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Cisco Public
Nivelul Fizic in OSI vs TCP/IP
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Reprezentarea datelor
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Biti
! Datele sunt reprezentate in toate spatiile de stocare si
de transmisie in mod binar
! Bitii sunt cea mai mica unitate de informatie
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Semnale electrice
! Bitii sunt convertiti in semnale electrice
! Electronii (curentul electric) sunt purtatori ai informatiei
! Convertirea trebuie sa fie identica atat la sursa cat si la
destinatie
! Tensiunile de pe fir pot varia in functie de tipul de
conversie
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Metode de reprezentare digitala
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Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
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Phase-shift keying (PSK)
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Amplitude Shift Key
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Reprezentarea NRZ
! NRZ = Non Return to ZERO
! Un voltaj mic reprezinta 0 logic
! Un voltaj mare reprezinta 1 logic
! Voltajul depinde de standardul folosit
! Exemplu RS232 foloseste 5V 12V pentru 0 logic si
[-12V,-5V] pentru 1 logic
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NRZ
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Codarea Manchester
! Folosita in standardul Ethernet
! O tranzitie jos sus reprezinta 1 logic
! O tranzitie sus jos reprezinta 0 logic
! Foloseste varierea voltajului la jumatatea
perioadei de ceas
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Biti de control
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Code grups
Reducing bit level error
Limiting the effective energy transmitted into the media
Helping to distinguish data bits from control bits
Better media error detection
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Throughput, Goodput, Bandwidth
! Medii diferite de transmisie suporta transferul bitilor la
viteze variabile
! Viteza de transfer a datelor poate fi masurata in 3
moduri
- Throughput
- Goodput
- Bandwidth
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Bandwidth
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Throughput & Goodput
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Copper media
! Fiecare din standarde utilizeaza nivele de voltaj proprii
UTP = Unshielded Twisted Pair
STP = Shielded Twisted Pair
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Copper media
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Interferente
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Tipuri de conectari
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Crossover or Straight ?
hub switch router pc
hub Crossover Crossover Straight Straight
switch Crossover Crossover Straight Straight
router Straight Straight Crossover Crossover
pc Straight Straight Crossover Crossover
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Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
! Identify types of safety issues when working with
copper cabling
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Copper media
! Cablu coaxial
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Fibra optica
! Nu este afectata de interferentele electromagnetice
! Cost si dificultate ridicate in implementarea si
mentenanta solutiei
! Pierderi foarte mici de semnal si deci poate fi folosita la
frecvente mai mici si la distante mai mari
! Durata de timp pana la deterioararea fibrei este de circa
10 ani
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Fibra optica
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Wireless
! Mediul half duplex
! Se folosesc undele electromagnetice (microunde si unde radio)
! Riscuri mari de securitate
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802.11
! Standard de comunicatii wireless
! Opereaza cu frecvente nelicentiate (2.4,3.7, 5 Ghz)
! Rata de transfer si raza depind de obstacole
! Este afectat de alte dispozitive electromagnetice
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802.11
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WiMax (802.16)
! Conecteaza locatii la distanta prin broadband
! Este prima tehnologie 4G
! Utilizeaza frecventele 2.3 2.5 3.5 GHz atat licentiate cat
si nelicentiate
! Raza de maxim 50Km si o rata de transfer de 70Mbps
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Tipuri de conectori
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RJ-45 connectors
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Conectori pentru fibra optica
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Intrebari
! Sub ce forma este transmisa informatia la nivelul fizic?
! Ce mediu de transmisie suporta cea mai mare viteza de
transfer pe distante mari?
! Ce standard de wireless functioneaza atat pe frecventa
2,4Ghz cat si pe frecventa 5Ghz
! Care a fost prima tehnologie 4G implementanta?
! Ce tip de cablu se foloseste pentru conexiunea dintre o
statie si un router?