125:201 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Biomechanics, Review Problems

To be discussed Nov 1, 2010
Problem 1:

You are testing a biomechanical sensor for measuring muscle and joint reaction forces during human
motion. You are testing your device by forces on the humerus as a subject does a pushup. You are
measuring the triceps force (red line), pectoralis major force (blue line) and joint reaction forces at the
shoulder and elbow joint.




A picture of the humerus loading is shown below



The Humerus is 30 cm long and parallel to the horizontal axis
The Triceps force (F
tri
) acts 15 from horizontal and is measured to be 3863.7 N and attaches
3 cm from the glenohumeral joint
The Pectoralis force (F
Pec
) acts 45 from the horizontal and is measured to be 1414 N attaches
5 cm from the glenohumeral joint
The magnitude of the elbow joint reaction force (R
ex
, R
ey
) is measured to be (3232i, 0j) N in
the x and y direction respectively
The magnitude of the shoulder joint reaction force (R
sx
, R
sy
) is measured to be (500i, 0j) N in
the x and y direction respectively
Ignore the weight of the arm

Based on this information is the upper arm in Static equilibrium (i.e., all forces and moments are
zero)? J ustify your answer. All work must be shown for full credit. Watch the directions of your
forces. If not in Static equilibrium what is the motion of the humerus (i.e., flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, etc.)?


3 cm
5 cm
x
y
R
ex
R
ey
R
sx
R
sy
F
tri
F
pec
F
pecx
=1414cos45 =1000 N F
pecy
=-1414sin45 =-1000 N
F
trix
=-3863.7cos15 =-3732 N F
triy
=3863.7sin15 =1000 N
R
ex
=3232 N R
ey
=0 N
R
sx
=-500 N R
sy
=0 N

F
x
= 0? F
pecx
+F
trix
+R
ex
+R
sx
=0? 1000 3732 +3232 500 =0 Yes!

F
y
= 0? F
pecy
+F
triy
+R
ey
+R
sy
=0? -1000 +1000 +0 +0 =0 Yes!

M
z
= 0? (Take moment at shoulder joint

5 cm*F
pecy
3 cm*F
triy
+30cm*R
ey
=0?
5*1000 3*1000 +30*0=0? No! It equals 2000 Ncm (CCW moment)

Not in Static Equilibrium!!!

This means the humerus wants to rotate CCW for the rise phase of the pushup!
Therefore the humerus is adducting (drawing closer to the midline of the body
from the moment generated by the pectoralis muscle)
Problem 2:

The following data was obtained for an orthopedic alloy using a standard tension specimen
with a 2 gage length and a 0.505 in diameter:

Load (klb
f
) Gage Length (in)
0 2.000
4 2.004
8 2.008
10 2.010
12 2.011
13 2.014
14 2.020
15.9 2.05
16 (maximum) 2.099
15.6 (fracture) 2.134

a. Plot the engineering stress-strain curve.
b. Determine the Youngs modulus,
c. Determine the yield strength (use the .2% offset method), and tensile strength.
d. Determine the engineering fracture strength.
(1 lbf = 4.45N)

a) Find engineering stress = load (kip
f
)/initial area; initial area = (*0.505
2
/4);
Engineering strain = (gauge length initial length)/(initial length) ;
initial length = 2 inch

A kip is a kilo pound force

Stress (kips/in
2
) Strain
0 0
19.97 0.002
39.941 0.004
49.926 0.005
59.911 0.0055
64.904 0.007
69.897 0.01
79.383 0.025
79.882 0.0495
77.885 0.067


b)
From plot above, initial slope gives Youngs Modulus 10,000 ksi (ksi is kilo
pound force per square inch)
c)
Yield stress at 0.2% strain offset is 64.7 ksi

Ultimate tensile stress, as determined from the maximum engineering stress =
79.9 ksi
d) The engineering fracture strength is equal to
0
A
L
f
.
eng
= 77.9 ksi



Problem 3 Calculate the Centroid and area moment of inertia for the cross section
shown below. The outside dimension is 6 mm x 12 mm and the inside dimension is 3
mm x 6 mm

















Centroids:

(1) A
1
=bh =(1.5)(6) =9mm
2
, x
1
=-2.25mm, y
1
=3mm.
(2) A
2
=bh =(1.5)(6) =9 mm
2
, x
2
= 2.25mm, y
2
=3mm.
(3) A
3
=bh =(6)(6) =36 mm
2
, x
3
=0mm, y
3
=-3mm.

X =xiAi / Ai = {(-2.25)(9) + (2.25)(9) + (36)(0)} / (9+9+36) = 0

Y =yiAi / Ai = { (3)(9) + (3)(9) + (36)(-3)} / (9+9+36) = -1

(X,Y) = (0,-1)

Area Moments:

I
xx1
=bh
3
/12 = (1.5)(6)
3
/12 = 27 mm
4
= I
xx2

I
yy1
=b
3
h/12 = (1.5)
3
(6) /12 = 1.69 mm
4
= I
yy2

I
xx3
=bh
3
/12 = (6)(6)
3
/12 = 108 mm
4
= I
yy3


I
xx
=I
xx1
+A
1
(Y-y
1
)
2
+I
xx2
+A
2
(Y-y
2
)
2
+I
xx3
+A
3
(Y-y
3
)
2

=27 +9(-1-3)
2
+27+9(-1-3)
2
+108+36(-1+3)
2

=594 mm
4


I
yy
=I
yy1
+A
1
(X-x
1
)
2
+I
yy2
+A
2
(X-x
2
)
2
+I
yy3
+A
3
(X-x
3
)
2

=1.69 +9(0+2.25)
2
+1.69+9(0-2.25)
2
+108+36(0-0)
2

=202.5 mm
4



X
Y
1 2
3






Problem 4 20 KN load is applied to the bar at
right. Calculate the stresses on the L-shape bar.
The cross section as shown is 20 mm x 10 mm.

Calculate the following at the fixed end of
the bar at the bottom.

a) Area and area moment of inertias.
b) Applied load and bending moment.
c) Normal axial and bending stresses.
d) Stresses at A and B.



a)
A
1
=(20)(10) =200mm
2

I
xx
=bh
3
/12 = (20)(10)
3
/12 = 1667 mm
4
(Not
needed for this problem)

I
yy
=b
3
h/12 = (20)
3
(10) /12 = 6667 mm
4


x-max =20/2 =10 mm (for location A)

b) Applied load, F =-20kN
Bending Moment, M
y
= (20,000)(50) =1x10
6
N.mm

c) Axial compression stress,
zz
=F/A = -20,000/200 =100 N/mm
2
= -100 MPa

Bending stress,
zz
=(M
y
) (x-max) / I
yy
= (1x10
6
)(10) / 6667
= 1500 N/mm
2
= 1500 MPa

d) (A) Stress, -A =
compression
+
bending
= -100 + 1500 = 1400 MPa

(B) Stress, -B =
compression
= -100 MPa



100 mm
Y
X
A
B
10 mm
20 mm
40 mm
20KN
Z