USE OF

1


1. Would like to - =.r ., =.r ., =.r
Str :- Sub + would like to + V1 + Obj.
= ==. .==. =.r.
I Would like to speak English.


2. Has to / Have to - |+. r, |+. r, |+ r, =. r, =. r, = r
Str :- Sub + has/have to + V1 + Obj.
== ==. .==..|+. r
I have to speak English.


3. Let - = . =.=. ==, =.=. |
Str :- Let + sub + V1 + Obj.
== =.= .
Let me go.
.= .== .
Let him speak.


4. Will have to - |., |., |, =. r.., =. r.., = r.
Str :- Sub + will have to + V1 + Obj.
== =.=. |.
I will have to go.


5. Able to - |. r. r .|. r. r.|. r r . |. r. ...|. r. ...|. r .
Str :- Sub + is, am, are/was, were +able to + V1 + Obj.
= .;= ==. |. r. r
I am able to drive the Bike.


6. Fond of - ..=.= r . ..=.= ..
Str :- Sub + is, am, are/was, were +fond of + V1 + ing + Obj.
= .|. == =. ..=.= r
I am Fond of doing the Business.


7. Keep/Keeps on - +. r+. r, +. r+. r, + r+ r
Str :- Sub + Keep/Keeps on + V1 + ing + Obj.
= | '= ==. .=+. r+. r
I Keeps on speaking English whole day.


USE OF
2


8. Kept on - +. r., +. r., + r
Str :- Sub + Kept on + V1 + ing + Obj.
= .-+. = =.. ==. = |.+.=. =+. r.
I Kept on discussing with friends.


9. Used to - . =+. .., . =+. .., = =+ .
Str :- Sub + Used to + V1 + Obj.
|r = =.. |'+=.=.= '=. =+. ..
I Used to practice with me.


10. Going to - =. r. r, =. r r, =. r. r
=. r. .., =. r ., =. r. ..
Str :- Sub + is, am, are/was, were + going to + V1 + Obj.
= 'r-. .=+. =. r. r
I am going to forget hindi.


11. Because of - =. |=r =.= =.=
Str :- Because of + V1 + ing + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj.
..=. =. |=r = = r. . r=. r
Use :- Because of drinking the water I am stand here.


12. Will be able to - ==., == ., ==,.|.=., |.=..
Str :- Sub +will be able to + V1 + Obj.
= = = =. ==.
Use :- I will be able to learn computer.


13. Should/shall - =.., ..., |..
Str :- Should/Shall + Sub + V1 + Obj.
=.= =. = ==..
Use :- Should I drive the Car Today.


14. It is time to - == r. . r, == r. . ...|++ r, ==.=. r
Str :- It is/was time to + V1 + Obj.
-== =.= =. == r. . r
Use :- It is time to go to school.



USE OF
3

15. Has been/Have been able to - |.. r, |.; r, |. r, ==., ==.
Str :- Sub + Has/Have been able to + V1 + Obj.
=.= = =.=.= |.. r
Use :- Today I have been able to dance.


16. Was/Were able to - |.., |.;, |.
Str :- Sub + was/were + able to + V1 + Obj.
= ;'== .= |..
Use :- I was able to speak English.


17. Seem / Seem to be - =+. r, '..; |+. r, |+.+ r.+. r
Str :- Sub + seems/seem to be + that + next sentence.
== =+. r '= = ==. .= r. r
Use :- I seem to be that I am speaking English.


18. About to - |.=. r, |.=. r, =. r, |.=. .., |.=. .., =. ..
Str :- Sub + is/am/are/was/were + about to + V1 + Obj.
.'. r.= |.=. r
Use :- It is about to rain.

Note:- = =.|=. .+ '='=+ =r. r +. about to =.|. = '='=+ r +. '== to =.|.
= =.c .c == |.=. r
I am to do G.D.


19. Suppose to - =.=. ., =.=. ., r.= |.=. .
Str :- Sub + supposed to + V1 + Obj.
=.=. '= r= =-=. | |r== |.=
Use :- We supposed to reach on the moon.


20. Beside of - = =, . =, = ==.|., = ='+'++
Str :- Beside of + V1 + ing + Obj. + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj.

Use :- Who person standing beside of you he's my brother.


21. Inspite of - = .|=, +. =.
Str :- Inspite of + V1 + ing + Obj. + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj.
.=. .= = . =. == = = r. r
Use :- Inspite of eating the food I am feeling hungry.

USE OF
4


22. As far as - =r. += ....... =|.= r...
Str :- As far as + sub/noun + H.V. + concern + sub + H.V + M.V. + Obj.
=r. += =. =|.= r = =.= = r. ..
Use :- As far as my concern I was doing the work.


23. Intent to - ;.. r...
Str :- Sub + Intented/Intent to + V1 + Obj.
=. .;= ==.= =. ;.. r
Use :- I Intent to drive the Bike.


24. There is nothing but - == =r., = ==.|., r.
Str :- There is/was + Nothing but + Noun.
r. ..= r. ..= r
Use :- There is Nothing but grass here.


25. No matter - ............... r. +. =
Str :- No Matter + sub + will + V1 + Obj./Noun + But + Sub + H.V. + M.V. + Obj.
+= == .=. r. +. = ., = = +r . r. =+. r.
Use :- No matter you will abouse me but I will continue to love you.


26. Nor - ...... =r. =.. =. =.|. .. =r.
Str :- Sub + did not + H.V. + and + Nor + M.V. + sub.
|r =r. =.. =. =.|. .. =r.
Use :- He did not come and Nor will he.


27. What to speak of - ...... +. ...... .. =r.
Str :- what to speak of + V1 + ing + Obj/Noun + sub + can not + V1 + Obj.
+= |.= =.=. +. |'.. .. =r. ==+
Use :- What to speak of getting first position you can not take the exam.


28. Whether - +. ........... +.
Str :- Whether + Noun + or + Noun + all + everything + verb.
+. == +. =.r= ==. .= r
Use :- Whether Ankur or Sohan All are fine.




USE OF
5

29. Start/Started to - =., =, |..=+. r, =+ r
Str :- Sub + start/starts/started to + V1 + Obj.
|r r== =.
Use :- He started to Laugh.


30. Liew of - = .=
Str :- Liew of + V1 + ing + Obj/Noun + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj.
|= = = = +r '=+. .
Use :- Liew of taking the pen I will give you book.


31. End of - = ., = =+ =
Str :- End of + V1 + ing + Obj + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj.
.=. .= = . = =.= ==.
Use :- End of eating the food I will do the dance.


32. Not - . =r.
Str :- Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj + H.V + Not + Sub.
+== .=. . '=. r . =r.
Use :- You have eaten the food. Have not you.


33. Subsequently - ++.. =, ;= = .
Str :- First + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj/Noun + Subsequently + Adjective.
|r= = += |.. . = + =.'. =. |..
Use :- First I will beat you subsequently your supporter.


34. It is - = r. +. r . += r. +. r.
Str :- It is/was + Noun + who/that + H.V. + M.V. + Obj.
== r. +. r '=+. '=.. r
Use :- It is me who have written this book.


35. Prefer to - = ...|= =+. r
Str :- Sub + H.V + prefer to + V1 + rather than + V1 + ing.
= =. =.= = .. ==. |= ==.
Use :- I would prefer to die, Rather than begging.


36. In case - .............. = ..........
Str :- [ Pc. (verb + object) + In case + Sc. ]

USE OF
6

' '==. ==. =. +. =.=+. =. .|. =.
Use :- Use a Candle In case, Electricity fails.


37. Had Better - ==. r.., '. r.., .= r.
Str :- Sub + had better + M.V. + Obj.
+r. '= r. ='=. ..=. ==. r.
Use :- You had better eat the green vegetable.


38. How to - =.=+. r , =.=+. r , =.+. r, =r. =.+. r
Str :- Sub + H.V + M.V + How to + M.V + Obj.
= =r. =.=+. r '= =. == =.+ r
Use :- I dont know how to make a tea.


39. Hardly - ='== =
Str :- Sub + H.V + hardly + M.V + Obj. + Next Sentence.
|r =.. . = '===. r. .. '= .'. . = r. ;
Use :- I had hardly left my home that it started rain.


40. Yet - .'| ....... |-+
Str :- Although + Sub + H.V + M.V/Noun + yet + Noun.
.'| |r '=.= r |-+ ;=.=. r
Use :- Although, He is poor Yet he is honest.


41. Habitual/In habit of - =.. r , =.. ..
Str :- Sub + is, am, are/was, were + habitual/In habit of + V1 + Ing + noun.
= .. |.= =. =.. r
Use :- I am Habitual of drinking the wine.


42. Get - = =. = = =|.. . =.=
Str :- Sub + Get + Noun/Pronoun + Obj + Past participle.
.= = == =|.;
Use :- Ram Got the road build.


43. Would have - ........ r.+. ....... +. .......
Str :- If + Sub + had + V3 + Obj + Sub + would have + V3 + Obj.
' .== ='= |'>= '=. r.+. +. === r=. r.+.
Use :- if he had worked hard, He Would have been successfull.

USE OF
7



44. However to - == =..'==. =. +r
Str :- Sub + H.V + however to + M.V + V1 + Obj.
= '==. =. +r == =.+ =.=.
Use :- I will however to win the match.


45. That much - ...... '=+=. ...... ===. r. .......
Str :- Sub + H.V + M.V + that much + Adjective.
+= .+=. .=. '= '=+=. +r ==+ r
Use :- You eats that much you need.


46. Either - += . +r...r . |r
Str :- Either + Sub + or + Noun + Adjective.
. += . +r.. =.; .+. r
Use :- Either You or your brother is guilty.


47. Neither - ... = .... = .... = +., = r.
Str :- Neither + Sub + Nor + Noun + H.V + M.V + Obj.

Use :- Neither Sonu nor his brother will play in the park.


48. How long - = =, '=+=.
Str :- How long + H.V + Sub + M.V + Obj.
=.| = = =.= = r r
Use :- How long are you doing the job.


49. Do/Did - ..... +. .....
Str :- Sub + H.V (Do/Did) + M.V + Obj.
= -== =.+. +. .
Use :- I do go to School.


50. Come to know - =.=+..|+. ===.
Str :- Sub + H.V + Come to know + that + Sub + H.V + M.V + Obj.
== |+. == ==. r '= += ;'== =. r r.
Use :- I have come to know that you are learning English.



USE OF
8

51. As if - +. |=, =.=., =r. +=
Str :- Sub + M.V + As if + Adjective + Next Sentence.
|r == +. |= r. r =.=. |.=.
Use :- She runs as if Ravina.

52. Rather like to - ......... . ............
Str :- Would + Sub + Rather like to + M.V. + Obj. + Noun.
=.| =. ==. |=- =. . =.=.
Use :- Would you rather like to take tea or Coffee.



MODALS
1. CAN
|r=.= ==+. r, ==+. r, ==+ r, (.+. | .=+. ..=., =.-. ==., =..|=. ..=.)
Rule : Sub + Can/not + V1 + Obj.
= r =.= = ==+. r (.=+.) I can do this work.
.=. =r. .. r. ==+. r (=..|=.) Accident can happen anywhere.
=.| .== .+ =r. = ==+ r You cannot talk to him.

2. COULD
|r=.= ==., ==., ==
Rule : Sub + Could/not + V1 + Obj.
= |r. == | |r = ==. I could reach there on time.
|r = =. == .= ==. She could speak French with me.



3. SHOULD
|r=.= =. =.'r|, =. =.'r|, = =.'r|
Rule : Sub + Should/not + V1 + Obj.
== r =.= =.= ==. =.'r| I should do this work today.
== ==. =r. =.=. =.'r| I should not learn English.

4. WOULD
|r=.= +. r.., +. r.., + r.
Rule : Sub + Would/not + V1 + Obj.

USE OF
9

=.| .== '==+ r. You would meet him.
= .= -== =r. =.+ r. The children would not go to school daily.

5. HAVE TO
|r=.= =. r, =. r, = r, |+. r, |+. r, |+ r
Rule : Sub + Have to/Have not to + V1 + Obj.
.= '== ==. r He has to play Cricket.
== .= .;= =r. ==.=. |+. r I have not to drive the Bike daily.

6. HAD TO
|r=.= =. ., =. ., = , |+. ., |+. ., |+ , |., |., |
Rule : Sub + Had to/Had not to + V1 + Obj.
== r =.= |. ==. . I had to complete this work.
== .== .+ =r. ==. . I had not to talk to him.

7. USED TO
|r=.= =. =+. ., =. =+. ., =. =+
Rule : Sub + Used to/Used not to + V1 + Obj.
= -== =.. =+. . I used to go to school.
-..r= ;'=. =r. .=. =+. . Sohan used not to speak English.

8. NEED TO
|r=.= ==+ r, =.|=+. r
Rule : Sub + Need to/Need not to + V1 + Obj.
.= ==. r. =.= =. +=+ r He need to come here now.
=. =. r '=-= = =. =.|=+. =r. r The Children need not to see this film.

9. MUST
|r=.= =.|=+. ==, =.'r|, .+., ='=|.+., '=+., =.'.= =..|=.
Rule : Sub + Must/Must not + V1 + Obj.
.= r =.|. =| '==. =.'r| He must write this copy.
r= '= == .. ==. =.'r| (='=|.+.) We must travel with ticket.
|r .=. r. r.. (='.= =..|=.) He must be ill.
+= |=. =+ =. ('=+.) You must not do this.


10. MAY
|r=.= ==+. r, ==.|=. r.=., =.-. ==. . =., =...|., .. =.==.| =., . = '=|
Rule : Sub + May/May not + V1 + Obj.
| r. |r = ==+ r They may reach here.
=.'== =. =r. = ==+ r The Officer may not take leave.

USE OF
10

;| =.|=..+r =. =. May you live long.
=.= |+. r. ==+. r (=..|=.) It may rain today.

11. MIGHT
|r=.= May =. Past =| r Might ! (== ==.|=. r.=.)
Rule : Sub + Might/Might not + V1 + Obj.
== .. |+. r. (== =..|=.) It might rain tomorrow.
.== =. |'>= '=. .. |r |.= r. =.| He worked hard so that he might pass.
.==. |.. = =.= =. =..|=. r He might attend the party.
|r .. ... r.. He might be hungry.

12. WILL HAVE TO
|r=.= =. r.., =. |.
Rule : Sub + Will have to/Will not have to + V1 + Obj.
+r r '=+. .=. r.. You will have to purchase this book.
r= .== == =r. |==. r.. We will not have to ask him anything.

13. WOULD HAVE TO
|r=.= =. |+. r.., =. |+. r.., = |+ r.
Rule : Sub + Would have to/Would not have to + V1 + Obj.
.= ~. |.=. |+. r.. He would have to drink wine.
=.|=. .= ==.r =r. =. |+. r.. You would not have to advise him.

14. MAY HAVE TO
|r=.= =. | ==+. r, =. | ==+. r
Rule : Sub + May have to/May not have to + V1 + Obj.
.-r r ~r =.=. | ==+. r They may have to leave this city.
r= |.; =r. ==. | ==+. r We may not have to take the medicine.

15. HAVING TO
|r=.= =. | r. r, =. | r. r, = | r r
Rule : Sub + is/am/are + not + Having to + V1 + Obj.
r= .+ = |.; ==. | r. r We are having to study in the Night.
r= =. =r=+ =r. ==. | r. r We are not having to do hard work.

16. COULD HAVE + V3
|r=.= ==+. ., ==+. .., ==+ .
==+ ~'++ .. ='== =.= =r. '=. .
Rule : Sub + Could have/Could not have + V3 + Obj.
=.| .= |. ==+ . You could have taught him.

USE OF
11

|r |.+. |.= =r. = ==+. .. He could not have passed the exam.

17. SHOULD HAVE + V3
|r=.= =. =.'r| .., =. =.'r| .., = =.'r| .
==+ =+ .. ='== =.= =r. '=. .

Rule : Sub + Should have/Should not have + V3 + Obj.
.-r .. =. = ==. =.'r| .. They should have helped poor.
+r r . =r. ==. =.'r| .. You should not have sold this watch.

18. WOULD HAVE + V3
|r=.= ==. r.+., '=. r.+., =. r.+., =..
==+ =.|=. .. ='== =.= =r. '=. .
Rule : Sub + Would have/Would not have + V3 + Obj.
|r | '= ==. r.+. He would have written a letter.
=. = =.|= =.; =|.= =r. |=. r.+. The children would not have asked you any question.

19. MAY HAVE +V3
|r=.= ==. r.., '=. r..
==+ =.|=. r '= =.= r. . r
Rule : Sub + May have/May not have + V3 + Obj.
|'== .= '=+. = ==. r.. The Police may have arrested him.
'~+= = .= =.= =r. |.. r.. The teacher may not have taught him today.

20. MUST HAVE + V3
|r=.= =| ..... ==. r
Rule : Sub + Must have/Must not have + V3 + Obj.
+= .== =| '== == r. You must have met him.
+= ;= . =. =r. =. == r. You must not have made this home.


21. HAVE HAD TO
|r=.= ==. r. r
Rule : Sub + Have had to/Have not had to + V1 + Obj.
== r =.= ==. r. r I have had (got) to do this work.
.= == |r ==. r. =r. r He has not had to reach London.

22. HAD HAD TO
|r=.= ==. r. ..
Rule : Sub + Had had to/had not had to + V1 + Obj.
.-r =. = ==. r. .. They had had to help me.
+r ;'=. '==. r. =r. .. You had not had to learn English.

USE OF
12


23. COULD HAVE HAD TO
|r=.= =. | ==+. .., =. | ==+. .., = | ==+ .
==+ =.= ==. = '=. =. ==+. .. ='== =r. '=. .
Rule : Sub + Could have had to + V1 + Obj.
.= == '==. | ==+. .. He could have had to learn French.
+. r= .= .+ ==. | ==+. .. Could we have had to talk to him.

24. WOULD HAVE HAD TO
|r=.= =. | r.+., =. |. r.+.
==+ =.= ==. = '=. =.+. ='== =r. '=. .
Rule : Sub + Would have had to+ V1 + Obj.
.= =.=. |.=. |. r.+. He would have had to drink coffee.
+. .-r .+ = |.= =.=. |. r.+. Would they have had to go to the doctor.


VOICE
1. PRESENT INDEFINITE
Active Voice :- Sub + v1/goes + Obj.
+= '== =+ r. You play cricket.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + is/am/are + v3 + by + sub.
'== +r. .. =. =.+. r Cricket is played by you.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + is/am/are + v3
'== r. =. =.+. r Cricket is played here.

NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + do/does + not + v1 + Obj.
= .= =r. |.+. r I do not Teach him.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + is/am/are + not + v3 + by + sub.
.= = .. =r. |.. =.+. r He is not taught by me.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + is/am/are + not + v3
.= ;'=. =r. |.. =.+. r He is not taught English.




USE OF
13

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Active Voice :- Sub + is/am/are +v1 + ing + Obj.
= ;'=. .= r r The children are speaking English.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + is/am/are + being +v3 + by + sub.
;'=. =. .. .=. =. r. r English is being spoken by the children.


Bare Passive :- Obj. + is/am/are + being + v3
;'=. +=.= = .=. =. r. r English is being spoken in class.

NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + is/am/are + not +v1 + ing + Obj.
|r == =r. =. r. r She is not calling me.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + is/am/are + not + being + v3 + by + sub.
== .== .. =r. =.. =. r. r I am not being called by her.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + is/am/are + not + being + v3
== |r. =r. =.. =. r. r I am not being called there.

3. PRESENT PERFECT
Active Voice :- Sub + has/have + v3 + Obj.
|'== .= '=+. = ==. r The police has arrested him.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + has been/have been + v3 + by + sub.
.= |'== = .. '=+. '=. =. ==. r He has been arrested by the police.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + has been/have been + v3
.= '=+. '=. =. ==. r He has been arrested.

NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + has/have + not + v3 + obj.
|r | =r. '= ==. r He has not written a letter.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + has not been/have not been + v3 + by + sub.
== .== .. =r. =.. . r I have not been called by her.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + has not been/have not been + v3

USE OF
14

r =.= ==. += =r. '=. . r This work has not been done till now.

4. PAST INDEFINITE
Active Voice :- Sub + v2 + Obj.
.== =. .. He purchased the car.

Passive Voice :- Obj. +was/were + v3 + by + sub.
=. .== .. .. ; The car was purchased by him.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + was/were + v3
r '=+. == .. ; This Book was bought yesterday.

NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + did + not + v1 + obj.
== .= =r. |.. I did not teach him.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + was/were + not + v3 + by + sub.
.= = .. =r. |.. . He was not taught by me.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + has not been/have not been + v3
.= =r. |.. . He was not taught.


5. PAST CONTINUOUS
Active Voice :- Sub + was/were + v1 + ing + Obj.
|r .=. . r. .. He was singing a song.

Passive Voice :- Obj. +was/were + being + v3 + by + sub.
.=. .== .. .. =. r. .. The song was being sung by him.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + was/were + v3
'=-= . =. r. .. A film was being seen.

NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + was/were + not + v1 + ing + obj.
|r '=-= =r. r. .. She was not seeing a film.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + was/were + not +being + v3 + by + sub.
'=-= .= .. =r. . =. r. .. A film was not being seen by her.

USE OF
15


Bare Passive :- Obj. + has not been/have not been + v3
r '=-= =r. . =. r. .. This film was not being seen.

6. PAST PERFECT
Active Voice :- Sub + had + v3 + Obj.
.=. = ='== = |=. .. Rakesh had asked to anil.

Passive Voice :- Obj. +had + been + v3 + by + sub.
'=+. =. .. .. =. ==. .. The books had been bought by the children.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + had been + v3
'=+. .. =. ==. .. These books had been bought.


NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + had not + v3 + obj.
= .= =r. |. ==. .. I had not taught him.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + had not been + v3 + by + sub.
.= = .. =r. |

.. =. ==. .. He had not been taught by me.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + had not been + v3
.= =r. |.. =. ==. .. He had not been taught.

7. FUTURE INDEFINITE
Active Voice :- Sub + will + v1 + Obj.
|r .|. . He will paint the walls.

Passive Voice :- Obj. +will be + v3 + by + sub.
.|. .== .. . =.. The walls will be painted by him.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + will be + v3
.|. =.= . =.. These walls will be painted today.


NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + will not + v1 + obj.
= .= =.= =r. ==. I will not forgive her.

USE OF
16


Passive Voice :- Obj. + will not be + v3 + by + sub.
.= = .. =.= =r. '=. =.. He will not be forgiven by me.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + will not be + v3
.= =.= =r. '=. =.. He will not be forgiven.

8. FUTURE PERFECT
Active Voice :- Sub + will have + v3 + Obj.
.+ =.= =. ;=.= = == The doctor will have cured the patient.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + will have been + v3 + by + sub.
=.= =. .+ = .. ;=.= '=. =. ==. The patient will have been cured by the doctor.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + will have been + v3
;= =.= =. ;=.= '=. =. ==. This patient will have been cured.

NEGATIVE:-

Active Voice :- Sub + will not have + v3 + obj.
= .= =r. |. ==. I will not have taught him.

Passive Voice :- Obj. + will not have been + v3 + by + sub.
.= = .. =r. |.. =. ==. He will not have been taught by me.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + will not have been + v3
.= =r. |.. =. ==. He will not have been taught.


VOICE OF MODALS

1. CAN/COULD/SHOULD/WOULD/MAY/MUST
Active :- Sub + modal + v1 + Obj.
+r r =.= ==. =.'r| You should do this work.

Passive :- Obj. + modal + be + v3 + by + sub.
r =.= +r. .. '=. =.=. =.'r| This work should be done by you.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + modal + be + v3
r =.= =.= '=. =.=. =.'r| This work should be done today.

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Continuous :- Sub + modal + be + v1 + ing + obj.
+r r =.= =+ r=. =.'r| You should be doing this work.

NEGATIVE:-

Active :- Sub + Could not + v1 + obj.
'='+= .= =r. |. ==. Nitin could not teach him.

Passive :- Obj. + could not be + v3 + by + sub.
.= '='+= = .. =r. |.. =. ==. He could not be taught by Nitin.
Bare Passive :- Obj. + could not be + v3
.= =r. |.. =. ==. He could not be taught.

Continuous : - Sub + could not + be + v1 + ing + obj.
'='+= .= =r. |.+. r ==. Nitin could not be teaching him.

2. HAVE TO/HAS TO/HAD TO/USED TO/NEED TO
Active :- Sub + modal + to + v1 + Obj.
r= .== == |==. r We have to ask him something.

Passive :- Obj. + modal + to + be + v3 + by + sub.
.= r=. .. == |=. =.=. r He has to be asked something by You.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + modal + to + be + v3
.= = == |=. =.=. r he has to be asked something.

Continuous :- Sub + modal + to + be + v1 + ing + obj.
r= .== == |=+ r=. r We have to be asking him something.


Active :- Sub + had to + v1 + obj.
=.|=. r ==-. ===.=. .. You had to solve this problem.

Passive :- Obj. + had to + be + v3 + by + sub.
r ==-. =.|= .. ===.=. .. This problem had to be solved by you.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + had to + be + v3
r ==-. == ===.. =.=. .. This problem had to be solved yesterday.


USE OF
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Continuous : - Sub + could not + be + v1 + ing + obj.
=.|=. ==-.=. =. ===.+ r=. .. You had to be solving this problems.

3. COULD HAVE/SHOULD HAVE/WOULD HAVE/MAY HAVE/MUST HAVE
Active :- Sub + modal + have + v3 + Obj.
=.| .= |. ==+ . You could have taught him.


Passive :- Obj. + modal + have + been + v3 + by + sub.
.= =.|= .. |.. =. ==+. .. He could have been taught by you.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + modal + have + been + v3
.= ;'=. |.. =. ==+. .. he could have been taught English.

Continuous :- Sub + modal + have + been + v1 + ing + obj.
=.| .= |.+ r ==+ . You could have been teaching him.


Active :- Sub + should have + v3 + obj.
r= ;= =|.= =. =|. =. =.'r| .. We should have answered this question.

Passive :- Obj. + should have + been + v3 + by + sub.
;= =|.= =. =|. r=. .. '. =.=. =.'r| .. This question should have been answered by us.

Bare Passive :- Obj. + should have + been + v3
;= =|.= =. =|. '. =.=. =.'r| .. This question should have been answered.

Continuous : - Sub + should not + be + v1 + ing + obj.
r= ;= =|.=. =. =|. + r=. =.'r| .. We should have been answering these questions.


USE OF
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SMART VERBS

1. START
|r=.= =+. r, =+ r
Rule : Sub + start + v1 + ing + Obj.
+= == =+ r. You start playing. / You begin to play.
+. += == =+ r. Do you start playing ?
+= +. == =+ r. Why do you start playing ?

|r .= =. He started running. / She begins to run.
+. |r .= =. Did she start running ?
|r +. .= =. Why dis she start running ?

'.+= |.= = The teacher will start teaching.
+. '.+= |.= = Will the teacher start teaching.

2. CONTINUE/CONTINUED, KEEPS ON/KEPT ON
|r=.= r+. r
Rule : Sub + continue/keeps on + v1 + Obj.
|r =+. r+. r She continues/keeps on to play.
+. |r =+. r Does she continue to play?
+= +. =+. r. Why do you continue to play?

'.+= |.+ r The teacher continued/kept on to teach.
+. '.+= |.+ r Did the teacher continue to teach.

|r .+. r. She will continue/keep on to run.
+. |r .+. r. Will she continue to run.

3. WOULD
a) +. r..
|r == =.=+. r.. He would know French.

b) == ==.|=.
|r == r. =.. (== ==.|=.) She would come here tomorrow.

c) +. =+. .. (==. ==.)
'='+= ='|+. = '==. =+. .. Nitin would meet kavita.

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d) =.r . '=|=
+. =.| == .==. =.= +. Would you tell me his name.

e) =..
=.. |r r. r.+. Would that he were here.

4. HAVE
a) =|= |.= =..r.=.
= |.= =.|= '=| |= '=+. r I have a book for you.

b) .=..|.=.
+. =.| = =.. =.=. |. Would you have coffee with me.


c) ==..r. ==.
=|. =|=. -..= r. =.'=| Have your seat pleas.
==. =.'=| Have fun.

d) =. r, |+. r
.-r =='=. = r=. r They have to live in America.
== .== .+ ==. r I do not have to talk to him. (New Grammar)

e) =|.=.
|r =|= .= == =|.. He will have his hair colored.
= .== =.|=. =.= =|... I will have him call you.

f) ==. r
= +r = == +. ==. r I have told you everything.

g) ==.
'=. = . +r = =. r.+ r, ==. =. .
There are two kinds of people in the world, have and have not.

5. GET
a) |.=..'===.

USE OF
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+r ;== '=| '=+= =| '== How much did you get for it.

b) ==.
== = r. r I am getting cold.

c) ====.
.= +r.. .+ '-== === = =.. She got your point very clear.

d) '=.=.
=|= === =. =.= | =.=. Get me your manager on the phone.

e) =|.=.
| =. r =.= =|. = They will get this work done.

f) r.=.
=.. .. r. r. r It is getting darker.


6. GO
1. =.=.
|r r. = = =. r. r When is he going from here.

2. r.=.
+= ;== '=| |.= +. r. r r. Why are you going mad about it.

3. '==.
=.= ;= '=. == '= r r How are the mangoes going these day.

4. ===+.
r = =.|= =. . ===+. r It is big go of my life.

5. |'+..=
= =.| |'+..= r +. '+-. =.|= '=| ==. r If you are go, life is good to you.





USE OF
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7. BE
1. r...
= r. = =.= =. (|.=.) r I am to go from here.

2. =.=.
+. += = .-+ =. Will you be my friend.

3. r.=.
+r ;== '=| |.'='| r.=. r You have to be positive about it.

4. r..r. =. (=..)
.= =.=. . =. He be hanged.
=.== =.;- =. = r. Praised to be Jesus Christ.

5. ='-+|
r= =|=. ='-+| . r r We are losing our being.

8. LOOK
1. =.
|.. = =.=+. ='=. =. . Look at the girls dancing in the party.

2. '.=.
+= =.= r+ .= '+ r. You look very tired today.

3. .
. = r =.= =r. ==. Look I will not do this work.

4. '.|
r.= =. == =. =.=. r The look of the hotel has to be changed.

5. =.=
|.-+'|=+. = |.= =.=., =.= = =r. Go behind the originality, not the look.

6. ==
.== =.= = == | |= == .=. She gave me a look from the corner.


USE OF
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9. DO
1. ==.
+= r =.= = = r r. When are you doing this work.

2. == ==.
== ;'=. =. |.; -== = =. I did English in my school.

3. ===.=.
.== |== =. |= == = ===. '. He did the puzzle in a second.

4. +.
= .= =.=+. +. r I do know him.

5. -.= r.=.
r = '= =r. ==. It will not do for me.


10. MAY
1. ==+. r (==.|=.)
|r r |.+. |.= = ==+. r He may pass this exam.

2. =..
+= = =. ==+ r. You may leave now.

3. ==..
+. = =.|=. =.= =.= ==+. r May I have your name.

4. =.==. ==.
=. =.==. r '= =.| '|=. r. May you get the victory.



USE OF
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PREPOSITIONS

1. ABOUT
==
It is about 4 oclock. == =. = r
=. +.. =
He is about to leave. |r =.= =. +.. = r
= . =
What are you talking about. += '=== . = .+ = r r.
=. .==. =
I know what she is about. = =.=+. r |r '== .==. = r

2. ABOVE
= =|
The fan is hanging above the table. |. = = .| ==. r=. r
= ='.=
You are getting above your salary. |r =.= =. +.. = r
= ==.
He married in above his family. .== =|= = ==. |'|. = ... =. r
= ..
You speak above your age. += =|=. .= = 'r=. = .. .=+ r.
=== = .r
French is above you. == +r.. === = .r r