Duct Design

Design of HVAC Duct System

The Function of a Duct System is to transmit Air from the Air Handling Apparatus to the
Space to be conditioned.
Duct Classification:
Acc. To Velocity:
1- Low elocity! "etween # m$sec to 11 m$sec for %ommercial &sage ' "etween 11
m$sec to 1( m$sec for Factory &sage.
)- High elocity! abo*e 1( m$sec for %ommercial &sage ' "etween 1( m$sec to )+
m$sec for Factory &sage.
Acc. To Pressure:
1- Low ,ressure -%lass . / ! up to (.0+ in.wg.
)- 1edium ,ressure -%lass .. / ! "etween (.0+ in.wg. to #.0+ in.wg.
(- High ,ressure - %lass ... / ! "etween #.0+ in.wg. to 1).)+ in.wg.
Design Criteria:
The following %riteria ' their factors should be considered when designing an Air Duct
System2
- The a*ailable Space.
- Architectural Appearance.
- The permitted Sound Le*el.
- The First %ost ' the 3perating %ost - Heat 4ain or Loss5 Aspect 6atio5 Friction
6ate ' Type of Fittings /.
Duct Design:
The general ,rocedure for designing any Duct System is to 7eep the Layout as simple as
possible and ma7e the duct runs symmetrical. Supply Terminals are located to pro*ide
proper room air distribution. And ducts are laid out to connect these outlets. The
Ductwor7 should be located to a*oid Structural 1embers and 89uipments.
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Duct Design
Design of Duct System using Equal Friction Metho:
1- "ased on ,opulation Density of +: to 0+ ft
)
$,erson -0 m
)
$,erson/ ' %eiling Height of ; ft -).<( m/5
For Satisfactory entilation5 !." cfm$,erson -1).0 m
(
$hr/ is re9uired For =on Smo7ing %ondition5 #" to
$" cfm$,erson when Smo7ing 5 %& to "& cfm$,erson for Hea*y Smo7ing.
)- Acc. to the area to be conditioned5 using the Following Table5 assume a suitable
*elocity for the air through the 1ain Duct near the Fan.
Area Velocity 'm(sec)
6esidences. (
Apartments5 Hotels ' Hospitals +
,ri*ate 3ffices5 Directors 6ooms '
Libraries.
#
Theaters ' Auditoriums. <
4eneral 3ffices5 High %lass
6estaurants5 High %lass Stores '
"an7s.
0.+
A*erage Stores ' %afeterias. >
?ndustrial. 1).+
(-&sing Air elocity ' Air Flow 6ate5 Pressure *oss ' Main Duct Si+e can be
deducted from the following charts
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Duct Design
,ressure Drop in 6ound Ducts ,ressure Drop in 6ectangular Ducts
<-%alculate the Total ,ressure Drop for the Longest ,ath.
+- &sing the ,ressure Drop ' Air Flow 6ate for each "ranch5 Duct Si@e for all "ranches
can be deducted.
,ote:
&sing this 1ethod5 ,ressure Drop %an not be maintained constant through the Duct Line.
So Dampers should be used.
Pressure *oss through the Duct:
Pressure *oss through Duct Fittings:
,ressure Loss in Duct Fitting can be calculated from the Formula2
-P . / V
$
C( $ . &.0 CV
$
where2 -P! ,ressure Loss -,a/ 5 -:.;!1.) ,a$m Supply Duct5 :.#+ ,a$m 6eturn Duct/.
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Duct Design
/! Air Density -Ag$m
(
/.
V! Air elocity through Duct -m$sec/.
C! Loss %oefficient -Deducted from Tables/.
#-%alculate the total ,ressure Drop through the Duct Line in sections ' Fittings.
0- Fan Static ,ressure P
S
. 1utlet Pressure 2 Total Pressure Dro3 2P
4

P
4
! ,ressure 4ain due to elocity Drop between the First ' Last Section ' calculated
from the following formula!
P
4
. &.!" 5 &."/ 6V
$
'7nitial) 8V
$
'Final)9
;- %alculate the Fan ,ower from the following Formula2
Fan Po:er . 'Pst 2 P

) ; ( <
Bhere5 ,
st
! Fan Static ,ressure.
,
d
! Fan Dynamic ,resure.
C! Air Flow 6ate.
<: Fan 8fficiency.
As3ect =atio: The ratio between Duct Bidth to Duct Depth. Should be minimi@ed as
possible -preferred 1/ to minimi@e friction5 also to reduce Fabrication ' ?nstallation %ost.
Particulars of Equal Friction Metho:
1- The 89ual Friction 1ethod ma7es no pro*ision for e9uali@ing ,ressure Drops in
"ranches or for pro*iding the same Static ,ressure behind each Air Terminal.
)- This ,rocedure of Si@ing Duct automatically reduces the Air elocity in the
direction of Flow.
4eneral ,otes
- P . &.0 V
$
where5
,! elocity ,ressure - ,a /.
! Air elocity through the Duct - m$sec /.

- - P . &.0 CV
$
where5
D , E ,ressure Loss in Duct Fitting due to Friction - ,a /.
%! Friction %oefficient.
! Air elocity through the Fitting -m$sec/.
E>am3le for Designing HVAC Duct System:
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Duct Design
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