Sample Load Shedding System

Requirement of load Shedding System

The load shedding system is the one which has to ensure the availability of
electrical power to all essential and most critical loads in the plant. This is achieved
by switching off non-essential loads in case of a lack of power in the plant electrical
network, or parts of the refinery electrical network. A lack of electrical power can be
caused by loss of generation capacity or disconnection from the Public Power
Company (PPC supply. The load shedding system has to be able to cope with the
above mentioned conditions.
The re!uirements of a lower priority that have to be fulfilled by the load
shedding system are"
#oad shedding should disturb the production process as little as possible, shed
only the amount of power that is really necessary. The load shedding system should
not operate if it is not re!uired by the situation in the electrical network.
The system should be reliable and the number of spurious operations should
be limited during the lifetime of the system.
The load shedding system can use the under-fre!uency shedding merely as a
backup system to the primary load shedding system. The primary load shedding
system continuously calculates the energy balance in the network by subtracting the
electrical loads in the network from the available electrical power. As soon as a lack is
predicted, the load shedding starts operating and sheds the surplus in the demand for
power.
The operating time from opening a circuit and read in by a digital input in any
of the Programmable Controllers to giving the shed command at a particular output in
any of the Programmable Controllers is ma$imum %&& msec.
Allocation of load shed functions
'ain input to the load shedding system is the register received from another
part of software, called Configuration (etermination that determines the configuration
of the electrical network. The configuration is determined from the checked and
approved circuit breaker positions (open and closed positions are checked against
each together with the power flow, if available.
)econdly load shedding needs data from the load flow in the network. (ata
regarding the loads on the buses and the power generated by each generator is sent to
the central #oad shedding by analog inputs and software has already checked the
validity of the data.
#oad shedding uses data representing the load flow in the network which are
at least % seconds *old*. This is done to prevent load shedding from using data which
was obtained while the network was already in a faulty and thus unstable condition.
The third group of data needed by load shedding is the operator input. The
operator has to define for every load shed group the priority and whether a group is
inhibited or not. This data is used by the load shedding system to calculate the
dynamic load shed tables.

Primary load shedding
The following main functions are included in the primary load shedding system"
Continuously check changes in the configurations
Continuously check the energy balance in every configuration
Calculate the dynamic shed tables
+enerate shed command when needed
Change loads and,or priorities
-nform and guide the operators
Contingency based logic for generator tripping
The load shedding system continuously checks whether changes in the
configuration have occurred. As soon as a change occurs, for e$ample, tripping of a
generator, load shedding starts checking all the individual configurations.
As long as a configuration is connected to the PPC supply, there is always
enough power available in that particular configuration, so that this reserve power can
be used by the system for a particular period of time. -f the time period e$ceeds the set
value, based on network configuration, loads are identified in the island connected to
the grid and are in ./01 status and the #oad )hedding is activated.
2or every configuration that is not connected to PPC the energy balance has to
be calculated. -f the load in this configuration e$ceeds the available generated power
then it is necessary to shed the surplus of loads.
As mentioned before, data used for this calculation is at least % seconds old.
2or every configuration, which is momentarily in a steady state condition, but which
is not connected to PPC, the load shedding system has to monitor continuously the
power available from the generators in that particular configuration, since losing a
generator or losing part of the capacity of a generator might cause the need for load
shedding.
After the calculation of real time shortage in power , an additional 3&4 is
added to the calculated power shortage ,and the load shedding is based on this final
value.-f suppose there is a power shortage of 35.6 'w ,because of a generator
tripping , loads e!uivalent to 37.86 'w ( 35.6 'w $ 3.3 must be shed.
Then , the reserve power available in other running generators are summed up
and subtracted from the calculated power shortage. The resultant is the actual amount
of load that has to be shed . -f the total reserve power available in other generators is
33.95 'w, then the re!uired amount of loads that must be shed is 5.&8 'w.
As soon as load shedding is started due to a change in the configuration of the
electrical network, not meaning that a real shed command is generated, the system
starts calculating the dynamic shed tables. -nput for this calculation is the data in the
configuration and the load tables for the several buses. 2or every bus on which there
are shedable loads such a load table is assembled.
The load table consists of the name and,or number of the load shed group, the
load in that particular group (dynamic, the priority and the status of that particular
load shed group. The load table for every bus is assembled in order of priority.
Calculation of the load table is done in the background. 2rom this load table an
accumulated load table per bus is obtained. As soon as load shedding is started, an
accumulated load table for the whole configuration is calculated. -f the result of the
energy balance calculation leads to the conclusion that load shedding is needed, the
amount of power to be shed is also obtained from this energy balance calculation.
This amount is now compared with the contents of the accumulated load table
for the configuration. The shed command is generated and sent to the unit where the
loads are actually connected. :ecovery of the network after load shedding has to be
done manually by the operator. There are no features offered for automatic restoration
of the network included in the load shedding system.
Frequency / back-up load shedding
This function is more or less the backup for the primary fast load shedding.
;hen fast load shedding fails due to wrong inputs this function will shed the loads.
2re!uency shedding not only takes the absolute fre!uency limits into account
but also calculates the df,dt< this gives a more accurate load shedding. The fre!uency
limits are read in from fre!uency relays by digital inputs in the Programmable
Controller.
Loadshedding under arious conditions
The )cope of =igh-speed #oadshedding is limited to selective load shedding scheme
for reliable tripping of non-critical loads of all the 39 )ubstations in the >ser
configurable Priority Table. The Priority Table will be site alterable by any of the
>ser of the )CA(A )ystem.
Condition !" Contingency #ased load shedding $ith %&'# Po$er
#oss of -nternal generation ?ut the )ystem is connected to the grid 7.7
@A.
-n this case the #oad )hedding )ystem will calculate the 'a$imum capacity of
the available generators based on the predefined (ata furnished for various generators
and Transformers. The )CA(A system will be having user assignable figures for
Contract (emand, 'a$imum Capacity of Bach +enerator and Transformers.
The )ystem will also calculate the (rawl of power in the with the >ser )ettable
time -nterval of 3 C 7& 'inutes in the -ncrements of 3 'inute interval. -f there is no
spinning reserve available in the +eneration of all the +enerators as well as if the
contract demand with T0B? e$ceeds for the >ser defined Time -nterval then this
type of #oad shedding will come into action. The )ystem will raise an Alarm
condition while reaching the D54 of the Contract demand.
The )ystem will calculate the Total (eficit after taking into the Consideration the
'a$. Contract demand with T0B? as well as the )pinning :eserve Capacity of all
the +enerators and will shed only e$actly whatever will be the total deficit of the load
by using the Priority table
There will be one table provided in the )CA(A ='- which will allow user ,
customer , operator to configure , define all the +enerator and Transformer1s capacity
in terms of ';. /nce the user has entered all the Aalues and is ready to download
the same into P#C, =e has to do it manually with the =elp of ='-. The )ystem will
ask for following details in the table
C/0T-+B0CE ?A)B( #/+-C 2/: +B0B:AT/: T:-PP-0+"-

Tripping of
any
+enerator
?reaker
Calculate the load fed by the
+enerator 5 seconds prior to
tripping +enerator ?reaker
Calculate the reserve
capacity available in other
running generators (?
Calculate the
load to be
shed (A-?
+rid Power
Available
Add 3&4
and calculate
the total
shortage (A
Trip the identified loads as per
priority, to the e$tent of calculated
e$cess '(. >se the Priority Table
for the same.
Based on network configuration
identify the loads in the island
connected to the grid and are in ON
status
Time delay more than set value,
Calculate e$cess '(. B$cess '( F
'( C Contract (emand

Current 'a$ (emand G
Contract (emand with
T0B?
Based on network
configuration identify the
loads in the island connected
to the tripped generator and
are in ON status
Trip the identified loads as
per priority, to the e$tent of
load calculated to be shed
Ees
0o
Ees
C/0T-+B0CE ?A)B( #/+-C 2/: T-B , T:A0)2/:'B: 2BB(B: T:-PP-0+

Calculate the reserve capacity
available in above identified
feeders (?
Calculate the
load to be shed
(A-?
Add 3&4
and calculate
the total
shortage (A
Based on network configuration
identify the island formed due to
tripping and identify the other tie
feeders/ generators / transformers
feeding the island
Based on network configuration
identify the loads in the island
formed due to tripping that are in
ON status
Trip the identified loads as per
priority, to the e$tent of load
calculated to be shed
Tripping of any Tie
2eeder ,Transformer
?reaker in network
Calculate the load fed by the
tripped breaker 5 seconds
prior to tripping
Condition 2: Contingency Based load shedding without TNEB
Power
#oss of -nternal generation and the )ystem isolated from the grid 7.7 @A.
-n this case, the system will check any status change in any one of the Critical
?reakers ()uch as all the +enerator transformers ?reakers, ?,Cs ?reakers, T-B
?reakers, -CT ?reakers.
)ystem will check the (eficit of the total system as well as on all the -slands ,
#oad buses that are separated from the total grid due to the Tripping of any of the T-B
?reakers or -CT ?reakers tripping and as there is no e$ternal source of supply such as
T0B?, )ystem will take into Consideration the #oad ?alance at each of the island or
for the total system and will go on shedding the load for the Particular subgroup ,
island of by taking into consideration respective island priority table feeders or will
shed the load for a total system when there will not be any island formed till the time
#oad balance is achieved in the system
)ystem shall always monitor the current plant loading (+eneration or +rid
)upply at the instant of the trip. :eadings of Total plant +eneration and load
consumption shall be continuously monitored by the system.
Condition 3: Slow Load Shedding (Transformer Overload Load shedding)
The )low load shedding will be initiated in case of overload of a 33& @A , 7.7
@A grid transformers T: A, ?, C, (, B, 2 and +, -nterconnecting Transformers (-CT
3, %, 6 and H reactors in CPP system e$ceeds their rated capacity. The rated capacity
of each transformer is mentioned in table !()( The Capacity can be changed as when
re!uired by )CA(A /perator. This type of #oad shedding will be initiated when
actual loading of above e!uipments e$ceeds the rated capacity in either direction. -n
this case the #oad fed by those transformers , reactors in the direction of power flow
need to be shed as per the Priority of particular subgroup.
#/A( )=B((-0+ (>B T/ T:A0)2/:'B: /AB:#/A(-0+ ()#/; #/A(
)=B((-0+
Condition )" *anual Load Shedding +*anual control of breakers,
-s Contingency based
load shedding triggered
Transformer is
overloaded
Calculate
e$cess loading
Identify the loads in the island
to which transformer is
connected that are in ON
status
Trip the identified loads as
per priority, till the load
reduces below set value.
0o
/perator will be allowed to trip any of the outgoing feeders at his own choice
with .)elect before B$ecute1 feature. Also the groups of 2eeders can be defined to
shed the load in larger blocks.
Condition -" .nder frequency Load shedding +#ack-up protection to PLC
based
2or all the 33 load buses, bus PT signal will be provided to the H-stage under
fre!uency relay. -n the event of the 2ailure of the P#C ?ased #oad shedding system,
under- fre!uency load shedding will be initiated. The >nder fre!uency relay will
continuously monitor the fre!uency of all 33 load buses. -n the event when due to
sudden loss of generation the relay will generate the output contact based on the rate
of change of fre!uency and the base fre!uency data. The relay will be provided with
H )tages of Configuration of >nder fre!uency stages interlocked with df,dt values. ?y
using this H contacts at various stages of under fre!uency we can trip load connected
to the system in H different groups connected to that bus where there will be an actual
power deficit.
FR'/.'&C0 #AS'1 #AC2 .P L3A1 S4'115&6

>nder fre!uency
relay acted in any of
the load buses
(f,dt G set
value I time
delay for grid
islanding
-dentify the loads in the bus
having under fre!uency that are
in ./01 status
Trip the identified loads as
per priority as per the )tages
that are being operated in
the system.
-s Contingency based
load shedding triggered
0o