20

J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014

Design of STBC- Multiband Ultra-Wideband
(UWB) System by Using DWT with Three
Transmit Antennas


Abstract - In this paper Outage performance is investigated for space-time block coded multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
ultra-wideband systems STBC MB-OFDM UWB. The design of STBC MB-OFDM UWB systems, with three transmit and single receive
antennas, with the goal of achieving 1 Gbps data rate. We study the performance of these systems with different channel models schemes.
The new proposed structures for the STBC-MB-UWB system based on wavelet transform (DWT) depends on the transmitted signal that
generated by space time block coding matrix (G3)at the transmitter side, and the inverse of STBC matrix(G3) at the receiver side. The results
extracted by a computer simulation for a single user. These STBC-MB-UWB systems were modeled using MATLAB V7.10 for the two types of
the transform FFT and DWT (Wavelet Transform) are considered to allow various parameters of the system to be varied and tested. The
simulations results, and evaluation tests of these proposed systems (Bit Error Rate (BERs)) and the operating range of these systems are
obtained using frequency domain baseband simulations as well as more realistic full-system simulations. The results of all systems in the four
types of channels (CM1, CM2.CM4) will be examined and compared. Finally, Simulation results show that the STBC MB-OFDM UWB
systems with Discrete Wavelets Transform DWT provide significant gains for 1 Gbps transmission over MB-OFDM UWB systems using
conventional method with Fast Fourier transform FFT. The simulation results are presented to support the theoretical analysis..

Index Terms: UWB, CM1.. CM4, multiband, OFDM, .
1. INTRODUCTION
After the FCC allowed the use of UWB transmitters in the 3.1
to 10.6 GHz (requiring that the transmitters limit their EIRP
to -41.25 dBm/MHz [1]), the industry has moved from the
impulse radio paradigm towards other physical layer
options. Although the impulse radio techniques have many
advantages for the low rate and/or military applications, for
commercial high data rate Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPANs) other modulation/transmission schemes have
proved to be more attractive. One of the most popular
approaches to UWB system design is the Multi-Band
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM)
[2][3]. This approach has received wide industry support
and has been adopted by many industry alliances such as
[4][5] and standardized by ECMA in December 2005 as a
high-rate UWB PHY and MAC standard [6]. The highest
physical layer (PHY) data rate in the current MB-OFDM
specification [3] is only 480Mbps. This data rate cannot meet
the requirements of future wireless applications, such as
wireless High Definition (HD) video streaming. Thus, the
next generation MB-OFDM UWB systems target more than
1Gbps PHY data rates. In order to achieve such high data
rates, new modulation and coding techniques are needed.
The Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is a
promising solution, since it can increase channel capacity
greatly under rich scattering scenarios. The MIMO technique
has been adopted in many wireless systems such as the IEEE
802.11n Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) [7]. It is
likely that the next generation UWB systems will employ the
MIMO technique as well as precoding techniques. The
MIMO technique is used to increase the data rate, while the
precoding techniques are used to achieve frequency domain
diversity which leads to improved system performance [11].
Outage probability is an important performance measure in
wireless communication systems, and is usually defined as
the probability of unsatisfactory signal reception. The outage
analysis for multiple-antenna systems is always performed
under assumptions of Rayleigh, Rice or Nakagami fading
channels [12, 13]. However, for the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB
channel model [11], which further considers the log-normal
shadowing effect, few results have ever appeared according
to our best knowledge. In this paper, recent advances in high
speed electronics and novel UWB antenna designs have
resulted in a fresh look of UWB systems. The first generation
of commercial UWB systems will be based on -UWB and
multiband OFDM. On the other hand, the application of the
wavelet packets to wireless systems has been studied in a
wide variety of forms [4]. Those studies have shown to
provide good performance against time-varying fading
channels and narrowband interference rejection as wavelet
waveforms have low sidelobes [15]. Those properties make
WPs a very attractive design alternative for UWB
applications. Hence, we propose a novel multi-channel
modulation scheme for UWB transmissions based on the
Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete wavelet transform
DWT combined with spread spectrum and multiband
approaches, as analogous to multicarrier CDMA and
multiband OFDM. Thus, two possible structures are studied,
namely multiband DWT multiplexing and DWT-CDMA
multiplexing [16-18]. Indeed, the proposed techniques divide
UWB channels into a set of parallel channels. Exploiting the
properties of wavelet packets in time and frequency, a set of
multi-channel basis functions can be formed such that the
corresponding channel-output functions remain nearly
orthogonal for any UWB channel. Multiple accesses are
introduced in the form of a time-frequency hopping code
(similar to multiband OFDM) [19-21]. The remaining of this
paper is organized as follows. Section 2, briefly describes the
MB-OFDM UWB system. Section 3, Provides the details of
the system model and modulation schemes used to achieve
528 Mbps data rate and signal model. Section 4 presents the
simulation results obtained using different simulation
settings, and the conclusions are drawn in Section 5.
2. MULTI-BAND UWB SYSTEM
A multiband OFDM system devides the spectrum between
3.1 to 10.6 GHz into several non-overlapping subbands each
one occupying approximately 500 MHZ of bandwidth [2].
Information is transmitted using OFDM modulation over
one of the subbands in a particular time-slot. The
transmitter architecture for the multiband OFDM system is
very similar to that of a conventional wireless OFDM
system. The main difference is that multiband OFDM
system uses a time-frequency code (TFC) to select the center
Murad O. Abed Helo
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
frequency of different subbands which is used not only to
provide frequency diversity but also to distinguish between
multiple users (see figure 1 a). Different puncturing
patterns of a 1/3 convolutional mother code combined with
time and/or frequency repetition, generate ten data rates
from 55 Mbps to 480 Mbps. One OFDM symbol has
duration of 312.5 ns and a bandwidth of 528 MHz. A 128
point IFFT or IDWT is used along with a cyclic prefix (CP)
length of 60.6 ns to modulate 122 subcarriers among which
100 subcarriers are allocated to data, 64 subcarriers are used
for frame synchronization and 10 subcarriers provide 9.5 ns
of guard interval for switching between subbands. Here, we
consider multiband OFDM in its mandatory mode ie.
employing 3 first subbands. More details about multiband
OFDM system parameters and its advantages for UWB
transmission can be found in [2] [4]. This preamble is used
for time and frequency synchronization. After the time
domain preamble, a frequency domain training sequence is
transmitted. This sequence, which is repeated 6 times, is
employed for channel estimation. This means that in the TFI
mode two copies of the frequency domain sequence are
available for the channel estimation in each band. The
frequency domain training sequence as well as the header
and the data that follows it are generated using an OFDM
modulation scheme with N = 128 sub-carriers. Instead of a
more traditional cyclic prefix, each symbol (including the
preamble and training sequences) is padded with NZP = 33
zeros. Within each OFDM symbol, 61 sub-carriers are used
for data transmission and 64 are used for pilot symbols.
Also, 10 sub-carriers (five on each edge) are used as guard
sub-carriers. The data from the adjacent sub-carriers is
copied on these sub-carriers. On each data sub-carrier, the
data is modulated either using QPSK.
2.1. UWB Channel Model
We have modeled the multipath channel using the model
provided in [1]. This is the channel model adopted for use
in the IEEE 802.15.3a standardization Task Group. This
model is similar to the Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) multi-cluster
model [8]. Each cluster has an exponential decay profile.
The overall power of each of the clusters also exponentially
decays with time. The difference between this adopted
model and the SV model is that instead of a Rayleigh
distribution for the coefficient of each path, a log-normal
distribution is used. To model the shadowing effects, the
overall gain of each channel realization is also modulated
by another log-normal shadowing coefficient. As given in
[11], four different sets of parameters (referred to as CM1
through CM4) are available. These models (parameter sets)
are chosen to represent different channel conditions in
typical usage scenarios. CM1 describes a LOS (line-of sight)
scenario with a separation between transmitter and receiver
of less than 4m. CM2 describes the same range, but for a
non-LOS situation. CM3 describes a non-LOS scenario for
distances between T
X
and R
X
4-10m. Scenario 4 finally
describes an environment with strong delay dispersion,
resulting in a delay spread of 25ns. Note that, when using
the model, the total average received power of the
multipath realizations is typically normalized to unity in
order to provide a fair comparison with other wideband
and narrowband systems. The channel characteristics and
corresponding parameter matching results in Table 1
correspond to a time resolution of 167 psec, although the
output of the model described in the appendix yields
continuous time samples (i.e., based upon an infinite
bandwidth). How this model matches measurements with
bandwidths greater than 6 GHz is unknown due to the lack
of measurement data at this bandwidth.
Table 1: Multipath channel target characteristics and model
parameters.[11]
Target Channel
Characteristics
CM 1 CM 2 CM 3 CM 4

m
[ns] (Mean excess delay)
5.05 10.38 14.18

rms
[ns] (rms delay spread)
5.28 8.03 14.28 25
NP
10dB
(number of paths within
10 dB of the strongest path)
35
NP (85%) (number of paths that
capture 85% of channel energy)
24 36.1 61.54
Model Parameters
[1/nsec] (cluster arrival rate) 0.0233 0.4 0.067 0.067
[1/nsec] (ray arrival rate) 2.5 0.5 2.1 2.1
(cluster decay factor) 7.1 5.5 14.00 24.00
(ray decay factor) 4.3 6.7 7.9 12

1
[dB] (stand. dev. of cluster
lognormal fading term in dB)
3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

2
[dB] (stand. dev. of ray
lognormal fading term in dB)
3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

x
[dB] (stand. dev. of
lognormal fading term for total
multipath realizations in dB)
3 3 3 3
Model Characteristics

m

5.0 9.9 15.9 30.1

rms

5 8 15 25
NP
10dB
12.5 15.3 24.9 41.2
NP (85%) 20.8 33.9 64.7 123.3
Channel energy mean [dB] -0.4 -0.5 0.0 0.3
Channel energy std dev. [dB] 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.7
In [1], Snow et al provided some information-theoretic
performance measures of MB-OFDM for UWB
communications from the aspect of outage capacity and
cutoff rates. To estimate the performance of MB-UWB
systems with multiple antennas, we also use the calculation
of outage capacity of UWB channels and get a rough picture
of the data rates that can be achieved. We assume that the
multipath channels for different antenna pairs are
statistically independent. For the multipath block fading
channels, the outage capacity is the theoretical limit which
shows the highest achievable data rate at certain outage
error rate. For the multi-band OFDM systems, because of
the frequency-hopping feature, there are a total of 300 data
sub-carriers that must be averaged to calculate the average
capacity:
) . det( log
180
1
2 180
1 ^
=
+ =
i i
t i
Nr av
H H
N
SNR
I C (1)
where Cav is the average capacity, Hi is the channel matrix
on the i-th subcarrier, and Nt and Nr are the number of
transmit and receive antennas, respectively. The outage
probability Pout associated with a target rate R is defined as
Pout = Pr (Cav < R). For example, if we set the outage
probability to 0.1, we can determine the target rate R
corresponding to this channel outage. The maximum data
rate theoretically attainable at PER = 0.1 can be estimated as
Rdata = R W Rc, where R is the outage capacity (in
bits/s/Hz), W is the bandwidth, and Rc is the code rate.
Using independent realizations of the CM2 channel model
[1], we have calculated outage capacity at PER = 0.1 for all
possible antenna formations. We can see that at medium
SNR, (Tx and Rx) system can provide double the data rate
that can be achieved by the (Tx and Rx) system with the
same bandwidth. Also, (Tx and Rx) system has certain
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
advantage over the (Tx and Rx) system from the capacity
point of view. Therefore, UWB system with multiple
antennas is a good candidate to increase the date rate up to
1 Gbps with the fixed 1 Gbps bandwidth.
2.2. Simulation Environment
To simulate the behavior of the above systems in multipath
environment, we have generated the UWB channel using
independent realizations of the models provided in [12],
which can be re-sampled and converted to the baseband
frequency domain channel coefficients. This assumes that
the channels are independent, i.e. sufficient multipath exists
and antennas are separated in space by at least one
wavelength. Furthermore, the power of the channel
coefficients is normalized, i.e., it has been assumed that
shadowing does not exist. Also, the effect of increased path
loss at higher frequency band has not been taken into
account. These simple simulations have been used to
compare different modulation options. A full system-level
simulation model, including real world impairments, has
also been set-up to evaluate the performance of the most
promising systems in this paper. The transmitter includes a
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) operating at 1GHz, an
analog filter to remove signal images, and a mixer to up-
convert the signal to the desired frequency at each transmit
antenna. For each receive antenna, the analog front-end in
the receiver includes a mixer to bring the signal down to
baseband, a filter to reduce out-of-band signal and an AGC-
ADC (Automatic Gain Control - Analog to Digital
Converter) loop to adjust gain and to digitize the signal.
The base-band module processes the ADC output data to
detect the burst and to correct for frequency and timing
errors. It then processes the frequency domain preamble to
estimate the channel, which is used to equalize the header
and payload symbols. The equalized data is then demapped
to generate to the header symbols. The payload symbols are
processed based on the parameters decoded from the
Header symbols. In all simulations, the Packet Error Rate
(PER) performance is calculated using the average PER for
all channel realizations. The performance is measured at
PER = 0.1 [21].
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
The block diagrams of the proposed systems for MB-UWB
are depicted in Figure (1) and (2).These Figures illustrates a
typical MB-UWB system used for Multicarrier modulation.
In the conceptual block diagram of a MB-UWB, suppose the
data packet dn generated at a rate of Rs, is a stream of serial
data to be transmitted using this scheme of modulation. The
receiver is based upon a square-law detector followed by a
low-pass filter and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
with built-in track and hold circuit. Figure (2) shows the
block schematic diagram of this UWB receiver. A low-pass
filter with 1 GHz cut-off frequency (rise time 350 ps)
performs averaging of the square-law detector output
signal. After 20 dB of amplification, the signal with a track
and hold circuit with 1 GHz bandwidth is required. The
amplified detector signals of 20 mV (10 LSB) will ensure
reliable detection. Each data packet convert the data
streams from serial to parallel form to construct a one
dimensional vector contains the data symbols to be
transmitted as shown:
T
L
d d d d d ) ....... (
1 2 1 0
= (2)
Where, L is the packet length. Each serial-to-parallel
converted data symbols. As a result each data symbol
becomes a vector with L bits. So, a matrix D of size L by L is
obtained. Then each column of the matrix D converts to
serial data using parallel-to-serial converter. The same
procedure illustrated in [14] will be used with each
converted serial data.
The transmitted baseband signal of user k is written as:

= =
=
M
m n
N
u
c m m k c k
uT nT t f n d E t S
1 0 1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( (3)
where k=1, ..., K, K is the active user number; dk(n)
corresponding to the BPSK complex signal denotes the nth
data symbol of the kth user, and {dk(n)} are assumed to be
independent, identically distributed (i.i.d) with equal
probability, and Tb is the symbols period. The chip period
Tc, corresponds to the minimum orthogonal shifting
defined in complex wavelet packet; Ec is the mean energy
over a chip. So the sub-carrier symbol period T=MTc,,M, is
the number of sub-carriers [13]. The OFDM based on DWT
will be used, from OFDM encoder throughout generation
and insertion of Pilot carriers [12], the OFDM modulation
using IDWT and the addition of the cyclic prefix. This is
followed by sequences insertion, parallel to serial
conversion for transmitter and then the channel effect for
transmitted sequence is added. The received additive
sequences in receiver antenna are passed through serial to
parallel conversion and sequence separation. After this step
each sequence discarded the cyclic prefix and inter to
OFDM demodulator that use the DWT where after, the zero
padding is removed from each sequence and the training
sequence will be used to estimate the channel transfer
function, h(t) using :
) (
) (
) (
k H
k Y
k X
e
p
e
= k=0,1,.,N-1 (4)
For each received sequence [13].
We assume that the wireless channel from transmitter
antenna to receive antenna experience independent, slow
time-varying frequency selective Rayleigh fading, whereas
every sub-carrier channel is considered to be flat and slow
fading [15]. So the impulse response of mth subcarrier
channel from transmit antenna to the receive antenna for
user k can be repressed as
) ( ) exp( ) (
, , , , k m k m k k m k m k
t j t h c o | o c o | = = (5)
Where
m k,
o and
m k
j
,
| denote the amplitude and phase of
m k,
| respectively are i.i.d uniform variables in the interval
[0,2] for different k, m. So at the receiver, after down
converting to baseband, the received signal from receive
antenna can be written can be written by:

=
+ - =
K
k
m k k k
t n t h t t S t r
1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

= =

= =
=
K
k
M
m n
N
u
m k c
n d E
1 1 0 1
,
) ( (6)

) ( ) (
,
t n t uT nT t f
m k k k c m
+ | c

Where n(t) is AWGN noise terms with double sided power
spectrum density N/2 and zero mean. Single-path delay k
is i.i.d. for different k and uniforms in [0,Tc],and tk is the
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
time misalignment of user k with respect to the reference
user at the receiver which is i.i.d for different k and
uniforms in [0, Ts.].

}
=
=
N
v
Tc
l c
c
l l l i
dt vT iT t f v c t r Y
1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( c

}
= =

= =
=
K
k
M
m n
N
u
Tc
k k c m m k c
t uT nT t f n d E
1 1 0 1
,
) ( ) ( c
q | c + dt v c t uT nT t f
k m k l k c
c
l
) ( ) (
,
(7)
Since cross-correlation functions of the optimized
Multiwavelets packets satisfy equation
) ( ) ( ) ( n l m nT R
c
lm
f
o o = therefore the interference from same
sub-carrier and same user k=1, interference from other sub-
carrier and same user will equal zero. The desired output is

}
=
+ =
N
v
Tc
l c
n
l l i l i c i
dt vT iT t f t n i Nd E Y
1
, ,
} ) ( ) ( ) ( { c |
(8)

































3-1 A FAST COMPUTATION METHOD OF DWT
ALGORITHMS
Under the reconstruction condition ( )
}
= + 0 dt t , the
continuously labeled basis functions (wavelets), ( ) t
k j,
+
behave in the wavelet analysis and synthesis just like an
orthonormal basis. By appropriately discretizing the time-
scale parameters, t , s, and choosing the right mother
wavelet, ( ) t + , it is possible to obtain a true orthonormal
basis. The natural way is to discretize the scaling variable s
in a logarithmic manner ( )
j
s s

=
0
and to use Nyguist
sampling rule, based on the spectrum of function x (t), to
discretize t at any given scale ( ) T s k
j

0

= t . The resultant
wavelet functions are then as follows:
( ) ( )
0 0
2
0 ,
t k t s s t
j j
k j
+ = +
(1)
If s0 is close enough to one and if T is small enough, then
the wavelet functions are over-complete and signal
reconstruction takes place within non-restrictive conditions
on ( ) t + . On the other hand, if the sampling is sparse, e.g.,
the computation is done octave by octave (s0 = 0), a true
orthonormal basis will be obtained only for very special
choices of ( ) t + . Based on the assumption that wavelet
functions are orthonormal:
Figure (1): (b) UWB transmitter and Receiver[10]
Fig.(1) (a) Block Diagram of a STBC-MB-UWB system
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
( ) ( )

= =
= + +
}
otherwise
n k and m j if
dt t t
n m k j
0
1
, ,
(2)

For discrete time cases, (2.8) is generally used with s0 = 2,
the computation is done octave by octave. In this case, the
basis for a wavelet expansion system is generated from
simple scaling and translation. The generating wavelet or
mother wavelet, represented by ( ) t + , results in the
following two-dimensional parameterization of ( ) t
k j,
+ .
( ) ( ) 2 2
2
,
k t t
j j
k j
+ = + (3)
The
2
2
j
factor in (2.9) normalizes each wavelet to maintain
a constant norm independent of scale j. In this case, the
discretizing period in t is normalized to one and is
assumed that it is the same as the sampling period of the
discrete signal ( )
-j
2 k = t . All useful wavelet systems satisfy
the multiresolution conditions. In this case, the lower
resolution coefficients can be calculated from the higher
resolution coefficients by a tree-structured algorithm called
filter-bank [30]. In wavelet transform literatures; this
approach is referred to as discrete wavelet transform
(DWT).
3.1.1 The Scaling Function
The multiresolution idea is better understood by using
a function represented by ( ) t u and referred to as scaling
function. A two-dimensional family of functions is
generated, similar to (3), from the basic scaling function by
[30]:
( ) ( ) k t t
j j
k j
u = u 2 2
2
,
(4)
Any continuous function, f(t), can be represented, at a given
resolution or scale j0, by a sequence of coefficients given by
the expansion:
( ) | | ( )

u =
k
k j j j
t k f t f
,
0 0 0
(5)
In other words, the sequence | | k x
j
0
is the set of samples of
the continuous function x(t) at resolution j0 . Higher values
of j correspond to higher resolution. Discrete signals are
assumed samples of continuous signals at known scales or
resolutions. In this case, it is not possible to obtain
information about higher resolution components of that
signal. It is however, desired to use the given samples to
obtain the lower resolution representation of the same
signal. This can be achieved by imposing some properties
on the scaling functions. The main required property is the
nesting of the spanned spaces by the scaling functions. In
other words, for any integer j, the functional space spanned
by [31]:
( ) { } , 2 , 1 ;
,
e u k for t
k j
(6)
Should be a subspace of the functional space spanned by:
( ) { } , 2 , 1 ;
, 1
e u
+
k for t
k j
(7)
The nesting of the space spanned by ( ) k t
j
u 2 is achieved
by requiring that ( ) t u be represented by the space spanned
by ( ) t 2 u . In this case, the lower resolution function, ( ) t u ,
can be expressed by a weighted sum of shifted version of
the same scaling function at the next higher resolution,
( ) t 2 u , as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 k t k h t
k
u = u

(8)
The set of coefficients ( ) k h being the scaling function
coefficients and 2 maintains the norm of the scaling
function with scale of two. ( ) t u being the scaling function
which satisfies this equation which is sometimes called the
refinement equation, the dilation equation, or the
multiresolution analysis equation (MRA) [29-31].
3.1.2 The Wavelet Functions
The important features of a signal can better be
described or parameterized, not by using ( ) t
k j,
u and
increasing j to increase the size of the subspace spanned by
the scaling functions, but by defining a slightly different set
of functions ( ) t
k j,
+ that span the differences between the
spaces spanned by the various scales of the scaling function.
It is shown that these functions are the same wavelet
functions discussed earlier. Since it is assumed that these
wavelets reside in the space spanned by the next narrower
scaling function, they can be represented by a weighted
sum of shifted version of the scaling function ( ) t 2 u as
follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 k t k g t
k
u = +

(9)
The set of coefficients ( ) k g s is called the wavelet function
coefficients (or the wavelet filter). It is shown that the
wavelet coefficients are required by orthogonality to be
related to the scaling function coefficients by [29,31]:
( ) ( ) ( ) k h k g
n
= 1 1 (10)
One example for a finite even length-N ( ) k h
( ) ( ) ( ) k N h k g
k
= 1 1 (11)
The function generated by (9) gives the prototype or mother
wavelet ( ) t + for a class of expansion functions of the form
shown in (3).
For example the Haar scaling function is the simple unit-
width, unit-height pulse function ( ) t u shown in Fig. (2.)
[30] and it is obvious that ( ) t 2 u can be used to construct
( ) t u by:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 u + u = u t t t (12)
which means (8) is satisfied for coefficients ( ) 2 1 0 = h ,
( ) 2 1 1 = h .
The Haar wavelet function that is associated with the
scaling function in Fig. (2a) are shown in Fig. (2.b). For Haar
wavelet, the coefficients in (12) are ( ) 2 1 0 = g ,
( ) 2 1 1 = g .






Fig. (2): (a) Haar Scaling Function, (b) Haar wavelet function.
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
Any function ( ) t f could be written as a series expansion in
terms of the scaling function and wavelets by [31]:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


=

=
+ + u =
0
0 0
, ,
j j k
k j j
k
k j j
t k b t k a t f (13)
In this expansion, the first summation gives a function that
is a low resolution or coarse approximation of f(t) at scale j
0

. For each increasing j in the second summation, a higher or
finer resolution function is added, which adds increasing
details. The choice of j0 sets the coarsest scale whose space
is spanned by ( ) t
k j .
0
u . The rest of the function is spanned by
the wavelets providing the high-resolution details of the
function. The set of coefficients in the wavelet expansion
represented by (13) is called the discrete wavelet transform
(DWT) of the function f(t).
These wavelet coefficients, under certain conditions, can
completely describe the original function, and in a way
similar to Fourier series coefficients, can be used for
analysis, description, approximation, and filtering. If the
scaling function is well behaved, then at a high scale,
samples of the signal are very close to the scaling
coefficients. In order to work directly with the wavelet
transform coefficients, one should present the relationship
between the expansion coefficients at a given scale in terms
of those at one scale higher. This relationship is especially
practical by noting the fact that the original signal is usually
unknown and only a sampled version of the signal at a
given resolution is available. As mentioned before, for well-
behaved scaling or wavelet functions, the samples of a
discrete signal can approximate the highest achievable
scaling coefficients.
It is shown that the scaling and wavelet coefficients at scale j
are related to the scaling coefficients at scale (j + 1) by the
following two relations.
( ) ( ) ( )
+
=
m
j j
m a k m h k a
1
2
(14)
( ) ( ) ( )
+
=
m
j j
m b k m g k b
1
2
(15)
The implementation of equations (14) and (15) is illustrated
in Fig.(3). In this figure, two levels of decomposition are
depicted. h and g are low-pass and high-pass filters
corresponding to the coefficients ( ) n h and ( ) n g
respectively. The down-pointing arrows denote a
decimation or down-sampling by two. This splitting,
filtering and decimation can be repeated on the scaling
coefficients to give the two-scale structure. The first stage of
two banks divides the spectrum of
k j
a
, 1
into a low-pass
and high-pass band, resulting in the scaling coefficients and
wavelet coefficients at lower scale
k j
a
,
and
k j
b
,
. The second
stage then divides that low-pass band into another lower
low-pass band and a band-pass band.








For computing fast discrete wavelet transform (FDWT)
consider the following transformation matrix for length-2:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
g g
g g
g g
h h
h h
h h
T








(16)
and the following transformation matrix for length-4:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2
3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2
0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0
g g g g
g g g g
g g g g
g g g g
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
T

(17)
Here blank entries signify zeros. By examining the
transform matrices of the scalar wavelet as shown in
equations (16) and (17) respectively, one can see that, the
first row generates one component of the data convolved
with the low-pass filter coefficients ( ( ) 0 h , ( ) 1 h , ).
Likewise the second, third, and other upper half rows. The
lower half rows perform a different convolution, with high
pass filter coefficients ( ( ) 0 g , ( ) 1 g , ). The action of the
matrix, is thus to perform two related convolutions, then to
decimate each of them by half (throw away half the values),
and interleave the remaining halves.
By using (11), the transform matrices become:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
h h
h h
h h
h h
h h
h h
T








(18)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2
0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
T

(19)
It is useful to think of the filter ( ( ) 0 h , ( ) 1 h , ( ) 2 h , ( ) 3 h ) as
being a smoothing filter, H, something like a moving
average of four points. Then, because of the minus signs,
the filter ( ( ) 3 h , ( ) 2 h , ( ) 1 h , ( ) 0 h , ), G, is not a smoothing
filter. In signal processing contexts, H and G are called
Quadrature mirror filters. In fact, the ( ) n h s are chosen so as
to make G yield, insofar as possible, a zero response to a
sufficiently smooth data vector. This results in the output of
H, decimated by half accurately representing the datas
smooth information. The output of G, also decimated, is
referred to as the datas detail information.
Fig. (3): The filter bank for calculating the wavelet
coefficients.
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
For such characterization to be useful, it must be possible to
reconstruct the original data vector of length N from its
N/2 smooth and its N/2 detail. That is affected by
requiring the matrices to be orthogonal, so that its inverse is
just the transposed matrix:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
2
h h
h h
h h
h h
h h
h h
T






(20)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0
0 3 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 0
0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3
0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0
2
h h h h
h h h h
h h
h h
h h
h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
T









(21)
For a length-2 ( ) n h , there are no degrees of freedom left
after satisfying the following requirements [89,140]:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
)

= +
= +
1 1 0
2 1 0
2 2
h h
h h
(22)
which are uniquely satisfied be:
( ) ( ) { }
)
`

= =
2
1
,
2
1
1 , 0
2
h h h
D
(23)
These are the Haar scaling function coefficients, which are
also the length-2 Daubechies coefficients.
For the length-4 coefficients sequence, there is one degree of
freedom or one parameter which gives all the coefficients
that satisfies the required conditions [74-78]:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= +
= + + +
= + + +
0 3 1 2 0
1 3 2 1 0
2 3 2 1 0
2 2 2 2
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
(24)
Letting the parameter be the angleo , the coefficients
become
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

=
+ =
+ + =
+ =
2 2 sin cos 1 3
2 2 sin cos 1 2
2 2 sin cos 1 1
2 2 sin cos 1 0
o o
o o
o o
o o
h
h
h
h
(25)
These equations give length-2 Haar coefficients of equation
(21) for 2 3 , 2 , 0 t t o = and length-4 Daubechies coefficients
for 3 t o = . These Daubechies-4 coefficients have a
particularly clean form:

+ +
=
2 4
3 1
,
2 4
3 3
,
2 4
3 3
,
2 4
3 1
4 D
h (26)
The structure of a one-dimensional DWT is shown in
Fig. (4). ( ) n X is the 1-D input signal. ( ) n h and ( ) n g are the
analysis lowpass and highpass filters which, split the input
signal into two subbands: lowpass and highpass. The
lowpass and highpass subbands are then downsampled
generating ( ) n X
L
and ( ) n X
H
respectively.









The up sampled signals are filtered by the
corresponding synthesis lowpass ( ) n h
~
and highpass ( ) n g
~

filters and then added to reconstruct the original signal.
Note that the filters in the synthesis stage, are not necessary
the same as those in the analysis stage. For an orthogonal
filter bank, ( ) n h
~
and ( ) n g
~
are just the time reversals of ( ) n h
and ( ) n g respectively [33].
To compute a single level FDWT for 1-D signal the
next step should be followed:
1. Checking input dimensions: Input vector should be of
length N, where N must be power of two.
2. Construct a transformation matrix: using
transformation matrices given in (18) and (19).
3. Transformations of input vector, which can be done by
apply matrix multiplication to the NN constructed
transformation matrix by the N1 input vector.
3.1.3- Computation of IFDWT for 1-D Signal:
To compute a single level IFDWT for 1-D signal the next
step should be followed:
1. Let X be the Nx1 wavelet transformed vector.
2. Construct NxN reconstruction matrix, T2, using
transformation matrices given in (20) and (21).
3. Reconstruction of input vector, which can be done by
apply matrix multiplication to the NxN reconstruction
matrix, T2, by the Nx1 wavelet transformed vector.
3.2 Signal model of Three Transmit and One Receive
Antenna
At a given symbol period, three signals are transmitted
simultaneously from three transmit antennas. The signal
transmitted from antenna one (Tx1) is denoted by S1, the
signal from antenna two (Tx2) by S2 and the signal from
antenna three (Tx3) by S3. This process will go on in the
same manner until transmitting the last row of the G
3

transmission matrix as given in equation (27). This matrix
has a rate of half (1/2) and is used as STBC encoder to
transmit any complex signal constellations. The encoding,
mapping and transmission of the STBC can be summarized
in Table 2.






Fig. (4): Analysis and Synthesis stages of a 1-D single level DWT.
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
Table 2: Encoding and mapping of STBC for three transmit
antennas using complex signals







For the four transmit and one receive antenna system, the
channel coefficients are modeled by a complex
multiplicative distortions, h
1
for the first transmit antenna,
h
2
for the second transmit antenna and h
3
for the third
transmit antenna. The channel coefficients explained above
are summarized in Table 3.


(27)

Table 3: Three transmit and one receive channel coefficients





Assuming the fading is constant over the four
consecutive symbols and then channel coefficients can be
represented as
(28)


The receiver in this case will receive eight different
signals in eight different time slots. The received signals can
be represented as





(29)



The combiner in Figure (1) builds the following three
combined signals



(30)

4. SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED
MB-UWB SYSTEMS:
In this section the simulation of the proposed MB-UWB
Systems in MATLAB R2010a are achieved. In this part, we
used Rayleigh's distribution method to simulate the effect
of antenna selection for ultra-wide band system. Under
CM1-CM4 channel model, we suppose that the transmitting
completely understood the channel condition information.
And system used DWT STBC-MB-UWB, exploited BPSK
map, an OFDM symbol had 180 subcarriers. Table (2) shows
the parameters of the system that are used in the
simulation; the bandwidth used was 1GHz and carrier
frequency 4.2 GHz using Daubechies-4 coefficients for
Discrete Wavelet DWT with level two.
Table 2: Simulation Parameters
DWT-MB- UWB DFT-MB- UWB
DWT FFT Multicarrier Types
QPSK QPSK Modulation Types
1GHz 1GHz Bandwidth
128 128 Number of sub-carriers
128 128 Size of packet
Db4 with 1 and 2 level Wavelet type
CM1 CM1
Channel model
CM2 CM2
CM3 CM3
CM4 CM4

4.1. Performance of MB-UWB in CM1 Channel model:
Simulations are done utilizing the IEEE 802.15.3a multi-path
channel [11] to obtain a detection probability over SNR. The
probability of detection becomes about 0.5 when SNR is
27dB in the IEEE 802.15.3a CM1 and CM4. The channel
models consist of AWGN, IEEE 802.15.3a CM1 (Residential
LOS) with a parameter shown table (1). In this section, the
channel is modeled as CM1 for wide range of SNR from
0dB to 40dB. Simulation result of the proposed STBC-MB-
UWB Systems is simulated as shown in Figure (1) which
gives the BER performance of STBC-MB-UWB Systems in
CM1 channel model. It is shown clearly that the STBC-MB-
UWB Based on DWT is much better than STBC-MB-UWB
systems based on FFT. This is a reflection to the fact that the
orthogonal bases of the wavelets is much significant than
the orthogonal bases used in FFT. From Figure (5) it can be
seen that for BER=10
-4
the SNR required for STBC-MB-UWB
Based on DWT about 6.5dB,8dB and 12dB for 1,2 and 3
antennas and for STBC-MB-UWB Based on FFT have
26.5dB, 30dB and 33.5dB respectively, therefore a gain of
20dB for the DWT against FFT. As shown in Figure (5) it
was found that the DWT- STBC-MB-UWB is outperform
significantly other than other systems for this channel
model.




1
2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3
3 3 3 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
j
j
j
h t h t T h h e
h t h t T h h e
h t h t T h h e
u
u
u
= + = =
= + = =
= + = =
1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 1 2 2 1 3 4 2
3 1 3 2 4 3 1 3
4 1 4 2 3 3 2 4
5 1 1 2 2 3 3 5
6 1 2 2 1 3 4 6
7 1 3 2 4 3 1 7
8 1 4 2 3 3 2 8
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
r h s h s h s n
= + + +
= + +
= + + +
= + +
= + + +
= + +
= + + +
= + +

1
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 5 2 6 3 7
2
2 1 1 2 3 4 2 5 1 6 3 8
3
3 1 1 3 2 4 3 5 1 7 2 8
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
s h r h r h r h r h r h r
s h r h r h r h r h r h r
s h r h r h r h r h r h r
= + + + + +
= + + +
= +

1
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 5 2 6 3 7
2
2 1 1 2 3 4 2 5 1 6 3 8
3
3 1 1 3 2 4 3 5 1 7 2 8
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
s h r h r h r hr h r h r
s h r h r h r h r hr h r
s h r h r h r h r hr h r
= + + + + +
= + + +
= +
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014























4.2. Performance of MB-UWB in CM2 Channel model:
In this type of channel, the signal affected by the flat fading
with addition to AWGN; in this case all the frequency
components in the signal will be effect by a constant
attenuation and linear phase distortion of the channel,
which has been chosen to have a Rayleigh's distribution of
IEEE 802.15.3a CM2 with a parameter shown table (1). From
Figure (6) it can be seen that for BER=10
-4
the SNR required
for STBC-MB-UWB Based on DWT about 8dB,9dB and 12dB
for STBC-MB-UWB Based on DWT with using 1,2 and 3
antennas and FFT have 30dB,33dB and 37dB respectively,
therefore a gain of 21.5dB for the DWT against STBC-MB-
UWB Based on FFT. As shown in Figure (5) it was found
that the DWT- STBC-MB-UWB is outperform significantly
than other systems for this channel model.

























4.3. Performance of MB-UWB in CM3 Channel model:
In this section, the channel model is assumed to be IEEE
802.15.3a CM3, where the parameters of the channel in this
case as shown in table (1). That BER performance of MB-
UWB Based on DWT, DWT and FFT are shown in Figure
(7). It was clearly that BER performance of MB-UWB Based
on DWT is better than STBC-MB-UWB Based on DWT and
FFT. The STBC-MB-UWB Based on DWT has BER
performance 10
-4
at SNR=9.5dB, 12dB and 15dB for STBC-
MB-UWB DWT and STBC-MB-UWB Based on FFT have the
same BER performance at 33.5dB.
From the above results it can be concluded that the MB-
UWB Based on DWT is most significant than the
conventional systems (FFT based STBC-MB-UWB) and DWT
based STBC-MB-UWB in this channel model CM3 that have
been assumed.

















4.4 Performance of MB-UWB in CM4 Channel model
In this section, the channel model is assumed to be selective
fading channel of IEEE 802.15.3a CM4, where the
parameters of the channel shown in table (1). The BER
performance of proposed system and conventional systems
was shown in Figure (8). From this figure, it is clearly that
proposed system (STBC-MB-UWB Based on DWT) is better
than STBC-MB-UWB Based on FFT. The MB-UWB Based on
DWT has BER performance 10
-4
at SNR=13dB,15dB and
19dB for STBC-MB-UWB based on DWT for 1,2 and 3
antennas and the same BER performance at 35.5dB,38.5dB
and 45dB for STBC-MB-UWB Based on FFT.


















From the above results it can be concluded that the MB-
UWB Based on DWT was most significant than the
conventional systems (FFT based MB-UWB) in the different
channel models that have been assumed in these
simulations.
Figure 5: BER performance of STBC-MB-UWB System in CM1
channel model
Figure 6: BER performance of STBC-MB-UWB System in CM2
channel model
Figure 7: BER performance of STBC-MB-UWB System in
CM3 channel model
Figure 8: BER performance of STBC-MB-UWB System in CM4
channel model
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J OURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 25, ISSUE 1, MAY 2014
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we investigate the performance of the STBC-
MB-UWB based on DWT systems under IEEE 802.15.3a
UWB channel models CM1-CM4, in which the multipath
effect is considered. Based on the obtained results, we can
see that the STBC-MB-UWB system with based on DWT
with three antennas provides the best performance compare
with the same systems designed using FFT in the different
channel models that have been assumed in this paper. The
Simulations results proved that the proposed design
achieved much lower bit error rates and better performance
than FFT- STBC-MB-UWB and assuming reasonable choice
of the bases function and method of computations and the
use of multiple antennas at the transmitter enhances the
system spectral efficiency and supports better error rate and
these benefits come at no extra cost of bandwidth. The
improvements are about 20dB over FFT systems in all type
UWB channel. In terms of performance, this method using
DWT and STBC cans double the data rate while keeping the
same transmission range in a new STBC-MB-UWB system.
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Murad O. Abed Helo (Member IEEE) was born in Babylon-1962, Iraq.
He received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the
University of Baghdad (1984)-Iraq, M.Sc. degrees in Electronics
Engineering from the University of Technology-Iraq in 2002. Since 2004,
he has been with the University of Babylon-Iraq, where he is lecturer in
Electrical Engineering Department. His research interests include,
Image processing, wireless communications and intelligent system.