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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Shafts of ci rcul ar secti on are general l y used for power
transmi ssi on from pri me mover (such as engi ne, el ectri c
motor) to operati ng machi nes such as l athe, shaper or any
manufacturi ng machi ne. In thi s chapter students are made
to l earn about the devel opment of shear stress and angul ar
twi st i n a shaft or a combi nati on of shafts due to twi sti ng
moment appl i ed on them. Then, the shafts are connected to
gears and pul l eys wi th the hel p of keys and how stresses are
devel oped i n the keys. Moreover, students wi l l l earn about the
vari ati on of stress al ong the radi us and angul ar twi st al ong
the l ength of the shafts.
Introduction
Shafts are general l y made of ducti l e materi al s l i ke mi l d steel . Due
to the appl i cati on of a twi sti ng moment, the devel opment of
stresses, strai ns and angul ar twi st wi l l be di scussed wi th i n thi s
chapter. Si ngl e shaft and a combi nati on of shafts as shafts i n
seri es and compound shafts wi l l al so be di scussed here. How much
horse-power i s transmi tted by a shaft transmi tti ng torque at a
parti cul ar speed i s the i mportant cri teri on i n the desi gn of shafts.
Stress concentrati on due to key ways i n shaft for provi di ng key so
that a shaft i s connected to a hub of machi ne component as
gears/pul l eys wi l l al so be di scussed.
Development of Shear Stress and Angular Twist in a Shaft Due to
Twisting Moment
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A rel ati onshi p between the twi sti ng moment, shear stress, angul ar
twi st, l ength of the shaft and pol ar moment of i nerti a of shaft wi l l
be deri ved. For that the fol l owi ng assumpti ons are taken i nto
consi derati on:
1. Materi al i s homogeneous and i sotropi c.
2. Shaft i s not i ni ti al l y di storted.
3. Di spl acement at a poi nt i n the shaft i s proporti onal to
i ts di stance from centre of the shaft, that i s, shear
strai n at any poi nt i s proporti onal to i ts di stance from
the centre of the shaft.
Fi gure 12.1 (a) Shaft subjected to twi sti ng moment (b)
vari ati on of shear strai n and (c) vari ati on of angul ar
twi st
4. Cross-secti ons perpendi cul ar to the axi s of the shaft
whi ch are pl ane before the shaft i s subjected to twi sti ng
moment remai n pl ane after the appl i cati on of twi sti ng
moment.
5. Angul ar twi st i s uni forml y di stri buted al ong the
l ength of the shaft.
6. Shear stress devel oped i n the shaft i s wi thi n the
proporti onal l i mi t, that i s, shear stress i s shear
strai n.
Fi gure 12.1(a) shows a shaft of radi us R, l ength L fi xed at one end
and a twi sti ng moment T appl i ed at the other end. Say, a cl ockwi se
twi sti ng moment T i s appl i ed at A and a resi sti ng moment T (ccw)
devel ops at the other end. Axi s of the shaft i s OO. If a l i ne CA,
paral l el to the axes OO i s drawn on the shaft before the appl i cati on
of the twi sti ng moment, i t i s twi sted to the posi ti on CA, maki ng
ACA = (shear angl e). Si nce the angl e i s extremel y smal l ,
shear angl e i s al so known as shear strai n .
At radi us R (outer radi us of shaft),
AA = R, where i s angl e of twi st.
At any radi us r, shi ft BB = r
Shear strai n at radi us
r
or, shear strai n a radi us r,
Si mi l arl y, AA = R
Shear strai n,
or maxi mum strai n, R = /G, where i s maxi mum shear stress
at radi us R.
Taki ng Eq. (12.1) agai n,
Shear strai n,
But,
or,
From Eq. (12.2),
or,
From thi s rel ati on, we l earn that the shear stress at any poi nt i s
di rectl y proporti onal to i ts di stance from centre of the shaft.
Consi der an el ementary area at radi us r and thi ckness dr (Fi g.
12.2)
Area = 2rdr
Shear stress =
Now, i s the maxi mum shear stress at radi us R,
Shear force i n smal l area,
Fi gure 12.2
Twi sti ng moment of Q about the centre of the shaft,
Total twi sti ng moment,
Resul ti ng twi sti ng moment,
where R /2 = J, pol ar moment of i nerti a of the secti on of shaft
Therefore,
or,
Combi ni ng the Eq. (12.5) and Eq. (12.8), we get,
The students must l earn about the si gni fi cance of each term as
fol l ows:
T = twi sti ng moment appl i ed on the shaft
= resi sti ng twi sti ng moment i n shaft
J = pol ar moment of i nerti a of secti on of shaft
= (for a sol i d shaft)
= for a hol l ow shaft of external radi us R and i nternal radi us R
r
2 1
4
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PREV
Chapter 11. Deflecti
NEXT
Chapter 13. Springs