!" $%&'%(&) *+ ,-''&". ,*/01&2 3&.4/"& 56.'/7.

(*" 8&74"*0*9(&:
Hemant Kumar, Graduate Student
222 Posler 8ulldlng, ueparLmenL of Lnergy and Mlneral Lnglneerlng & 1he LMS Lnergy lnsLlLuLe, 1he ennsylvanla SLaLe
unlverslLy, unlverslLy ark, A- 16802, uSA
J onathan P. Mathews, Assistant Professor of Energy and Mineral Engineering
126 Posler 8ulldlng, ueparLmenL of Lnergy and Mlneral Lnglneerlng & 1he LMS Lnergy lnsLlLuLe, 1he ennsylvanla SLaLe
unlverslLy, unlverslLy ark, A- 16802, uSA
Email-id: jmathews@psu.edu, Contact Ph. No. (814) 863 6213

AlmosL all geologlcal sLraLa conLaln gases. 1hese gases maybe released by underground mlnlng acLlvlLles
ofLen ln concenLraLlons Loo small Lo be of concern
1
. AmongsL all rock Lypes, coal has dlsLlncLlve
properLles of belng able Lo accommodaLe a subsLanLlal volume of gas wlLhln lLs mlcroporous sLrucLure
2
.
Large amounLs of meLhane-rlch gas are generaLed and sLored ln coalbed
3
. MeLhane producLlon ln Lhe
hlgh-volaLlle blLumlnous Lo anLhraclLe range has been esLlmaLed aL more Lhan 200m
3
per Lon of coal
ralsed
4
. Commerclal producLlon of coalbed meLhane has been underLaken ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes, and
oLher counLrles
3
. Ma[or uS Lechnlcally recoverable coalbed meLhane resources as of 2006 were 137.9
Lrllllon cublc feeL (1Cl) ln whlch 37 was esLlmaLed ln Alaska
3
whlle 1be omooot of tecbolcolly
tecovetoble coolbeJ metbooe tesootces tlll 1997, wos ptojecteJ by tbe u5 Ceoloqlcol 5otvey Notloool Oll
ooJ Cos kesootces Assessmeot 1eom ooJ lyoos ceottol-oottbeto Appolocbloo ptoJoctloo ot 0.J 1m
J
(11.48 1cl)
6
. ln 2006, roved C8M reserves ln uS were esLlmaLed aL 19.6 1Cl
3
. CumulaLlve uS coalbed
meLhane producLlon ln 2006 was 20,006 bllllon cublc feeL (8Cl)
3
. 1he owder 8lver 8asln ls esLlmaLed Lo
conLaln nearly 14.2 1Cl (mean esLlmaLed) of Lhe undlscovered coalbed gas resource
7
. Coalbed meLhane
explolLaLlon, a recenLly Lechnology, ls Lyplcally more lnLenslve Lhan LradlLlonal naLural gas exLracLlon.
Cver 18,400 wells have been drllled ln Lhe owder 8lver 8asln by 2004
8
. 1be Appolocbloo boslo ls tbe
wotlJs secooJ lotqest c8M ptoJocloq boslo wltb oboot 4,000 ptoJocloq wells ooJ oooool ptoJoctloo ot
147.8 8cl lo 1996. 1be comolotlve ptoJoctloo ls close to 0.9 1cl. Aboot 95X of tbe 1994, c8M
ptoJoctloo lo tbe ceottol ooJ oottbeto Appolocbloo boslo come ftom vltqlolo, wbete lt ls qtowloq moltl-
mlllloo Jollot bosloess
9
. Coalbed meLhane can be classlfled dependlng upon Lhe naLure of exLracLlon.
a) re-mlnlng meLhane: MeLhane sLored ln vlrgln coal seam whlch ls exLracLed prlor Lo mlnlng acLlvlLles,
ls Lermed as re-mlnlng meLhane.
b) Coal mlne meLhane (CMM): CMM ls Lhe subseL of C8M LhaL ls released from Lhe coal seams durlng
mlnlng acLlvlLles.
c) osL-mlnlng meLhane: MeLhane whlch ls recovered from Lhe goafs, gobs and abandoned mlnlng areas
ls called osL-mlnlng meLhane.
Coalbed MeLhane LxLracLlon: 1here are Lwo general meLhods for exLracLlon of meLhane.
1. re-mlnlng dralnage meLhods
2. osL-mlnlng dralnage meLhods
re-mlnlng dralnage meLhod lnvolves removlng of meLhane prlor Lo mlnlng of a vlrgln coal seam. A
conLlnuous cleaL sysLem wlLh moderaLe-Lo-hlgh permeablllLy ls requlred for meLhane exLracLlon
6
. 1he
ob[ecLlve of osL-dralnage ls Lo maxlmlze Lhe raLe of gas removal from Lhe underground mlnlng dlsLrlcLs
and hence mlnlmlze Lhe gas flow lnLo Lhe mlne alrways
1
.
1. re-mlnlng dralnage meLhods: re-mlnlng dralnage lnvolves drllllng of boreholes or bore wells from
Lhe surface lnLo vlrgln coal seam. re-mlnlng dralnage ls generally lneffecLlve ln low-permeablllLy seams.
PydrofracLure, blasLlng, and chemlcal reacLlons have proved effecLlve for lncreaslng Lhe permeablllLy of
coal
10
.
Powever, Lhls ls noL Lyplcally sufflclenL for deslrable producLlon of coalbed meLhane. umps are
lnsLalled for removlng Lhe waLer from Lhe cracks and cleaLs Lo allow Lhe gas Lo flow. A Lyplcal
waLer/meLhane recovery ploL ls shown ln llgure 1. SomeLlmes Lhese pumps are also used Lo creaLe a
vacuum for beLLer meLhane recovery. 1he followlng have been examlned for lncreaslng Lhe permeablllLy
of coal seam.
ln PydrofracLurlng, hlgh-pressure waLer and sand mlxLure are ln[ecLed lnLo Lhe coal seam
Lhrough bore-holes. 1hls generaLes/develops new cracks and lL wldens Lhe exlsLlng
cleaLs/fracLure
11
. 1hus, sLlmulaLlng Lhe coal seam meLhane producLlon
12
.
WlLh blasLlng, a large exploslve charge ls puL ln deep boreholes and deLonaLed. 1he exploslon
develops new fracLures and ls used ln deep coal seams. Powever, Lhe posslble safeLy and
desLablllzlng rlsks of underground blasLlng ls Lhough Lo be dlfflculL Lo [usLlfy"
1
.
Chemlcal lnLroducLlon: Weak hydrochlorlc acld could also be ln[ecLed ln coal seams.
Pydrochlorlc acld reacLs wlLh mlnerals presenL ln Lhe cleaLs removlng Lhe mlnerals Lhus cleaLs
aperLure may lncrease. Powever, mlneral deposlLlon could reduce permeablllLy and mlneral
removal may enable conflnlng sLress Lo close Lhe cleaL.
vacuum Lechnlque: ln Lhls Lechnlque, speclally deslgned pumps are lnsLalled ln a bore-hole.
Some pumps are Lhere for removlng Lhe exLra waLer ln Lhe coal seam. Coalbed meLhane ls
adsorbed aL Lhe mlcro pores aL coal surface
13
. LxLernal waLer pressure does noL allow meLhane
for comlng ouL. AfLer removlng Lhe waLer, vacuum pumps are sLarLed for sucklng ouL Lhe
meLhane from Lhe coal seam. 8uL Lhls Lechnlque has resulLed lnLo lowerlng of waLer level ln
nearby sLraLa
14
.
a) ln-seam dralnage from underground boreholes: 1hls Lechnlque works ln moderaLe-Lo-hlgh naLural
permeablllLy
1
. lf elevaLed meLhane flows occurs ln coal drlvages wlLhln vlrgln areas of a mlne, Lhe
horlzonLal, ln-seam boreholes are also llkely Lo yleld slgnlflcanL gas flows and hence an underground
pre-mlnlng dralnage scheme may be pracLlcal. ln Lhls conLexL elevaLed flows could be upwards of
100L/s
1
. Cas flows globally reporLed from ln-seam boreholes range from 0.1 Lo greaLer Lhan 60m
3
/day
per meLer of borehole lengLh
1
. 1he dlrecLlon of drllllng ls also an lmporLanL facLor. 8oreholes
lnLersecLlng Lhe maln [olnLs (cleaLs) ln a coal seam aL rlghL angle may draln gas from larger volume of
coal Lhan drllled parallel Lo Lhe face cleaL dlrecLlon
1
.



llgure 1: 1yplcal producLlon curve for a coalbed meLhane well showlng relaLlve
meLhane and waLer producLlon. Source: uS Ceologlcal Survey
3
.
lor effecLlve exLracLlon of meLhane, Lhe followlng parameLers should be deLermlned prlor Lo Lhe
exLracLlon.
8orehole locaLlon: 8orehole should be aL a place where lL should pass Lhrough maxlmum
number of cleaLs/fracLure. 1he deslgn of grld of Lhe boreholes musL cover Lhe sLraLa unlformly
Lo provlde leasL reslsLance for flowlng ouL Lhe meLhane.
8orehole lengLh: 1he lengLh of Lhe borehole depends on Lhe seam lengLh and meLhod of
worklng. llrsLly, 4lnch dlameLer sLandplpe, 6-9 meLer ln lengLh ls lnsLalled whlch ls cemenLed ln
place before conLlnulng wlLh a 3lnch, 30m (or panel wldLh)
1
.
8orehole spaclng: 8oreholes grld should cover Lhe whole exLracLlon area.
CollecLlon SysLem: ln seam meLhane dralnage may vary ln a wlde-range of meLhane volume. ln-
seam meLhane dralnage ls pracLlced ln lsland Creek Mlnes, uSA where gas emlsslon have been
reporLed 140L/s from Lhe worked seam on Lo conLlnuous mlner face Lo 470L/s on Lo a acLlve
long wall face
13
. 1he collecLlng sysLem may work accordlng Lo meLhane recovery from coal.
1lme avallable for dralnage: ln Lhe case of pre-mlnlng dralnage, well-lnsLallaLlon ls done well ln
advance of mlnlng acLlvlLles so LhaL whole ln-slLu meLhane can be exLracLed ouL prlor Lo mlnlng.
1here are dlfferenL drllllng paLLern used for exLracLlon.
(l) PorlzonLal ln-seam borehole: 1hls meLhod has parLlcular success ln longwall face mlnlng
1
. uepeoJloq
oo tbe mloloq ooJ ooJetqtoooJ eovltoomeotol coosttolots Jotloq Jevelopmeot, boteboles ote osoolly
lostolleJ to fooctloo fot petloJs of 12 mootbs ot less tbeo to two yeots. lo o typlcol ottooqemeot sbowo
lo llqote 2, botlzootol boteboles ote JtllleJ ot 76m spocloq ftom tbe toll qote eotty, petpeoJlcolot to tbe
tooJwoy fot olmost foll-leoqtb ot tetteot pooel
13
.

llgure 2: PorlzonLal drllllng wlLh verLlcal bore well (Z-lnnaLe 1echnology). Source:
Cux Cas, 1he Whole LarLh Company.
(ll) ShorL boreholes ln Lhe mlne roof: ShorL verLlcal boreholes are also drllled ln Lhe roof of headlngs Lo
conLrol emlsslon of meLhane from Lhe dlscreLe fracLures ln gas bearlng sandsLone
1
. Where Lhere ls a
frlcLlonal lgnlLlon rlsk ln mechanlzed drlvages, low angle boreholes are someLlmes drllled ln Lhe roof Lo
LermlnaLe ahead of Lhe face Lo release Lhe gas ln advance of mlnlng
1
.
(lll) Long horlzonLal ln-seam borehole: ln longwall panels prlor Lo developmenL horlzonLal boreholes are
lnsLalled, exLendlng from shafL lnLo Lhe coal seam shown ln llgure 3. Long dlrecLlonally sLeered ln-seam
borehole can effecLlvely reduce ln-slLu C8M conLenLs of large coal volumes ln advance of mlnlng ln low
Lo hlgh permeablllLy of coals, as well as Lo draln faulLs and flssures conLalnlng free C8M
16
. 1hese
boreholes serve prlmary purpose of exploraLlon and glve access Lo Lhe coalbed meLhane. Long
horlzonLal boreholes were drllled ln Lhe lLLsburgh seam from Lhe base of Lwo experlmenLal shafLs ln a
WesL vlrglnla mlnes ln Lhe early and mld 1970s
17
.
b) re-mlnlng dralnage from surface boreholes: verLlcal bore-holes are drllled from Lhe surface ofLen
lnLo mulLlple coal seams. lf Lhe seam ls noL permeable, hlgh-pressure fluld or hlgh-pressure alr ls
ln[ecLed from 180mm dlameLer plpes
13
. lojectloo of olt ls petfotmeJ wltb ptessotlzotloo cycles colleJ
8low uowo. 1hese lasLs for abouL 13 mlnuLes
1
. 1hls process ls repeaLed for 30 Llmes over elghL Lo Len
days
18
. AfLer each cycle Lhe broken maLerlal fllllng Lhe borehole ls removed by drllllng. 1hls process ls
non-unlform ln naLure and hence noL wldely used
1
.


llgure 3.1yplcal coalbed meLhane wellbore. Source: Mcuanlel & AssoclaLes
ConsulLanLs LLd 2006.

2. osL-mlnlng dralnage meLhods: 1hls meLhod was developed ln Cermany >forLy years ago, buL lL has
been conslderably reflned
1
. lL lnvolves drllllng boreholes angled above, and ln some lnsLances below Lhe
goaf, close Lo Lhe coalface and connecLlng Lo Lhem Lo a plpe neLwork. 1he recovery of gas ls asslsLed by
Lhe appllcaLlon of sucLlon provlded by pump slLed elLher underground ln a reLurn alrway or aL Lhe
surface ln a purpose bullL meLhane planL.
a) underground cross measure meLhane dralnage: 8oreholes are drllled aL an angle above or below Lhe
goaf from Lhe reLurn alrway of a long wall face and connecLed Lo a meLhane removal sysLem. 1he largesL
meLhane flows usually arlse from Lhe roof a few meLers behlnd Lhe coalface and slgnlflcanL recovery
perslsLs for a dlsLance up Lo abouL 24-46m behlnd Lhe face
19
. MeLhane dralnage from Lhe floor ls noL
always successful and dewaLerlng alds may be requlred for good recovery
1
. uevelopmenL of Lhe
dlsLresslng zone ln Lhe floor may lag behlnd Lhe coalface wlLh gas flows noL belng deLecLed unLll Lhe face
ls Lens of meLers pasL
1
. MeLhane capLure on advance long wall face ls usually around 30-70 whlle Lhe
percenLage varles ln range of 30-30 ln case of reLreaL coalface
1
.
b) Cas dralnage borehole ln Lhe roof: 1here ls a zone ln Lhe lmmedlaLe roof of Lhe worklngs LhaL Lyplcally
exLends 3-20m, where Lhe degree of fracLurlng precludes saLlsfacLory seallng of a gas dralnage borehole
1
.
A sLeel plpe ls Lherefore used Lo llne Lhe flrsL secLlon of Lhe borehole
1
. lL ls advlsable Lo drlll Lhe
sLandplpe lengLh, lnserL and seal Lhe sLandplpe ln poslLlon and Lhen conLlnue Lo drlll Lhrough lL wlLh a
reduced blL slze
1
. ln Lhe uk, sLandplpe of 73mm and borehole of 30 mm dlameLer are common
1
. 1here ls
no opLlmum dlameLer for Lhe sLandplpe and borehole buL ls should be opLlmlzed ln way LhaL leasL
reslsLance ls offered Lo Lhe meLhane gushlng ouL of Lhe fracLure and Llme (expendlLure for drllllng)
should be mlnlmum
1
. uralnage ls generally noL effecLlve lf lengLh ls exLended beyond 30m
1
. Cn reLreaL
longwall coalfaces, boreholes are elLher drllled ln fronL of Lhe face normal Lo Lhe roadway or are angled
Lowards Lhe face Lo pass over Lhe goaf
1
.
c) Cas dralnage boreholes ln Lhe floor: lloor boreholes are usually much shorLer Lhan roof boreholes
(13-20 m) below Lhe worked seam. lloor borehole can be drllled ahead of Lhe reLreaLlng coalface wlLh
less rlsk of belng damaged Lhan Lhe roof boreholes, alLhough mlnlng machlnery occupylng Lhe gaLe road
may make such an operaLlon lmpracLlcable
1
. Sudden emlsslon of gas can occur from sLraLa when a
sLrong bed ln Lhe floor, overlylng one or more coal seam ls fracLured
1
. Such emlsslon of gas (ln hard
rocks) may be avolded by drllllng Lhe hole on a regular paLLern
1
. Cn reLreaL coalface, boreholes drllled
over Lhe goaf are on average more successful Lhan borehole drllled ln advance, whlch are lnvarlably
damaged by Lhe passlng of Lhe coalface fronL abuLmenL
1
. 8orehole drllled normal Lo Lhe gaLe road
produce gas for longer perlods of Llme Lhan Lhose angled Lowards Lhe coalface
1
, whlch Lend Lo LruncaLed
premaLurely by dlfferenLlal sLralns ln Lhe roof
1
.
d) uralnage Lo Lhe surface uslng verLlcal goaf wells: A venLlng borehole ls drllled Lo wlLhln a shorL
dlsLance of Lhe seam Lo be worked
1
. SomeLlmes lL ls exLended wlLh a smaller dlameLer open hole drllled
Lhrough Lhe worked seam horlzon before or afLer Lhe coalface has passed (llgure 4). 1he producLlve
lengLh of Lhe borehole ls someLlmes llned wlLh sloLLed plpe
1
. 1hls meLhod ls appllcable for shallow
longwall and 8oom and lllar mlnlng
1
. 1hese verLlcal wells produce more meLhane when longwall face ls
dlsLressed. 1hese dlsLress processes make upper level more permeable whlch lncreases meLhane
recovery
1
.
e) Coaf dralnage from underlylng or overlylng roadways: 1hls ls called super[acenL headlng or
Plrschbach meLhod. 1hls meLhod was developed ln Saar coalfleld, Cermany
1
. ln Lhls meLhod, drlvlng or
headlng ls developed above Lhe worked seam prlor Lo lLs exLracLlon by a long wall meLhod. Where
pracLlcable Lhe roadway was drlven ln coal Lo reduce Lhe cosL. 1yplcally a dralnage roadway would be
slLuaLed 20-23 m above Lhe worked seam or less Lhan 20 m below
1
.


llgure 4: Ceneral descrlpLlon of gob gas recovery meLhod, Source: 8Ll urllllng lnc.
f) Coaf dralnage uslng long horlzonLal boreholes above or below Lhe worked seam: 1hls meLhod has
been reporLed successful ln AusLralla
1
. ln Lhls dralnage Lechnlque, a borehole ls drllled ln a compeLenL
horlzon aL 20-30m above or below Lhe worked seam for Lhe full lengLh of a pro[ecLed long wall panel. A
borehole sLarLed from Lhe worked seam can be gulded Lhrough an arc Lo run parallel Lo Lhe worklng aL a
selecLed horlzon above or below
1
. lf no drllllng slLe ls avallable aL Lhe approprlaLe horlzon, Lhe borehole
ls sLeered Lo Lhe requlslLe level from Lhe mlned horlzon. kravlLs and Ll (1993) demonsLraLed Lhls
Lechnlque ln uSA when a serles of horlzonLal 89mm dlameLer borehole were drllled over Lhe goaf of Lwo
longwall panels aL Lhe Cambrla Slope no 33 mlne A
1
. WaLer accumulaLlon ln dlps of borehole resulLed
ln unsuccessful experlmenL
20
.
;-<</'=> ln a sLudy on meLhane emlsslon from coal mlnlng worldwlde, lL was found LhaL abouL 1.8
bllllon m
3
of coal mlne gas ls used each year, represenLlng abouL 6 of Lhe LoLal world meLhane
emlsslon from coal mlnlng ln 1993
21
. ln AusLralla, meLhane release assoclaLed wlLh underground coal
mlnlng exceeds 730 Mm
3
ln 1994
21
. ln 1994, Lhere were 132 gassy sLaLe-run underground coal mlnes ln
Chlna wlLh meLhane dralnage sysLems ln place. Cver 30 gas uLlllzaLlon schemes were ln operaLlon Lhere
by Lhe end of 1993, wlLh an esLlmaLed 400 Mm
3
of gas belng consumed
22
. ln Cermany, Lhe volume of gas
capLured ln 1994 Lhrough gas dralnage sysLems was 446 Mm
3
, of whlch 333 Mm
3
were uLlllzed
23
. ln Lhe
unlLed klngdom, an esLlmaLed 790 Mm
3
of meLhane was released from coal mlnlng ln 1993
21
. AbouL
33 of Lhe LoLal meLhane emlsslons aLLrlbuLed Lo coal mlnlng operaLlons ln Lhe unlLed klngdom ls
recovered by cross-measures meLhane dralnage
1
. ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes, over 30 coal mlnes each emlL
more Lhan 9Mm
3
/y
24
. More Lhan 3Mm
3
/day meLhane was dralned from Len coal mlne operaLlons ln
Alabama, vlrglnla and uLah alone
1
. 1he hlgh quallLy gas ls obLalned from hydraullcally fracLured surface
boreholes, underground horlzonLal ln-seam boreholes and surface goaf boreholes. llve of Lhese mlnes
are locaLed ln Lhe 8lack Warrlor basln of Alabama whlch ln 1990, were uslng 33 of Lhe LoLal meLhane
emlLLed from Lhelr coal mlnlng operaLlons
23
. varlous approaches are uLlllzed Lo recover coal mlne and
coalbed meLhane gas. ln 2006, C8M producLlon was 9 of Lhe uS domesLlc naLural gas producLlon
3,26
.

"#$#%#&'#(
1. Creedy u. ., Saghafl A., Lama 8. (1997) Cas conLrol ln underground coal mlne. ubllshed ln lLA
Coal 8esearch !ournal,(1997)
2. aLchlng 1. P., Mlkhall M. (1982), SLudles of gas sorpLlon and emlsslon on Canadlan coals.
resenLed aL: ClM second Lechnlcal conference on wesLern Canadlan coals. LdmonLon, Canada,
2-4 !une 1982. aper no 12, (1982)
3. 8lce u. (1992),Coalbed MeLhane - An unLapped energy resource and an envlronmenL concern.
u.S. Ceologlcal Survey, Lnergy 8esource Surveys rogram, uSCS lacL SheeL lS-019-97, (1997)
4. !unLgen P., karwell !. (1996),Casblldung und gasspelcherung ln SLelnkohlenflozen. Lrdol
undkohle, (1996)
3. klng 8., Long C. (2007), uS Coalbed MeLhane: asL, resenL and luLure. Lnergy lnformaLlon
AdmlnlsLraLlon, (nov 2007)
6. Markowskl A.k. (1998), Coalbed meLhane resource poLenLlal and currenL prospecLs ln
ennsylvanla. ubllshed ln: lnLernaLlonal !ournal of Coal Ceology 38, (1998)
7. uSCS Ceologlcal 8esearch acLlvlLles wlLh uS8LM (2008), unlLed SLaLes Ceologlcal Survey
8esearch acLlvlLles wlLh unlLed SLaLes 8ureau and Land ManagemenL, (2008)
8. 8ank C.C., kuuskraa v. A. (2006), 1he Lconomlcs of owder 8lver 8asln Coalbed MeLhane
uevelopmenL. repared for: uS ueparLmenL of Lnergy,(2006).
9. Lyons .C. (1998), 1he CenLral and norLhern Appalachlan 8asln- a fronLler reglon for coalbed
meLhane developmenL. ubllshed ln lnLernaLlonal !ournal of Coal Ceology 38, (1998)
10. llnger M., Larson u. (1976), use of exploslve ln deep rock mlnlng: ln slLu energy and mlneral
recovery. resenLed ln MeeLlng of Lhe socleLy of exploslves englneers, MorganLown, WesL
vlrglnla, (1976)
11. uavldson 8.M., Sloss L.L., Clarke L.8. (1993), Coalbed meLhane exLracLlon. lLAC8/76, lLA Coal
8esearch, London, uk, (1993)
12. !effrey 8. (2007), Coalbed meLhane 8rochure. ubllshed by: CommonwealLh SclenLlflc and
lndusLrlal 8esearch CrganlzaLlon, (2007)
13. 8usLln 8.M., Clarkson C.8. (1998), Ceologlcal conLrols on coalbed meLhane reservolr capaclLy
and gas conLenL, lnLernaLlonal !ournal of Coal Ceology 38, (1998)
14. SLearns M., 1lndall !.A., Cronln C., lrledel M.!., 8ergqulsL L. (2003), LffecL of Coal-bed meLhane
dlscharge waLers on vegeLaLlon and soll LcosysLems ln owder 8lver 8asln, Wyomlng. ubllshed
ln: lnLernaLlonal !ournal of WaLer, Alr, and Soll olluLlon, (2003)
13. Aul C.n., 8ay 8. (1991), CpLlmlzlng meLhane dralnage sysLems Lo reduce mlne venLllaLlon
requlremenLs. ln: roceedlngs of Lhe flfLh uS mlne venLllaLlon symposlum. MorganLown, Wv,
uSA, 3-3 !une 1991. Mln Lng, ChapLer 80, (1991)
16. 1homas L.(2002), 1he handbook of racLlcal Coal Ceology, ubllshed by !ohn Wlley and Sons
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