14 Livestock sector development for poverty reduction: an economic and policy perspective

Table 2.7
NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION ENGAGED IN
AGRICULTURE, BY REGION, 199 AND 2! "MILLIONS#
Re$%&'()&*'+,-
19
9
2
!
A$,%)*l+*,
e
N&'.
a$,%)*l+*,e
A$,%)*l+*,
e
N&'.
a$,%)*l+*,e
(no.) (%)
(no.
) (%) (no.) (%) (no.) (%)
EAP 599.7
67
.6 287.3 32.4 644.7
56.
9 487.6 43.1
China 472.8
71
.9 184.7 28.1 498.7
62.
0 305.1 38.0
EECA 47.3
23
.5 154.1 76.5 31.3
15.
2 174.8 84.8
LAC 32.4
19
.4 134.1 80.5 42.0
15.
6 228.1 84.4
NENA 21.4
33
.2 43.0 66.8 25.4
22.
6 87.2 77.5
South Asia 269.9 62 159.8 37.2 342.9 53. 297.4 46.5
.8 6
India 207.4
63
.4 119.2 36.5 261.6
55.
4 210.8 44.6
SSA 132.8
67
.9 62.6 32.0 194.5
59.
4 133.2 40.6
All r!ions
1
103.5
56
.8 840.8 43.2 1 280.8
47.
6 1 408.1 52.4
Source: "A#S$A$% 2010.
tru o& Eastrn Euro' and Cntral Asia% (ut data &or this r!ion )ust ( tratd *ith
+au,tion% as th +onstitunt +ountris +han!d dra)ati+all- (t*n 1990 and 2005.
In )ost d.lo'in! +ountris% th )a/orit- o& th 'o'ulation +ontinus to li. in rural
aras% 'o.rt- rats ar hi!hr a)on! rural than ur(an housholds% and th rural 'oor
+onstitut (t*n 70 and 80 'r+nt o& th total nu)(r o& 'oor. Po'l )'lo-d in
a!ri+ultur )a0 u' narl- hal& o& th total la(our &or+ in all d.lo'in! +ountr-
r!ions and )or than 60 'r+nt in lo*,in+o) +ountris 1rsult not sho*n2. $his
+onstituts a lar! rsour+ *ith 'otntial &or sti)ulatin! +ono)i+ !ro*th in
a!ri+ultur and rural% non,&ar) +ono)i+ a+ti.itis.
$hr is +onsnsus that to rdu+ 'o.rt- ra'idl-% intr.ntions ha. to ( dir+td to
th rural aras o& d.lo'in! +ountris% *hr )ost o& th 'o'ulation and )ost o& th 'oor
'o'l li.% and that th- should tar!t +ono)i+ a+ti.itis in rural aras% )ainl- a!ri,
+ultur% in *hi+h )ost o& th 'oor ar n!a!d 13orld 4an0% 20082. $h rlati. )'ha,sis
on intr.ntions in a!ri+ultur *ill !raduall- d+lin as th stru+tur o& th +ono)-
trans&or)s% )o.in! to*ards othr s+tors 1sr.i+s and industr-2% (ut trans&or)ation o& th
+ono)- has usuall- (n dri.n (- d.lo')nt o& th a!ri+ultur s+tor 1$i&&in and Ir5%
20062. "ro) a !lo(al 'rs'+ti.% th )'hasis )ust r)ain on th rural 'o'ulation *hn
'o.rt- rdu+tion is a )ain !oal o& +ono)i+ d.lo')nt.
LIVESTOC/ SECTOR TRENDS AND LIVESTOC/ /EEPERS
Li.sto+06s +ontri(ution to th total .alu o& a!ri+ultural 'rodu+tion +an ( sti)atd as th
su) o& 'ri+,*i!htd 7uantitis o& di&&rnt a!ri+ultural +o))oditis 'rodu+d% a&tr
ddu+tin! th 7uantitis usd as sd and &d% *i!htd in a si)ilar )annr. 8du+tion o&
th a!ri+ultural in'uts usd !i.s a )asur o& th nt 'rodu+tion or out'ut o& a+h s+tor.
4as 'ri+s ar th a.ra! intrnational +o))odit- 'ri+s &or th 'riod 1999 to 2001.
2. Poverty, food security and livestock a gloal overvie! 1!
9sults o(taind &or th )ain r!ional !rou's o& +ountris% China and India in 1990 and 2007 ar
'rsntd in $a(l 2.8. 9sults &or 2007 ar th )ost r+nt &i!urs a.aila(l. $h +han!,in!
+ontri(ution o& li.sto+0 to a!ri+ultural nt out'ut )a- ( assssd ithr (- +o)'arin! th
'r+nta! l.l in 2007 1s.nth +olu)n2 *ith that in 1990 1&ourth +olu)n2% or (- +o)'arin! th
!ro*th rat o& li.sto+0 nt out'ut *ith that o& a!ri+ultur 1last t*o +olu)ns2.
In d.lo'in! r!ions% it a''ars that li.sto+0 +ontri(ut a(out a third o& total a!ri,
+ultural nt out'ut on a.ra!% (ut thr is +onsidra(l .ariation% *ith su(,Saharan A&ri+a
ha.in! th lo*st +ontri(ution in 2007. 4t*n 1990 and 2007% th 'r+nta!
+ontri(ution o& li.sto+0 !r* ra'idl- in East Asia and th Pa+i&i+% 7uit &ast in South Asia%
and )odratl- in th Nar East and North A&ri+a. :o*.r% th rlati. i)'ortan+ o& nt
li.sto+0 out'ut &ll in Latin A)ri+a and th Cari((an% su(,Saharan A&ri+a% and d.lo',
in! +ountris as a *hol. As thr ar su(stantial stru+tural +ono)i+ di&&rn+s a)on!
ths !rou's o& +ountris% it is di&&i+ult to idnti&- rasons &or th d+lin in li.sto+06s +on,
tri(ution to a!ri+ultural out'ut. A!ain% +han!s o.r ti) r+ordd &or Eastrn Euro' and
Cntral Asia nd to ( tratd *ith +aution% as th +onstitunt +ountris ha. +han!d.
4road +han!s in th stru+tur o& r!ions6 li.sto+0 s+tors (t*n 1990 and 2008 ar
sho*n in $a(l 2.9. $h .ariation o& tro'i+al li.sto+0 units
5
1$L;2 'r 'rson in a!ri,+ultur
is *id% in (oth -ars. Li.sto+0 dnsit- )asurd in $L; 'r s7uar 0ilo)tr o&
a!ri+ultural land also .aris su(stantiall- a)on! r!ions. South Asia6s 92 $L;<0)
2
is )or
than t*i+ that in an- othr r!ion. 8nsit- is .r- lo* in Eastrn Euro' and Cntral Asia%
at 12 $L;<0)
2
% )odrat in th Nar East and North A&ri+a% and su(,Saharan A&ri+a% at 23
$L;<0)
2
% and a rlati.l- hi!h 41 $L;<0)
2
in East Asia and th Pa+i&i+.
$h $L; 'r 'rson )'lo-d in a!ri+ultur )a- ( lin0d to a.ra! +onsu)r in+o)s. It
is +urrntl- hi!hst in Latin A)ri+a and th Cari((an% *ith narl- 7 $L;<'rson )'lo-d in
a!ri+ultur% and =+ds 1 $L;<'rson in Eastrn Euro' and Cntral Asia% th Nar East and
North A&ri+a% and su(,Saharan A&ri+a. $L;<'rson in a!ri+ultur in East Asia and th Pa+i&i+% and
South Asia is )u+h lo*r. In East Asia and th Pa+i&i+% th )a/orit- o& th $L;s ar non,
ru)inants 1'i!s and 'oultr-2% *hil ls*hr ru)inants a++ount &or )ost $L;s.
#.r th 18,-ar 'riod% th $L; 'r 'rson )'lo-d in a!ri+ultur ros onl- in
East Asia and th Pa+i&i+% and th Nar East and North A&ri+a. Nu)(rs &ll in Latin
A)ri+a and th Cari((an% and South Asia% and r)aind sta(l in su(,Saharan
A&ri+a% /ust 0',in! 'a+ *ith ='ansion o& th a!ri+ultural la(our &or+. A!ain +ar is
ndd in assssin! +han!s o.r ti) &or Eastrn Euro' and Cntral Asia.
In all r!ions% th 'ro'ortion o& ru)inants in th total $L; .alu d+lind (t*n 1990
and 2008% *hil th 'ro'ortion o& non,ru)inant li.sto+0 1'i!s and 'oultr-2 ros. $h last
t*o +olu)ns o& $a(l 2.9 !i. th a.ra! annual !ro*th rats o& th nu)(rs o& ru)inant
and non,ru)inant li.sto+0% ind'ndnt o& th +han!in! a!ri+ultural la(our &or+. >ro*th
rats o& ru)inant nu)(rs ar rlati.l- s)all% at lss than 1 'r+nt in all (ut th Nar East
and North A&ri+a% and su(,Saharan A&ri+a% and ar .n n!ati. in India and Eastrn
Euro' and Cntral Asia. >ro*th rats &or th non,ru)inant 1'i! and 'oultr-2 s+tors ar
5 $h $L;% 7ui.alnt to 250 0! li. *i!ht% standardi5s li. ani)als (- s'+is6 )an li. *i!ht. $h $L;
+on.rsion &a+tors usd ar +attl 0.60% (u&&alos 0.50% sh' and !oats 0.10% 'i!s 0.25% and 'oultr- 0.01. Li.sto+0
ar a!!r!atd into $L;s o& 250 0! li. *i!ht% disr!ardin! di&&rn+s in (rd% s=% a! and halth status.
10 Livestock sector development for poverty reduction: an economic and policy perspective
Table 2.1
LIVESTOC/ SECTOR2S CONTRIBUTION TO AGRICULTURAL GDP,
3
AND ANNUAL
LIVESTOC/ SECTOR GRO4T5, BY REGION, 199 AND 27
Re$%&'( 199 27 A''*al $,&6+7 ,a+e
)&*'+,-
A$,%)*l+*,a
l L%8e9+&):
L%8e9+&):
;
A$,%)*l+*,a
l L%8e9+&):
L%8e9+&):
;
A$,%)*l+*,
e
L%8e9+&
):
(illion
<,&=*)+%&
'
a$,%)*l+*
,al <,&=*)+%&'
<,&=*)+%&
'
a$,%)*l+*
,al (%) (%)
internationa
l (illion GDP (illion (illion GDP
dollars)
internation
al (%)
internationa
l
internatio
nal (%)
dollars) dollars) dollars)
EAP 244 58 23.7 478 145 30.3 4.0 5.6
China 173 45 25.8 355 120 33.9 4.3 6.0
EECA 142 95 67.0 120 53 44.5 ,1.0 ,3.3
LAC 111 49 43.8 190 81 42.7 3.2 3.0
NENA 36 12 33.7 60 22 36.7 3.1 3.6
South
Asia 149 43 29.1 241 82 33.9 2.9 3.8
India 106 29 27.2 170 54 31.9 2.8 3.8
SSA 61 17 28.1 97 26 26.6 2.8 2.4
All
r!ions 742 274 36.9 1%185 408 34.5 2.8 2.4
?
Li.sto+0 s+tor >8P is &r7untl- undrsti)atd o*in! to a++ountin! )thods that do not 1&ull-2 in+lud 'rodu+ts su+h as
)anur and sr.i+s su+h as drau!ht 'o*r% th (n&its o& *hi+h ar allo+atd to othr s+tors 1&or an =a)'l s 4hn0%
20102.
Source: "A#S$A$% 2010.
Table 2.9
STRUCTURE AND GRO4T5 OF T5E LIVESTOC/ SECTOR, 199 TO 21
Re$%&'( 199 21 A''*al $,&6+7 ,a+e
)&*'+,-
TLU(1
R*>%'a'
+9 N&'. TLU(1
R*>%'a'
+9 N&'.
R*>%'a'+
9 N&'.
<e&<le %' (%) ,*>%'a'+ <e&<le %' (%) ,*>%'a'+ (%) ,*>%'a'
9 9 +9
a$,%)*l+*,e (%) a$,%)*l+*,e (%) (%)
(no.) (no.)
EAP 1No.2 46 54 539 39 61 0.8 2.4
China 412 41 59 518 35 65 0.7 2.1
EECA 3 393 73 27 2 747 69 32 ,3.7 ,2.6
LAC 7 470 87 13 6 766 82 18 0.6 2.6
NENA 1 579 83 17 1 894 77 23 1.6 3.7
South
Asia 885 96 4 777 94 6 0.5 3.6
India 888 97 3 700 95 6 ,0.2 2.8
SSA 1 145 93 7 1 147 93 7 2.1 2.3
All
r!ions 980 78 22 980 74 26 0.5 1.9
Source: "A#S$A$%
2010.
2. Poverty, food security and livestock a gloal overvie! 17
&ar hi!hr% at )or than 3.5 'r+nt 'r -ar in Eastrn Euro' and Cntral Asia% and
South Asia. 4t*n 2005 and 2008% 'oultr- nu)(rs in+rasd (- 10 'r+nt a -ar
in Eastrn Euro' and Cntral Asia and (- narl- 8.75 'r+nt in South Asia%
'arti+ularl- in India *ith 8.93 'r+nt 1"A#S$A$% 20102.
$o lo+at 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs &or th tar!tin! o& rsar+h and d.lo')nt a+ti.i,
tis% th Intrnational Li.sto+0 9sar+h Institut 1IL9I2 sti)atd th nu)(rs o& 'oor
li.sto+0 0'rs in th d.lo'in! *orld 1$hornton et al.% 2002@ 20032. $hs data ha.
r+ntl- (n u'datd usin! 2010 sti)ats o& rural 'o'ulations 1"A#S$A$% 20102 and th
)or r+nt Arsion 5 o& th $hornton et al. 120022 li.sto+0 'rodu+tion s-st) )a's
19o(inson et al.% 20112. $h u'datd sti)ats o& 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs *r (asd on
national rural 'o.rt- lins
6
&ro) th 2008 "orld #evelopment $eport 13orld 4an0% 20082%
u'datd usin! data &ro) th 3orld 4an0 120112. $his rsultd in a +olla! o& sti)ats o&
rural had+ount indi+s (asd on sur.-s +ondu+td (t*n 1990 and 2006 and +o.r,in!
)ost d.lo'in! +ountris. As th intrnational 'o.rt- lins usd in this +ha'tr do not
distin!uish ur(an &ro) rural 'o.rt- th- ar not idal &or sti)atin! 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs%
(+aus 'o.rt- rats usuall- di&&r !ratl- (t*n ur(an and rural aras. :o*,.r% to
(rin! ths latst sti)ats into lin *ith othr &i!urs in this +ha'tr% $a(l 2.10 +o)'ars
th sti)ats o& 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs (asd on national rural 'o.rt- lins *ith thos
(asd on th intrnational 'o.rt- lins &or th 'oor 1B C2.00<da-2 and th .r- 'oor 1B
C1.25<da-2. $a(l 2.10 in+luds th +o)'oundd% annuali5d rats o& +han! in 'oor
li.sto+0 0'rs &ro) 2000 to 2010% sti)atd usin! national rural 'o.rt- lins.
Esti)ats (asd on national 'o.rt- lins tnd to ( +losr to thos (asd on th C1.25<
da- lin% (ut thr ar =+'tionsD national sti)ats &or China ar .astl- lo*r than th
intrnational sti)ats@ and thos &or Latin A)ri+a and th Cari((an% and th Nar East
and North A&ri+a ar% rs'+ti.l-% a(out si= and thr ti)s thos (asd on th intrna,
tional C1.25<da- 'o.rt- lin. A stri0in! &indin! &ro) $a(l 2.10 is that shi&tin! th 'o.rt-
lin &ro) C1.25<da- to C2<da- )or or lss dou(ls th nu)(r o& 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs
E sho*in! th lar! nu)(rs o& 'o'l *ho &all into this )ar!inal !round.
In tr)s o& a(solut nu)(rs o& 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs 1B C2<da-2% South Asia and su(,
Saharan A&ri+a do)inat% *ith )or than 45 and 25 'r+nt o& th *orld6s sti)atd 752
)illion 'oor li.sto+0 0'rs rs'+ti.l-. $h d'th o& 'o.rt- a)on! li.sto+0 0'rs is
'arti+ularl- hi!h in su(,Saharan A&ri+a% *hr it is sti)atd that )or than 85 'r+nt o&
'oor li.sto+0 0'rs ar =tr)l- 'oor. >lo(all-% th nu)(r o& 'oor li.sto+0 0',rs
has (n in+rasin! (- a(out 1.4 'r+nt 'r -ar E rdu+tions in th nu)(rs in East Asia
and th Pa+i&i+% and Latin A)ri+a and th Cari((an (in! o&&st (- +onsidra(l
in+rass in all othr r!ions. Nu)(rs ha. (n in+rasin! 'arti+ularl- ra'idl- in Eastrn
Euro' and Cntral Asia *ith 3.75 'r+nt 'r -ar% th Nar East and North A&ri+a *ith
4.62 'r+nt% and su(,Saharan A&ri+a *ith 3.35 'r+nt.
6 National 'o.rt- lins r&l+t lo+al 'r+'tions o& th l.l o& +onsu)'tion or in+o) ndd to a.oid
'o.rt-. $h 'r+i.d (oundar- (t*n 'oor and not 'oor riss *ith th a.ra! in+o) o& a +ountr-% so
dos not 'ro.id a uni&or) )asur &or +o)'arin! 'o.rt- rats a+ross +ountris. National 'o.rt-
sti)ats ar th a''ro'riat )asur &or sttin! national 'oli+is &or 'o.rt- rdu+tion and )onitorin! thir
rsults. Intrnational 'o.rt- )asur)nts 'ro.id a uni&or) standard &or +o)'arin! 'o.rt- rats and
nu)(rs o& 'o'l li.in! in 'o.rt- a+ross +ountris 13orld 4an0% 20082.