Chapter 9 Solutions Text Book Exercise

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CHAPTER 9
SOLUTIONS
TEXT BOOK EXERCISE
Q1. Choose the correct answer for the given ones.
(i) Morality of pure water is
(a) 1. (b) 18. (c) 55.5 (d) 6.
Hint: Morality of pure water
Consider 1 dm
3
(-1000cm
3
) of water. Convert this volume into mass by
using density .
Mass =volume x density
Mass of H
2
O = 1000 cm
3
x 1 g cm
3
=1000g
Molar mass of H
2
O =18 g mol
-1

No. of moles of H
2
O = =55.6 mol
Morality of H
2
O =
= =55.6 mol dm
-3
=55.6 M
(ii) 18 g glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water. The relative lowering
of vapour pressure is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 18 (c) 55.5 (d) 6
(iii) A solution of glucose is 10%. The volume in which 1 g-mole of it
is dissolved will be
(a) 1 dm
3
(b) 1.8dm
3
(c) 200 cm
3
(d)
900cm
3

(iv) An aqueous solution of ethanol in water may have vapour
pressure
(a) equal to that of water (b) equal to that of
ethanol
(c) more than that of water (d) less than that of
water
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(v) An azeotropic mixture of two liquids boils at a lower temperature
than either of them when
(a) it is saturated
(b) it shows positive deviation from Raoults law
(c) it shows negative deviation from Raoults law
(d) it is met stable
(vi) In azeotropic mixture showing positive deviation from Raoults
law , the volume of the mixture is
(a) slightly more than the total volume of the components
(b) slightly less than the total volume of the components
(c) equal to the total volume of the components
(d) none of these
(vii) Which of the following solution has the higher boiling point?
(a) 5.85% solution of sodium chloride
(b) 18.0% solution of glucose
(c) 6.0% solution of urea
(d) All have the same boiling point.
(e) Two solution of NaC1and KC1 are prepared separately by
dissolving same amount of solute in water. Which of the following
statements is true for these solutions?
(f) KC1 solution will have higher boiling point than NaC1
solution
(g) Both the solution have different boiling points.
(h) KC1 and NaC1 solutions possess same vapour pressure
(i) KC1 solution possesses is the ratio of the elevation in
boiling point to
(j) The molal boiling point constant is the ratio of the elevation
in boiling point to
(a) molaritly (b) molality
(c) mole fraction of solvent (d) mole fraction of solute
(x) Colligative properties are the properties of
(a) Dilute solutions which behave as nearly ideal non-ideal
solutions
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(b) Concentrated solutions which behave as nearly non-ideal
solutions
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) and (b)
Ans. (i) c (ii) c (iii) b (iv) c
(v) b
(vi) a (vii) a (viii) c (ix) b
(x) a
Q2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words or numbers.
(i) Number of molecules of sugar in 1dm
3
of 1 M sugar solution
is _________.
(ii) 100 g of a 10% aqueous solution of NaOH contains 10 g
NaOH in _________ g of water.
(iii) When an azeotropic mixture is distilled, its
__________remains constant.
(iv) The molal freezing point of an azeotropic solution of two
liquids is lower than ether of them because the solution
shows________from Raolulss law.
(v) Among equimolal aqueous solution of NaC1, BaC1
2
, and
FeC1
3
, the maximum depression in freezing point is shown by
_______solution.
(vi) A solution of ethanol in water shows____deviations and gives
azeotropic solutions with _______b.p. than other components.
(vii) Colligative properties are used to calculate _______of a
compound.
(viii) The boiling point of an azeotropic solution of two liquids is
lower than either of them because the solutions show
________from Raoults law.
(ix) The hydration energy of Br
-
ion is _________than that of F
-

ion.
(x) The aqueous solution of NH
4
C1 is _________while that of
Na
2
SO
4
is _______.

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Ans. (i)6.02x 10
23
(ii)90
(iii)composition (iv)cryoscopic (v)Positive deviation
(vi)FeC1
3
(vii)positive ; lower
(viii) molar mass (ix) lesser (x) acidic ;neutral
Q3. Indicate True or False from the given statements.
(i) At a definite temperature the amount of a solute in a
given saturated solution is fixed.
(ii) Polar solvents readily dissolve non-polar covalent
compounds.
(iii) The solubility of a substance decreases with increase in
temperature if the heat of a solution is negative.
(iv) The rate of evaporation of a liquid is inversely proportional to
the intermolecular forces of attraction.
(v) The molecular mass of an electrolyte determined by lowering
of vapour pressure is less than the theoretical molecular mass.
(vi) Boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the molality
of the solution and inversely proportional to boiling point of
solvent.
(vii) All solutions containing 1 g of non-volatile non-electrolyte
solutes in some solvent will have the same freezing point.
(viii) The freezing point of a 0.05 molal solution of a non-volatile
non-electrolyte solute in water is 0.93
o
C.
(ix) Hydration and hydrolysis are different process for Na
2
SO
4
.
(x) The hydration energy of an ion only depends upon its charge.
Ans. (i) True (ii)False (iii)True (iv)True
(v)True
(vi) True (vii) False (viii) False (ix)True (x)
False
Q4. Define and explain the following with examples:
(a) A homogeneous phase (b) A concentrated solution
(c) A solution of solid in a solid (d) A consulate temperature
(e) A non-ideal solution (f) Zeotropic solutions
(g) Heat of hydration (h) Water of crystallization
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(i) Azeotropic solution (j) Conjugate solution
Q5. (a) What are the concentration units of solutions? Compare
molar and molal solution.
Ans. Compare molar and molal solution.

Molar Solution Molar Solution
1. A solution which contains
one mole of solute per dm
3
of
solution is called a molar
solution.
2. Its morality decreases with
the rise in temperature.
3. Its unit is mole dm
3
of
solution.
1. A solution which contains
one mole of solute per kilogram
of solvent is called a molal
solution.
2. Its molality is independent of
temperature variation of
solution.
3. Its unit is mol kg
-1
of
solvent.

(b) One has one molal solution of NaC1 and one molal solution of
glucose.
(i) Which solution has greater number of particles of solute?
(ii) Which solution has greater amount of the solvent.?
(iii) How do we convert these concentrations into weight by
weight percentage?
(b) (i) One molal solution of NaC1 has greater number of
particles of solute.
(ii) The amount of solvent in both solution is equal (1 kg)
(iii) Mass of NaC1 = 58.5 g
Mass of solvent =1000g
Total mass of NaC1 solution =1000 + 58.5 =1058.5 g
Percentage of NaC1 = x100
= x100=5.53 % Answer
Mass of glucose =180g
Mass of solvent =1000g
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Total mass of solution =1000+180=1180 g
% of glucose = x100
= x100=15.25 % Answer
Q.6 Explain the following with reasons
(i) The concentrations in terms of molality is independent of the
temperature but morality depends upon temperature.
Ans. Molality is based on the mass of solvent. The mass of solvent does
not vary not vary with temperature, so molality is independent of
temperature. Morality is based on the volume of solution. Since the
volume of solution varies with temperature, so morality depends upon
temperature. The morality of the solution decreases with the increase in
temperature of the solution.
(ii) The sum of the mole fractions of all the components is always
equal to unity for any solution.
Ans. Suppose there be two components A and B making a solution.
The numbers of moles are n
A
and n
B
respectively, then. If the mole
fractions of A and B are denoted by X
A
and X
B
respectively, then
X
A
= and X
B
=
The sum of mole fractions of the components of a solution will be
X
A
+ X
B
= +
X
A
+ X
B
=
X
A
+ X
B
=1
Hence, the sum of the mole fractions of all the components of any
solution is always equal to unity.
(iii) 100 g of 98% H
2
SO
4
has a volume of 54.34 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
since
its density is 1.84 g cm
-3
.
Ans. Mass of 98% H
2
SO
4
=100g : density of 98% =1.84 g cm
-3

Vol. of 98% H
2
SO
4
=?
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Formula Used: volume = =
=54.34 cm
-3

Hence, 100 g of 98 % H
2
SO
4
has a volume of 54.34 cm
-3
of
H
2
SO
4
because its density is 1.84 g cm
-3
.
(iv) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is independent of the
temperature.
Ans. Since, the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the
mole fraction of solute, so it is independent of temperature.
Hint: =X
2
or =
(v) Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non-
electrolyte and also when the solutions are dilute.
Ans. Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non-
electrolyte
Colligative properties depend only upon the number of solute
particles and not on their chemical nature. An electrolyte solute differs
from a non-electrolyte principally in the number of particles produced
upon dissolution. In case the solute is non-electrolyte , one mole of solute
produces one mole of dissolved particles (molecules). In case the solute is
electrolyte, it may split into a number of ions each of which acts as a
particle and thus will affect the colligative properties of solution than
non-electrolytes. For example, one mole of glucose produces one mole of
dissolved particles (molecules) while one mole of NaC1 produces two
moles of dissolved particles (one mole each of Na
+
and C1
-
ions). Thus,
mole for mole, the NaC1 exerts twice the colligative effect than glucose
if the solution is ideal.
Colligative properties are obeyed when the solutions are
dilute.
Colligative properties are obeyed when the solutions are dilute. A
dilute solution behaves almost as an ideal solution, i.e., the solute-solute
interactions are negligible. Concentrated solution is mostly non-ideal.
(vi) The total volume of the solution by mixing 100 cm
3
of
water with 100 cm
3
of alcohol may not be equal to 200 cm
3
. Justify it.
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Ans. Because the intermolecular forces of attraction between alcohol
and water molecules are not the same as the intermolecular attractive
forces between alcohol molecules or between water molecules. Hence,
the total volume of the solution by mixing 100 cm
3
of alcohol with 100
cm
3
of water will not be equal to 200 cm
3
. The total volume of solution
will be greater than 200 cm
3
because the forces of attraction between
alcohol and water molecules are weaker than those between alcohol
molecules or between water molecules.
(vii) One molal solution of urea in water is dilute as compared
to one molar solution of urea, but the number of particles of the solute is
the same. Justify it.
Ans. One molal solution of urea in water is dilute as compared to one
molar solution of urea. This is because a molal solution contains one
mole of urea in 1000 g of water whereas one molar solution contains one
mole of urea in 1000 cm
3
of water.
At room temperature, density of water is slightly less than one.
Therefore, the volume corresponding to 1000 g of water be greater than
1000cm
3
. So, the volume of solvent water containing one mole of solute
is more in case of molal solution than molar solution. hence, one molal
solution of urea in water is dilute as compared to one molar solution of
urea in water. Since both the solutions contain 1 mole of urea as solute,
therefore , the number of particles of solute is the same in both the
solution.
(viii) Non-ideal solution do not obey the Raoults law.
Ans. They show deviations from Raoults law due to differences in
their molecular structures, i.e. , size , shape and intermolecular forces.
Formation of such solutions is accompanied by changes in volume and
enthalpy. The vapour pressure deviation may be positive or negative in
such solutions.
Q7. What are non-ideal solutions? Discuss their types and give three
example of each.
Q8. (a) Explain fractional distillation. Justify the two curves when
composition is plotted against boiling point of solutions.
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(b) The solution showing positive and negative deviations
cannot be fractionally distilled at their specific compositions. Explain it.
Q9. (a) What are azeotropic mixtures? Explain them with the help
of graphs.
(b) Explain the effect of temperature on phenol-water system.
Q10. (a) What are collligative properties? Why are they called so?
Ans. Because the colligative properties of solution depend only upon
the number of solute and solvent particles present in the solution and not
upon the chemical nature of the solute molecules. For this reason these
properties are called colligative properties.
(b) What is the physical significance of K
B
and k
f
values of
solvent?
Ans. Because the change in boiling point and the freezing point of a
solvent is a colligative property that depends only on the ratio of the
number of particles of solute an dissolvent in the solution, so these
constants are used to determine the molecular mass of an unknown
solute.
Q11. How to explain that the lowering of vapour pressure is a
colligative property?
How do we measure the molar mass of a non-volatile, non-
electrolyte solute in a volatile solvent?
Q12. How do you justify that?

(a) Boiling points of the solvents increase due to the presence
of solutes.
Ans. The temperature of a pure liquid at which its vapour pressure
becomes equal to an external atmospheric pressure on its surface is
called boiling point of the liquid.
The addition of a non-volatile solute to a solvent always reduces
its vapour pressure below that of the pure solvent. This is because solute
particles occupy some of the surface area of the solution decreases the
rate of evaporation and thus reduces its pressure. So, a higher temperature
is needed to increase the vapour pressure to the point where the solution
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boils. Hence, the boiling points of the solvents increase due to the
presence of solutes.

(b) Freezing points are depressed due to the presence of
solutes.
Ans. The temperature f a pure liquid at which its solid and liquid are
froms coexist in equilibrium is called freezing point of the liquid.
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, it reduces its
vapour pressure. If a solution is cooled sufficiently, the temperature at
which crystals of pure solvent appear is the freezing point of the solution.
At this temperature the solid solvent and solution are in equilibrium, so
they must have the same vapour pressure. But , at a definite temperature,
a solution containing a non-volatile solute has a lower vapour pressure
than the pure solvent. Therefore, solid solvent must be in equilibrium
with a solution at a lower temperature than the temperature that it would
be in equilibrium with pure solvent. Hence, freezing points are depressed
due to the presence of solutes.

(c) The boiling point of one molal urea solution is 100 .52
o
C
but the boiling of two molal urea solution is less than 101.04
o
C.
Ans. The boiling point of 1 molal urea solution is 100.52
o
C at 1 atm
pressure rather than 100
o
C. Thus the elevation of boiling point is (100.52
100.00) =0.52
o
C. The boiling point of 2 molal urea solution is 101.04
o
C , so the elevation of boiling points is (101.04 100.00)= 1.04
o
C. Since
the boiling point elevation depends upon the number of particles of
solute, therefore, e molal urea solution which contains 2 x 6.02 x 10
23
molecules has double the boiling point elevation than 1 molal urea
solution which contains 6.02 x10
23
molecules.

(d) Beckmanns thermometer is use to note the depression in
freezing point.
Ans. Beckmanns thermometer is used to read temperatures up to,
0.01
o
C over a range of about 5
o
C. Since, freezing point depressions are
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small , no more than a degree or two. Therefore, to measure a small
difference in temperature Beckmanns thermometer is used. It is more
sensitive than ordinary thermometer because one degree is further
divided into hundred divisions.

(e) In summar the antifreeze solutions protect the radiator
from boiling over.
Ans. Water is used as a coolant in automobile radiation to decrease the
temperature of the working engine. Pure water boils at 100
o
C. It is
observed that solutions boil at higher temperatures than do pure liquid.
So, an aqueous solution of antifreeze such as ethylene glycol is used in
place of pure water in radiators because it raises the boiling point of pure
water. Hence, in summer the antifreeze solution protects the liquid of the
radiator to boil over.

(f) NaC1 and KNO
3
are used to lower the melting point of
ice.
Ans. It is a common observation that the freezing point of solution is
always lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. The lowering in
freezing point depends upon the number of solute particles (molecules/
ions).
A mixture of NaC1 and KNO
3
salts is used as a freezing mixture
to lower melting points of ice. These salts dissociate in ice water. They
split up into a number of ions each of which as a particle due to which the
freezing point of water, i.e., the melting point of ice is lowered.
Q13. What is Raoults law? Give is three statements. How this law can
help us to understand the ideality of a solution?
Q14. Give graphical explanation for elevation of boiling point of a
solution. Describe one method to determine the boiling pointy elevation
of a solution.
Q15. Freezing points of solutions are depressed when non-volatile
solutes are present in volatile solvents. Justify it. Plot a graph to elaborate
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your answer. Also give one method to record the depression of freezing
point of a solution.
Q16. Discuss the energetics of solution. Justify the heats of solutions as
exothermic and endothermic properties.
Q17. (a) Calculate the molarity of glucose solution when 9 g of it
are dissolved in 250 cm
3
of solution.
Solution:
(a) Mass of glucose C
6
H
12
O
6
=9g
Molar mass of C
6
H
12
O
6
=180g mol
-1

Vol. of solution =250 cm
3
=0.25dm
3

Molarity =?
Formula Used: Molarity= x

Molarity = x
Molarity =0.2 mol dm
-3
Answer
(b) Calculate the mass of urea in 100 g of H
2
O in 0.3 molal solutions.
Solution:
Molality=0.3
Mass of H
2
O =100 g =0.1 kg
Mass of urea (solute) =?
Molar mass of urea, NH
2
CONH
2
=60 g mol
-1

Formula Used: Molarity= x
0.3 mol kg
-1
= x
Mass of urea = 0.3 mol kg
-1
x 60 g mol
-1
x 0.1 kg
Mass of urea = 1.8 g Answer
(c) Calculate the concentration of a solution in moles kg
-1
, which is
obtained by mixing 250 g of 20% solution of NaC1 with 200 g of 40%
solution of NaC1.
Solution:
First solution:
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100 g of NaC1 solution contains pure NaC1 =20g
250 g of NaC1 solution contains pure NaC1 = x250 g =80g
Second solution:
100 g of solution contains pure NaC1 =40g
200 g of NaC1 solution contains pure = x200 g =80g
Total mass of solute NaC1 =(50 + 80)g =130 g
Total mass of NaC1 solution =(250 + 200) g =450 g
Mass of solvent =(450 130)g =320 g =0.32 kg
Formula used:
Molarity = x
Molality = x
Molality=6.94 mol kg
-1
Answer
Q18. (a) An aqueous solution of sucrose has been labeled as 1
molal. Find the mole fraction of the solute and the solvent.
Solution:
Molality =1
Mass of solute, C
12
H
22
O
11
=?
Molar mass of C
12
H
22
O
11
=342 g mol
-1

No. of kg of solvent =1 kg
Formula used:
Molarity = x
Mass of solute, =molality x molar mass of solute x No. of Kg of solvent
= 1 x 342 x 1
=342 g
Now, No. of moles of sucrose= =1mol
No. of moles of water = =55.56 mol
Total no. of moles =1 + 55.56 = 56.56 moles
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Mole fraction of sucrose = =0.076 Answer
Mole fraction of water = =0.9823 Answer
(b) Your are provide with 80% H
2
SO
4
having density 1.84 g cm-3.
How much volume of this H
2
SO
4
sample is required to obtain one dm
3
of
20% H
2
SO
4
which has a density of 1.25 g cm
-3
.
Solution:
First solution: % of H
2
SO
4
=80
Density of H
2
SO
4
= 1.8 g cm
-3

It means that: 1 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
has mass =1.8 g
1000 cm
3
H
2
SO
4
has mass =1.8 x1000=1800g
Now, 100g of H
2
SO
4
solution contains pure H
2
SO
4
=80 g
1800 g of H
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
= x 1800 =1440 g
No. of moles of H
2
SO
4
=
= =14.7 mol
So, 14.7 moles of H
2
SO
4
are present in 100 cm
3
of concentrated H
2
SO
4

solution, therefore , the molarity of solution is 14.7.
Molarity of conc. H
2
SO
4
= 14.7 M
Second solution: Percentage of dilute H
2
SO
4
solution =20% (w/w)
Density of dilute H
2
SO
4
solution =1.25 g cm
-3

It means that: 1 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
has mass=1.25 g
1000 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
has mass =1.25 x 1000 =1250 g
Now, 100 g dilute H
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
=20g
1250 g of dilute H
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
= x1250 =250 g
No. of moles of H
2
SO
4
= =2.55 mol
So, 2.55 moles of H
2
SO
4
are present in 1000 cm
3
of dilute H
2
SO
4

solution, therefore the molarity of dilute H
2
SO
4
solution is 2.55 M.
Now, volume of conc. H
2
SO
4
solution required to prepare dilute H
2
SO
4

solution can be calculated by using the dilution formula:
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Conc. H
2
SO
4
dilute H
2
SO
4

M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

14.7 xV
1
= 2.55 x 1000cm
3

V
1

V
1
=173.46 cm
3
=173.5 cm
3

Hence, volume of concentration H
2
SO
4
solution required to prepare dilute
H
2
SO
4

Solution =175.5 cm
3
Answer
Q19. 250 cm
3
of 0.2 molar K
2
SO
4
solution is mixed with 250 cm
3
of
0.2 molar KC1 solution. Calculate the molar concentration of K
+
ions in
the solution.
Solution:
K
2
SO
4
2K
+
+ SO
0.2 M 2 x 0.2
0.4
Molarity of K
+
ions=0.4M
KC1 K
+
+ C1
0.2 M 0.2M
Molarity of K
+
ions =0.2M
Total molarity of K
+
ions=(0.4 +0.2) M=0.6M
Total volume of solution =250 cm
3
+250 cm
3
=500cm
3

Since after mixing the two solutions, the total volume becomes 500 cm
3
,
so the concentration of K
+
ions becomes half. So,
Molarity of K
+
ions = =0.3 M Answer
Q20. 5 g of NaC1 are dissolved in 1000 g of water. The density of
resulting solution is 0.997 g cm
-3
. calculate molality, molarity and mole-
fraction of this solution.
Assume that the volume of the solution is equal to that of solvent.
Solution:
(i) Calculations for Molality
Mass of solute, NaC1 =5g
Molar mass of solute =58.5 g mol
-1

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Mass of solvent , H
2
O =1000g =1kg
Molality=?
Formula used:
Molarity = x
Molality =
=0.0854 mol kg
-1
= 0.0854 m Answer
(ii) Calculations for molarity:
Mass of solute, NaC1 =5g
Molar mass of solute =58.5 g mol
-1

Mass of solvent, H
2
O =1000 g = 1kg
Density of solution=0.997 g cm
3

Now, d or V=
Vol. of solution = =1003 cm
3

Vol. of solution in dm
3
= =1.003 cm
3

Molarity = x
=
=0.0852 mol dm
-3
= 0.0852 M Answer
(ii) Calculations for mole fraction:
No. of moles of solute, NaC1 = =0.0855 mol
No. of moles of solvent H
2
O = =55.556 mol
Total number of moles =0.0855 + 55.556 =55.64 mol
Mole fraction of NaC1, X
NaC1
= =0.00154 Answer
Mole fraction of water, X
H2O
= =09984 Answer
Q21. 4.675 g of compound with empirical formula C
3
H
3
O were
dissolved in 212.5 g of pure benzene. The freezing point of solution was
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found 1.02
o
C less than that of pure benzene. The molal freezing point
constant of benzene is 5.1
o
C. calculate (i) the relative molar mass and (ii)
the molecular formula of the compound.
Solution:
(i) Mass of solute=4.675 g
Mass of solvent =212.5 g
K
f
=5.1
o
C
T
f
=1.02
o
C
Molar mass of solute =?
Formula used:
Molar mass of solute = = x 1000
Molar mass of solute = =
Molar mass of solute =110 g mol
-1
Answer
(ii) Empirical formula =C
3
H
3
O
Empirical formula mass =36+3+16=55
n =
n = =2
Molecular formula =(Empirical formula)
n

=( C
3
H
3
O)
2

= C
3
H
3
O
2
Answer
Q22. The boiling point of a solution containing 0.2 g of a substance A
in 20.0 g of ether (molar mass =74) is 0.17 K higher than that of pure
ether. Calculate the molar mass of A. Molal boiling point constant of
ether is 2.16 K.
Solution:
Mass of A=0.2 g
Mass of solvent =20 g
T
b
=0.17 k
K
b
=2.16K
Molar mass of solute, A=?
1
st

18
Formula used: Molar mass of A x x1000.
Molar mass of A = x x1000
Molar mass of A=127 g mol
-1
Answer
Q23. 3 g of a non-volatile , non-electrolyte solute X are dissolved in
50 g of ether (molar mass =74) at 293 K. The vapour pressure of ether
falls from 442 torr to 426 torr under these conditions. Calculate.
Calculate the molar mass of solute X.
Solution:
Mass of solute, X =3g
Mass of solvent (ether) =50 g
Molar mass of solvent (ether) =74
Vapour pressure of pure solvent, P
o
=442 torr
Vapour pressure of solution, p =426 torr
P=P
o
p =442 426 =16 torr
Molar mass of solute, X =?
Formula used:
Molar mass of solute, X = x x Molar mass of solvent
=
=122.66 g mol
-1
Answer

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