Packaging in A Multivariate Conceptual Design Synthesis of The BWB Aircraf

Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Packaging in a Multivariate Conceptual Design
Synthesis of a BWB Aircraft
Paul Okonkwo
Co-Author:
Prof Howard Smith
Craneld University
June 3, 2014
Paul Okonkwo ICAAE June 5-6, 2014 New York 1/28
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
1
Introduction
Overview of the BWB Aircraft
Aim and Objectives of Presentation
2
Packaging
Sizing
Internal Arrangement of Major Aircraft Components
Geometry Parameterisation
Interference Detection
3
Conclusion
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Scope of Presentation
1
Introduction
2
Packaging
Sizing
3
Conclusion
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Origin of the BWB Aircraft
The BWB aircraft concept originated from the desire to develop aircraft
that is:
Environmentally friendly.
Aerodynamically ecient.
Capable of conveying large payload over long ranges.
At reduced DOC.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Potentials Opportunities Oered by the BWB Aircraft
The BWB oers....
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Challenges of BWB Aircraft Design
...However, there are several challenges:
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
This presentation is derived from the development of a design tool for the
conceptual design synthesis of the BWB aircraft.
Motivation for this Presentation
Though, packaging is often not considered at the conceptual design
phase of conventional aircraft.
However, the BWB uses airfoil with non-uniform varying
cross-section.
Non-uniform cross-section increases the diculty of positioning
object within the aircraft.
Thus, the need for a packaging algorithm that allows for the ecient
use of internal space.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Aim and Objectives of this Presentation
Aim of the Presentation
The aim of this presentation is to describe the implementation of
packaging methodology within a multivariate design synthesis
optimization of a BWB aircraft.
Objectives of the Presentation
Sizing and positioning major aircraft components within the aircraft.
Parameterization of the external geometry of the BWB using Class
Shape Transformation technique.
Detect interference between the external surface and internal
components.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
1
Introduction
2
Packaging
Sizing
3
Conclusion
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Packaging in Conceptual Design of the BWB
Denition of Packaging:
Packaging is the process of determining the sizes and positions of major
internal components of an aircraft in order to ensure ecient space
utilization as well as prevent components interference with the external
geometry in the conceptual design phase.
Components of Packaging
Sizing.
Positioning of major aircraft components.
Geometry parametrization of the external surface.
Interference detection.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Sizing of Selected Aircraft Major Internal Components
Sizing Performed:
Sizing the cabin.
Sizing landing gears or undercarriage.
Sizing the engines.
Sizing the baggage compartment.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Sizing the Cabin of a BWB
Bradley Cabin Sizing Method is applied. It involves:
Determine the total length required.
Determine the number of bays.
Dimension the length of the centre-line and outer walls of the cabin.
Determining the Total Length Required:
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Procedure for Determining the Number of Bays
Assumptions
Width of each bay is set to 12ft.
Maximum number of bays limited to 5.
Minimum length of outerwall of the cabin is 38.5ft.
Maximum length of outerwall is 44.5ft.
Maximum Length for any Number of Bays is Determined By:
L
max
= nl
w
+
w
2
tan
fus
n
i =1
(i 1)
Where: n=Number of bays.
l
w
=length of the outermost wall.
w=Width of each bay.
fus
=Sweep angle.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Determining the Length of the Outermost Wall of the
Cabin
Obtained by replacing L
max
in previous equation by l
req
and making
l
w
the subject of the formula.
l
w
=
L
req
w
ea
2
tan
fuse
n
i =1
(i 1)
n

Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Dimensioning the Cabin
Length of cabin centre-line is obtained from the trigonometric
relation:
xl
p
= l
w
+
w
ea
2
tan
fuse
n
bays
Assuming each bay is broken down into 2 columns as shown in the
gure:
Length of outer-walls of each column is derived from:
xl
ea
= xl
p
q
w
ea
2
tan
fuse

Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Procedure for Sizing the Baggage Compartment
Assume aircraft of comparable size takes between 32 and 45 ULD3.
Create dierent combinations of ULD3 abreast as shown on the
table :
Applying multivariate linear regression analysis to obtain length,
width and number of ULD3 relationship:
l
bgge
=
nLD3
0.3252w
bgge
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Engine Sizing
Rubber-scaling applied.
Thrust Scale Factor is given by:
T
SF
=
T
req
n
eng
T
engRef
Length of bare engine is obtained from:
l
eng
= l
engRef
T
SF
0.4
Diameter of the bare engine is derived from:
D
eng
= D
engRef
T
SF
0.5
For ecient operation, engine intake inlet and exhaust are also sized
to give:
l
ebay
= l
eng
+ l
inl
+ l
exht
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Landing Gear Bay Sizing
Sized as a function of the maximum landing weight.
Total length of landing gear is obtained from:
l
LG
=
MLW
K
LG
F
Lengths of main and nose gears are functions of statistically
determined ratios.
Lengths and widths of bays are functions of wheel diameter and
statistically derived correlation factors respectively.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Implemented Internal Arrangement Used in the BWB
Design Synthesis Packaging Module
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Parameterization Using Class Shape Transform Technique
Parameterization refers to a means of describing or representing a
geometry by mathematical functions.
The CST parameterization technique is adopted in this study because:
Able to represent all classes of geometry.
Represents a shape with few design variables.
Describes the geometry by a polynomial function which is invaluable
in interference detection.
Intuitive and utilise shape variables to characterise the geometry.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Components of CST Technique
As the name implies, CST consists of 2 functions:
Class Function
Shape Function
The Class Function:
Describes the general class of geometry.
Airfoil shaped geometries with round nose and aft pointed end have
the class function:
C
N1
N2
() = ()
N1
(1 )
N2
N1 = 0.5 and N2 = 1
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Components of CST Technique
Shape Function:
Denes the specic shape within the class of geometry.
Generates an analytically smooth geometry.
Represented by Bernstein polynomial function of order N.
2-Dimensional Shape Function is given by:
Su
i
() =
N
i =1
Au
i
S
i
()
S
i
= k
i
i
(1 )
Ni
k
i
=
N!
i !(Ni )!
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Class Shape Transform for an Arbitrary Wing
3-Dimensional Shape Function is given by:
Su
i
(, ) =
Nx
i
Ny
j
[Bu
i ,j
Sy
j
()Sx
i
()]
Streamwise shape function, Sx
i
() = kx
i
i
(1 )
Nxi
spanwise shape function, Sy
j
() = ky
j
j
(1 )
Nyj
Complete CST function for an arbitrary wing with twist and dihedral
is given by:
u
(, ) = C
N1
N2
()
Nx
i
Ny
j
[Bu
i ,j
Sy
j
()Sx
i
()]
+ [
T
() tan
T
()] +
N
()
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Fundamentals of Interference Detection
Given a point vector P =
p
x
p
y
p
z
A curve represented by a polynomial function z = f (x, y).

Point P is within the curve if:
f
u
(p
x
, p
y
) > p
z
and
f
l
(p
x
, p
y
) < p
z
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Sizing
Implementing CST for a 3D Arbitrary Wing
CST function for a 3D
arbitrary wing is derived in
terms of normalised terms.
The normalised terms are
derived from the physical
parameters shown in the
gure below:
Calculate non-dimensional :
=
x x
LE
()
c()
Determine :
=
2y
b
Substitute and into CST
equations to obtain (, ).
Convert (, ) into physical
z-cordinate:
z(x, y) = (, )C
Loc
()
Perform interference detection to
determine if z(x, y) is within
limits.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
1
Introduction
2
Packaging
Sizing
3
Conclusion
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Summary of the Presentation
Packaging is important in BWB design as it ensures ecient space
utilization and minimizes interference in the conceptual design phase.
Packaging involves sizing and positioning of components, geometry
parameterization and interference detection.
Geometry parametrization uses Class Shape Transformation because
it yields a polynomial and uses only a few design variables.
Interference detection is obtained using the polynomial
characteristics of the CST functions.
Introduction
Packaging
Conclusion
Thank you for your attention!
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Introduction

Paul Okonkwo ICAAE June 5-6, 2014 New York 14/28

Paul Okonkwo ICAAE June 5-6, 2014 New York 15/28

A curve represented by a polynomial function z = f (x, y).

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