Mathematics K6 continuum of key ideas

Number and Algebra

Early Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
hole Numbers
Count forwards to 30 from a given number
Count backwards from a given number in the range 0 to 20
Compare, order, read and represent numbers to at least 20
Read and use the ordinal names to at least tenth
Subitise small collections of obects
!se the term is the same as to e"press e#ualit$ of groups
!se the language of mone$
hole Numbers
Count forwards and backwards b$ ones from a two%digit number
&artition two%digit numbers using place value
Read, write and order two%digit numbers
Read and use ordinal names to at least thirt$%first
Recognise, describe and order 'ustralian coins according to
their value
Count forwards and backwards b$ twos, threes, fives and tens
from an$ starting point
&artition numbers of up to three digits using place value
Read, write and order three%digit numbers
Recognise, count and order 'ustralian coins and notes
according to their value
hole Numbers
Count forwards and backwards b$ tens and hundreds from an$
starting point
State the place value of digits in numbers of up to four digits
Read, write and order numbers of up to four digits
State the place value of digits in numbers of up to five digits
Read, write and order numbers of up to five digits
Record numbers of up to five digits using e"panded notation
hole Numbers
Read, write and order numbers of an$ si(e
State the place value of digits in numbers of an$ si(e
Record numbers of an$ si(e using e"panded notation
)etermine factors and multiples of whole numbers
Recognise the location of negative numbers in relation to (ero
on a number line
*dentif$ and describe prime and composite numbers
+odel and describe s#uare and triangular numbers
Addition and Subtraction
Combine two or more groups of obects to model addition
,ake part of a group awa$ to model subtraction
Compare two groups to determine how man$ more
Record addition and subtraction informall$
Addition and Subtraction
+odel addition and subtraction using concrete materials
Recognise and recall combinations of numbers that add to
numbers up to 20
+odel and appl$ the commutative propert$ for addition
Record number sentences using drawings, words, numerals
and the s$mbols -, . and /
!se and record a range of mental strategies for addition and
subtraction of one% and two%digit numbers
!se the e#uals sign to record e#uivalent number sentences
+ake connections between addition and subtraction
!se and record a range of mental strategies for addition and
subtraction of two%digit numbers
Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction
Addition and Subtraction
+odel and appl$ the associative propert$ for addition
!se and record a range of mental strategies for addition and
subtraction of two%, three% and four%digit numbers
&erform calculations with mone$, including calculating
e#uivalent amounts using different denominations
!se the e#uals sign to record e#uivalent number sentences
!se the inverse operation to check addition and subtraction
calculations
!se and record a range of mental strategies for addition and
subtraction of two%, three%, four% and five%digit numbers
!se the formal written algorithm for addition and subtraction
Solve word problems, including those involving mone$
Addition and Subtraction
Select and appl$ efficient mental, written and calculator
strategies for addition and subtraction of numbers of an$ si(e
!se estimation to check answers to calculations
Solve word problems and record the strateg$ used, including
problems involving mone$
Create a simple budget
Select and appl$ efficient mental, written and calculator
strategies to solve word problems and record the strateg$ used
Multi!lication and "i#ision
*nvestigate and model e#ual groups
Record grouping and sharing using informal methods
Multi!lication and "i#ision
Rh$thmic and skip count b$ twos, fives and tens from (ero
+odel and use e#ual groups of obects as a strateg$ for
multiplication
+odel division b$ sharing a collection e#uall$ into a given
number of groups to determine the number in each group
+odel division b$ sharing a collection e#uall$ into groups of a
given si(e to determine the number of groups
+odel and use repeated addition as a strateg$ for multiplication
+odel and use arra$s described in terms of rows and columns
as a strateg$ for multiplication
+odel and use groups, arra$s and repeated subtraction as
strategies for division
Record using drawings, words and numerals
Multi!lication and "i#ision
Recall multiplication facts for twos, threes, fives and tens
Recognise and use the s$mbols 0 and 1
2ink multiplication and division using arra$s
+odel and appl$ to commutative propert$ for multiplication
!se mental strategies to multipl$ one%digit numbers b$ multiples
of 30
!se and record a range of mental strategies for multiplication of
two single%digit numbers
Recall and use multiplication facts up to 30 0 30 with
automaticit$
Relate multiplication facts to their inverse division facts
)etermine multiples and factors of whole numbers
!se the e#uals sign to record e#uivalent number relationships
involving multiplication
!se and record a range of mental and informal written
strategies for multiplication and division of two%digit numbers b$
a one%digit operator
!se mental strategies and informal recording methods for
division with remainders
Multi!lication and "i#ision
!se and record a range of mental and written strategies to
multipl$ b$ one% and two%digit operators
!se the formal algorithm for multiplication b$ one% and two%digit
operators
!se and record a range of mental and written strategies to
divide numbers with three or more digits b$ a one%digit operator,
including problems that result in a remainder
Solve word problems and record the strateg$ used
*nterpret remainders in division problems
!se estimation to check answers to calculations
Select and appl$ efficient mental, written and calculator
strategies to solve word problems and record the strateg$ used
Recognise and use grouping s$mbols
'ppl$ the order of operations in calculations
3
Early Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
$ractions and "ecimals
4stablish the concept of one%half
Record halves of obects using drawings
$ractions and "ecimals
Recognise, describe and represent one%half as one of two e#ual
parts of whole obects, shapes and collections
!se fraction notation
3
2
Recognise, describe and represent halves, #uarters and eighths
of whole obects, shapes and collections
!se fraction notation
3
5
and
3
6
$ractions and "ecimals
+odel and represent fractions with denominators 2, 3, 5, 7
and 6
Count b$ halves, #uarters and thirds, including with mi"ed
numerals
Represent fractions on number lines, including number lines
that e"tend be$ond 3
+odel and find e#uivalence between fractions with
denominators 2, 5 and 68 3 and 98 7, 30 and 300
'ppl$ the place value s$stem to represent tenths and
hundredths as decimals
+ake connections between fraction and decimal notation
+odel, compare and represent decimals with one and two
decimal places
Represent decimals on number lines
$ractions and "ecimals
Compare and order unit fractions with denominators
2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 6, 30, 32 and 300
4"press mi"ed numerals as improper fractions and vice versa
+odel and represent strategies to add and subtract fractions
with the same denominator
'ppl$ the place value s$stem to represent thousandths as
decimals
Compare, order and represent decimals with up to three
decimal places
Represent, compare and order fractions with denominators
2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 6, 30, 32 and 300
)etermine, generate and record e#uivalent fractions
:rite fractions in their simplest form
'dd and subtract fractions, included mi"ed numerals, with the
same or related denominators
+ultipl$ fractions b$ whole numbers
;ind a simple fraction of a #uantit$
!se mental, written and calculator strategies to add and
subtract decimals with up to three decimal places
!se mental, written and calculator strategies to multipl$
decimals b$ one% and two%digit whole numbers
!se mental, written and calculator strategies to divide decimals
b$ one%digit whole numbers
+ultipl$ and divide decimals b$ 30, 300 and 3000
Solve word problems involving fractions and decimals, including
mone$ problems
+ake connections between e#uivalent percentages, fractions
and decimals
!se mental, written and calculator strategies to calculate
30<, 27< and 70< of #uantities, including as discounts
%atterns and Algebra
Sort and classif$ obects into groups
Recognise, cop$, continue, create and describe repeating
patterns of obects and drawings
%atterns and Algebra
Recognise, cop$, continue, create and describe increasing and
decreasing number patterns
Recognise, cop$, create, continue and describe repeating
patterns of obects or s$mbols
+odel and describe odd and even numbers
)escribe patterns with numbers and identif$ missing elements
;ind missing numbers in number sentences involving one
operation of addition or subtraction
%atterns and Algebra
*dentif$, continue, create, describe and record increasing and
decreasing number patterns
*dentif$ odd and even numbers of up to four digits
;ind missing numbers in number sentences involving addition or
subtraction on one or both sides of the e#uals sign
*nvestigate and use the properties of odd and even numbers
Recognise, continue and describe number patterns resulting
from performing multiplication
;ind missing numbers in number sentences involving one
operation of multiplication or division
%atterns and Algebra
*dentif$, continue create and describe increasing and
decreasing number patterns with fractions, decimals and whole
numbers
;ind missing numbers in number sentences involving
multiplication or division on one or both sides of the e#uals sign
Continue, create, record and describe geometric and number
patterns in words
)etermine the rule for geometric and number patterns in words
and use the rule to calculate values
2ocate and record the coordinates of points in all four #uadrants
of the Cartesian plane
2
Measurement and &eometry
Early Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
'ength
*dentif$ the attribute of length as a measure of an obect from end
to end
)escribe length and distance using ever$da$ language, including
comparatives
Compare lengths using direct comparison
Record comparisons of length informall$
'ength
!se uniform informal units to measure, compare and estimate
lengths
Record lengths b$ referring to the number and t$pe of uniform
informal unit used
Compare and order shapes=obects based on length measured
using uniform informal units
Recognise the need for formal units to measure length
!se metres and centimetres to measure and estimate lengths and
distances
Record lengths using the abbreviations m and cm
'ength
!se metres, centimetres and millimetres to measure, compare,
order and estimate lengths
Record lengths using the abbreviations m, cm and mm
Select and use appropriate scaled instruments and units to
measure and compare lengths
4stimate and measure perimeters of two%dimensional shapes
Convert between metres, centimetres and millimetres
Record lengths and distances using decimal notation to two
decimal places
!se a scaled instrument to measure and compare temperatures
Record temperatures using the s$mbol for degrees >?@
'ength
!se the kilometre to measure lengths and distances
Select and use appropriate instruments and units to measure
lengths
Record lengths and distances using the abbreviations km, m, cm
and mm
;ind perimeters of common two%dimensional shapes and record
the strateg$
Record lengths and distances using decimal notation to three
decimal places
Convert between kilometres, metres, centimetres and millimetres
Solve problems involving length and perimeter
Area
*dentif$ the attribute of area as a measure of the amount of
surface
)escribe area using ever$da$ language, including comparatives
Compare areas using direct comparison
Record comparisons of area informall$
Area
!se uniform informal units to measure and estimate areas
Record areas b$ referring to the number and t$pe of uniform
informal unit used
Compare and order surfaces based on area measured using
uniform informal units
Area
Recognise the need for formal units to measure area
!se s#uare centimetres and s#uare metres to measure and
estimate rectangular >and s#uare@ areas
Record lengths using the abbreviations cm
2
and m
2
+easure and compare the areas of regular and irregular shapes
using a s#uare%centimetre grid
Compare areas measured in s#uare centimetres and s#uare
metres
Area
Recognise the need for s#uare kilometres and hectares to
measure area
Record areas using the abbreviations km
2
and ha
)evelop a strateg$ to find areas of rectangles >including s#uares@
and record the strateg$ in words
)evelop a strateg$ to find areas of triangles and record the
strateg$ in words
Solve problems involving areas of rectangles >including s#uares@
and triangles
(olume and )a!acity
*dentif$ the attribute of capacit$ as a measure of the amount of
substance a container can hold
*dentif$ the attribute of volume as a measure of the amount of
space an obect occupies
)escribe capacit$ and volume using ever$da$ language, including
comparatives
Compare volumes and capacities using direct comparison
Record comparisons of capacit$ and volume informall$
(olume and )a!acity
!se uniform informal units to measure, compare and estimate
capacities
!se uniform informal units to measure and estimate volumes
Record capacities and volumes b$ referring to the number and
t$pe of uniform informal unit used
Compare and order obects based on capacit$ and volume
measured using uniform informal units
(olume and )a!acity
Recognise the need for formal units to measure capacit$ and
volume
!se litres to measure, compare and estimate capacities and
volumes
!se cubic centimetres to measure and compare volumes
Record capacities and volumes using the abbreviations 2 and cm
3
!se litres and millilitres to measure, compare and estimate
capacities and volumes
Record capacities and volumes using the abbreviations 2 and m2
Convert between litres and millilitres
Compare volumes of obects b$ submerging each in water
(olume and )a!acity
!se cubic centimetres and cubic metres to measure and estimate
volumes
Select and use appropriate units to measure volume
Record volumes using the abbreviations cm
3
and m
3
Connect volume and capacit$ and their units of measurement
Record volumes and capacities using decimal notation to three
decimal places
Convert between millilitres and litres
)evelop a strateg$ to find volumes of rectangular prisms and
record the strateg$ in words
Mass
*dentif$ the attribute of mass as a measure of the amount of
matter in an obect
)escribe mass using ever$da$ language, including comparatives
Compare masses directl$ b$ hefting
Record comparisons of mass informall$
Mass
&lace obects on either side of a pan balance to obtain a level
balance
!se a pan balance to compare two obects based on mass
!se uniform informal units to measure, compare and estimate the
masses of obects
Record masses b$ referring to the number and t$pe of uniform
informal unit used
Mass
Recognise the need for formal units to measure mass
!se kilograms to measure, compare, order and estimate masses
Record masses using the abbreviation kg
!se kilograms and grams to measure and compare masses using
a scaled instrument
Record masses using the abbreviations kg and g
Mass
Recognise the need for tonnes to measure mass
Record masses using the abbreviations t, kg and g
Select and use appropriate instruments and units to measure
mass
)istinguish between gross mass and net mass
Solve problems involving mass
Record mass using decimal notation to three decimal places
Convert between tonnes, kilograms and grams
*ime
Compare and order the duration of events using ever$da$
language
Se#uence events in time
Connect da$s of the week to familiar events and actions
,ell time on the hour on digital and analog clocks
*ime
Aame and order months and seasons
!se a calendar to identif$ the date and determine the number of
da$s in each month
,ell time to the half%hour
!se a calendar to determine duration in months, weeks and da$s
!se informal units to measure and compare the durations of
events
4"perience activities with duration of one hour, half=#uarter of an
hour, one minute and a few seconds
,ell time to the #uarter%hour, using the language of past and to
*ime
Recognise the coordinated movements of the hands on a clock
Read and record time to the minute, using digital notation and the
terms past and to
Convert between seconds, minutes, hours and da$s
!se and interpret am and pm notation
Read and interpret simple timetables, timelines and calendars
*ime
Convert between 32% and 25%hour time
)etermine and compare the duration of events
*nterpret and use timetables
)raw and interpret timelines using a given scale
3
Early Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
*hree+"imensional S!ace
)escribe features of common three%dimensional obects using
ever$da$ language
Sort and manipulate three%dimensional obects found in the
environment
*hree+"imensional S!ace
)istinguish between flat and curved surfaces
!se the term faces to describe flat surfaces with straight edges
*dentif$ cones, cubes, c$linders, spheres and prisms presented in
different orientations, in pictures and the environment
Recognise that three%dimensional obects look different from
different vantage%points
!se the terms flat surface, curved surface, face, edge and
verte" appropriatel$ to describe three%dimensional obects
Recognise faces of three%dimensional obects as two%dimensional
shapes
)istinguish between three%dimensional obects and two%
dimensional shapes
Represent three%dimensional obects in models and drawings
*hree+"imensional S!ace
*dentif$, describe and compare features of prisms, p$ramids,
c$linders, cones and spheres
+ake models of three%dimensional obects
Create nets from ever$da$ packages
Represent three%dimensional obects in drawings showing depth
Sketch three%dimensional obects from different views
*nterpret and make drawings of obects on isometric grid paper
*hree+"imensional S!ace
Aame prisms and p$ramids according to the shape of their base
Recognise that prisms have a uniform cross%section and p$ramids
do not
)escribe and compare properties of prisms and p$ramids in terms
of their faces, edges and vertices
Connect three%dimensional obects with their nets
Construct prisms and p$ramids using a variet$ of materials, and
given drawings from different views
*,o+"imensional S!ace
*dentif$, name and describe circles, s#uares, triangles and
rectangles presented in different orientations, in pictures and the
environment
Sort, manipulate, make and draw circles, s#uares, triangles and
rectangles
*,o+"imensional S!ace
*dentif$ hori(ontal, vertical and parallel lines
*dentif$ and name triangles, #uadrilaterals, pentagons, he"agons
and octagons presented in different orientations, in pictures and
the environment
!se the terms side and verte" to describe and compare two%
dimensional shapes
+ake and draw two%dimensional shapes in different orientations
*dentif$, perform and record the result of one%step slides and
flips
+ake s$mmetrical designs with a variet$ of materials
*dentif$, perform, describe and record the result of full, half and
#uarter turns
*,o+"imensional S!ace
*dentif$ and name the special #uadrilaterals presented in different
orientations
*dentif$ and describe shapes as regular or irregular
)escribe and compare features of shapes, including the special
#uadrilaterals
*dentif$ and draw lines of s$mmetr$ on shapes
Combine common shapes to form other shapes and record the
arrangement
Split common shapes into other shapes and record the result
!se transformations to create and describe s$mmetrical designs
Create and record tessellating designs
*,o+"imensional S!ace
*dentif$, name and draw right%angled, e#uilateral, isosceles and
scalene triangles
Compare and describe side properties of the special #uadrilaterals
and special triangles
4"plore angle properties of the special #uadrilaterals and special
triangles
Classif$ and draw regular and irregular two%dimensional shapes
from descriptions of their features
!se the terms translate, reflect and rotate to describe
transformations of shapes
*dentif$ line and rotational s$mmetries
+ake and compare enlargements of shapes=pictures
*dentif$, describe, compare and draw diagonals of two%dimensional
shapes
*dentif$ and name parts of circles
*dentif$, use and describe combinations of translations, reflections
and rotations
Angles
*dentif$ and describe angles as measures of turn
Compare angle si(es in ever$da$ situations
*dentif$ perpendicular lines and right angles
)raw and classif$ angles as acute, obtuse, straight, refle" or a
revolution
Angles
Recognise the need for formal units to measure angles
+easure, compare and estimate angles in degrees >up to 390?@
Record angle measurements using the s$mbol for degrees >?@
Construct angles using a protractor >up to 390?@
)escribe angle si(e in degrees for each angle classification
*dentif$ and name angle t$pes formed b$ the intersection of
straight lines, including angles on a straight line, angles at a
point and verticall$ opposite angles
!se known angle results to find unknown angles in diagrams
%osition
Bive and follow simple directions
)escribe position using ever$da$ language
!se the terms left and right to describe position in relation to self
%osition
Bive and follow directions to move to familiar locations and to
position obects
!se the terms left and right to describe position in relation to self
and from the perspective of a person facing in the opposite
direction
)escribe a path from one location to another
*nterpret simple maps of familiar locations
Represent the position of obects in models, photographs and
drawings
%osition
!se grid%referenced maps to locate and describe positions and
pathwa$s
)raw simple maps, with and without a grid
)etermine directions A, 4, S, : and A4, S4, S:, A:, given one
of the directions
*nterpret legends and directions on maps
!se the scale to calculate the distance between two points on
maps
%osition
!se grid%referenced maps to locate and describe positions
;ollow a se#uence of directions, including compass directions, to
find a particular location on a map
)escribe routes using landmarks and directional language
Note: There is only one part in the Position substrand in Stage 3.
5
Statistics and %robability
Early Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
"ata
Collect information about themselves and their environment
Crganise actual obects into data displa$s
*nterpret data displa$s made from obects
"ata
Collect data and track what has been counted
Create data displa$s using obects and pictures >one%to%one
correspondence@ and interpret them
&ose #uestions and collect categorical data
Create data displa$s using lists, tables and picture graphs >one%
to%one correspondence@ and interpret them
"ata
&lan methods for data collection
Collect data, organise into categories and create displa$s using
lists, tables, picture graphs and simple column graphs
>one%to%one correspondence@
*nterpret and compare data displa$s
Select, trial and refine methods for data collection, including
surve$ #uestions and recording sheets
Construct data displa$s, including tables, and column graphs
and picture graphs of man$%to%one correspondence
4valuate the effectiveness of different displa$s
"ata
Collect categorical and numerical data b$ observation and b$
surve$
Construct data displa$s, including tables, column graphs, dot
plots and line graphs, appropriate for the data t$pe
)escribe and interpret data presented in tables, column graphs,
dot plots and line graphs
*nterpret and create two%wa$ tables
*nterpret side%b$%side column graphs
Compare a range of data displa$s to determine the most
appropriate displa$ for particular sets of data
*nterpret and criticall$ evaluate data presented in digital media
and elsewhere
)hance
Recognise the element of chance in familiar situations
)escribe chance events using ever$da$ language
*dentif$ practical activities and ever$da$ events that involve
chance
)escribe events as likel$ or unlikel$
)istinguish between possible and impossible events
*dentif$ some events as certain or impossible
)hance
*dentif$ and describe possible outcomes of chance e"periments
&redict and record all possible combinations in a chance
situation
Conduct chance e"periments and compare predicted with actual
results
)escribe possible ever$da$ events and order their chances of
occurring
*dentif$ ever$da$ events where one occurring cannot happen if
the other happens
*dentif$ events where the chance of one occurring will not be
affected b$ the occurrence of the other
)hance
2ist outcomes of chance e"periments involving e#uall$ likel$
outcomes
Represent probabilities using fractions
Recognise that probabilities range from 0 to 3
Compare observed fre#uencies in chance e"periments with
e"pected fre#uencies
Represent probabilities using fractions, decimals and
percentages
Conduct chance e"periments with both small and large numbers
of trials
7