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MARCH/APRIL 2014 VOLUME 31 NO. 2 WWW.LIGHTWAVEONLINE.

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OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES,
COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS,
AND INDUSTRY ANALYSIS WORLDWIDE

Theres
MORE INFO online
3 EDITORIAL /// Silicon photonics,
one year later
By STEPHEN HARDY
10 An optical transmitter
for every need
With complex optical modulation
schemes, transmitters may get
complex but more straightforward.
By STEPHANIE MICHEL
15 Superchannel 2.0:
What comes next?
Technology advances can mean more
bandwidth capacity and greater flexibility.
By GEOFF BENNETT
20 WDM-PON is a key component
in next generation access
Recent tests show WDM-PON can fulfill the
need for greater capacity and longer reach.
By EINAR IN DE BETOU, CHRISTIAN- ALEXANDER
BUNGE, HENRIK HLFELDT, and MAGNUS OLSON
24 Optimizing and monetizing
data-center metro networks
SDN and NFV hold significant progress.
The trick is getting there from here.
By JULIUS FRANCIS
28 Factors driving PSM4
and silicon photonics
for data-center architectures
The factors that once drove networks
from copper to MMF create
demand for newer alternatives.
By BRENT HATFIELD
Hot for 2014:
Virtualization in the optical
transport network
BY BRANDON COLLINGS, PH.D, JDSU
In 2014, as with virtualization
in data centers, control plane-
enabled virtualization of the
optical network will simplify life for
network operators considerably.
Infinera CEO predicts
systems-level consolidation
BY STEPHEN HARDY,
Lightwave
In addition to reviewing the
performance of his company
in 2013 and his expectations
for its performance in 2014, Infinera
CEO Thomas Fallon, during the analyst
call to review 4Q13 results, offered
a few opinions about the optical-
network hardware space, which he
believes will begin to get smaller.
Nominations open for 2014
FTTXcellence Award
BY LIGHTWAVE STAFF
Corning Inc. and Lightwave are pleased
to open nominations for the 11th Annual
FTTXcellence Award. The award
recognizes leadership in advancing the
deployment of optical access networks
in North America, Latin America, and
the Caribbean. The winner will receive
a glass art piece from the Corning
Museum of Glass. A $5,000 donation
in the winners name will be made
to U.S. Ignite, along with a profile of
the winner in an issue of Lightwave.
QUANTUM DOT
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Our comprehensive OTN test portfolio includes an
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Product specifcations and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice. 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation February 2012 30162982 002 0212 100GBPS.PO.LAB.TM.AE

References: 100GE IEEE 802.3ba, and 802.1Q OTU4 ITU-T G.709, G.872, G.695, and G.959.1 Line I/F OIF IA# OIF-SFI-S and IA# OIF2008.388.00
OTU4
66b Block 0 66b Block 0 66b Block 1 66b Block 1 66b Block 2 66b Block 2
PCS Block Distribution 66b Block 0 66b Block 0 66b Block 20 66b Block 20 66b Block 1 66b Block 1 66b Block 21 66b Block 21
66b Block 19 66b Block 19 66b Block 39 66b Block 39
PCS Lane 0 PCS Lane 1
PCS Lane 19
Round Robin
100 Gigabit Ethernet 103.125 Gbps 100 ppm
IEEE Layer Model
Signal Structure Signal
Structure
PCS Lane 1
PCS Receive
Descrambler
Lane Block Sync & Deskew & Alignment Marker Removal
CGMII
Input to decoder function D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Receive block
Sync header
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
RxD<0> RxD<63>
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 RxB<0> RxB<65>
S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7
S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7
RxB<0>
RxB<65>
S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7
S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7
RxB<65>
RxB<131>

S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7
S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7
RxB<1254>
RxB<1319> PMA service interface
20 PCS lanes in total
PCS Lane 0 PCS Lane 19
Input to descrambler function
<1319>
<1254>
PCS Transmit
PCS Lane 1
Sync header (2-bit wide) 01: data block 10: control block Scrambler
Block Distribution and Alignment Marker Insertion
CGMII
Output of encoder function D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Output of scrambler function
Transmit block
Sync header
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
TxD <0> TxD <63>
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 TxB <0> TxB <65>
S0S1S2
S4
S6S7
S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7 TxB <65>
TxB <0> S0S1S2S3S4S5 S6S7
S0S1S2S3S4
S6S7TxB <131>
TxB <66> S0S1S2S3S4S5S6S7TxB
TxB PMA service interface
20 PCS lanes in total
PCS Lane 0 PCS Lane 19
Alignment Markers 10 M0 M1 M2 BIP 3 M4 M5 M6 BIP 7 10 M0 M1 M2 BIP 3 M4 M5 M6 BIP 7 Alignment markers are inserted after every 16383 66-bit blocks on each PCS lane
13 3 12
15 5 14 4
11 10
19 18 17 16
9876
0x1A, 0xF8, 0xBD, BIP , 3 0xE5, 0x07, 0x42, BIP7 0x4D, 0x95, 0x7B, BIP , 3 0xB2, 0x6A, 0x84, BIP7 0x5C, 0xB9, 0xB2, BIP , 3 0xA3, 0x46, 0x4D, BIP7 0x59, 0x4B, 0xE8, BIP , 3 0xA6, 0xB4, 0x17, BIP7 2
0x35, 0x36, 0xCD, BIP , 3 0xCA, 0xC9, 0x32, BIP7 0xDD, 0x14, 0xC2, BIP , 3 0x22, 0xEB, 0x3D, BIP7 0x83, 0xC7, 0xCA, BIP , 3 0x7C, 0x38, 0x35, BIP7 0xF5, 0x07, 0x09, BIP , 3 0x0A, 0xF8, 0xF6, BIP7
0xB9, 0x91, 0x55, BIP , 3 0x46, 0x6E, 0xAA, BIP7 0x9D, 0x71, 0x8E, BIP , 3 0x62, 0x8E, 0x71, BIP7 1 0xFD, 0x6C, 0x99, BIP , 3 0x02, 0x93, 0x66, BIP7 0xC1, 0x68, 0x21, BIP , 0x3E, 0x97, 0xDE, BIP 3 7 0
0xC0, 0xF0, 0xE5, BIP , 3 0x3F, 0x0F, 0x1A, BIP7 0x5F, 0x66, 0x2A, BIP , 3 0xA0, 0x99, 0xD5, BIP7 0xA0, 0x24, 0x76, BIP , 3 0x5F, 0xDB, 0x89, BIP7 0xAD, 0xD6, 0xB7, BIP , 3 0x52, 0x29, 0x48, BIP7 0x7B, 0x45, 0x66, BIP , 3 0x84, 0xBA, 0x99, BIP7 0xC4, 0x31, 0x4C, BIP , 3 0x3B, 0xCE, 0xB3, BIP7 0x9A, 0x4A, 0x26, BIP , 3 0x65, 0xB5, 0xD9, BIP7
0x68, 0xC9, 0xFB, BIP , 3 0x97, 0x36, 0x04, BIP7
PCS Lane Encoding PCS Lane Encoding
MAC 802.3 MAC Frame Structure
Type/ Length MAC Payload Source MAC address FCS Destination MAC address
6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes 46 to 1500 bytes VLAN (optional)
4 bytes Preamble SFD 7 bytes 1 byte VLAN (optional)
4 bytes
VID: VLAN ID CFI User Priority Type/ Values > 1535 are Ethernet Types Length Values 1500 are for Length of the MAC frame with preamble/SFP and typically used with LLC/SNAP in the MAC Payload
1234
1
Multilane Model
Optics for OTU4 inter-Domain Interface similar to 100GBase-LR4 and ER4 applicable to OTU4
Logical Lanes
0 1 2 3
Physical Lanes 11.181Gbps 0 1 2 8 9 ...
Physical Lanes 27.952Gbps
OTL4.10
... 0 1 2 18 19
OTM-0.4v4
OTL4.4
OTU4
... 0 1 2 18 19
OTM-0.4v4
Potential Evolution
Logical Lanes
PMA 10:4
0 1 2 3
OTU4
... 2:1 2:1 2:1
... 5:1 5:1 5 Logical lanes:1 ... 5:1 5:1
PCS 64B/66B PCS Block Format Input Data
Data Block Format Control Block Formats C C C C /C C C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D D D D /DD D D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S D D D /DD D D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 O D D2D /Z Z Z Z 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 T C C C /C C C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D T C C /C C C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D D T C /C C C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D0D1D2T3/C4C5C6C7 D D D D /T C C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D D D D /DT C C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D D D D /DD T C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D D D D /DD D T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SY NC 0 1 01
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
65 D D D D4 D5 D6 D7
C C C C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D D D D4 D5 D6 D7 D D D O0 C C C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D C
2
22 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D D C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D D D C4 C5 C6 C7 D D D D3 C5 C6 C7 D D D D4 C6 C7 D D D D4 D5 C7 0x
Block Payload
2 D0 Block Type Field 0x1E 0x78 0x4B 0x87 0x99 0xAA 0xB4 0xCC 0xD2 0xE1 FF D
1
0110000000 D
2
1 22 1 111111 D2
3
33
2222 D4 D5 D6 D3 D3 D3
0x000_0000
Bit Position
Skew Tolerance MaximumSkew Variation (10.3 GBd) MaximumSkew SkewPoint
0.4 ns (~2 UI) 43 ns (~222 UI) SP2 0.6 ns (~4 UI) 54 ns (~278 UI) SP3 3.4 ns (~35 UI) 134 ns (~691 UI) SP4 3.6 ns (~37 UI) 145 ns (~748 UI) SP5 3.8 ns (~39 UI) 160 ns (~824 UI) SP6 4 ns (~41 bits) 180 ns (~928 UI) At PCS Rx
0.2 ns (~2 UI) 29 ns (~150 UI) SP1
SP Points shown in Multilane Model
Multilane Model
Additional optical implementations such as 10*10G can be considered
...
... 0 1 2 18 19
0 1 2 8 9 ...
PMD
10 Fibers 100GBase-SR10 850 nm MMF 100 m in OM3 125 m in OM4
PMA 20:10
PCS Lanes
Physical Lanes CPPI 10.3125 Gbps
PCS
PMA 20:10
PMA 10:4
PCS Lanes
Physical Lanes CAUI 10.3125 Gbps
0 1 2 3
... 0 1 2 18 19
0 1 2 8 9 ...
... 2:1 2:1 2:1
... 5:1 5:1 5 PCS lanes:1
PCS
SP2 SP5
SP6 SP1
100GBase-LR4 1310 nm SMF 4*25.78 Gbps 10 km 100GBase-ER4 1310 nm SMF 4*25.78 Gbps 30 km or 40 km (engineered links)
0 L 1 L 2 L 3 L 0 L 1 L 2 L 3 L
PMDSP4 SP3
PMD Service Interface
... 2:1 2:1 2:1
0 L 1 L 2 L 8 L 9 L
Potential Evolution
ODU4 Multiplexing
ODUMultiplexing
PSI for Multiplexing
ODU4 Payload ODU4 OH
OPU4 Payload OPU4 OH OPU4 Payload
ODU4
OPU4
ODTUG4 (PT=0x21)
ODU ODTUG4 (PT=0x21) ODU ODTU4.ts JOH ODTU4.ts JOH
ODTU4.ts JOH ODU (0, 1, 2, 2e, 3, 4, fex) ODTU4.ts
ODU Payload ODU OH ODU
PT=0x21 [0] [1] RES
[255]
TS1 [2] TS2 [3]
TS80 [81]
Trib Port# Trib Port#
Trib Port# TSO
TSO TSO TS Occupied 0 Unallocated 1 Allocated Tributary Port# The Tributary Port# indicates the ODUj (j=0, 1, 2, 2e, 3, fex) transported in this TS; Multiple 1.25G TS can be grouped
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (Bits)
PSI
Tributary Slots (1.25G) for Multiplexing
ODU4 OH
OTU4 OH
TSOH TS1 FA
OTU4 FEC
Column (bytes) Row
Fixed Stuf
ODU4 OH
OTU4 OH
TSOH TS2 FA
OTU4 FEC Fixed Stuf
ODU4 OH
OTU4 OH
TSOH TS80 FA
OTU4 FEC Fixed Stuf
PSIOMFI
PSIOMFI
PSIOMFI
OMFI = 0 (TSOH TS1)
OMFI = 1 (TSOH TS2)
OMFI = 79 (TSOH TS80)
18 17 16 15 14 8 7 158 57 56 5598 97 96 953817 3816 38154080 3825 3824
1
141
41
2
242
42
39
3979
79
40
4080
80
41
411
1
42
422
2
...
79
7939
39
80
8040
40
1
141
41
2
242
42
...
39
3979
79
40
4080
80
...
1
141
41
2
242
42
39
3979
79
40
4080
80
41
411
1
42
422
2
...
79
7939
39
80
8040
40
1
141
41
2
242
42
...
39
3979
79
40
4080
80
...
1
141
41
2
242
42
39
3979
79
40
4080
80
41
411
1
42
422
2
...
79
7939
39
80
8040
40
1
141
41
2
242
42
...
39
3979
79
40
4080
80
...
12341234
1234
OTL4.10 OTL4.4 255/227 x 9.953280 Gb/s = 11.180997 Gbps OTL Nominal Bit Rate OTL Type
255/227 x 24.883200 Gb/s = 27.952493 Gbps
Optical Average Optical Power 100GBase- SR10 Parameter 100GBase- LR4 100GBase- ER4
8 dBm Min Launch Power/lane 4.3 dBm 2.9 dBm 2.4 dBm Max Avg Rx Power/lane 4.5 dBm 4.5 dBm 9.9 dBm Min Avg Rx Power/lane 10.6 dBm 20.9 dBm
2.4 dBm Max Launch Power/lane 4.5 dBm 2.9 dBm
LWDMWavelength Range
1295 1300 1305 1310 (nm)
100GBase-LR4 and ER4 LWDMLane Assignments
1308.09 to 1310.19 nm 1309.14 nm L3 1303.54 to 1305.63 nm 1304.58 nm L2 1299.02 to 1301.09 nm 1300.05 nm L1 1294.53 to 1296.59 nm 1295.56 nm L0 Range Center Lane
IEEE Model with CAUI (to interconnect chip devices)
MAC Reconciliation
LLC or other MAC Client Higher Layers (e.g., IP)
PMA 100GBase-R PCS CGMII
PMA PMD MDI Optical Medium
CAUI
Logical Lanes Byte Distribution from OTU4 to the 20 Logical Lanes Rotate Rotate Rotate Rotate
289:304
305:320 33:48 17:32
16289:16304 16001:16016 16305:16320 305:320 17:32
625:640 337:352 321:336 16305:16320 ... 16017:16032 16001:16016
16001:16016 16033:16048 16017:16032
305:320 17:32 1:16 (FAS) LL 0
LL 19
LL 1 Multiple Rotations
1:16 (FAS) 1:16 (FAS)
1:16 (FAS) Bytes from the OTN frame are sequentially ordered in groups of 16 bytes row by row and rotated by OTL LLMis processed at the OTL layer
PT of 0x07 for 100GBase-R client
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 19
19 18 13210
11 0
000 OA2 LLM Bits
110
0002
110
0003
001
0004
110
0005
111
0006
110
1007
10010108
239 238 20 3210 Decimal OA2 LLM Bits 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Decimal LL 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Used for logical lane identifcation and skew Logical Lane Markers
FAS Byte Values
LLM 28 28 F6 F6 F6 OA2 OA2 OA2 OA1 OA1 OA1
Information Containers
OTU4 111.809974 Gbps 20 ppm
OTU4 Section
0.4v4 (4 optical lanes)
Client (e.g.,100GE)
OPU4 ODU4 PMOH ODU4 Path
OPU4 Payload OPU4 OH OPU4
OTU4 FEC OTU4 OH
OTLCG OTLCp OTLCp OTLCp
OTM OPSM
OTL4.n #0 OTL4.n #1 OTL4.n #n-1 OT Lanes n: number of physical lanes
ODU4 TCMOH ODU4 Tandem Connection
OTU4 TC L1

ODU4 TCMOH
OTU4 TC L6 ODU4 TCMOH
Frame Structure
OPU4 OH
FAS MFAS RES TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL TCM ACT SM GCC0 RES
TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC RES
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
ODU4 OH OPU4 Payload
OTU4 OH
OPU4 OH FA
OTU4 FEC
Column (bytes) Row
Fixed Stuf
17 16 15 14 8 7 13817 38164080 3825 3824
1234
SAPI
DAPI
Operator Specifc
TTI BIP-8
SM, PM, and TCMi (i = 1...6) (bytes)
BEI/BIAE RES BDIIAE(bits) SM
BEI/BIAE RES BDI(bits) TCMi
BEI STAT BDI(bits) PM
1 2 3
0
15 16 31 32
63
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ODU4 SNC/S, ODU4 SNC/N ODU4 TCM3 011 ODU4 SNC/S, ODU4 SNC/N ODU4 TCM2 010 ODU4 SNC/S, ODU4 SNC/N ODU4 TCM1 001 ODU4 SNC/N ODU4 Path 000
ODU4 SNC/S, ODU4 SNC/N ODU4 TCM5 101 ODU4 SNC/S, ODU4 SNC/N ODU4 TCM4 100
ODU4 server layer trail ODU4 TCM6
APS/PCC Channel
ODU4 SNC/I ODU4 SNC/S, ODU4 SNC/N
Protection Scheme using the APS/PCC Channel
110
MFAS Bits 678
111
Justifcation via GMP
OMFI
JC1 JC2 JC3 JC4 JC5 JC6 PSI
1234
15 16
PT
Mapping & Concat. Specifc
01
255
DI II C14 C13 C12 C11 C10 C9 CRC-8 JC3 JC2 JC1 C2 C1 C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3
JC6 JC5 JC4 D10 D9 D8 D7 RES RES CRC-5 D6 RES D1 D5 D4 D3 D2
21 80 79 54321 TSOH
0000 000001 OMFI Bits
0011000002
0000000003
0000000004
0011000005
0011100006
0011011007
1010010108
10 79 78 43210 Decimal 1.25G TS
CAUI 100 Gbps attachment unit interface CGMII 100 Gigabit media independent interface CFI canonical format indicator CPPI 100 Gbps parallel physical interface FCS frame check sequence LLC logical link control LWDM LAN wave division multiplexing MAC media access control MDI media dependent interface PCS physical coding sublayer
PMA physical media attachment PMD physical media dependent RS reconciliation sublayer SFD start frame delimiter SP skew point VLAN virtual local area network
APS automatic protection switching BDI backward defect indication BEI backward error indication BIAE backward incoming alignment error BIP-8 bit interleaved parity-8 DAPI destination access point identifer EXP experimental FAS frame alignment signal FEC forward error correction FTFL fault type and fault location
GCC General Communication Channel GMP generic mapping procedure IAE incoming alignment error JC justifcation control JOH justifcation overhead LLM logical lane marker MFAS multi-frame alignment signal ODTU optical channel data tributary unit ODTUG optical channel data tributary unit group ODU optical channel data unit
OH overhead OMFI OPU multi-frame identifer OPSM optical physical section multilane OPU optical channel payload unit OTL optical channel transport lane OTLCG optical transport lane carrier group OTN optical transport network OTU optical channel transport unit PCC protection communication channel PM path monitoring
PMA physical media attachment PMOH performance monitoring overhead PSI payload structure identifer PT payload type RES reserved SAPI source access point identifer SM section monitoring SNC subnetwork connection SNC/I SNC protection with inherent monitoring SNC/N SNC protection with non-intrusive monitoring
SNC/S SNC protection with sublayer monitoring STAT status TC tandem connection TCM tandem connection monitoring TCMACT TCMactivation TCMOH tandem connection monitoring overhead TS tributary slot TTI trail trace identifer
GMP provides a generic mapping method for the justifcation of CBR client signals into OPU
Ci Relative change indication II Increment Indicator DI Decrement Indicator Di Ci-derived cumulative value
MAC Reconciliation
LLC or other MAC Client Higher Layers (e.g., IP)
PMA
PMD
100GBase-R PCS CGMII
MDI Optical Medium
0
Physical Lanes 25.78125Gbps
PCS Lanes
PMD
0 1 2 3
PMA 20:4
... 1 2 18 19
PCS
... 5:1 5:1
C8 for 100GBase-R client
15050.518 15052.325 15054.131 15055
Minimum Nominal Nominal Ceiling
15050 Floor
White Paper
WEBSITE: www.jdsu.com
Introduction
25 G The newstandard for I/O
Over the past decade, 10 G has become the de facto standard for both long and short-reach high-speed
(premium) data communications links. Significant resources have gone into optimizing integrat-
ed circuits (ICs) with 10 G input/output (I/O) since the late 1990s to establish a healthy ecosystem for
deploying 10 G links cost-effectively. This scales well for short inter-chip interfaces through to long
reach (LR 10 km) optical modules and beyond. The 10 G technology displaced the expensive (first) 40 G
technology in 40 GE because of its much improved cost scaling. However, it required establishing a new
defacto rate to meet the needs of newer standards, such as 100 GE.
The ideal technology for high-speed communications interfaces is a mainstream option with the fewest
parallel channels for more cost-effective implementation.
Transport choices for 100 GE might include 10 x 10 G (used as initial host interface), 4 x 25 G (standard),
2 x 50 G, or 1 x 100 G. Clearly 50 G and 100 G I/O are extremely challenging and likely to carry a signifi-
cant price-premium for several years so the choice was down to 10 x 10 G or 4 x 25 G. The option of 10 G
could leverage the existing 10 G I/O technology and would build up a body of knowledge over the three
generations of 10 G ICs while 4 x 25 G uses 40 percent of the components (hence reduced volume, cost,
connector size, and PCB trace area). Trends indicated a move toward 100 GE based on 4 x 25 G; although,
a 10 x 10 G host electrical interface was used on the first-generation (CFP) because 25 G technology was
too novel for use as a widely deployed pluggable interface.
Soon 25 G-based I/O will become the de facto I/O speed for many future technologies, including 100 G
Ethernet, OTU4, and Infiniband. Also, you can find 25 G I/O on application specific integrated circuits
(ASICs), clock and data recovery (CDR), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) today.
Challenges
Signal integrity, crosstalk, CDRand FIFO, real data signals, and jitter
The price/performance andpower capability of todays third-generation10 GI/Ousedfor most high-speed
data links can be deployed cost-effectively. Even with this established technology, first-generation 100 G
basedon10x10Gpresents manysignal integrityandperformance issues suchas jitter tolerance anddynamic
skew. The move to 25 Gwill require resolving many more issues before 100 G(using 4 x 25 G) canbecome a
true mainstreamtechnology.
The major issues, especially with the first-generation 25 G I/O ICs include:
signal integrity
CDRperformance
jitter tolerance
dynamic skew tolerance
pattern sensitivity
Advanced Error Analysis Ofers New Troubleshooting Methods
for High-Speed Data Communications
By Paul Brooks and Juan Masmela
1403lw_2 2 2/21/14 2:10 PM

EDITORIAL
F
O
L
L
O
W

S
T
E
P
H
E
N

O
N
O
ne of the bigger stories going
into last years OFC/NFOEC was
the commotion started when
Jefferies & Co.s James Kisner downgraded
Finisars stock in light of the impending
impact of silicon photonics technology on
the data-center interconnect market. Intel
had recently revealed its silicon photonics
efforts were about to reach the engineering
sampling stage, and Cisco was expected
to unveil the first fruits from its acquisition
of silicon photonics developer Lightwire
at the show (which, in fact, it did). Add
these events to the fact that companies
such as Luxtera and Kotura (now part of
Mellanox) had already produced silicon
photonics engines, and it seemed the
era of silicon photonics had arrived.
Kisner argued the potential cost benefit
of silicon photonics versus conventional
approaches was so
compelling that companies
that didnt possess this
technology yet like, say,
Finisar would quickly
become technological
dinosaurs. So down
went Finisars rating.
One year later, Kisner has
weighed in again on Finisar. This time hes
raised his rating from Hold to Buy, based on
his assessment of the opportunities for Finisar
in the data-center market. Is that because
Finisar finally jumped into silicon photonics?
Well, no silicon photonics wont begin to
play a meaningful role in shaping the price
of optical interconnects until sometime
next year at least, Kisner now reasons.
Meanwhile, theres enough momentum in
transceiver demand at 10 Gbps and below
not to mention opportunities for transceivers
and other products in carrier networks
where silicon photonics role is murky at best
to make Finisar stock an attractive buy.
As if to pour more water on last years
silicon photonics frenzy, fellow financial
industry analyst Simon M. Leopold of
Raymond James issued a note shortly
after Kisners missive that Leopold
entitled Silicon Photonics: Not Ready
for Prime Time Yet. Leopold argues
that silicon photonics likely will play its
most significant role in very short reach
data-center applications and may have
an impact in long reach links but will
need some time to mature. Meanwhile,
companies like Finisar will have plenty of
opportunity to acquire silicon photonics
expertise if/when it becomes necessary.
The reduction in expectations for
silicon photonics is a welcome occurrence
(except for companies in the space looking
for financing). Optical communications
Silicon photonics, one year later
STEPHEN HARDY
Click to view
Stephen's video blog
(Having trouble? Click here.)
1403lw_3 3 2/21/14 2:11 PM
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EDITORIAL continued

technology development long has


suffered from too much hype, followed
by disappointment and punishment
when reality intervened.
Which is not to say that silicon
photonics has lost any of its true
promise. We should see at least some
of that promise come closer to fruition
at OFC/NFOEC this year. Conference
presentations, of course, will provide
the technical details of ongoing
silicon photonics development
activities and achievements. On the
exhibit floor, well see some of these
achievements realized in the form
of optical engines and transceivers,
both from established players like
those mentioned above as well
as the several startups hoping to
become established themselves.
That means we can make
conclusions about the technology as we
see it in action. What a novel concept.
stephenh@pennwell.com
GROUP PUBLISHER ERNESTO BURDEN (603) 891-9137
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR & ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
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MICHAEL LEBBY OneChip Photonics
STAN LUMISH Pilot Photonics
STEPHEN MONTGOMERY ElectroniCast Consultants
HUNTER NEWBY, Allied Fiber
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ALAN E. WILLNER University of Southern California
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1403lw_4 4 2/21/14 2:11 PM

T
HE INSATIABLE DEMAND
for smart devices
with faster connectivity
coupled with cloud as a means
of storage and computing resources
has revolutionized the fabric of
data centers in recent years. They
have led to the emergence of a
new architecture focused on
faster, more resilient content
delivery networks.
This new architecture evolution in
data centers has resulted in a growth
industry thats showing no signs
of abating. Expenditures on data-
center systems, including servers,
Ethernet switches, and storage, were
estimated to be over $147 billion
in 2013, with a growth rate of 4.5%
year over year.
1
This spending
trend will continue as the need to
deliver a better user experience
drives increased investment in
new disruptive technologies. These
new technologies
will also enable a
scalable and cost-
effective network
infrastructure
for cloud, mobile, social, and
big data/analytics.
One key area of focus in recent
years has been on new optical
technologies that reduce interface
cost while supporting longer
reaches at increased data rates
for both 2-km intra-data-center
connectivity and 100-km inter-data-
center superchannel connectivity.
Classic 3-tiered
data-center architecture
Servers to
switch level 1
Servers to
switch level 2
Servers to switches
Legacy
northsouth
traffc
FIGURE 1. The traditional three-tiered
data-center architecture.


By SAEID ARAMIDEH
New pathways to low
power and cost will open
the door to more efficient
data-center network
architectures.
QUANTUM DOT
LASERS AND SILICON
PHOTONICS ADVANCE
DATA-CENTER
CONNECTIVITY
1403lw_5 5 2/21/14 2:11 PM
FEATURE Quantum dot lasers and silicon photonics
Changes in data-center
architecture
According to a study conducted by
Cisco Systems, data-center traffic
on a global scale will continue to
grow at a 25% compound annual
growth rate (CAGR), with the fastest
growing segment being the cloud
data-center traffic at 35% CAGR, a
4.5-fold growth from 2012 to 2017.
2

To further corroborate the changes
inside the data center, Ciscos 2013
Global Cloud Index report suggests
that data-center traffic will triple by
2017 and a staggering 76% of that traffic
is within the data centers server-to-
server traffic. This important trend
in data-center networking is driving
requirements for denser server
connectivity and longer network reach.
Unfortunately, a simple scaling
based on current optical-interface
technology within the data center
contradicts the requirement for
reduced network complexity and
fails to deliver a cost-effective
approach. Data-center operators
will require much higher density
optical interfaces that offer
scalability from tens or hundreds
of gigabits to terabits per second.
Data-center networks have
traditionally been designed to support
conventionally managed hosting
services, where the majority of the
data flows in and out of the data center
based on traditional northsouth traffic
flow in a three-tiered hierarchical
design (see Figure 1).
3
But hierarchical
data-center networks have grown
complex, power hungry, and costly
in terms of optical-fiber use and
optical interfaces. This approach is
ill-suited for the machine-to-machine
traffic required of todays growing
services and evolving applications.
In addition, server-to-server
traffic in a three-tiered architecture
increases network latency when
traffic traverses multiple network
layers in a northsouth direction.
This three-tiered architecture
doesnt fit with todays widespread
adoption of server virtualization and
distributed computing that drives an
increasingly eastwest traffic plan.
As such, moving to a two-tiered
spine-and-leaf architecture enables the
1403lw_6 6 2/21/14 2:11 PM
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FEATURE Quantum dot lasers and silicon photonics
data-center operator to address todays
changing traffic patterns and effectively
eliminate the aggregation layer from
the previous design (see Figure 2).
4
Furthermore, this architecture
provides a lower latency solution
and is better suited to accommodate
high bandwidth and delay-sensitive
inter/intra-data-center traffic flows.
Enabling a better approach
To maximize the advantages that
the new generation of spine-and-
leaf architectures offer, as well as
open the door to eventual use of
superchannel connectivity, a new
generation of optical interconnectivity
is required. This technology must:
Su|icy |l ircrucirq
demand for bandwidth.
Dlivr ciqriicur| rduc|ior ir
the power dissipation, size, and
cost of optical interconnects.
lduc r|work lu|rcy.
An extremely promising approach
toward meeting these requirements
pairs innovation in quantum dot
rul|iwuvlrq|l (D M\) lucrc
with advanced digital and photonic
integrated-circuit technologies.
A D M\ lucr ic u rurocryc|ul
semiconductor device capable of
generating multiple wavelengths
cirul|uroucly. A cirql D M\ lucr
can provide up to 96 wavelengths in
the C-band alone, which would enable
the replacement of 96 individual lasers
in an equivalent system. The overall
quir burdwid|l o |l D M\ lucr
is over 90 nm, which enables future
scalability for up to 200 wavelengths.
Tl D M\ lucr rublc u
much simpler and more compact
interface design, resulting in lower
power consumption and better
performance when compared to
an equivalent design with multiple
discrete lasers and components.
Murwlil, lo|oric ir|qru|ior
luc bcor u ky uru o rcurcl
and development in recent years
or o|iculr|work quirr|
vendors wanting to reduce the cost
urd ciz o o|icul ir|rucc. Silicor
technology and integration enables
system vendors to replace expensive
optical components with their silicon
counterparts such as modulators,
multiplexers/demultiplexers, filters,
attenuators, switches, and detectors.
A novel use of silicon photonics
has resulted in the implementation of
optical modulation on a micro-ring
resonator architecture that enables
high-speed modulation at data
rates up to 56 Gbps. These ring
rodulu|orc uc| lik u wuvlrq|l
crci|iv cwi|cl. \lr |l rirq
is not in resonance, the optical
signal passes straight through with
minimal loss. Conversely, when
the ring is resonant, the optical
New data-center
spine-and-leaf architecture
Switch
to switch
Leaf
Spine
Servers to switches
Web 2.0 eastwest traffc
FIGURE 2. The new data-center
spine-and-leaf architecture is
better suited for emerging needs.
1403lw_7 7 2/21/14 2:11 PM
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FEATURE Quantum dot lasers and silicon photonics
signal is coupled into the ring
and no longer passed through.
These modulators are fabricated
with a silicon-on-insulator process
using silicon waveguides that
provide natural vertical and lateral
confinement via a ridge. Such ring
resonators are ideal WDM building
blocks and can be cascaded to
construct WDM transceivers. In
such a construct, each ring provides
a multiplexing, demultiplexing,
and modulation operation in a
geometry thats well suited to
extreme scaling of many channels.
When we couple a single QD MW
laser source, which generates multiple
wavelengths simultaneously, with a
silicon photonics ring architecture,
we get a 1550-nm design that greatly
reduces the overall cost and networking
complexity within the data-center
optical interconnect (see Figure 3).
In contrast, Figure 4 illustrates how
existing transceiver architectures
using traditional 850/1310-nm single-
wavelength laser technologies are
ideally suited to multifiber designs
that fail to cost-effectively scale to
higher capacities primarily due to
the required fiber plant complexity.
To cost-effectively scale data-
center networks to meet growing data
rates, operators must future-proof
todays infrastructure investment.
Network economics
A study that compared a Parallel Single
Mode, 4 Lanes (PSM4) approach
against the QD MW/silicon photonics
design
described
earlier shows
a significant
advantage
for 1550-nm
designs with
single-fiber
connectivity
Resonant-ring modulators
Laser
source
Transmitter technology Receiver technology
Fiber
Single-fber architecture
1550-nm
solution
Resonant rings
FIGURE 3. Intra-data-center connectivity using technology
that combines a single QD MW laser source with silicon
photonics-based ring resonators.
1403lw_8 8 2/21/14 2:11 PM
FEATURE Quantum dot lasers and silicon photonics
as opposed to
multiple fiber
strands. The
study estimates
a 2.5X to 4X cost
advantage when
using the single-
fiber approach
as capacity
scales from 100G
to 1.6T for intra-data-center links.
Another study looked at inter-data-
center connectivity with links of up
to 120 km. The study compared the
basic transmitter layout of coherent
architectures for 100G and 400G
to the one based on the QD MW
laser with silicon photonics ring
resonators. The study demonstrated
over 5X power reduction and 24X size
reduction using the latter approach
when compared to coherent 400G
architectures. An evaluation of the full
link cost for scaling the 400G link for
120 km for data-center interconnect
based on both the coherent and QM
MW/silicon photonics approaches
showed a 2X to 3X cost advantage
for the non-coherent design.
These studies demonstrate that
the combination of the QD MW laser
and silicon photonics devices is an
ideal implementation for inter/ intra-
data-center interconnects. These
technologies have demonstrated a
significant cost and power advantage
relative to discrete implementation
and enable a much higher
scalability for the next generation
of data-center infrastructure.
References
1. Gartner report, May 2013.
2. Cisco Global Cloud Index: Forecast
and Methodology, 20122017.
3./4. James Kisner, Technology
Silicon Photonics: Data Center
Disruptor, Jeffries, 2/22/13.
Laser MZ modulator
MZ modulator
MZ modulator
MZ modulator
MZ modulator
MZ modulator
MZ modulator
MZ modulator
Fiber
1
Multifber
architectures
Fiber
2
Fiber
3
Fiber
4
Fiber
1
Fiber
2
Fiber
3
Fiber
4
Laser
Laser
Laser
Laser
1
:




s
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
n
Laser
source
1310-nm
technology
Transmitter
technology
Receiver
technology
PIN
1
PIN
2
PIN
3
PIN
4
PIN
1
PIN
2
PIN
3
PIN
4
FIGURE 4. Intra-data-center connectivity using
conventional 1310-nm technology.
1403lw_9 9 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE By STEPHANIE MICHEL


An optical transmitter for every need
I
N THE PREVIOUS PARTS of our series
on complex optical modulation
schemes (see, most recently,
Time-domain pulse shaping for
increased spectral efficiency), we saw
that by leaving behind on/off keying (OOK),
where we consider only the amplitude
of light as a carrier of information, a new
world of possibilities opens by also using
the phase of the lightwave for encoding
data. We mentioned this goes hand-
in-hand with technical challenges.
For transmission of OOK signals, we
dont need more than a laser directly
modulated by the electrical laser drive
current. The result is a light signal of
binary intensity. Such a low-cost and
compact approach is difficult to find when
we want to modulate the phase, too.
The big relief here is that while
the transmitters must become more
sophisticated, we dont need to worry
about dispersion compensation
throughout the network. Dispersion
impairments can now be managed via
signal processing algorithms at the
receiver side, which saves us a lot of
money in the construction of new optical
networks because we no longer need
dispersion compensation modules.
Controlling the phase
with the electro-optic effect
When building a phase modulator,
we can benefit from the effect that
the refractive index n of certain
crystals such as lithium niobate
depends on the strength of the
local electric field. Thats known
as the electro-optic effect.
How does this help for phase
modulation? Well, if n is a function
of the strength of the field, then so
is the speed and wavelength of the
light traveling through the crystal.
Thus, if we apply a voltage to the crystal,
then the wavelength of the light crossing
the crystal is reduced and we can control
the phase of the exiting light by choosing
the adequate voltage (see Figure 1).
In practice, this effect is used in
so-called MachZehnder modulators.
Here, a light beam is split in two and one
or both of the resulting beams travel
through a phase shifting lithium niobate
element such as we just described.
U1 < U2 < U3
n1 < n2 < n3
Phase
coherence
Phase depends
on applied
voltage U Lithium niobate
1
2
3
U
FIGURE 1. The higher the applied voltage U, the
slower the light travels through the crystal. That can
be used to control the phase of the exiting light.
1403lw_10 10 2/21/14 2:11 PM
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FEATURE Optical transmitter for every need
Afterwards, the two signals have a
phase difference \ that depends
on the voltage difference U
between the two optical paths.
Hence, when theyre recombined,
U also determines if they interfere
constructively or destructively.
Figure 2 shows the block
diagram and periodic relation
between transmitted light power
and U. The half-wave voltage U
/

is the voltage needed for a phase
change of / in power transmission,
meaning the voltage difference
between the modulator transmitting
no power and transmitting
100% of the input power.
The phase shifting effects of a
MachZehnder modulator also can
be depicted in an IQ diagram. In
Figure 3, we take the example of
a sine wave of constant amplitude
and define relative phase \ = 0.
After the split of the signal, we have
only half the power on each branch.
In the blue example, there is no
voltage applied to the modulator
branches so the relative phase
of the signals stays unchanged
on both arms if they have equal
length. After recombination, we
again have the same sine wave
with the original amplitude.
In the red example, the
signal on the lower branch
Voltage difference (U)
Power transmission (%)
100
Out
In
U
2
(t)
U
1
(t)
U

0
FIGURE 2. Periodic relation of transmitted
power and voltage difference in a
MachZehnder modulator, with U
/
being
the voltage difference between zero
transmission and full power transmission.*
*P.J. Winzer and R.J. Essiambre:
Advanced Optical Modulation
Formats, IEEE Proceedings, 94(5),
2006. All other figures in this
article are contributed by Oliver
Funke, Stephanie Michel, Bernd
Nebendahl, and Ren Schmogrow.
1403lw_11 11 2/21/14 2:11 PM
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FEATURE Optical transmitter for every need
experiences a phase
shift of
/


and on the upper
branch a phase shift of
/

.
In the green example, its
vice versa. Both examples
have in common that when
recombining the signals of
both arms, they interfere
destructively; the two
vectors sum up to a zero
vector. Therefore, in the
red and green examples,
we have no signal at the
exit of the modulator.
In the case of the yellow
signal, the MachZehnder
modulators voltages are adjusted
in such a way that on both branches
the phase of the signal is shifted
by /. When overlaying the two
signals, we get a constructive
interference. The resulting wave
is a sine wave of the original
amplitude shifted by \ = /.
MachZehnder modulator
for transmission of a QPSK signal
Now well see how the MachZehnder
modulator is used in a transmitter
setup using QPSK modulation. In
Figure 4, the complete block diagram
is given along with a recap of the
principles of the QPSK modulation
we discussed in detail in the article
Which optical modulation scheme
best fits my application?
In QPSK modulation, we double
the transmission rate relative to
OOK by encoding 2 bits into
one symbol. The four possible
symbols are in the IQ diagrams
four constellation points, which
are all situated on the same
circle. That means we operate
Q
I
Q Q Q
Q
Q
Q Q
I I
+
=
I
I
I
I I
FIGURE 3. Examples of phase shifts in a Mach
Zehnder modulator, time domain, and IQ diagram.
1403lw_12 12 2/21/14 2:11 PM
FEATURE Optical transmitter for every need
with one amplitude only. The
points are separated by
/
.
In the transmitter, the electrical
bit stream is split by a demultiplexer
into the I and Q part of the signal.
Each of the two parts directly
modulates the phase of the laser
signal on one arm of a Mach
Zehnder modulator. An additional
MachZehnder element shifts the
phase of the lower branch, the Q
branch, by
/
. After recombination
of the two branches, we get the
resultant QPSK signal as shown
at the bottom of Figure 4.
Transmitters for more complex
modulation schemes
When it comes to higher-order
modulation schemes like 16-QAM,
the transmitter setup must be able
to provide more amplitude levels
and phases, which means higher
complexity. In 16-QAM, each symbol
encodes 4 bits and we need two
optical power levels. To accomplish
this, there are several approaches that
differ in their modularity and in the
level of performing the modulation
in the electrical or optical domain.
Figure 5 offers four implementation
examples for
comparison.
On the top left is
a transmitter that
consists of discrete
components. The
digital-to-analog
conversion (DAC)
is done on the
optical signal.
Using a BERT as an
example, there are
four output channels
to electrically
Binary data
stream
11000110
1010
1001
Q
I
QPSK
constellation map
QPSK
signal
11
Q
Q
Signal
I
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
11 00 01 10
01
10 00
1
Demux Laser
/2
FIGURE 4. Transmitter setup for the modulation
of a QPSK signal.
1403lw_13 13 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE Optical transmitter for every need


create the 4 bits of a symbol. The four
voltages drive two MachZehnder
modulators. A laser source with a
following splitter provides the two
light signals that are then modulated
by the MachZehnder interferometers.
On the lower branch, an optical
attenuator follows to get the second
lower light amplitude. The upper
branch has another MachZehnder
element for shifting the phase
relative to the lower branch. After
recombination, we get the 16-QAM
optical signal as the interference
signal. The fact we need more than
one MachZehnder modulator is
the weakness of this setup because
theyre expensive components. At
the same time, the lithium niobate
elements must have the same
constant working temperature
to enable precise phase control.
Thats difficult to guarantee.
The phase would be easier
to control if the MachZehnder
interferometers were integrated on
one optical chip as in the example
in the top right of Figure 5. Here,
branches 1 and 2
are each emitting
a QPSK signal. The
interference result
of both branches is
the 16-QAM signal
as shown in Figure
6. The drawback
to this approach
though is that its
not commercially
available.
In the bottom left
example of Figure
5, there are two
designs where the DAC is performed
in the electrical domain. We can
use a standard pattern generator for
creating the 4-bit sequences. The
I part of the signal is on the upper
two arms. An attenuator in one arm
provides a second amplitude level.
The same situation exists on the lower
two arms where the Q part of the
signal has its origin. After passing
a combiner, the two-level electric
signals control the optical signals
of a MachZehnder modulator.
The disadvantage of this approach is
that because of its many components
the setup is very complex and
therefore not flexible. Its also
not possible to realize a higher-
order modulation scheme like
64-QAM because the voltage
resolution isnt good enough for
more than two amplitude levels.
The bottom right example of
Figure 5 shows the most convenient
and f lexible variant. The signal
is modulated with an arbitrary
waveform generator, which
then drives a MachZehnder
interferometer. Using this setup, its
no problem to generate many more
levels. We can think of far more
complex modulation schemes than
16-QAM that may be common in
the future and put into practice with
this kind of optical transmitter.
So far our reflections have been
on the transmitter side of complex
modulated optical signals. Regarding
the receiver side, well be learning
more in the next tutorial.
Discrete
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
t
o
-
a
n
a
l
o
g

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
Integrated
Complicated optics
and expensive
I
2
1
2
1
Q
I
Q
Q
Q
I
I
Commercially not available
Low resolution and
less fexible
High DAC
resolution
Flexible
DAC
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
DAC
6dB
q
Att.
6dB
FIGURE 5. Advanced transmitter concepts for
modulation formats beyond QPSK, such as 16-QAM.
1
2
Q
I
FIGURE 6. 16-QAM modulation in two
parallel steps: On one branch, the
green QPSK signal is modulated and
convoluted with another QPSK signal
on the second branch, which gives the
blue 16-QAM constellation points.
1403lw_14 14 2/21/14 2:11 PM

By GEOFF BENNETT FEATURE


Superchannel 2.0: What comes next?
C
OHERENT DETECTION
technology has succeeded
beyond most industry
expectations. At 100G, coherent detection
delivers 10X the fiber capacity when
compared to 10G direct detection, usually
with significantly longer optical reach.
For these reasons, coherent detection
is a true innovation that will supply the
worlds long-haul transport networks
with capacity well into the next decade.
Coherent superchannels have already
gone a stage further by implementing
multiple coherent wavelengths on a
single linecard for operational scalability.
These linecards support multiple
coherent modulation formats to enable
service providers to balance reach
and fiber capacity; they even offer an
instant bandwidth capability where
service providers can use as much of
the superchannel linecard capacity as
they need. According to a
3Q2013 optical report from
DellOro, photonic-IC-based
500G superchannels (the
only type of superchannel
shipping commercially at
the time of this writing)
now account for nearly
one-fourth of all 100G
wavelengths in the world
and one-third of those
outside of China.
So how does
superchannel technology follow that kind
of success? The remarkably consistent
answer from customers is that they need
even more fiber capacity and flexibility.
To achieve these objectives, we must
look in several development directions.
From fixed to flex grid spacing
One path toward meeting these objectives
requires that we break away from the
fixed DWDM grid (defined in earlier
versions of ITU-T G.694.1) and move to
a flexible grid that can be right-sized for
a given superchannel spectral width.
Figure 1 shows how this would work.
The latest version of G.694.1 defines a
flexible grid thats based on building
blocks of 12.5 GHz. On the left is a
100-Gbps single carrier signal that uses
the most common coherent modulation
type, known as polarization- multiplexed
quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK).
This modulation format is used in the
vast majority of 100G applications
500-Gbps PM-QPSK
20 12.5 GHz = 250 GHz
500-Gbps PM-16-QAM
8 12.5 GHz = 100 GHz
100-Gbps PM-QPSK
4 12.5 GHz = 50 GHz
10-carrier
superchannel
10-carrier
superchannel
FIGURE 1. Flexible channels built with 12.5-GHz granularity.
1403lw_15 15 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE Superchannel 2.0: What comes next?


because it offers an ideal balance
between fiber capacity and optical
reach. The resultant signal also
fits into a standard fixed 50-GHz
frequency slot, where it would be
compatible with the installed base
of reconfigurable optical add/drop
multiplexers (ROADMs) that are
based on wavelength-selective-switch
(WSS) technology. WSSs deployed to
date have been designed to operate
on a fixed spacing, and 50 GHz has
been the most widely used spacing
for these ROADMs installed to date.
In a flexible grid, traditional
50-GHz signals such as these
would be supported by creating the
frequency slot with four 12.5-GHz
building blocks. Moreover, we
can exploit the flexibility of the
new grid to support existing and
emerging superchannel signals by
creating a frequency slot that uses
multiple 12.5-GHz building blocks.
The center example in Figure
1 shows a superchannel thats
about 250-GHz wide; it would be
impossible to switch it through
traditional ROADMs that are based
on 50-GHz spacing. Instead, a
new type of ROADM would have
to be developed, FlexROADM,
which could be based on the new
tighter grid spacing to enable
12.5-GHz granularity in channel
spacing. Twenty of these building
blocks are used in this example.
On the right side of Figure 1 is
another example of a 500-Gbps
superchannel, and notice that this
only takes about half of the spectral
width of the previous example. Thats
because it would use a more efficient
modulation type called polarization-
multiplexed 16-QAM. In this case, the
superchannel should only require
eight of the 12.5-GHz frequency slots.
The 16-QAM superchannel is
good news if absolute fiber capacity
is the goal, but that comes at a high
price. Whereas PM-QPSK may
have an optical reach of 4,000 km
or more before regeneration is
needed, PM-16-QAM may only be
able to support a link of 700 km or
less with standard operating margin.
So thats twice the capacity but at
just about one-sixth the reach.
Toward terabit linecards
As I had pointed out in Lightwave
two years ago (Superchannels to
the rescue!), superchannels overcome
the problem that the performance
improvements in serial electronics arent
able to keep up with the improvements
in optical-component scaling by allowing
us to go parallel. Fundamentally,
trying to bring a 400G, 500G, or 1-Tbps
superchannel into production on a
single carrier requires high-speed
electronics that arent in production
today and wont be for several years.
Hero demos, yes; production, no.
So todays production
superchannels implement digital
capacity in parallel to solve this
problem using photonic ICs very
similar to the approach that a
processor with multiple cores
implements. Figure 2 shows
how that would work for a terabit
superchannel with 1, 2, or 10 carriers,
where the load on the electronic
components is relieved by adding
more carriers to the superchannel.
When the serial electronics
for faster superchannel carriers
becomes available, the next logical
step is to double the capacity of the
superchannel so it can produce 1
Tbps of DWDM capacity in a single
linecard. Terabit-scale photonic ICs
10 lasers
40 modulators
Photonic ICs
375 GHz 375 GHz
2 lasers
8 modulators

375 GHz
Single carrier Dual carrier Ten-carrier
1 laser
4 modulators
320-Gbaud electronics 160-Gbaud electronics 32-Gbaud electronics
~11-nm silicon ~16-nm silicon
Time to market: ~8 years Time to market: ~5 years Time to market: Soon
FIGURE 2. Implementation options for a 1-Tbps PM-QPSK linecard.
1403lw_16 16 2/21/14 2:11 PM
11
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A N N UA L
F T T X c e l l e n c e
AWA R D
Do you know a VISIONARY?
Honori ng an i ndi vi dual for hi s or her contri buti ons to the
depl oyment of opti cal access networks i n Nor th Ameri ca.
The award wi l l be presented at the 2014 FTTH Conference
& Expo i n For t Lauderdal e, Fl ori da.
Nomi nati ons must be recei ved by May 16, so vi si t
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and to nomi nate a deser vi ng i ndi vi dual .
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FEATURE Superchannel 2.0: What comes next?


have already been demonstrated,
and now the world is waiting for the
electronic-component engineers
to deliver the right combination of
serial processing power, electrical
power consumption, and cost per bit.
What seems clear is that this 1-Tbps
linecard must be implemented in a
single card with the lowest possible
space, power, and cost per bit.
The superchannel platform
Lets change gears for a minute and
look at the platforms that have to host
these DWDM linecards. First, very few
of the 100-Gbps long-haul wavelengths
deployed today carry a single 100
Gigabit Ethernet service. Its far more
likely that they will be carrying 10G or
even Gigabit Ethernet services in very
large numbers well into the future,
according to analysts. Therefore, for
these massive pools of cost-effective
capacity delivered by 100G, 500G, and
1T superchannels, multilayer bandwidth
management will be required.
Not only is a ROADM important to
optically switch 100G, 500G, or 1T
superchannels filled with services
that have the same endpoints, but
theres a need for a subwavelength
grooming function to handle the add/
drop, multiplexing, and switching of
lower-speed services. Figure 3 shows
a highly simplistic example of network
efficiency savings by combining
DWDM transmission with Optical
Transport Network (OTN) switching.
Yet even in this trivial example,
we see how switching produces
equipment savings and more efficient
use of backbone wavelengths.
In the upper part of Figure 3,
the nodes have no subwavelength
switching capability. That means two
separate, partially filled muxponder
cards are needed at node A.
Moreover, two separate, partially
filled 100G wavelengths are needed
between nodes A, B, and C. In the
lower part of Figure 3 the nodes have
integrated OTN switching capability,
which enables a single, fully filled
muxponder at node A and only one
fully filled wavelength between
nodes A, B, and C. Only at node C is
an additional wavelength needed to
carry the relevant services to node Y.
In a real network, significant savings
are possible by using OTN switching.
However, implementing the switching
capability in two separate boxes is not
ideal imagine the explosion of fiber
patch cables needed between the
DWDM terminal and the crossconnect
at each node. Instead, most leading
DWDM vendors are implementing
a single platform that merges high-
capacity DWDM transmission
with advanced OTN switching.
A survey by Infonetics in 2013 indicates
that 86% of service providers plan to
deploy OTN switching and, of these
service providers, 96% would prefer
to implement this type of integrated
DWDM/OTN platform by 2016.
The use of an OTN switching
platform offers other benefits for
superchannels, too. As a digital
platform, it enables carrier-grade
control planes such as GMPLS
to automate the provisioning
and restoration functions in the
network of services inside the
B C A
Y
Z
B C
Y
A
Z
510GbE
510GbE
510GbE
510GbE
1010GbE
510GbE
510GbE
No switching capability means two muxponders
required here and two wavelengths here
With switching, there are savings in
muxponder cards and more effcient
wavelength utilization
FIGURE 3. Examples of equipment and network efficiency savings
through integrated DWDM/OTN platforms.
1403lw_18 18 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE Superchannel 2.0: What comes next?


superchannels. And advanced
restoration capabilities such as ITU-T
Shared Meshed Protection (SMP)
will allow dramatic savings in the
network capacity needed for service
restoration. By implementing SMP
in dedicated hardware, it should
be possible to achieve the gold
standard of sub-50-msec protection
in an arbitrary meshed topology.
So an integrated OTN platform
enables lower data-rate services to be
efficiently multiplexed and groomed
into high-capacity superchannels
and provides new opportunities
for efficient service protection. But
because of the very high data rates
involved today at 500 Gbps and in the
future at higher speeds like 1-Tbps
superchannels, these switches have
to be developed from scratch as a
superchannel platform; they cant be
reverse-engineered onto existing
transmission or switching platforms
without serious compromises.
Therefore, a key requirement
to move to single card 1-Tbps
superchannels is a transport system
that can support 1 Tbps per slot
and provide full access to a large
non-blocking OTN switching function.
Its incumbent on service providers to
really push on this issue as they move
to deploy superchannels, so they can
ensure theyre deploying systems that
not only provide cost-effective linecard
capacity today, but also deliver high
per-slot backplane capacity to provide
investment protection in the future.
Operational automation
With integrated digital switching
available at many nodes, weve
seen carrier-grade control planes
such as GMPLS work very well in
terms of automated provisioning
and troubleshooting. But is there a
way to enhance this architecture to
encompass optical switching, too?
The next step in ROADM
technology is already taking shape.
As mentioned earlier, FlexROADMs
are designed to operate with the
new 12.5-GHz granularity, and the
ultimate core switching platform is
where colorless, directionless, and
contentionless FlexROADM capability
is combined with integrated
DWDM superchannel linecards
and non-blocking OTN switching.
A multilayer switching architecture
(see Figure 4) would then enable
service providers to construct
superchannel express routes across
their networks. These superchannel
routes could be efficiently filled
using OTN switching at the edges
but could also be switched optically
through the express nodes at the
lowest possible cost per bit. A new
IETF initiative known as Spectrum
Switched Optical Networks (SSON) is
aimed at extending the GMPLS frame-
work and associated protocols (e.g.,
OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE) to operate with
flexible spectrum superchannels.
GMPLS may be augmented by
carrier software-defined networks
in the future, which may have the
ability to not only control Layer 0
and 1 at the transport layer, but also
control Layer 2 and Layer 3 for a
highly optimized overall network.
Here, flexible grid superchannels
and integrated digital and optical
Digital BW management r Maximizes network effciency
by flling superchannels
r Photonic integration enables
pervasive deployment
r Unconstrained subwavelength
ODU0/ODUfex and packet
switching granularity
r &OBCMFT EZOBNJD TXJUDIJOH GPS
500-Gbps and 1-Tbps superchannels
r 0QUJDBM CZQBTT GPS DBQFY TBWJOHT
r 3FDPOHVSBCMF GPS PQFY TBWJOHT
Service-level grooming
Digital
bandwidth
management
Optical
bandwidth
management
FlexROADM
Optical BW management
for superchannels
FIGURE 4. A multilayer switching architecture integrates digital and optical switching.
continued on p. 30
1403lw_19 19 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE By EINAR IN DE BETOU, CHRISTIAN-ALEXANDER BUNGE,


HENRIK HLFELDT, AND MAGNUS OLSON
WDM-PON is a key component
in next generation access
M
ANY INDUSTRY ANALYSTS
believe that the increasing
requirements for bandwidth
scalability, quality of service, and
support of the emerging traffic patterns
required by video and broadcast
standards will make copper networks
insufficient for many high-bandwidth
services in the future. Fiber availability is
not universal, and the economics of new
fiber deployments are often challenging;
nevertheless, fiber will undoubtedly
push deeper into access networks to
support business services, mobile
backhaul/fronthaul, multitenant buildings/
fiber to the cabinet, and in some cases
fiber to the home (FTTH), too. Yet todays
fiber-based approaches, including
TDM-PON and active point-to-point
Ethernet, probably wont meet the likely
requirements of the next generation
of bandwidth-intensive traffic, either.
WDM-PON is a passive optical
networking approach currently being
developed by several companies
that can be used to more adequately
address these challenges over fiber-
based networks. A WDM-PON design
can be used to separate optical-network
units (ONUs) into several virtual point-
to-point connections over the same
physical infrastructure, a feature that
enables efficient use of fiber compared
to point-to-point Ethernet and offers lower
latency than TDM-based approaches. A
notable advantage of this approach is the
combination of high capacity per
user, high security, and longer
optical reach. WDM-PON therefore
is highly suitable for applications
such as mobile backhaul or business
Ethernet service provision.
Thus WDM-PON is poised to become
the disruptive next generation access
architecture. It will enable high-speed
access for businesses, mobile backhaul,
and eventually FTTH. WDM-PON also
will enable operators to build converged
networks and consolidate existing
access networks, including potentially
eliminating central offices to reduce
cost while boosting performance.
There are several types of WDM-PON
systems under development. They
all have in common the use of
passive, temperature- hardened
DWDM optical filters in the remote
node and colorless ONUs.
1403lw_20 20 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE WDM-PON key in next gen access


WDM-PON technology
WDM-PON provides the dedicated
bandwidth of a point-to-point
network and the fiber sharing
inherent in PONs. The architecture
is somewhat similar to that of EPON
and GPON; instead of the power-
splitter approach used in TDM-PON
architectures, WDM-PON uses an
arrayed-waveguide-grating (AWG)
filter that separates the wavelengths
for individual delivery to the
subscriber ONUs (see Figure 1).
A simple, plug-and-play
implementation is based on
wavelength-locked or tunable lasers.
Self-tuning colorless ONUs can
be used at the subscriber sites to
simplify inventory and spare-part
handling. Colorless optics not only
simplify operations, but also reduce
deployment costs, since they dont
need the expensive wavelength-
stability components that traditional
fixed and tunable optics require.
There are multiple approaches to
the colorless ONU technology.
In one approach, the wavelength
of the ONU transmitter is controlled
by injection of a seed signal into
FIGURE 1. Basic WDM-PON architecture.
CPE/ONU/ONT ODN/RN CO/OLT
GbE
EDU MDU MDU
Uplink
Downlink
CPE (EDU) with SFP
with wavelength-locked
FP laser
Seed
light unit
40-channel
AWG flter
1530 1545 1560 nm 1530 1545 1560 nm
FP-LD spectrum without (left) and with (right) seed light
Output
power
Output
power
h h
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
EMXP
EDU - Ethernet demarcation unit
EMXP - Ethernet muxponder
RN - Remote node
the transmitter (e.g., a wavelength-
locked Fabry-Perot laser or
ref lective semiconductor optical
amplifier). The seed signal
injected into the transmitter could
come from broadband ASE light
sliced through the filters in the
system or from a DFB laser array.
In a self-seeding version of this
approach, the seed light is provided
by feedback of broadband light
from the transmitter itself. The
passive filtering of the seed light
in the remote node determines the
wavelength of the ONU transmitter.
In a different approach, the
colorless ONU contains a single-
mode wavelength-tunable
laser, which is able to tune to the
appropriate wavelength that matches
the remote node filter port.
Below 10-Gbps channel bit
rates, the injection-seeded method
provides a cost-efficient approach.
1403lw_21 21 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE WDM-PON key in next gen access


As an example, a wavelength-
locked Fabry-Perot transmitter can
be integrated into an MSA SFP
pluggable form-factor module,
which enables the use of third-party
CPE devices. A modified EDFA
gain block in a 7090 MSA form
factor could be used to generate
the broadband ASE light thats used
as a seed signal in the system.
At 10-Gbps bit rates, tunable-laser
technology offers an alternative to
the injection-seeded approach. The
tunable-laser technology developed
for the metro/long-haul market
has matured significantly over the
past couple of years and is able
to give a good cost-per-bit ratio
when high capacity is needed.
If the WDM-PON system is
properly designed, then its possible
to mix different transmission
technologies. By following certain
design rules during the installation
of the WDM-PON system, its
possible to allow step-wise channel
upgrades to higher bit rates when
the demand arises. These design
rules ensure that channel OSNR
requirements will be met in the
presence of ref lections and that
inter-channel crosstalk is avoided.
The result is an open and f lexible
access network that can support
many applications and services
over the same infrastructure.
WDM-PON thus becomes an optical
option for the access network
as and where it makes sense.
Given its ability to help service
providers cope with current
bandwidth demands as well as the
next potential broadband access
bottleneck, WDM-PON is becoming
an important technology to consider
in terms of its benefits and market
timing. As with any emerging
technology, service providers need
FOR A LOOK AT an earlier
ring-based WDM-PON trial,
WATCH:
SARDANA project for
WDM-PON
LEARN MORE
Video
to consider the optimal strategy for
initial deployment of WDM-PON.
That includes how they could use
WDM-PON for additional network
applications as the technology
matures and its costs come down.
The latest generations of
WDM-PON systems are now gaining
traction with operators around the
globe for field deployment, lab trials,
and evaluations. Its clearly the early
stage of WDM-PON deployments, but
progress has started and 2014 looks
to be a pivotal year for the technology.
Where can WDM-PON go next?
The current generation of
commercial WDM-PON systems
based on ref lective ONU technology
is optimized for applications up to
ASE
seed
Ch 1 Ch 40
Upstream
Downstream
Optical line terminal Ring-based WDM-PON
network architecture
(R)OADM
(R)OADM
(R)OADM
DC
(R)OADM
ONU
Dual-fber pair
(R)OADM
ONU
(R)OADM node
Optional amplifcation block for (R)OADM node
Upstream
ASE seed
X ch
add
X ch
drop
ASE seed
Added
channels
Amp
Amp
Dropped
channels
Downstream
Downstream
Upstream
T
R
X
T
R
X
T
R
X
ASE
seed
OLT2
OLT1
ASE
seed
DC - Dispersion compensation
FIGURE 2. Architectural scenario explored in the collaboration between
Transmode and Deutsche Telekom Hochschule fr Telekommunikation.
1403lw_22 22 2/21/14 2:11 PM
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MORE THAN PRECISION
FEATURE WDM-PON key in next gen access
20 km, 40 channels, and 1 Gbps
per customer. Current research
focuses on how to scale WDM-PON
toward higher bit rates and longer
reach. Forward error correction
is a key technology for scaling the
current generation of WDM-PON
technology to higher bit rates,
longer reach, tighter channel
spacing, or a combination thereof. An
important challenge is to package
the technology in an MSA form-factor
pluggable module to maintain its
benefits in cost and compatibility
with third-party equipment.
A typical requirement for next
generation metro/access systems
is to enable node consolidation.
That means operators can reduce
opex by closing down portions
of their central offices; at the
same time, this goal requires
the optical signals to bridge
longer distances than what is
typical of the access networks
of today. Thus, when routing
WDM-PON signals through the
metro part of the network, it
becomes necessary to support
ring architectures as an alternative
to the basic tree structure.
In a ring structure, cascaded
filters may decrease the effective
channel passband. Since the
spectral width of the WDM-PON
signal is wider than the signals from
a normal DFB source, such filtering
effects may affect transmission.
In a recent evaluation project, a
partnership between Transmode
and Deutsche Telekom Hochschule
fr Telekommunikation of Leipzig,
Germany, achieved 140-km long
reach WDM-PON transmission
over a ring-based access-network
architecture. The partnership
investigated the effects of using
WDM-PON based on ASE-seeded
wavelength-locked transmitters in a
ring-based network architecture with
cascaded OADM nodes. Transmission
at 1.25 Gbps over 140-km singlemode
fiber was demonstrated using an
EDFA and dispersion compensation.
The results were first published
at ECOC 2013 (In de Betou,
Bunge, hlfeldt, and Olson,
140km Long-reach WDM-PON
Test for Ring-based Access
Network Architecture). This
partnership has investigated what
opportunities could be provided
by WDM-PON technology in such
network topologies by studying
experimentally the influence of
narrow filtering and maximum reach.
The experimental testbed
(in Leipzig) was built around
Transmodes TM-Series iWDM-
PON system to create an optical line
terminal (OLT) (see Figure 2). The
OLT has a transponder line card that
hosts pluggable wavelength-locked
Fabry-Perot transceivers, ASE seed
light sources, dual circulators for up-
and downstream, and a 40-channel
multiplexer based on an AWG.
To reach distances beyond 100 km,
amplifiers, dispersion compensation,
and remote ASE seed sources were
used. While an experimental field
trial today, it shows that WDM-PON
may well continue to evolve to
support longer reach and more
sophisticated network architectures
in the future supporting a broader
range of deployment scenarios.
1403lw_23 23 2/21/14 2:11 PM

FEATURE By JULIUS FRANCIS


Optimizing and monetizing data-center
metro networks
C
ARRIERS AND CONTENT
service providers are
experiencing a tsunami in
traffic levels fueled by the ever-increasing
consumer and business demands driven
by over-the-top (OTT) applications and
the movement of all things into the cloud.
To support these levels of traffic along
with the new and expanded data centers
being deployed globally to accommodate
them network infrastructures have
to evolve. That means operators must
embrace change particularly change that
improves network optimization, maximizes
agility, and increases monetization.
There are multiple financial, operatio-
nal, and competitive reasons operators
must start alleviating the bottlenecks that
exist in network infrastructures today.
Operational costs are skyrocketing.
Complexity is increasing.
Revenues are decreasing. In
most cases, this trifecta of
trouble is unfolding because
it takes too long to capitalize on
new innovations and incorporate
them into services and
applications that customers want.
Legacy networks functions
typically are built with fixed,
vertically integrated, and
propriety operating systems,
software, and hardware. These layers
are locked in together and restrict
innovation. Lifecycles for hardware are
short, but product development cycles are
longer than for the other layers. Software,
operating systems, and hardware need
to be decoupled to spur innovation and
enable new revenue generating services
to be tested and launched quickly.
Fortunately, with new open standards
for software-defined networking (SDN)
and network functions virtualization
(NFV), untethering software from
hardware is for the first time a reality. This
decoupling enables more elastic network
layers that will be key to deploying new
applications and virtualized network
functions more flexibly and rapidly.
That said, existing investments
in network infrastructure have to
be protected. Performance must be
maintained. Network operators cant
r Fixed function proprietary HW
r Tight SW-HW coupling
r Innovation barrier vendor
HW development cycle
r Operational complexity
r COTS HW to ride the
cost/performance cycle
r SW innovation decoupled
from HW development cycle
r Virtual application as an
elastic service
r Operational effciency
Improved
opex/capex
Service velocity Optimization
across organization
Innovation Monetization
Resource
optimization
Software-centric Hardware-centric
Forces behind network functions virtualization
FIGURE 1. Forces behind network functions virtualization.
1403lw_24 24 2/21/14 2:12 PM

FEATURE Optimizing and monetizing metro networks


conduct a network overhaul overnight.
There must be a transformational
approach to existing operational and
organizational models. Moreover,
theres some risk involved.
But theres clearly much greater
risk in doing nothing. Traditional
operators are conservative in
adopting new technologies, and
many wonder what benefits SDN-
and NFV-enabled platforms bring.
Currently, operating expenses
(opex) contribute a major part of
an operators cost of delivering
services; as such, optimization is
in focus. Many are evaluating SDN
and NFV, however, with an eye
toward minimizing disruptions
to their networks and the
customers who depend on them.
Transformation
to virtual-network infrastructures
The transformation of network
infrastructures has to include
network virtualization, centralized
policy-centric application
integration, and the simplification
of underlying networks. It also
must be extended beyond the four
walls of the data center and down
the protocol stack to the optical
layer. SDN brings virtualization to
the networking infrastructure to
reduce operational complexity and
escalating costs. While initially
developed for use cases within the
data center, the true value of SDN
will be even more fully realized
beyond the data center, as it adds
automation and programmability to
a multivendor network infrastructure
layer in an end-to-end manner.
NFV expedites services
innovation and velocity and
improves economics through open
computing, operating systems,
and a new network functions
environment (see Figure 1). As
virtual-network functions (VNFs)
are deployed at various distributed
and centralized NFV environments,
SDN will play a key role in
enabling service paths between
VNFs to chain them together.
Traditional legacy networks
have no idea where or when
applications are running because
the applications and networks are
not integrated. Valuable information
necessary to deliver more
customized and profitable services
simply cant be captured. Especially
at the data-center interconnect
layer, application-aware intelligent
networking enables operators to
determine optimal traffic f lows,
optimize performance, improve
network utilization, guarantee
service and application assurance,
secure transport, and support
programmable and automated
transport to enhance application
experience with superior economics.
Looking at the increasing number
of recent infrastructure, control, and
orchestration announcements, its
clear that the computing, storage,
and networks have to be centered
on applications. The underlying
infrastructure layer which must
be built on an intelligent platform
as the foundational building
block is where operators can
differentiate. By doing so, they
can more meaningfully enhance
the experience of the application
and the subscribers through
better performance, lower
latency, increased security,
higher availability, increased
utilization, simplified operations,
and even improved economics.
NFV offers operators the
opportunity to move away from the
forced-fit legacy approach to add
application awareness. Combined
with a move to commercial
off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware
and open operating systems,
the innovation cycle of software
also is separated from hardware.
That fuels much faster rates of
innovation and new services.
NFV promises to enable operators
to drive higher margins through better
FOR ANOTHER
VIEW ON SDN,
READ:
SDN moves into
transportation business
LEARN MORE
Article
1403lw_25 25 2/21/14 2:12 PM

FEATURE Optimizing and monetizing metro networks


network utilization
and innovative
service monetization
with greater agility.
Importantly, this
is accomplished
while defining and
deploying new
revenue generating
services in cloud
computing time.
All or nothing?
So, is the next
generation network
pendulum going to swing all the
way from distributed to centralized
with all VNFs hosted centrally?
Absolutely not. A hybrid network
model will prevail centralizing
what you can and distributing
what you must (see Figure 2).
There are many VNFs that should
move to a cloud model, with
others remaining distributed to
preserve the application centricity
of the underlying network
layer without compromising
the NFV value propositions.
A balanced hybrid model might
have VNFs such as forensic analytics,
application optimization, application
security, and long-tail functions
centralized. These are passive
VNFs with slow feedback control.
Distributed VNFs would include
network analytics probes, network
service-level- agreement (SLA)
probes, active network security,
contextual service assurance,
and low latency edge services.
Distributed VNFs are characterized
by contextual affinity, low latency
r Contextual affnity
r Low latency feedback control
r Compute vs. backhaul costs
r Passive VNF functions
r Slow feedback control
r Long-tail/specialized apps
Balanced hybrid model
VNF examples
r Network analytics probes
r Network SLA probes
r Active network security
VNF examples
r Application optimization
r Security
r Long-tail functions
CENTRALIZE what you CAN and DISTRIBUTE what you MUST
Distributed Centralized
Balanced hybrid model is NFV imperative
FIGURE 2. A balanced hybrid model is imperative
for effective NFV.
feedback controls, and consideration
of compute versus backhaul costs.
The optimized NFV platform is
a key building block in delivering
the network transformation (see
Figure 3). It needs to have the
following dimensions built in:
r Contextual affinity, which is
critical in some VNFs that require
simplicity, relevance, low latency,
and domain control. Examples
such as network analytic probes,
network SLA probes, application-
aware steering, and subscriber/
tenant contextual service chaining
can be hosted VNFs within
intelligent networking platforms.
r A location-agnostic service
plane that hosts VNFs should be
decoupled from the control and
data planes to put the flexibility
and mobility of hosting VNFs
directly into the hands of the
operator. VNF hosting should be
application-centric and not be
dictated by the tightly coupled
legacy approach of fixed networks.
r A distributed service plane with
service chaining is possible
through the location- agnostic
dimension that gives control
to the operator to seamlessly
transition the VNFs within the
distributed platform, local point
of presence, or cloud data
centers based on changing
application-centric demands
such as scale, experimentation,
and control. The ability to chain
these service locations should be
built into the service plane. SDN
plays a key role in making that
possible. The centralized control
of the service plane, regardless
of where it resides, gives the
operator the dynamism and
control that applications demand.
r The COTS and open operating-
system value must be preserved
to ride the cost and innovation
curve of COTS compute and
open-source community to
bring operational simplicity and
reduced costs. Bringing the
COTS model to server-based
hosting is well understood, but
preserving the COTS and open
operating-system mindset should
1403lw_26 26 2/21/14 2:12 PM

FEATURE Optimizing and monetizing metro networks


be architected from the ground
up within this new breed of
intelligent networking platforms.
When the multilayer SDN
control comes together with NFV
and application-aware intelligent
networking platforms, the true value
of application centricity will be
integrated with the network layer.
This application centricity needs
to be extended outside the walls
of the data center to deliver an
end-to-end application experience.
The pace of transformation
Network operators will introduce
changes gradually. The hybrid
model, leveraging SDN and NFV,
provides a seamless migration path
without jeopardizing performance
or the integrity of the network.
Operators who realize they must
respond to the unprecedented levels
of traffic traveling across their data
centers likely to increase with
demands fueled by bandwidth-
intensive video applications,
for example will bring new
competitive services to market
much faster. That, in turn, will allow
them to drive additional revenues.
It can no longer take up to a year
or more to deliver new services
for application-hungry consumers
and businesses. Large content
providers, such as Facebook and
Amazon, are investing heavily
to build their own networks for
optimal control and keep pace
with rapidly changing business
demands and requirements. New
SDN- and NFV-enabled networking
platforms will have the massive
density, space, and power savings
required for cloud-based services
and applications. Importantly, they
will also provide network analytics,
programmability, and increasingly
granular application awareness.
Resistance is futile. Continuing
with the status quo of a proprietary,
fixed legacy network is akin
to the telecom companies that
refused to react when Internet-
based communications changed
the communications field
forever. Those companies are no
longer a factor in a very vibrant
and active marketplace.
Innovation and open
environments make the next
generation of networks not only
feasible but also a reality for
operators seeking to more fully
capitalize on their networks while
optimizing opex with innovative
monetization. Vendors can start
by building new intelligent
networking platforms as building
blocks to enable a network
fabric that can be monetized.
Network operators can start by
enabling VNF-as-a-service as the
first step toward monetization. If we
just focus on driving out the margins of
vendors and carriers, we will also drive
out innovation and turn cloud networks
into a pure utility. Nobody in the
communications innovation ecosystem
would benefit from that environment.
Optimized NFV platform
Optimized NFV model
for distributed functions
Fixed hardware applications Virtual software applications
Content providers Telcos
r Long delivery cycle
r High compute cost
r Proprietary compute
r Proprietary static operating system
r Barrier for service velocity
r High latency compute interconnect
r High latency feedback control
r Low port density
r Faster delivery cycle
r COTS compute
r Low compute cost
r Open virtualized operating system
r High SW service velocity
r Low latency feedback control
r Low latency on service chaining
r Greater port density
FIGURE 3. Features of an optimized NFV platform.
1403lw_27 27 2/21/14 2:12 PM

FEATURE By BRENT HATFIELD


Factors driving PSM4 and silicon photonics
for data-center architectures
M
ULTIPLE FORCES ARE driving
the implementation of parallel
singlemode quad (PSM4) and
silicon photonics (SiPh) in next generation
data-center designs and architectures.
PSM4 and SiPh fill an important gap in
data-center interconnect options the
gap between the reach of 25G multimode
options and that of long range (LR) optical
approaches. Using pigtail designs with these
technologies can ease implementation via
easy mating to structured cabling. From
a futureproofing perspective, PSM4 is an
approach that can accommodate both
current and future bandwidth upgrades.
Demand for new
data-center architectures
Several factors are pushing data-
center bandwidth demands to
unprecedented levels.
The cloud. A 2011
study by IBM found
that 70% of mid-sized
businesses were using
cloud-based analytics
and 66% had already
deployed or were planning to deploy
cloud-based technologies.
Entertainment on-demand and
mobile. Entertainment is transitioning
to an on-demand/anywhere model. This
requires large-scale infrastructure to
store and support programming.
Big data. Recent advances in
database management (most notably
the development of Hadoop) enable
large-scale data-based relational
information, even where the data is in
disparate types, formats, and across
different systems. As a result, all data has
begun to be stored indefinitely and mined
for information and relationships.
Due to all these factors, data centers
are becoming larger and more
distributed. Virtualization means that
system architectures can be built with less
equipment but with more

interconnections.
These next generation data-center designs
typically require scalability and uniformity
of performance coupled with low latency.
Scalability is required to handle the
expansion of services, addition of customers,
and increase in data. Uniformity of
performance is required to provide a smooth
flow of data between nodes.
The traditional three-tiered data-center
architecture of core, aggregation, and
access was well suited for traditional use of
PSM4 active optical cables
using silicon photonics
can come in a variety of
configurations, including QSFP
and pigtail combinations.
SOURCE: MOLEX
1403lw_28 28 2/21/14 2:11 PM

Factors driving PSM4 and silicon photonics FEATURE


email, webpages, and traffic. However,
new requirements for video and
content delivery, virtual machines,
cloud access, and social networking
content assembly required low latency
across the data center. Non-blocking
bandwidth became both a requirement
and technical challenge that demanded
a new data-center architecture.
Spine-and-leaf architectures
resolve these issues. A central spine
handles high-bandwidth data between
leafs; each leaf controls the traffic
flow between clusters of servers. The
performance is thus balanced, while the
structure supports the addition of leafs
as the system scales. Traffic between
nodes is balanced and accessible with
low latency eastwest traffic flow.
This type of architecture has many
attributes; a physical one is the need
for longer links. And that could mean
a significant change in cabling.
Multimode fiber,
distance/data-rate challenge
Over the past decade, as data rates
increased, the distances that copper
interconnects could accommodate
decreased to the point that alternative
approaches had to be found. Each
method came with increasing costs and
implementation challenges. Ultimately,
the crossover point occurred, and
multimode fiber became the only
viable solution for exceeding a certain
combination of data rate and distance.
However, the same challenges
have now arisen with multimode:
r 1GBase-SR with OM2 fiber
reach is 550 m.
r 40GBase-SR4 with OM3 fiber
reach is 150 m.
r 100GBase-SR4 with OM4 fiber
reach is 100 m.
Each new upgrade requires
significant data-center downtime,
including additional price premiums
for structured cabling. And the time
between these upgrades is shrinking.
10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is deployed,
and 40 GbE systems are being installed
now. Well soon see 100 GbE begin
deployment, and a consortium of
suppliers announced an MSA for 400
GbE last year. Terabit Ethernet is on the
horizon. The traditional economic model
of replacing an outdated infrastructure
and expecting payoff within a few short
years is increasingly under pressure.
In fact, at a time of increasing cost
pressures, constant multimode cabling
upgrades run counter to industry needs.
Solution: SiPh PSM4
for 4-km reach
A SiPh-based PSM4 approach helps
resolve the multiple challenges of
higher bandwidth, longer distan-
ces, low power, and futureproofing.
SiPh-based long reach PSM4 products
offer seven primary advantages.
Distance. With transmission
distances up to 4 km, they can
accommodate most, if not all, new
data-center requirements.
Power. SiPh-based active optical
cables (AOCs) use basically the
same power consumption as VCSEL-
based products: under 1 W for a 10G
QSFP+ AOC and 1.5 W at 25 Gbps.
Cost. The cost is roughly the same
as VCSEL-based AOCs, but since
they are singlemode, they use
much less expensive singlemode
cable. As speeds increase, VCSEL-
based products require ever more
expensive types of fiber. After most
networks have upgraded to OM3, an
upgrade to OM4 can be costly. And
what comes after OM4, and how
soon will it be needed? With single-
mode SiPh AOCs, the fiber remains
inexpensive singlemode and stays
consistent as data rates increase.
Futureproof structured cabling.
Upgrading structured cabling is
less economically viable as speeds
continue to increase. PSM4 can
accommodate 10 GbE 410 Gbps,
40 GbE 410 Gbps aggrega-
ted, QDR Infiniband 410 Gbps,
FDR Infiniband 414 Gbps, EDR
Infiniband 425 Gbps, and 100
GbE 425 Gbps aggregated.
Pigtail plug-in options for ease of
installation and upgrades. PSM4
AOCs are available in pigtail versions.
Here, one end is a traditional QSFP+
active interface and the other either
MPOs or LCs. This enables a quick
connection to structured cabling
(so the AOC side doesnt have to be
pulled long distances) and the ability
to quickly upgrade as needed with
no costly structured cabling upgrade
1403lw_29 29 2/21/14 2:11 PM
switching would deliver the most
cost-effective network possible.
Future of superchannels
Coherent superchannels are a
technology success story for the
optical industry, and they will continue
to support a large and growing
percentage of the worlds long-haul
optical backbones. The logical approach
for implementing superchannels
is to use large-scale photonic-IC
technology to enhance reliability
and reduce power consumption and
footprint to achieve dense cost- effective
single linecard implementations.
Converged DWDM and digital
switching platforms are the carriers
preference, and these systems also
provide the ideal foundation for
advanced carrier-grade control plane
technologies like GMPLS. We will
soon see the emergence of the next
generation of flexible grid superchannels
that will offer even greater fiber capacity
and flexibility. And well see a new
generation of FlexROADMs, which also
will be integrated into the converged
DWDM/OTN switching system.
Superchannel cont from p. 19
and associated data-center downtime.
SiPh actives becoming broadly
available. An ecosystem of proven,
reliable, cost-effective SiPh devices
exists to accommodate singlemode
data-center links. SiPh is widely
deployed today in PSM4 AOCs, and
several new entrants into the market
are offering a variety of options.
SiPh offers a path beyond
25G. VCSELs face increasing
challenges as speeds increase.
With SiPh-based systems, most
modulating schemes have a clear
and well-understood technology
path to 50G, 100G, and beyond.
Future is now
Singlemode SiPh bridges the gaps
caused by the dual requirements
of longer distances and higher data
transmission speeds. With a broad
base of products both available
and being developed by multiple
suppliers, PSM4 and SiPh AOCs
can be deployed today to enable
new data-center architectures, with
the assurance that theyll provide a
path to cost-effectively meet future
upgrade requirements.
Senko Advanced Components Inc.
Senko Introduces New LC-HD Connector for High Density Applications
Senko Advanced Components, Inc. introduces New LC-HD High Density LC Connector. The SENKO
LC-HD Connector is a totally unique design which can increase panel density to its highest possible.
The low profile Senko LC-HD, together with its pull tab allow LC adaptors to be stacked with
absolutely no vertical space.
AFL
AFL, the exclusive provider of Fujikura products in North America, is now providing fusion splicing
solutions via engineering support, splice optimizations and engineered services that include
custom hardware or software design, process improvement consultation, advanced splicer training,
maintenance service agreements and fabricated splice components.
JDS Uniphase Corporation
DOWNLOAD THREE NEW FREE WHITE PAPERS in the JDSU Technical Library:
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Advanced Error Anayss 0ffers New TroubeshooLng MeLhods for Hgh-Speed DaLa 0ommuncaLons
TesLng T00 0 TransporL NeLworks and Servces
JGR Optics
JGRs new MS05B Mainframe
The J0R MS05B s a compacL benchLop manframe LhaL s compaLbe Lo work wLh an exLerna
compuLer. The MS05B communcaLes wLh an ncuded P0I card Lo eLher wndows 7 or wndows XP.
The MS05B aows boLh snge-mode and muLmode nserLon oss and reLurn oss LesLng wLhn a
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M/A-Com Technology Solutions Inc.
Free PDF Downoad on ModuaLor Drvers & TIAs for T000
Anritsu Company
Sx new whLe Papers for Downoad n Technca Lbrary. JLLer Anayss on 0scoscopes and BERTs,
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wreess ELherneL Backhau, TesLng FTTx NeLworks feaLurng P0Ns SeecLng Lhe RghL 0TDR, Fber
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Corning Cable Systems
TTLh Annua FTTXceence Awards. we`re ookng for someone who has shown vson n Lhe use of
FTTX Lechnoogy fber Lo Lhe node, fber Lo Lhe curb, and parLcuary fber Lo Lhe home. If you know
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US Conec Ltd.
The MPO II is the newest US Conecs IBCTM Brand fiber cleaning tool for use cleaning MTP and
generic MPO connectors
The MP0 II s Lhe newesL US 0onec`s IB0TM Brand fber ceanng Loo for use ceanng MTP and
generc MP0 connecLors. The advanced "push sLye ceaner s quck and effcenL aL removng
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Senko Advanced Components Inc.
Smart Decisions Start with Senkos New Smart Cleaner
The newesL member Lo SENK0`s producL ne s Lhe SmarL 0eaner, a dry coLh ceaner specfcay
desgned Lo cean snge fber connecLons resdng n an adapLer, facepaLe or bukhead. Made ouL of
anti-static material the Smart Cleaner is ideal for working in sensitive environments and can be used
for 750+ ceanngs.
ADVERTISER RESOURCES AND OFFERS
1403lw_30 30 2/21/14 2:11 PM

PRODUCT SHOWCASE
SALES OFFICES
MAIN OFFICE
98 Spit Brook Road, LL-1,
Nashua, NH 03062-5737
(603) 891-0123; fax (603) 891-0574
GROUP PUBLISHER
Ernesto Burden
tel (603) 891-9137
ernestob@pennwell.com
ADVERTISING & SPONSORSHIPS MANAGER
Kathleen Skelton
tel (603) 891-9203; fax (603) 891-0587
kathleens@pennwell.com
DIRECTOR LIST RENTAL
Kelli Berry
tel (918) 831-9782;
kellib@pennwell.com
AUSTRIA, BENELUX, EASTERN EUROPE, FRANCE,
GERMANY, GREECE, PORTUGAL, SPAIN, SWITZERLAND
Holger Gerisch
49-(0)8856-8020228; fax 49-(0)8856-8020231
holgerg@pennwell.com
UK/SCANDINAVIA
Kathleen Skelton
tel (603) 891-9203; fax (603) 891-0587
kathleens@pennwell.com
ISRAEL
Dan Aronovic (Tel Aviv)
972-9-899-5813; fax 972-9-899-5815
aronovic@actcom.co.il
HONG KONG/CHINA/AUSTRALIA
Adonis Mak
852-2-838-6298; fax 852-2-838-2766
adonism@actintl.com.hk
JAPAN
Masaki Mori
81-3-321-93561
mori-masaki@ics-inc.co.jp
TAIWAN
Monica Liu
866-2-2396-5128
monica@arco.com.tw
These are the latest
products being featured
by Lightwaves partners.
For more information,
click on the link at the
end of each description.
For advertising information,
contact Kathleen Skelton
or Kelly Barker.
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Senko Introduces New LC-HD
Connector for High Density
Applications
Senko
Senko Advanced Components, Inc. introduces
New LC-HD High Density LC Connector. The
SENKO LC-HD Connector is a totally unique design
which can increase panel density to its highest
possible. The low profile Senko LC-HD, together
with its pull tab allow LC adaptors to be stacked
with absolutely no vertical space. www.senko.com
NETWORKING
Leading the 3D light revolution
Optoscribe
Leading the 3D
light revolution
Optoscribes 3D MMux
Photonic Lantern is
the ideal waveguide
solution designed to optimise space division
multiplexing (SDM). To find out more, visit us at
OFC booth 4373, 9-13 March 2014, Moscone
Center, San Francisco. www.optoscribe.com
AFL ..........................................11
Agilent Technologies Inc. ........31
Amicra Microtechnologies
GmbH ..................................... 23
Anritsu Company...................... 4
Bristol Instruments Inc. ..........31
Corning Cable Systems ...........17
Diamond SA ............................. 7
ECRI Microelectronics .............21
JDS Uniphase Corporation ........ 2
JGR Optics ..............................12
M/A-Com Technology
Solutions Inc. ........................... 8
Optoscribe ...............................31
LW Summit Register .............. 32
Senko Advanced
Components Inc ............9, 13, 31
S.I. Tech ..................................31
Terahertz Technologies Inc. .....31
US Conec Ltd. .......................... 6
TEST AND MEASUREMENT:
New J-BERT M8020A accelerates
insight into designs up to 32 Gb/s
Agilent
The high-performance J-BERT
M8020A enables fast and accurate receiver
characterization of single and multi-lane devices. The
M8020A streamlines receiver test setup by providing
the highest level of integration, ensures accurate and
repeatable measurements by automating stressed
eye calibration, and supports interactive link training
for increased efficiency. www.agilent.com
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Smart Decisions Start with Senkos
New Smart Cleaner
Senko
The newest member to SENKOs
product line is the Smart Cleaner,
a dry cloth cleaner specifically
designed to clean single fiber connections residing
in an adapter, faceplate or bulkhead. Made out of
anti-static material the Smart Cleaner is ideal for
working in sensitive environments and can be used
for 750+ cleanings. www.senko.com
TEST AND MEASUREMENT
Optical Wavelength Meters
Bristol Instruments
Absolute wavelength of
WDM lasers are measured
to 0.3 pm, guaranteed by
continuous calibration with a
built-in wavelength standard.
Reliable accuracy, a rugged
design, and affordability
satisfy the needs of the R&D scientist and the
manufacturing engineer. www.bristol-inst.com
TEST AND MEASUREMENT
New FTE7000A Touch Screen OTDR
Terahertz Technologies Inc.
TTI introduces the U.S. Made FTE7000A
OTDR with video scope including Pass/
Fail End face Grading Map. This touch
screen OTDR has a 36db range, 1m dead zone and
Bluetooth operation with any compatible Android
device. It displays traces in full graph, tabular event
table, and Fib-R-Map schematic modes. Please
visit our new website at www.teratec.us or call
888-U.S.-OTDRS for our latest offerings.
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
USB To Fiber Optic Bit-Driver
S.I. Tech
Supports USB 1.1 and 2.0 plug and play, multimode
or singlemode for secure communication, remote
security cameras, instruments, or other USB
devices, extended-distance. EMI/RFI immunity.
Order: 1.KIT #26 for
complete multimode
system. 11.3181/3182
for tempest version.
www.sitech-bitdriver.com
1403lw_31 31 2/21/14 2:12 PM
JULY 14-16, 2014
RENAISSANCE AUSTIN HOTEL
AUSTIN, TEXAS
During the exhibition and conference
learn from and dialogue with experts
from:
ADTRAN
ADVA Optical Networking
Alcatel-Lucent
Allied Fiber
Amphenol High Speed Interconnect
AT&T
Avago Technologies
BTI Systems
CALIENT Technologies
Calix
Ciena
Clearfeld Inc.
CommScope
Coriant
Corning Optical Communications
Cyan
Ethernet Alliance
EXFO
Facebook
Finisar
Fujitsu Network Communications
Infnera
Infonetics Research
IPC Systems, Inc
JDSU
JGR
Juniper Networks
LightCounting
Lonestar Education and Research Network
Luxtera
Marlin Equity Partners
MRV Communications
Oclaro
OneChip Photonics
Ovum
Plexxi
PMC-Sierra
Sumitomo Electric Lightwave
TE Connectivity
Tektronix, Inc.
The Ethernet Alliance
The Fiber Optic Association
The Light Brigade
TIA Fiber Optic Tech Consortium
TriQuint Semiconductor
Verizon
Walker and Associates
XKL, LLC
XO Communications
REGISTER EARLY AND SAVE Register by May 19, 2014 and SAVE $100
Register at: http://www.lightwavesummit.com/register.html
JULY 14, 2014
MONDAY
CARRIER INNOVATION TRACK ENTERPRISE/DATA CENTER INNOVATION TRACK
4:00 PM - 6:00 PM
WORKSHOP: Understanding Emerging
Technologies in Carrier Networks
WORKSHOP: Fiber Technology for Data
Center and Enterprise Networks
JULY 15, 2014
TUESDAY
CARRIER INNOVATION TRACK ENTERPRISE/DATA CENTER INNOVATION TRACK
8:30 AM - 9:30 AM PANEL: Innovation in an Era of Industry Consolidation
PANEL: Intra-Rack and Rack-to-
Rack Connectivity Innovation
9:30 AM - 10:00 AM Refreshment Break
10:00 AM - 11:00 AM
PANEL: Adding Flexibility and
Effciency to Optical Networks
PANEL: Is It Time to Consider Building
Your Own Network?
11:00 AM NOON Fujitsu Workshop Series: The xHaul Challenge
11:30 AM - 1:00 PM Delegate Lunch (for paid conference attendees only)
1:00 PM - 2:15 PM
KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS (for paid conference attendees only):
t Dr. James King, Assistant Vice President Optical Platforms, AT&T Labs (invited)
t Steve Cheng, Principal Design Engineer and Architect,Telecommunications
and Data Cabling Infrastructure, Facebook
2:30 PM - 3:00 PM
PANEL: Enabling Transport SDN
PAPER: Classifying the New Data
Center Business Models
3:00 PM - 3:30 PM PAPER: 10/40/100GbE Migration: TheRole of Cabling
3:30 PM - 4:30 PM Refreshment Break
4:00 PM 4:45 PM
PANEL: State of 100G OTN Switched
Optical Networks in North America
PANEL: Network Security and
Optical Communications
JULY 16, 2014
WEDNESDAY
CARRIER INNOVATION TRACK ENTERPRISE/DATA CENTER INNOVATION TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM Fujitsu Workshop Series: Executive Roundtable: Building the Network of the Future
9:00 AM - 10:00 AM PANEL: The Road to 1 Tbps PANEL: Data Center Design Innovations
10:00 AM - 10:30 AM Refreshment Break
10:30 AM - 11:00 AM
PAPER: OSNR Analysis in Nonlinear
Coherent Transmission Links
PAPER: How SDN Speeds Long Data
Flows from Virtualization
11:00 AM NOON Fujitsu Workshop Series: Does the Future Lie in 400G and Next Generation (NG) ROADM?
12:00 PM - 1:00 PM Delegate Lunch (for paid conference attendees only)
1:15 PM - 2:15 PM PANEL: Access Network Innovations PANEL: Optics in the LAN
2:15 PM - 2:45 PM Refreshment Break
2:45 PM - 3:15 PM PAPER: The ROADM Dilemma
PAPER: Driving Down Data Center Costs
through New Designs in Fiber Management
3:15 PM 4:00 PM PANEL: How Will IP/Optical Convergence Work, Really? PANEL: Innovation Pathways for Ethernet
4:00 PM 5:00 PM Fujitsu Workshop Series: Taking Advantage of the SDN Wave: Applications for Carriers
FOR DETAILS, VIEW
THE PRE-CONFERENCE
BROCHURE
FOR DETAILS, VIEW
THE PRE-CONFERENCE
BROCHURE
Join Us As We Foster the Conversation Between
Carriers, Data Center Managers, Systems
Developers, and Suppliers!
The pace of innovation and opportunity in optical communications is
accelerating. Now is the time for an in-depth exchange of views that
will highlight the critical innovations necessary to meet the near-term
challenges in optical networking.
The Lightwave Optical Innovation Summit Conference, brought to
you by Lightwave magazine and LightwaveOnline.com, will focus on
immediate challenges and provide innovative, practical solutions in
optical communications in the Americas.This is a must attend event
for carriers, data center and enterprise network managers, systems
developers, and suppliers of components and subsystems.
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS:
CARRIER TRACK KEYNOTE
Dr. James King
Assistant Vice President - Optical Platforms (invited)
Dr. King has served in a variety of positions since he joined AT&T
Labs in 1985. Major accomplishments include support for the initial
deployment of TCP/IP networks into AT&T central offces; core back-
bone expansions to OC-48 (1999), OC-192 (2001), and OC-768 (2007);
engineering design and implementation of AT&Ts CNI network (2001);
and design and business case development for deployment of AT&Ts
ultra-long-haul network (2005).
ENTERPRISE/DATA CENTER TRACK KEYNOTE
Steve Cheng
Principal Design Engineer and Architect,Telecommunications
and Data Cabling Infrastructure
Steve Cheng has more than 15 years of experience in data center
and telecommunications design, construction, and operations. He
has applied this experience as well as cutting-edge technology,
custom and innovative design solutions, and a focus on effciency
and modularity to develop the next level of structured telecommunica-
tions cabling to meet Facebooks growth and demand.
WWW. LI GHTWAVESUMMI T. COM WWW. LI GHTWAVESUMMI T. COM
LWOptSpd_ATDRM_140213.indd 1-2 2/13/14 1:57 PM

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