Name : HABLILLAH BIN MOHD HAZIM

IC : 781213025151
ID : ME111126



OBJECTIVE : Study the effect of distance and the type of soil on earth resistance using
Fall off Potential, Wenner and Dipole-Dipole method

PROCEDURE

1. EXPERIMENT 1: For earth resistance using Fall off Potential method:

i) Grounding rod location identified in 3 different spot in series. Rod P grounded at a
distance of 20mfrom the electrode E and rod C at a distance of 32.4m from E; where
the rod E (UTM earth electrode - block high voltage) and rod P connected to the
terminal V (voltage) of the tester. While the electrodes E and rod C is connected to
terminal A (current) of tester as shown in Figure 1. Reading on the tester was
recorded in Table 1


Figure 1: Fall Off Method


ii) The second test is done with other electrodes E are used (E
new
) with a distance of E
new
to P and E
new
are to C is 16.3mand 29.1mrespectively as shown in Figure 2 and the
readings recorded in Table 1


Figure 2



V
A
E P C
20m 12.4m
V
A
E P C
16.7m 29.1m
2. EXPERIMENT 2: For earth resistance using Wenner method:

i) Grounding rod location identified in 4 different spot in series. Each rod 1, 2, 3 and 4
are placed at the same distance of 1m respectively as shown in Figure 3. Readings
recorded in Table 1
ii) Test is repeated at a distance of 2mand 4mrespectively.


Figure 3: Wenner method


3. EXPERIMENT 3: For earth resistance using Dipole-Dipole method:

i) Grounding rod location identified in 4 different spot in series. Rod A and B, M and N
are placed at the same distance of 4m respectively as shown in Figure 4. Readings
recorded in Table 1


Figure 4: Dipole-Dipole method


OBSERVATION
Spot

Distance

Method
E-P E-C 1(E)-2 2-3 3-4 A-B M-N na
Tester reading
()
E,P,C
Fall off
Potential
20m
16.7m
32.4m
29.1m
180 (1
st
reading)
25.9 (2
nd
reading)
1,2,3,4 Wenner
1m
2m
4m
1m
2m
4m
1m
2m
4m
19.37 (1
st
reading)
11.15 (2
nd
reading)
3.04 (3
rd
reading)
A,B,M,N
Dipole-
Dipole

4m 4m 14.8m 57.5
Table 1: Result
V
A
1(E) 2 3 4
1m 1m 1m
V A
A(E) B na M N
4m 14.8m 4m

1. From table 1, the distance of E-P is 61.8% of E-C which is according to Fall off
Potential method criteria.
2. From table 1, the distance of 1-2, 2-3 and 3-4 are the same which is according to
Wenner method criteria.
3. From table 1, the distance of A-B and M-N are the same and na is farther than A-B
which is according to Dipole-Dipole method criteria.


CALCULATION

Fall Off Potential Method



1. The calculation:

X =20m (1st rcoJing)

C =
X
0.618
=
20
0.618
=32.36m = 32.4

R
mcusucd
=180

R =
p
2no


At o =0.5cm

p =2n(0.5cm)(180) =5.5 u.m


X =16.7m (2nJ rcoJing)

C =
X
0.618
=
16.7
0.618
=26.5923m 25.9

R
mcusucd
=25.9

R =
p
2no


At o =0.5cm

p =2n(0.5cm)(25.9) =.813 u.m


Wenner Method






1. Calculation base on Wenner formulation give the result as in Table 2 below:

a (m) R (ohm) p (ohm.meter)
1 19.37 121.705
2 11.15 140.115
4 3.04 76.404
Table 2


Dipole-Dipole method






1. From the OBSERVATION in Table 1 we get:

no =14.8 mctcr
o =4 mctcr
R =57.5 0
n =3.7

2. The calculation base on Dipole-Dipole method give:


p =57.5n 14.8(3.7+1) (3.7+2) =7122.94 u.m


DISCUSSION


Table 3: IEEE Std 142-1991

1. Experiments fromFall off Potential method show that the resistivity is quite different even
though with only a slight difference in the distance where the resistivity values obtained 5.65
.m and 0.8136 m respectively. The resistance of the earth at the second reading 0.8136
m found to be very low which is below the lowest of soil resistivity in Table 3. Comparison
with Table 3: IEEE standard 142-1991 earth resistivity indicates an error has occurred for
this experiment. The soil class for this experiment should be in group SC where the resistivity
should between 50 to 200 m. This may be due to the terminal V and A on the tester or rod
is not connected properly. Therefore some further series of tests must be done to get a more
accurate reading value.

2. Fromexperimental of Wenner shows that the resistance and resistivity of the earth fairly
earned their right of 121.7 .m and 140.1 76.4 m. Comparison with Table3: IEEE 142-
1991 standard earth resistivity show the correct reading of the range of 50 to 200 m. Beside
Table 2 shows that the farther distance give higher earth resistance (compare a =1m and 2m)
while lower resistance for a =4m due to the rod is near to highly moist soil which is near to
drain of water.

3. Experiments fromDipole-Dipole method show that the resistivity is quite weird even though
used is the same area as in experiment of Wenner. The value of resistivity 71622.94 m
found to be very high which is above the highest of soil resistivity in Table 3. This represent
that an error has occurred in this experiment. This shows that one test is not enough to get an
accurate reading. Furthermore na distance (refer Figure 4) for this test is not far enough for
this method which geared towards this error.


CONCLUSION
Fromthe experiment, it can be concluded that the soil type, rods/electrodes distance and methods of
measurement affected to the accuracy of the earth resistance and it resistivity.