Objective set 1

Biology 40C
1
The Digestive System (Lecture notes):
Pages 968 1014.

1. Define the term Digestion.
2. Describe the general anatomy of the digestive tract. (Figure 24.1, page 968)
3. What are the two main groups of organs or regions within the digestive system?
4. Name the organs that make up the alimentary canal or GI tract.
5. Name the organs that make up the accessory structures of the digestive system.
6. Describe the four layers or tunics of the GI tract. (Figure 24.2, page 970)
7. Know the anatomy of each layer and what function it serves in digestion.
8. Know the cell types of the epithelium that line the different regions of the digestive tract.
9. Where is the lamina propria found? What function does it serve?
10. Where is the muscularis mucosa and what is its function?
11. What is the myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) and what is its function?
12. What does the term peritoneum mean?
13. Describe the function and anatomy of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity.
14. Know the anatomy, location and what organs are connected to the following structures:
(Figure 24.4, page 972-973)

a. Coronary ligament
b. Falciform ligamant
c. Lesser omentum
d. Mesentery
e. Mesocolon
f. Greater omentum

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15. Name and describe the 8 functions of the digestive system as discussed in lecture.
16. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
17. What happens to proteins, starch and other complex carbohydrates fats (lipids) and
nucleic acids during mechanical and chemical digestion?

18. Describe the anatomy and function of the following organs and structures:
a. Oral cavity (Figure 24.5 - 24.6, pages 975 to 976)
i. Lips
ii. Mucous membrane
iii. Vermilion
iv. Labial frenulum
v. Vestibule
vi. Fauces
vii. Lingual tonsils
viii. Hard palate
ix. Soft palate
x. Uvula
xi. Tonsils
b. Tongue
i. Skeletal muscle
ii. Median septum
iii. Hyoid bone
iv. Extrinsic muscles
v. Intrinsic muscles
vi. Papillae
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1. filiform papillae
2. fungiform papillae
3. circumvallate papillae
c. teeth
i. alveolar process
ii. periodontal ligament
iii. enamel
iv. crown
v. neck
vi. dentin
vii. pulp cavity
viii. pulp
ix. root canal
x. adult dentition
xi. deciduous teeth
d. glands of the mouth
i. tongue
ii. salivary glands
1. saliva
2. functions
3. buccal glands
4. parotid glands
5. Submandibular gland
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6. sublingual gland
19. Name the three stages of deglutition.
20. What does the term bolus of food mean? (Figure 24.10 page 981)
21. Describe the physiology of each of the first two stages.
22. Describe the anatomy and function of the following organs and structures:
a. Esophagus (Figure 24.9, page 980)
i. Esophageal hiatus
ii. Mucosa
iii. Muscularis
iv. Adventitia
v. Upper esophageal sphincter
vi. Lower esophageal sphincter
vii. Describe the anatomy of the esophageal stage of deglutition
b. Stomach (Figure 24.11, page 983)
i. Lower esophageal sphincter
ii. Cardia
iii. Fundus
iv. Body
v. Lesser curvature
vi. Greater curvature
vii. Pylorus
viii. Pyloric antrum
ix. Pyloric canal
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x. Pyloric sphincter
xi. Rugae of mucosa
xii. Histology of the stomach (Figure 24.12, pages 984-5)
1. surface mucus cells
2. mucus neck cells
3. parietal cells
4. chief cells
5. G cells
6. gastric pits
7. muscle layer of the muscularis
8. What substance does each of these types of cells produce?
c. Pancreas (Figure 24.15, page 989)
i. Head
ii. Body
iii. Tail
iv. Pancreatic duct
v. Accessory duct
vi. Common bile duct
vii. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
viii. Major duodenal papilla
ix. Sphinter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi)
x. Histology of pancreas
1. exocrine function
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2. exocrine function
3. acini
4. pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
d. liver (Figure 24.15, page 989)
i. right lobe
ii. left lobe
iii. Falciform ligament
iv. Coronary ligament
v. Right and left hepatic ducts
vi. Common hepatic duct
vii. Cystic duct
viii. Histology of liver (Figure 24.16, page 991)
1. central vein
2. sinusoids
3. bile canaliculus
4. Hepatocytes
5. stellate reticuloendothelial cells
6. branch of the hepatic artery
7. branch of the portal vein
8. liver lobule
9. bile
10. bile salts
ix. Functions of the liver (see page 994)
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e. Gallbladder
i. Cystic duct
f. Small intestine (Figure 24.18-24.20, pages 996 - 999)
i. Duodenum (10 - 12 inches)
ii. J ejunum (3 feet)
iii. Ileum (6 feet)
iv. Plicae circularis
v. Villus
vi. Lacteal
vii. Intestinal gland (crypt of Lieberkuhn)
viii. Histology of small intestine (Figure 24.18 24.20, page 996 - 999)
1. absorptive cells (with microvilli)
2. goblet cells
3. entroendocrine cell
4. Paneth cell
5. lacteal
6. know the secretions and functions for each cell and structure
g. large intestine (Figure 24.23 & 24.24, pages 1007 - 1009)
i. cecum
ii. ileoceal valve
iii. vermiform appendix
iv. ascending colon
v. right (hepatic) colic flexure
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vi. transverse colon
vii. left (splenic) flexure
viii. descending colon
ix. sigmoid colon
x. rectum
xi. anal canal
xii. anal column
xiii. anus
xiv. internal anal sphincter
xv. external anal sphincter
xvi. haustra
xvii. epiploic appendages
23. What are the four processes needed to digest food?
24. What is the average daily input (liquid), output (secretions) for the following organs of
the digestive system? (Figure 24.22, page 1004)

a. Mouth
b. Esophagus
c. Stomach
d. Liver
e. Pancreas
f. Small intestine
g. Large intestine
h. Rectum
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25. Describe the physiology of the stomach in terms of mechanical processing of the food
and chemical digestion.

26. How is the regulation of gastric secretion and motility organized?
27. What are the three phases of this process?
28. Describe the physiology of each phase.

29. What part of the autonomic nervous system controls this process?
30. What is chyme?
31. What are the functions of: (see table 24.8, page 1013)
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
32. What is in pancreatic juice?
33. Name an example of digestive enzyme for each of the following macromolecules (table
24.5 page 1005):

a. Carbohydrates
b. Protein
c. Triglycerides
d. Nucleic acid
34. Describe one example of how these enzymes are produced and released by the pancreas
35. Describe the regulation of pancreatic secretions.
36. What is intestinal juice and where is it produced and released?
37. What is the function of intestinal juice?
38. What are brush border enzymes?
39. What type of macromolecules do brush border enzymes breakdown?
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40. What kind of mixing and mechanical digestion occurs in the small intestine?
41. What kind of chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine?
42. What is the specific state of each of the four macromolecules that make up your diet
when they are absorbed into the cells lining the digestive tract (see figure 24.21 page
1002 of your text book)?

43. What happens to lipids in the small intestine? How and where are they absorbed in the
small intestine? (See page 1002 and figure 24.21)

44. How is intestinal secretion and motility regulated?
45. What does your body in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides and nucleic acids
specifically absorb? (See figure 24.21, page 1002)

46. Which molecules are actively absorbed and which are absorbed by diffusion? (See figure
24.21, page 1002)

47. How is water absorbed?
48. What components of your diet help you to absorb water?
49. How are electrolytes and vitamins absorbed?
50. Describe the physiology of the large intestine.
51. What are the different types of movement in the large intestine?
52. Does the large intestine secrete any digestive enzymes?
53. What type of chemical digestion takes place in the large intestine?
54. What important component of your diet is absorbed in the large intestine?
55. When does chyme become feces?