
one or the other te)t indicate) B.e)tiona2le re).lt)D a long term contin.o.) operation te)t i)
reB.iredD either in the la2oratory or in the field"

4n ca)e) where the 2iocide will only 2e .)ed intermittentlyD for e;ampleD once a week for a
few ho.r) ).ch a) in a I)hock treatmentJD it may not 2e nece))ary to do the one&year )oak
te)t" The contin.o.) te)t ho.r) of e;po).re for the e;pected life of the mem2rane at the
2iocide do)age le+el may 2e ).fficient" or e;ampleD if a 2iocide i) .)ed for /$ min.te) per
week at 0$$ ppmD a contin.o.) te)t at 0$$ ppm for 1/$ ho.r) (/$ min@week ; 32 week) @yr" ;
3 year)) may 2e ).fficient"

!ption 11
1K2224#our Continuous !peration *est" 7imilar to the te)t for anti)calant)D for a 2iocide
can to 2e con)idered compati2leD the 2iocide m.)t 2e fed to )piral wo.nd element)
containing the mem2rane for 1D$$$ ho.r) witho.t lo)) of performance" (a)ed .pon recent
e;perienceD thi) te)t appear) to 2e preferred de)pite it) greater time reB.irement" : )et.p a)
)hown in ig" 12 i) )ati)factory for ).ch a determination" 4nitially one m.)t e)ta2li)h a
2a)eline" Thi) i) achie+ed 2y operating the )y)tem for at lea)t 12 ho.r) witho.t chemical
addition" !ormallyD the te)t can not 2e con)idered +alid if the permeate flow rate i) more than
13 percent 2elow the e;pected +al.e for a clean mem2rane" The e;pected flow +al.e of

Page 1'' of 181

451T6C flat)heet mem2rane) can 2e deri+ed from the p.2li)hed flow )pecification of the
re)pecti+e mem2rane element and the p.2li)hed +al.e of the acti+e mem2rane area of that
element"

:fter the 2a)eline i) e)ta2li)hedD the 2iocide i) then added contin.o.)ly for at lea)t 1$$$
ho.r)" The normali<ed permeate flow and )alt pa))age )ho.ld remain relati+ely con)tant
d.ring thi) time for the chemical to 2e deem compati2le" The .pper concentration limit for
compati2ility will 2e the ma;im.m concentration of the chemical in the concentration )tream"

Membrane
Preservatives
1em2rane pre)er+ati+e) are 2iocide )ol.tion) .)ed to pre+ent 2iogrowth and change in
mem2rane performance d.ring e;tended )torage time)" Th.)D the 2iocide .)ed m.)t ha+e a
long lifetime" 7.rfactant) and@or h.mectant) are often pre)ent in the )ol.tion to keep the
mem2rane wet" Con)eB.entlyD any of tho)e compo.nd) co.ld affect the mem2rane negati+ely
either in directly or indirectly 2y interacting with other part) of the element and the formation of
compo.nd) harmf.l to the mem2rane"

: compati2le mem2rane pre)er+ati+e )ho.ld not e;hi2it any )ignificant decrea)e in water
permea2ility or )alt re=ection propertie) of the mem2rane element d.ring one year )torage" :
mean) to perform the te)t i) to )tore fi+e te)ted element) f.lly immer)ed in the )torage )ol.tion
and te)t one of them after 2D 0D # and 12 month) )torage" : new element i) te)ted each time
and i) ret.rned to the )torage )ol.tion following the te)t" The fifth element i) incl.ded in the te)t
a) a )pare to .)e if the te)t data of any of the other element) i) in do.2t" Two element) )tored
in the pre)ent )torage )ol.tionD one percent )odi.m 2i).lfiteD )ho.ld 2e .)ed a) control)" The)e
are te)ted at the )ame time a) any one of the other fi+e element)" 4f the mem2rane
performance in the pre)er+ati+e )ol.tion i) maintainedD the )ame te)t )ho.ld contin.e for year)
with element te)t once or twice yearly to learn a2o.t the lifetime of the )torage )ol.tion"

(efore wet element) are )toredD the element) are initially )oaked in the )torage )ol.tion for
a2o.t one ho.r and then drained and 2agged" There )ho.ld not 2e any 2iological growth in the
2ag or deterioration of the 2agged element) performance d.ring the )helf life of the )torage
)ol.tion" To e;amine whether another mem2rane pre)er+ati+e )ol.tion can 2e .)ed for 2agged
element )torageD element) are te)ted and then )oaked for 1D 2 or 2$ ho.r) in the mem2rane
pre)er+ati+e )ol.tion" Then the element) are drained and 2agged" :fter 2D #D 12D 18D 20D /# and
08 month) )torageD two element) from each )oak time are taken o.t from their 2ag)" 1icro2ial
plate co.nt) are taken of the )torage )ol.tion in the 2agD and the element) are te)ted" The
element performance i) mea).red 2oth 2efore and after permeate pre)).re i) applied to
determine whether the mem2rane drie) when )tored" Permeate pre)).re i) mo)t ea)ily applied
2y )h.tting the permeate port at a feed pre)).re of at lea)t 13$ p)i (1D$$$ kPa) pre)).re a2o+e
the o)motic pre)).re of the feed )ol.tion" Three )oak time)D )e+en te)t time)D and d.plicate
element)D re).lt in 02 element) per )torage )ol.tion to te)t" To )a+e )torage )paceD )mall
element) are often .)ed" :gainD the one percent )odi.m 2i).lfite )ol.tion i) .)ed a) a control"
7ince one&ho.r )oak time i) ).fficient for the controlD only 10 control element) are reB.ired"

G
Thi) )ection i) p.lled orm !o" #$%&$$2%1

Page 1'8 of 181
7#"* =e3 Wor% In%eD
:2ra)ion & 13$ (.rn te)t & 10# Cond.cti+ity meter & %'
:cid addition & 2' (&+al.e & %$ Cond.cti+ity profile & 10$&101
:cid cleaner & 12# Contin.o.) proce)) & '3D '#
:cridine orange & 3% C:C & #$ Contin.o.) te)t & 1'1D 1'3&1''
:cti+ated car2on & 3%D #2D #0D #3 Calci.m & 2#&2%D 0' Control in)tr.ment) & %'
:d)orption & #3 Calci.m car2onate & 2'D 28D /2 Copper ).lfate & #0
:gglomeration & 32 Calci.m fl.oride & 28D 0/ Corro)ion & #3D %%D 108
:ir & 11$D 10%D 13/ Calci.m pho)phate & 28D 31 Co.pler & 1$#
:ir 2reak & %8D 112 Calci.m ).lfate & 0$D 02 C*C & #1
:474 & %% Cali2ration & 1/8 Cre+ice corro)ion & %%
:larm) & %8 Car2on dio;ide & 2%D /2D /#D 81D 1#% Cro))flow & 1$
:l&2ron<e & %% Car2onate )caling & 28&2%D /2&/%D 12#D 12%D 108
:lgea & 38 Cartridge filter & 3#D 13/ D(!P: & #/
:lkaline cleaner & 12# Cationic polymer)@polyelectrolyte) & 28D 32D 13$D
1'0
Dealkali<ation & 28D 0$
:l.min.m & 28D 0'D 31D ##D #%D 108 Centrif.gal p.mp & %3 Dechlorination & #$
:l.min.m coag.lant) & 33D 3# C & /1D %3 Dega)ifier & #8
:l.min.m )ilicate) & ## C8 & 3% Delamination & 10/
:mmoni.m & 33 Check li)t & 1$% De)alination & %
:no;ic & 33D #3D ##D #' Chemical compati2ility & 1'1&1'' De)ign eB.ation) & %$&%/
:nthracite & 30 Chloramine & #1D #/ De)ign g.ideline) & 82&80
:ntifo.lant & 28D 3' Chlorinated 2iocidal prod.ct) & 1/0 De)tr.cti+e analy)i) & 100
:nti)calant & 28D //D 3#D 38D ##D 130D 1'/&1'0 Chlorination & #$ Detergent & 13$
:,C & 3% Chlorine & 3#D 38D #$D #%D %8 Diatomaceo.) earth & 13/
:patite & 31 Chlorine demand & #1 Differential pre)).re & 30D 3'D 38D 12/D 10#D 132&130
:pparent )alt pa))age & '% Chlorine dio;ide & #2D #/D 1/0 Direct co.nt & 3%
:pplication te)t & %0 Chlorine tolerance & 1#D #1D #/ D4*6CT,* 7er+ice & 102
:pplication) & 11 Clay & ## Di)po)al & 1/#
:7T1 & 23D 102 Cleaning chemical) & 12#D 1'0&1'3 Di)tillation & %
:TP & #$ Cleaning freB.ency & 82D 1/%D 1'0 Do)ing p.mp & %#
:.tomation & %8 Cleaning proced.re & 123 Do)ing tank & %8
:.top)y & 100D 131 Cleaning p.mp & 123 Do.2le pa)) & 80D 112
:&+al.e & %$ Cleaning )ol.tion & 12/D 123D 1/% Dow )ale) office) & 181
Cleaning )y)tem & 120 D,96L & 28
(ack&flow & #'D %' Cleaning tank & 120 Draw&2ack & #'D %'D 11/
(ackfl.)ha2le filter & 3# Cleaning te)t & 102D 100D 1'3 Dry element & 1/3D 1/#
(ackwa)h & 30 Clean&in&place (C4P) & %'D 1$1
(acteria & 38&3% Coag.lant & 3#D 1'0 6DL* & 103D 108
(ank filtration & #0 Coag.lation&flocc.lation & 3# 6lectrodialy)i) & 1$
(ari.m & 28D 2% C,D & #% 6lement con)tr.ction & 18
(ari.m ).lfate & 02 Colloidal fo.ling & 32&3'D 10' 6lement o.ter wrap & 2$
(arrier layer & 13 Colloidal )ilica & 0'D 3# 6lement performance & 2$D 100
(atch proce)) & '3D 80D %' Com2ined chlorine & #/ 6lement remo+al & 1$0
(eta n.m2er & '% Compaction & 10% 6lement replacement & 10%
(* & #$ Compati2ility & 1'1&1'' 6lement )i<e & 2$
(iocide) & #/D 1/2D 1//D 1'3&1'' Comp.ter program & %$ 6lement )pacer & 81D 1$#
(iofilm & 38D 12#D 1/%D 10# Concentrate recycling@recirc.lation & '#D '8D 80 6lement type) & 1%D 83
(iofiltration & #0 Concentrate +al+e & 1/D '#D 11$ 6mergency cleaning & 1/2
(iofo.ling@2iological fo.ling & 21D 38&#3D 1$$D 1/2D
10#D 130
Concentration factor & /1D %3 6nd cap & 1$2
(irm & 33 Concentration polari<ation & 38D 8%D %1 6nergy con).mption & 2/
(oo)ter p.mp & 81 Concentration .nit) & 1#' 6nergy reco+ery & %3
(racki)h water & 20 Conditioning & 1/0 6B.ipment & 1$2D 1$'
(rine )eal & 1$2D 13/&130 Cond.ctance & 1#0 67C: & 103
(romide & #1 Cond.cti+ity & 81D 112D 11#D 1#3&1## 6thanol & 1/#

Page 1'% of 181
:C & #$ -ydrogen pero;ide & #2D 1// 1,!,7P-6*6 & 28
D: & 1' -ydrogen ).lfide & 33D ##&#8D 108 1.lti&)tage & ''
eed concentration & 10 -ydro;ide floc & 3#D #3D 12#
eed flow rate & 123 -ypochlorite & #$ !anofiltration & 11D #3
eed pre)).re & 10D '2D %#D 11$D 11/D 110D 123D
103D 10%
-ypochloro.) acid & #$D #2 !et dri+ing pre)).re & 8%D %$
eed )pacer & 18D 10' !,1 & #3D 10#
eed tank & %' 4CP & 103D 108 !omenclat.re & 1%
eedwater p- & 1#D %8 4nhi2itor & 28 !ormali<ation & 1$1D 11'&12$
eedwater type & 22D 82 4n&line filtration & 33
erric chloride & 33 4ntake & 3'D 3% ,il & #3D %#D 13$
erric coag.lant) & 33 4ntegrity & 10/ ,perating data & 113
erric ).lfate & 33 4nterconnector & 1$0&1$# ,perating log & 11#
erro.) iron & #1D ##D #% 4ntr.)ion & 10% ,perating pre)).re & %3
ilmTec Corporation & % 4odine & #0D 1/0 ,rganic fo.ling & 12#D 1/1D 13$
iltration & 1$D 11 4on e;change & %D 80D 83 ,rganic) & 22D 2%D #1D #3D 13$
lat cell & 1'2 4on prod.ct & /$D /1 ,&ring & 1$2D 1$0&1$#D 1/%&101D 13$
locc.lant & 3#D 3'D 1'0 4onic )trength & /1 ,*P & #$D #2D #/D %#
locc.lation@filtration & 0' 4ron & 28D 0'D 31D 33D 3'D #3&#'D #%D 1/$D 1//D 108 ,rthopho)phate & 31
low & 1/ ,)mo)i) & 12
low 2alance & 8#&8' F factor & 113 ,)motic pre)).re & 12D 8%D %1D 1'$
low config.ration & 80 F1n,0 & 33 ,;idation damage & 33D #$D 131
low meter & %' ,;idation filtration & 33
l.oride )cale) & 0/D 0#D 12#D 108&10% 5angelier & 2' ,;idi<ing agent) & #2D %#
l.)h )y)tem & %8 5eak & 10/D 13$&131 ,<one & #2D #0
l.)hing & 11$D 112D 12# 5ight ind.)trial )y)tem & 8/
l.; & 1/D '2D 83 5ime )oftening & 2%D /$D 0$D 08 Pa))age & 1/
ood proce))ing & 1' 5oading & 1$2&1$# Peracetic acid & 1//
o.ling & 21D '2D 122 5ow flow & 10#&13$ Performance & 1/D 1/'
o.ling factor & %0D 1/' 574 & 2'D //D 111 Performance te)t & 100
o.ling inde; & 3/ 5.2ricant & 1$2 Permanganate & #2
o.ling tendency & 82 Permea2ility & 12D 1'D %$
* mem2rane@element & #3D 10' 1acrofiltration & 1$ Permeate & 1/
*C & #$ 1agne)i.m & 0' Permeate (2ack)pre)).re & '#D 81D 8'D %#D 11/D
1/8D 10$D 10/D 131
ree<ing & 1/3D 1/# 1aintenance & %%D 11' Permeate concentration & %1&%/
T!,*1 & 11'D 12/D 1/8 1angane)e & 0'D 33D #1D #3&#'D #%D 108 Permeate flow & 1/D %$&%/D 100D 103
.ll&fit & 1%D 1$$ 1a)) 2alance & 1$1 Permeate fl.)hing & 1$1
.ngi & 38 1aterial) & %%D 122 Permeate )taged )y)tem & 8$D 81D 80
1echanical damage & 132 Permeate tank & %'D 11/D 110
?al+anic corro)ion & %% 1edia filter & 13/ Permeate t.2e & 18
?lycerin & 1$2 1edia filtration & 30 p- meter & %'
?ra+ity filter & 30 1em2rane & 13D 1% p- range & 12#
?rea)e & #3 1em2rane degradation & #3 Phenolic di)infectant & 1/0
?reen)and & 33 1em2rane )alt pa))age & '% Pho)phate & 31
1em2rane )y)tem & '2 Pho)phate )caling & 31D 32D 12#
-eat )aniti<ation & 1/0 1etal o;ide) & 122D 12#D 108 Pho)phor.) & 31
-6P: filter & %'D 1$$ 1etal )ilicate) & 0'D 08D 3# Pilot te)t & %3
-e;ametapho)phate & 28D // 14 & 3/ Pitting & %%
-igh flow p.mping & 123 14&8 & 3/ Plate R frame & 18D 103
-igh pre)).re p.mp & %3 1icrofiltration & 1$D 33D 3#D #0 Pl.g flow & '8D 80
-ollow fi2er & 18 1icroorgani)m & 38 Polyacrylate) & 28D 08
-o.r meter & %' 1i;ing tank & 120 Polyamide & 13
-7*, & 1/0 1od.le & 18D '#D '' Polye)ter we2 & 13
-.mic ).2)tance) & #3 1olal@molar & /1 Polypho)phate) & 31
-y2rid )y)tem & 81 1onitoring & %8D 1$1 Poly).lfone & 13D 10'

Page 18$ of 181
Po)iti+e di)placement p.mp & %3 7h.tdown & 112&11/ Temperat.re & 10D 08D 110D 1//D 1/0D 10%
Po)t&chlorination & %8 7h.tdown )witche) & %# Temperat.re Correction actor & %1D 118D 1#8
Po)t&treatment & '2 7ilica & 28D 2%D 0'D 12# Temperat.re limit) & %#D 11/D 12/D 1/3D 1/#
Pota))i.m permanganate & 33 7ilicate & 0'D #3 Temperat.re .nit) & 1#8
Pre)er+ation & 11/D 1/3D 1/# 7ilicic acid & 0' Te)t .nit & 100D 1'2&1'/
Pre)er+ation )ol.tion & 1/3D 10' 7ilicone l.2ricant & 1$2 Te)ting & %0&%3D 100
Pre)er+ati+e) & 1'' 7ilt & 12# Thr.)t ring & 1$2D 13$
Pre)).re drop & %2&%/D 123D 103D 13$D 132&130 7ilt den)ity inde; & 3/D 30 T,C & #3
Pre)).re dye te)t & 103 7ingle&mod.le & '# Tran)mem2rane pre)).re & 1$D 11
Pre)).re filter & 30 7ingle&)tage & '' T*C & #1
Pre)).re ga.ge & %' 7iphoning & #'D 112 Tro.2le)hooting grid & 130
Pre)).re +e))el & %#D 1$2&1$# 7low )and filtration & #0 T.2.lar & 18
Pretreatment & 21D 11'D 122 7mall commercial )y)tem & 8/ T.r2idity & 3/D %#
Pretreatment chemical) & 32D 111 71(7 & #2D 1/3D 1/#
Pre+entati+e cleaning & /$D 0' 71, & %% 8"7" .nit) & 1#%
Pro2ing & 1$$D 10$D 131 7oak & 123 8&c.p 2rine )eal & 1$2
Profiling & 1$$D 10$ 7oak te)t & 1'1D 1'3&1'' 8ltrafiltration & 1$D 33D 3#D #0
P.mp impeller & 13/ 7oda a)h & 2%D 08 8PC,*6 & 28
7odi.m 2i).lfite & #2 8> & #0
C.aternary germicide) & #0D 1/0 7odi.m chloride & 1#0D 1'$
7odi.m hydro;ide & 81 >ac..m decay te)t & 10/
*ecord keeping & 110&11' 7odi.m hypochlorite & 33 >al+e) & %'
*ecorder & %8 7oftening & 28D 0$D 3' >ir.)e) & 38
*eco+ery & 1/D 10D '2 7oil pa))age & #0 >i).al in)pection & 1/%D 10/D 131
*ecycle & 123 7ol.2ility prod.ct & 2'D /$D /1
*ed.cing agent) & #1 7ol.te pa))age & 10$D 103D 13$&131 9ater analy)i) & 20&2#
*e=ection & 1/ 7ol.te re=ection & 10$D 100 9ater hammer & 10/D 10%D 13$D 13/
*e+er)e flow & 11/ 7piral wo.nd & 18 9ater meter & %'
*e+er)e ,)mo)i) & 11D 12 7ta2ili<ed performance & %0D 112D 12#D 1/' 9ater permeation & %$
*e&wetting & 1/#D 10' 7taging ratio & ''D 8# 9eighing & 10/D 108
*hodamine & 103 7tainle)) )teel & %% 9ell & 3'D 3%D #8
*,7: & //D 8'D %$D %0D 1/' 7tandard )eawater & 2/ 9et element & 1/3
7tandard te)t & 2$D 100 9etting & 10'
7RD74 & 2'D /#D 111 7tart@)top & 112D 11/
7afety & 122 7tart&.p & 1$'&112D 110 L&ray analy)i) & 103
7alinity & 22D 2/D 110 7tiff R Da+i) & 2'
7alt pa))age & 1/D '%D %$ 7torage & 112D 1/3
7alt re=ection & 1/D '2D %0 7tronti.m & 28D 2%
7ample port & %' 7tronti.m ).lfate & 02
7ampling point) & 3%D 1$$&1$1 7.ck&2ack & #'D 11/
7and & 30D ## 7.lfate )caling & 28D 0$&02D 12#&12'D 108&10%
7aniti<ation & 38D #/D 1/2D 1/0 7.lfide) & ##D #'
7aniti<ation chemical) & 38D #0 7.lf.r & #'D #8D 108
7(7 & #2 7.rfactant & 13$
7cale inhi2itor & 28D //D 0$D 08 7.)pended matter & 3#
7caling & 21D 2#&32D 122D 1/%D 108&10%D 13/ 7ym2ol definition) & %/
7creening te)t & %0 7y)tem checking & 1$'
7D4 & 3/D 30D 3#D 1$1 7y)tem reco+ery & %1&%/D 11$
7eawater & 2/D /#D #1D 110 7y)tem )alt pa))age & '%
761 & 103
7emi&2atch & '3D 80D %' Tank) & %'
7himming & 1$/&1$0 Tapered recirc.lation )y)tem & 8$
7hipping & 1/3D 1/# T(C & 3%
7-1P & 28 TC & %1D 118
7-1PD hydroli<ed & 28 TD7 & 22D 11#
7hock treatment & #2 Tele)coping & 13$

Page 181 of 181
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