NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA

NRP : 2710 100 054

NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054
DOSEN : IR. MOH. FARID, DEA

TUGAS DEFORMASI DAN PROSES PEMBENTUKAN

ANALISA DAN CONTOH SOAL PERHITUNGAN JET ABRASIVE,
LASER, DAN ULTRASONIC ABRASION?

1. JET ABRASIVE

NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054




NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054







NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054




NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054

2. ASER



NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054


NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054


Nd:YAG laser beam delivery through single-mode optical fibers for
micromachining applications:
High precision material removal is needed in all micro-machining applications.
Excimer lasers are widely used for this purpose. Excimer process is generally
ablative, and relies on the short laser wavelength. Although highly-precise, it
allows only a limited depth of material (1-10 microns) to be removed per pulse.
Nd:YAG processing is generally thermal and allows removal depths of a couple of
hundred microns with a single pulse. When a high beam quality is used, this
process can provide sufficient precision and feature size for many applications.
Nd:YAG laser machining system is more flexible than excimer lasers. An
additional benefit of the Nd:YAG system is that light can be delivered to the
workpiece through optical fibers. It is often easier and cheaper to process the
workpiece by scanning a light-weight delivery fiber and focusing optics across it,
rather than moving either the workpiece or the laser itself.
The high brightness and high beam quality required for micro-machining has
precluded the use of the large-core optical fiber beam delivery systems currently
available. For precision processing, a high beam quality, M
2
<3, is required, so a
small-core diameter must be used. But even with small core diameters (50
microns), the output intensity profile can be significantly modulated due to the
strong interference between the modes excited in the fiber, beam quality
deteriorates, which can adversely affect the process.
One solution is to use a fiber with a sufficiently small core diameter that only the
dominant mode can propagate. In this way, all intermodal interference problems
can be avoided.
NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054

Numerical Aperture (NA) measures the difference between the core refractive
index (n
1
) and the cladding refractive index (n
2
):

The number of mode that can propagate in the fiber is:

where a is the core diameter of the fiber, is wavelength [Senior, 1985].
Thus for =1.06 microns, to make N=1, core diameter must be small enough
(~7microns). Such a fiber is called a single-mode fiber, and is the standard type
used for high-bandwidth telecommunications applications.
Coupling light from an industrial Nd:YAG system into a single-mode fiber poses
practical problems. Only part of the laser energy is coupled into the core of the
fiber, the remainder of the laser energy is coupled into the fiber cladding, which
can lead to thermal damage at the point where the cladding modes are removed.
Even for M
2
=1, only 70% of laser energy is coupled into the core.
In any practical situation, the cladding of a glass optical fiber is covered by a
protective buffer layer. With small-core fibers, this buffer material is designed to
have suitable refractive index to "strip off" the light in cladding by preventing them
from being guided by reflecting at the buffer-cladding interface, which could
seriously degrade the beam quality. The buffer absorbs and scatters this light.
Hence when cladding light encounters the buffer material, power is absorbed.
Absorbed Power levels higher than 1W will be sufficient to damage the fiber cable.
Therefore special cladding-mode strippers should be devised to remove this light
from the cladding whilst avoiding excessive heating. The maximum power which
can be transmitted is ultimately limited by the non-linear optical effects in the
fiber, such as Brillouin scatter. Non-thermal damage has also been observed when
coupling Q-switched Nd:YAG laser light into larger fibers[Allison, 1985], arising
from self-focusing effect.
The standard technique used to remove light in cladding is to coat the fiber with a
buffer material, such as acrylate or poluimide, which has a refractive index slightly
greater than that of the cladding. This has the additional advantage of mechanically
protecting the fiber. Although such mode-stripping buffers are suitable for low
power applications such as telecommunications, the optical power levels used in
materials processing results in thermal damage. A successful alternative is to use a
"Distributed Absorption Cladding Mode Stripper".
NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054

If a reflective material, such as a metal coating, is placed in optical contact with the
fiber cladding, it will absorb a small percentage of the cladding light on each
reflection. This will therefore distribute the thermal energy over a larger volume.
For example, an aluminum-coated fiber was embedded in a metal block to act as a
heat sink. It successfully removed 25W of light from the fiber cladding for several
minutes, and could probably form the basis of a reliable and repeatable setup.

Figure 2: Single-mode fiber laser cutting system (Ducan and Julian, 1997)
Figure 2 shows a single-mode fiber laser cutting system. A moderate power
Nd:YAG laser emits laser beam with a low divergence, M
2
=1.9. This light was
coupled into the fiber using an achromatic doublet. A suitable cladding mode
stripper as described above was employed to remove light from the fiber cladding.
The fiberused has a core diameter of 6.4 m and numerical aperture of 0.11 rad,
which only supports a single mode above 970 nm. The mode diameter at 1.06 m
laser light is 7.7 m. Laser parameters were chosen to give maximum peak power,
achieved with a pulse width of 0.16ms and 100Hz repetition rate. Peak power of
500-640W and average power of 7-8.5W were reached.
The output beam quality from the fiber is excellent. The fundamental mode has a
near-Gaussian profile with an M
2
~1.1, and there are no intermodal interference
problems. Instead, the fiber effectively asts as a spatial filter for the laser, giving a
near diffraction-limited output.
NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054

The light from the output end of the fiber is collimated with a 80mm focal length
achromat lens, and refocused with an identical lens onto the surface of the
workpiece to give a spot diameter of about 8m. A conical nozzle is used to
coaxially deliver oxygen assist-gas at a pressure of 6bar. The nozzle/workpiece
stand-off was 0.5 mm. With such laser parameters, a maximum cutting speed of
0.24m/min was achieved in 200 m thick stainless steel sheet. The kerf width was
about 110 m, as shown in figure 3. For the 50 micron thick stainless steel sheet,
at repetition rate of 198Hz, pulse width 0.3ms, average fiber output power 3W, the
kerf width is 30 microns and the cutting speed was up to 0.45m/min. This
demonstrates the capability of the single-mode fiber to deliver realistic power
levels for micro-machining.

Figure 3: Micrograph of slot cu in 200 micron thick stainless steel woth pulsed
laser beam transmitted through a single-mode fiber.
(Ducan and Julian, 1997)

NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054

!. UTRASONIC ABRASIVE


NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054


NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054


NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054


NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054


NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054



NAMA : VICKO GESTANTYO ANUGRAHA
NRP : 2710 100 054