Inspection steps

Below are the main steps of Liquid Penetrant Inspection:

1. Pre-cleaning:
The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt, paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could
either keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or false indications. leaning
methods may include solvents, alkaline cleaning steps, vapor degreasing, or media !lasting.
The end goal of this step is a clean surface where any defects present are open to the
surface, dry, and free of contamination. "ote that if media !lasting is used, it may #work over#
small discontinuities in the part, and an etching !ath is recommended as a post$!lasting
treatment.
%pplication of the penetrant to a part in a ventilated test area.
2. Application of Penetrant:
The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the item !eing tested. The penetrant is allowed
#dwell time# to soak into any flaws &generally ' to () minutes*. The dwell time mainly depends
upon the penetrant !eing used, material !eing tested and the si+e of flaws sought. %s
e,pected, smaller flaws require a longer penetration time. -ue to their incompati!le nature
one must !e careful not to apply solvent$!ased penetrant to a surface which is to !e
inspected with a water$washa!le penetrant.
3. Excess Penetrant Removal:
The e,cess penetrant is then removed from the surface. The removal method is controlled !y
the type of penetrant used. .ater$washa!le, solvent$remova!le, lipophilic post$emulsifia!le,
or hydrophilic post$emulsifia!le are the common choices. /mulsifiersrepresent the highest
sensitivity level, and chemically interact with the oily penetrant to make it remova!le with a
water spray. .hen using solvent remover and lint$free cloth it is important to not spray the
solvent on the test surface directly, !ecause this can remove the penetrant from the flaws. If
e,cess penetrant is not properly removed, once the developer is applied, it may leave a
!ackground in the developed area that can mask indications or defects. In addition, this may
also produce false indications severely hindering your a!ility to do a proper inspection.
4. Application of Developer:
%fter e,cess penetrant has !een removed a white developer is applied to the sample. 0everal
developer types are availa!le, including: non$aqueous wet developer, dry powder, water
suspenda!le, and water solu!le. hoice of developer is governed !y penetrant compati!ility
&one can1t use water$solu!le or suspenda!le developer with water$washa!le penetrant*, and
!y inspection conditions. .hen using non$aqueous wet developer &"%.-* or dry powder, the
sample must !e dried prior to application, while solu!le and suspenda!le developers are
applied with the part still wet from the previous step. "%.- is commercially availa!le in
aerosol spray cans, and may employ acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or a propellant that is a
com!ination of the two. -eveloper should form a semi$transparent, even coating on the
surface.
The developer draws penetrant from defects out onto the surface to form a visi!le indication,
commonly known as !leed$out. %ny areas that !leed$out can indicate the location, orientation
and possi!le types of defects on the surface. Interpreting the results and characteri+ing
defects from the indications found may require some training and2or e,perience 3the indication
si+e is not the actual si+e of the defect4
5. Inspection:
The inspector will use visi!le light with adequate intensity &5)) foot$candles or 55)) lu, is
typical* for visi!le dye penetrant. 6ltraviolet &67$%* radiation of adequate intensity &5,)))
micro$watts per centimeter squared is common*, along with low am!ient light levels &less than
8 foot$candles* for fluorescent penetrant e,aminations. Inspection of the test surface should
take place after 5) to () minute development time, depends of product kind. This time delay
allows the !lotting action to occur. The inspector may o!serve the sample for indication
formation when using visi!le dye. It is also good practice to o!serve indications as they form
!ecause the characteristics of the !leed out are a significant part of interpretation
characteri+ation of flaws.
. Post !leaning:
The test surface is often cleaned after inspection and recording of defects, especially if post$
inspection coating processes are scheduled.