1

ELEMSTA
Module 1
Elementary Statistics
Module 1
R. Nocon
2
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Topics

Introduction

Data Organization
3
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Objectives
After this module, you should be able to

Demonstrate knowledge of all statistical terms

Differentiate between the two branches of

statistics

Identify types of data

Differentiate among the different levels of

measurement

Identify different sampling techniques

4
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Objectives

Explain the importance of computers and

calculators in statistics

Organize data using frequency distributions

Represent data in frequency distributions

graphically using histograms, frequency
polygons, and ogives

Represent data using Pareto charts, time series

graphs, and pie graphs


5
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Statistical Terms

Statistics

Descriptive and inferential

statistics

Population and sample

Parameter and statistic

Data and variable

Qualitative and quantitative

variables

Continuous and discrete

variables

Nominal, ordinal, interval,

and ratio scales

Summation notation

Probability and non-

probability samples

Simple random, systematic,

stratified, and cluster
samples

Quota and convenience

samples
6
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Statistical Terms

Frequency distribution

Categorical, ungrouped, and

grouped frequency
distributions

Class limits

Class boundaries

Class width

Class midpoint

Histogram

Frequency polygon

Ogive

Stem-and-leaf plot

Box-and-whisker plot

Pareto charts

Time series graph

Pie graph
7
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Two branches of Statistics
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Consists of those
methods concerned with
the analysis of a subset
of data leading to
predictions about the
entire set of data
Consists of the
collection, organization,
summation, and
presentation of data
8
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Population, Sample
Population
Sample


9
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Types of Data
Data
Categorical Numerical
Discrete Continuous
10
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Categorical, Numerical data
Qualitative Quantitative

Numerical in nature
and can be ordered or
ranked

Example: age

Variables that can be

placed into distinct
categories, according
to some characteristic
or attribute

Example: gender
11
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Discrete, Continuous data
Discrete Continuous

Assume all values

between any two
specific values

Obtained by measuring

Examples: height,
weight

Assume values that

can be counted

Example: size of
family
12
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Levels of Measurement
Level Characteristics
Categories only. Data cannot be arranged in an
ordering scheme.
Nominal
Ordinal Categories are ordered, but differences cannot
be determined or they are meaningless
Differences between values can be found, but
there may be no inherent starting point.
Ratios are meaningless.
Interval
Ratio Like interval, but with an inherent starting point.
Ratios are meaningful.


13
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Sampling techniques
Samples
Probability samples Non-probability samples
Simple random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
Quota
Convenience
14
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Summation notation

=
= + + +
n
i
i n
x x x x
1
2 1

=
=
k
i
i
k
i
i i
f
x f
1
1
) 1 (
1
2
1
2
2

=

= =
n n
x x n
s
n
i
n
i
i i
15
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Calculations

Computers and calculators make numerical

computation easier

A statistical calculator is a requirement in this

course

Many statistical packages are available

Several activities require the use of Microsoft

Excel

Data must still be understood and interpreted

16
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Organizing data


17
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Graphical representations
18
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Graphical representations
19
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Graphical representations
20
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Other graphs


21
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Pareto charts
22
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Time series graphs
23
ELEMSTA
Module 1
Pie charts