Indices Log

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INDICES
&
LOGARITHMS

Name

........................................................................................

Indices and Logarithms
zefry@sas.edu.my 2
CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

1.1 Finding the value of number given in the form of :-
Type of indices In General Examples
(a) Integer indices (i) positive indices
a a a a a
n
= .....
n factors
a = base(non zero number)
n = index(positive integer)
=
5
3 3 3 3 3 3

2
( 4) =

=
3
) 2 . 0 (

3
1
5
| |
=
|
\ .

(ii) negative indices

n
n
a
a
1
=

1
2
=
1
2

=
2
3

( )
2
4

=
(b) Fractional indices
(i)
n n
a a =
1

n = positive integer
a 0 =
=
2
1
4 4 2 =
=
4
1
16 [2]
1
5
32 = [2]
(ii) ( )
m
n n m
n
m
a a a = =

=
3
2
27
2 2 3
( 27) 3 9 = =
2
3
8 = [4]
3
4
16 = [8]

Notes : Zero Index : 0 , 1
0
= = a where a
Examples :
0
0 0 0
1
5 1, 2.2 1, ( 3) 1, 1
2
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

zefry@sas.edu.my 3
ACTIVITY 1:
Find the value for each of the following;
(a)
1
2
64 64 8 = =

(b)
3
1
8
[2]
(c)
4
1
16
[2]

(d)
5
2
32
[4]
(e)
2
3
27

[9]

(f)
1
2
25

[
1
2
]

(g)
1
3
1
8
| |
|
\ .

[2]

(h)
2
1
4
| |
|
\ .

[16]

(i)
1
1
32
| |
|
\ .

[32]

(j)
2
1
3
| |
|
\ .

[9]

EXERCISE 1
1. Evaluate the following:
(a)
3
2
4

[8]
(b) (16)
1
4

[2]
(c)
1
1
25
| |
|
\ .

[25]
(d)
1
5
32
81
| |
|
\ .

[
2
3
]
(e)
1 2
(5 )

[
1
25
]
(f)
1
2
4

[
1
2
]

2. Write in index form
(a)
1
p

[p
-1
]
(b)
3
1
q

[q
-3
]
(c)
1
1
p
| |
|
\ .

[p
1
]

zefry@sas.edu.my 4

ACTIVITY 2:
1. Simplify each of the following:
(a)
5 2
a a

(b)
2 3
5 5
n n

(c)
6
2
x
x

(d)
3
4 2 2
n n n

(e)
( )
1
6 4
2
p q

(f)
( )
1
4 12
4
a b
(g)
( )
1
8 2
2
81p q

(h)
4
16 2
n+

(i)
2 3
3 6 2

(j) ( ) ( )
1 1
5 3
32 125

(k)
1 1
2 4 2
n n + +

(l)
2 3
2 4
n n
a a
a a

LAWS OF INDICES
n m n m
a a a
+
=
n m n m
a a a

=
mn n m
a a = ) (
m m m
b a ab = ) (
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=
|
.
|
\
|

2 5
7
a
a
+
=
=

5
[5 ]
n

[1]
4
[ ] x
3 2
[ ] p q
3
[ ] ab
4 1
[9 ] p q

8
[2 ]
n +

5 4
[3 2 ] +
2
[ ]
5

[4]
5 6
[ ]
n
a

zefry@sas.edu.my 5
2. Prove that
(a)
1 1
4 3 4 4
+
+
n n n
is

divisible by 17
for all positive integers of n .

17(4
n-1
) is a multiple of 17 and hence,
17(4
n-1
) is divisible by 17.

(b)
2 1
5 5 5
+ +
+ +
n n n
is divisible by 31 for
all positive integers of n.

[31(5
n
) is a multiple of 31 and hence, 31(5
n
) is
divisible by 31].

(c)
2 1
3 3 3
+ +
+ +
n n n
is divisible by 13 for
all positive integers of n.

[13(3
n
n
) is
divisible by 13].

(d)
2 3
2 2
p p + +
+ is divisible by 12 for all
positive integers of p.

[12(2
p
p
) is
divisible by 12].

1
1
1
4
4 4 4 3
4
3
4 (4 1 )
4
17
4
4
17(4 )
n
n n
n
n
n
+
= +
=
=

zefry@sas.edu.my 6
2. LOGARITHMS AND THE LAW OF LOGARITHMS.
_____________________________________________________________________
2.1 Express equation in index form to logarithm form and vice versa

Definition of logarithm
If a is a positive number and a = 1 , then

`
(INDEX FORM) (LOGARITHM FORM)
N = Number
a = base
x = index

We can use this relation to convert from index form to logarithm form or vice versa.

ACTIVITY 3:
1. Convert each of the following from index form to logarithm form:
INDEX FORM LOGARITHM FORM
(a) 4
3
= 64

4
log 64 3 =
(b) 3
4
=

81

(c) 2
-3
=
1
8

(d)10
-2
= 0.01

(e)
1
3
=
1
3

2. Convert each of the following from logarithm form to index form:
LOGARITHM FORM INDEX FORM
(a) log
7
49 = 2

2
49 7 =
(b) log
3
27 = 3

(c) log
9
3 =
1
2

(d) log
10
100 = 2

(e) log
5

1
16
= - 4

Notes!
Since a
1
= a then log
a
a = 1
Since a
0
= 1 then log
a
1 = 0
x
a N =
x N
a
= log
Log
a
N is read as logarithm of N
to the base a

zefry@sas.edu.my 7
3. Find the value of x .

a) log
2
x = 1

1
2 2 x = =

b) log
10
x = -3

[0.001]
c) log
3
x = 4

[81]
d) log
a
x = 0

[1]

2.2 Finding logarithm of a number

Logarithm to the base of 10 is known as the common logarithm. The value of
common logarithms can be easily obtained from a scientific calculator .
In common logarithm, if log
10
N = x , then , antilog N = 10
x
. [lg N = log
10
N]

ACTIVITY 4
1. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following;

(a) log
10
16 = 1.2041

(b) log
10
0.025 =

[-1.6021]
(c) log
10

2
3
| |
|
\ .
=
[-0.1761]

(d) log
10
5
2
=

[1.3979]
(e) antilog 0.1383 =

[1.3750]
(f) antilog (- 0.729) =

[0.1866]
(g) antilog 1.1383 =

[13.7450]
(h) 10
- 2
=

[0.01]

2. Find the value of the following logarithms.
(a) log
4
16=
2
4
log 4 2 =
(b) log
3
27

[3]
(c) log
2

1
2
| |
|
\ .

[-1]

(d) log
8
2

[3]
(e) log
2
2
3

[3]
(f) log
a
a
4

[4]

zefry@sas.edu.my 8
2.3 Finding logarithm of a numbers by using the Laws of Logarithms

ACTIVITY 5:

1. Evaluate each of the following without using calculator.
(a) log
2
32=
5
2
log 2 5 =

(b) log
3
27

[3]

(c) log
3
1

[ 0]
(d) log
3
9

[2]
(e) log
8
64

[2]
(f) log
2
8

[3]
2. Find the value of
(a) log
2
6 + log
2
12 log
2
18

2
2
6(12)
log
18
log 4
2
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=

(b) log
3
18 + 2log
3
6 log
3
72

[2]
LAWS OF
LOGARITHMS
log
a
xy = log
a
x + log
a
y
log
a
x
m
= m log
a
x

|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
a
log = log
a
x - log
a
y
zefry@sas.edu.my 9
(c) 2log
4
2 -
4
log 3+ log
4
12

[2]
(d) log
5
45+
5 5 5
log 100 log 10 log 18

[2]

3.. Given that log
2
3 = 1.585 and log
2
5 = 2.322 . Evaluate each of the following.
(a) log
2
15

[3.907]
(b) log
2
75

[6.229]
(c) log
2
20

[4.322]
(d) log
2
1.5

[0.585]

5. Given that log
3
2 =

0.6309 and log
3
5 = 1.4650. Evaluate each of the following.
(a) log
3
10

[2.0959]
(b) log
3
18

[2.6309]

(c) log
3
45

[3.4650]
(d) log
3
0.3

[-1.0959]

zefry@sas.edu.my 10
2.4 Simplifying logarithmic expressions to the simplest form .
ACTIVITY 6
1. Express each of the following in terms of log a , log b and/or log c .
(a) log ( ) ab

[log a + log b]
(b) log
( )
3 2
a b

[3log a + 2log b]
(c) log
( )
3
2
ab

[3log a +6 log b]
(d) log
ab
c
| |
|
\ .

[log a + log b-logc]

2. Express each of the following in term of log
a
x and log
a
y .
(a) log
a
xy

[log log ]
a a
x y +
(b) log
a
x
2
y
3

[2log 3log ]
a a
x y +
(c) log
a

2
x
y

[2log log ]
a a
x y
(d) log
a

2 3
a x
y

[2 3log log ]
a a
x y +

zefry@sas.edu.my 11
3. Write each of the following expressions as single logarithm:
(a) lg 3 + lg 25 = lg 3 + lg 5
= lg 15

(b) 3 lg 2 + 2 lg 3 2 lg 6

[log 2]
(c) log
2
x + log
2
y
2

[
2
2
log xy ]
(d) lg 6 + 2 lg 4 lg 8

[log 12]
(e) lg x +2lg y - 1

[
2
log
10
xy (
(

]
(f) 3 lg x
2
1
lg y
4
+ 2

[
3
2
100
log
x
y
(
(

]
(g) 2log
a
x

- 1 + log
a
y

[
2
log
a
x y
a
(
(

]
(h) log
3
x + 2log
3
y 1

[
2
3
log
3
xy (
(

]
(i) log
b
x + log
b
y + 1

[ | | log
b
xyb ]

(j) log
a
x + log
a
y 1

[ log
a
xy
a
(
(

]
zefry@sas.edu.my 12

3. CHANGE OF BASE OF LOGARITHMS
_________ __________________________________________________________________
3.1 Finding logarithm of a number by changing the base of the logarithm to a
suitable base
The base of logarithms can be changed to other base by using a formula :

ACTIVITY 7:
1. Find the value of each of the following. Give your answer correct to four
significant figures.

(a)

5
log 2

(b) 8 log
3

[1.893]
(c)
3
log 4

[1.262]

(d) 5 . 0 log
2

[-1.00]

2. Find the value of each of the following without using calculator..
(a) log
2
9.
3
log 8

(b) log
3
7. log
7
2. log
2
3 =

[1]
(c)
4
log 16. log
3
125 =

[8]
(d) log
4
5. log
5
3. log
3
7. log
7
64 =

[3]

a
b
b
c
c
a
log
log
log =

When c = b, then
a
b
b
b
b
a
log
log
log =
=
a
b
log
1

If c = b, so log
a
b =
log 2
log5
0.3010
0.6990
0.431
=
=
=

3 3
3 3
log 9 log 8
log 2 log 3
2 3 6
=
= =

zefry@sas.edu.my 13
3.2 Solving Problems involving the change of base and laws of logarithms.

ACTIVITY 8
1. Given that log
2
3 = 1.585 and log
2
5 = 2.322.Find the value of each of the
following.

(a) log
3
15 (b) log
3
3
5

[2.4650] [-0.4650]

2. Given that log
2
a = b. Without using the calculator, express the following in terms
of b:

(a) log
a
16 (b) log
16
a

[
4
b
] [
4
b
]
(c) log
4
a

(d) log
a
32a

[
2
b
]

[
5
1
b
+ ]

3. If log
3
x = r and log
3
y
=
s
,
express each of the following in terms of r and s .
(a) log
3
x
2
y (b)
3
9
log
x
y

[2r+s] [2+r-s]

4. If m x =
2
log and n y =
2
log , express each of the following in terms of m and n.
(a)
4
log xy (b)
2
log
x
y

[
1
[ ]
2
m n + ]

[
2n
m
]

zefry@sas.edu.my 14
4. EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
4.1 Solving equations involving indices

METHOD:
1. Comparison of indices or base
(i) If the base are the same , when
y x
a a = , then x = y
(ii) If the index are the same , when
x x
b a = , then a = b

2. Using common logarithm

ACTIVITY 9:
1. Solve the following equations:
(a) 3
x
= 81

(b) 16
x
= 8

[
3
4
]

(c) 8
x+1
= 4

[
1
3
]
(d) 9
x+1
= 3

[
1
2
]
(e) 9
x
. 3
x-1
= 81

[
5
3
]

(f) 2
x + 3
- 4
2x
= 0

[1]
(g) 81
4
= x

[ 3 ]
(h)
3
125
1

= x

[ 5 ]

4
3 3
4
x
x
=
=

zefry@sas.edu.my 15
2. By using common logarithm(log
10
), solve the following equations and give your
answer correct to two decimal places.

(a) 2
x
= 3

(b) 8 7 =
x

[-1.07]
(c) 4
2x+1
= 7

[0.2]
(d)
x x
3 . 2

= 18

[1.61]
(e) 4 6
2 5
=
x

[2.11]
(f)
4
9 3 . 2

=
x x x

[21.68]

3. By using replacement method, solve each of the following equations:

(a) 1 2 2
3 4
=
+ + x x

(b) 4 3 3
2 1
= +
+ + x x

[x = -1]
(c)
1
3 3 9
x x +
=

[x = 2]
(d)
3 2
2 2 12
x x + +
+ =

[x = 0]

lg 2 lg3
lg3
1.58
lg 2
x
x
=
= =

4 3
2 2 2 2 1
2
16 8 1
8 1
1
8
x x
x
let y
y y
y
y
=
=
=
=
=

3
2 ,
1
2
8
2 2
3
x
x
x
Substitute y
x
=
=
=
=

zefry@sas.edu.my 16
4.2 Solving Equations involving logarithms

METHOD:
1. For two logarithms of the same base, if n m
a a
log log = , then m = n .
2. Convert to index form, if n m
a
= log , then m = a
n
.

ACTIVITY 10:
1. Solve the following equations.
(a) lg x = lg 3 + 2 lg 2 lg 2

(b) 2 lg 3 + lg (2x) = lg (3x + 1)

[
1
15
]
(c) lg (4x 3) = lg (x + 1 ) + lg 3

[ 6 ]
(d) lg (10x + 5) lg ( x+ 4 ) = lg 2

[
3
8
]

2. Solve the following equations :
(a) lg 25 + lg x lg (x 1) = 2

(b) lg 4 + 2 lg x = 2

[5]

2
3 2
lg
2
6 x
(
=
(

=

2
25
lg 2
1
25 10 ( 1)
25 100 100
75 100
4

3
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
(
=
(

=
=
=
=

zefry@sas.edu.my 17
(c) lg x + lg (2x 1) = 1

[
5
2,
2
]

(d) 4 log 5 8 log
x x
=

[2]
(e) 2 log 5 4 log 3
x x
= +

[2]

(f)
5 5 5
log (2 5) 2log 6 log 4 x =

[7]
(g) log
2
x
2
= 3 + log
2
(x + 6)

[-4,12]
(h) 3 log ) 6 ( log
2 4
= + x

[3]

zefry@sas.edu.my 18
SPM QUESTIONS

1. SPM 2003
Given that 3 log log
4 2
= V T , express T in terms of V .[4 marks] [T = 8 V ]

2. SPM 2003
Solve the equation
x x
7 4
1 2
=
. [4 marks] [x = 1.677]

3. SPM 2004
Solve the equation
6 8 4
4 32
+
=
x x
. [3 marks] [x = 3]

4. SPM 2004
Given that m = 2 log
5
and p = 7 log
5
, express 9 . 4 log
5
in terms of m and p.
[4 marks] [2p m -1]

5. SPM 2005
Solve the equation 1 ) 1 2 ( log 4 log
3 3
= x x . [3 marks] [
2
3
= x ]

6. SPM 2005
Solve the equation 1 2 2
3 4
=
+ + x x
. [3 marks] [x = - 3]

7. SPM 2005
Given that p
m
= 2 log and r
m
= 3 log , express
|
.
|
\
|
4
27
log
m
m
in terms of p and r .
[4 marks] [3r 2p + 1]

8. SPM 2006
Solve the equation
2 3
2
1
8
4
x
x
+
= . [3 marks] [x =1]

9. SPM 2006

Given that
2 2 2
log 2 3log log xy x y = + , express y in terms of x.
[3 marks] [y=4x]
10. SPM 2006

Solve the equation
3 3
2 log ( 1) log x x + = . [3 marks] [
1
1
8
x = ]

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