EVEN10

C H A P T E R 1 0
Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 479

Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . 487
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
C H A P T E R 1 0
Section 10.1
Vectors in the Plane
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2. (a) v 3 3, 2 4 0, 6
(b)
4. (a) v 1 2, 3 1 3, 2
(b)
3 2 1
x
1
( 3, 2)
(0, 6)
6. u 1 4, 8 0 5, 8
8. u 11 4, 4 1 15, 3
v 7 2, 7 1 5, 8
v 25 0, 10 13 15, 3
uv
uv
10. (b) v 3 2, 6 6 1, 12

(a) and (c).
12. (b) v 5 0, 1 4 5, 3
(a) and (c).
(1, 12)
12
10
8
( 5, 3)
6
4
2
(3, 6)
6
( 5, 1)
2
2
(0, 4)
(2, 6)
14. (b) v 3 7, 1 1 10, 0

(a) and (c).
16. (b) v 0.84 0.12, 1.25 0.60 0.72, 0.65

(a) and (c).
1.25
1.00
(10, 0)
(0.84, 1.25)
0.75
(0.72, 0.65)
8 6 4 2
(3, 1)
(0.12, 0.60)
0.50
2 4 6 8
(7, 1)
18. (a) 4v 4, 20
0.25
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
1
(b) 2 v
12 , 52
(1, 5)
( 4, 20) 20
v
4v
1
( 1, 5)
4 3 2 1
v
12 8 4
474
x
4
CONTINUED
12
2
3
1v
( 12, 25 (
Section 10.1
18. CONTINUED
(d) 6v 6, 30
(c) 0v 0, 0
( 1, 5)
v
( 1, 5)
15 10 5
x
5
10
10
15
6v
15
20
0v
25
x
3 2 1
(6, 30)
30
20. Twice as long as given vector u.
22.
u + 2v
u
2v
2u
u
x
2
2
16
24. (a) 3u 3 3, 8 2, 3
26. v 2i j i 2j
(b) v u 8, 25 3, 8 11, 33
3i j 3, 1
(c) 2u 5v 23, 8 58, 25 34, 109
x
1
u
1
28. v 5u 3w 52, 1 31, 2 7, 11
30. u1 3 4
u2 2 9
y
2
4 2
u1 7
x
4
10
u2 7
5u
3w
6
Q 7, 7
8
10
12
32. v 144 25 13
34. v 100 9 109
38. u 52 152 250 510

v
5, 15
1
3
u

,
unit vector
u
10 10
510
36. v 1 1 2
40. u 6.22 3.42 50 52

v
1.24 0.68
6.2, 3.4
u

,

unit vector
52
2 2
u
475
476
Chapter 10
42. u 0, 1, v 3, 3
44. u 2, 4, v 5, 5
(a) u 0 1 1
(a) u 4 16 25
(b) v 9 9 32
(b) v 25 25 52
(c)
u v 3, 2
(c)
u v 49 1 52
u v 9 4 13
u
0, 1
u
(d)
uu 1
1
v

3, 3
v 32
vv 1
1
uv

3, 2
u v 13
u 3, 2
1
uv

7, 1
u v 52
(f)
uu vv 1
46.
1
v

5, 5
v 52
(e)
vv 1
(f)
1
u

2, 4
u 25
(d)
uu 1
(e)
u v 7, 1
uu vv 1
1
u

1, 1
u 2
48.
u 13
3.606
4
v 1, 2
uu 22 1, 1

v 22, 22
v 5
2.236
u v 2, 0
u v 2
u v u v
1
u
0, 3
u 3
50.
3
52. v 5 cos 120i sin 120j

5
53
i
j
2
2
u
0, 3
u
v 0, 3
54. v cos 3.5i sin 3.5j
u 4i
56.
v i 3 j
0.9981i 0.0610j 0.9981, 0.0610
u v 5i 3 j
58.
u 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j
60. See page 718:
5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j
v 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j
u v 10 cos0.5 i
(ku1, ku2)
(u1 + v1, u2 + v2)
(u1, u2)
ku
u+v
ku2
u2
(u1, u2)
u2
u
(v1, v2)
v2
v
v1
u1
u1
ku1
Section 10.1
477
62. See Theorem 10.1, page 719.

For Exercises 6468, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.
64. v 3j. Therefore, a b 0, 2a b 3. Solving
simultaneously, we have a 1, b 1.
66. v 3i 3j. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 3. Solving

simultaneously, we have a 2, b 1.
68. v i 7j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 7.

Solving simultaneously, we have a 2, b 3.
72. f x tan x
70. y x3, y 3x2 12 at x 2.
fx sec2 x 2 at x
(a) m 12. Let w 1, 12, then

1
w

1, 12.
w
145

.
4
(a) m 2. Let w 1, 2, then

w
1
1, 2.

w
5
1
(b) m 12 . Let w 12, 1, then
w
1

12, 1.
w
145
(b) m 12. Let w 2, 1, then

w
1

2, 1.
w
5
74.
u 23 i 2j
76. magnitude
63.5
direction
8.26
u v 3i 33 j
v u v u 3 23 i 33 2 j
78. F1 2, F1 10
F2 4, F2 140
F3 3, F3 200
R F1 F2 F3
4.09
R F1 F2 F3

163.0
80.
F1 F2 500 cos 30i 500 sin 30j 200 cos45 i 200 sin45 j
2503 1002 i 250 1002 j
F1 F2 2503 1002 250 1002
584.6 lb
2
tan
250 1002

10.7
2503 1002
82. F1 F2 F3 400cos30i sin30j 280cos45i sin45j 350cos135i sin135j

2003 1402 1752i 200 1402 1752 j
R 2003 352 200 3152
385.2483 newtons
2
R arctan
200 315 2
0.6908
39.6
200
3 35 2

478
Chapter 10
84. F1 20, 0, F2 10cos , sin

(a) F1 F2 20 10 cos , 10 sin
400 400 cos 100 cos2 100 sin2
500 400 cos
(b)
(c) The range is 10 F1 F2 30.
40
The maximum is 30, which occur at 0 and 2.

The minimum is 10 at .
2
(d) The minimum of the resultant is 10.
86.
u 7 1, 5 2 6, 3
1
u 2, 1
3
P1 1, 2 2, 1 3, 3
P2 1, 2 22, 1 5, 4
0.8761 or 50.2
24
20
24
arctan

1.9656 or 112.6
10
88. 1 arctan
2
u ucos 1 i sin 1 j
B
u
v
C
v vcos 2 i sin 2 j
Vertical components: u sin 1 v sin 2 5000
Horizontal components: u cos 1 v cos 2 0
Solving this system, you obtain
u
2169.4 and v
3611.2.
90. To lift the weight vertically, the sum of the vertical components of u and v must
be 100 and the sum of the horizontal components must be 0.
u u cos 60i sin 60j
20
30
u
v v cos 110i sin 110j

Thus, u sin 60 v sin 110 100, or
23 v sin 110 100.
u
And u cos 60 v cos 110 0 or

u
12 v cos 110 0
Multiplying the last equation by 3 and adding to the first equation gives
u sin 110 3 cos 110 100 v
65.27 lb.
Then, u
12 65.27 cos 110 0 gives
u
44.65 lb.
(a) The tension in each rope: u 44.65 lb, v 65.27 lb.
(b) Vertical components: u sin 60
38.67 lb.
v sin 110
61.33 lb.
100 lb
Section 10.2
Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space
u 400iplane
92.
v 50cos 135i sin 135j 252i 252j wind

u v 400 252i 252j 364.64i 35.36j
tan
35.36
5.54
364.64
Direction North of East: N 84.46 E

Speed: 336.35 mph
94. u cos2 sin2 1,
v sin2 cos 2 1
96. Let u and v be the vectors that determine the parallelogram, as indicated in the figure.
The two diagonals are u v and v u. Therefore, r xu v, s yv u. But,
urs
xu v yv u x yu x yv.
1
Therefore, x y 1 and x y 0. Solving we have x y 2 .

s
u
r
v
98. The set is a circle of radius 5, centered at the origin.

u x, y x2 y2 5 x2 y 2 25
100. True
102. False
104. True
ab0
Section 10.2
2.

z
4.
(3, 2, 5)
(4, 0, 5)
( 32 , 4, 2(
6. A2, 3, 1
B3, 1, 4
(0, 4, 5)
8. x 7, y 2, z 1:
10. x 0, y 3, z 2: 0, 3, 2
7, 2, 1
12. The x-coordinate is 0.
14. The point is 2 units in front of the xz-plane.
16. The point is on the plane z 3.
18. The point is behind the yz-plane.
479
480
Chapter 10

22. The point x, y, z is 4 units above the xy-plane, and above
either quadrant II or IV.
20. The point is in front of the plane x 4.
24. The point could be above the xy-plane, and thus above quadrants I or III,
or below the xy-plane, and thus below quadrants II or IV.
26. d 2 22 5 32 2 22
28. d 4 22 5 22 6 32
16 64 16 96 46
4 49 9 62
30. A5, 3, 4, B7, 1, 3, C3, 5, 3
32. A5, 0, 0, B0, 2, 0, C0, 0, 3
AB 4 4 1 3
AC 4 4 1 3
BC 16 16 0 42
Since AB AC , the triangle is isosceles.
AB 25 4 0 29
AC 25 0 9 34
BC 0 4 9 13
Neither
34. The y-coordinate is changed by 3 units:
36.
5, 6, 4, 7, 4, 3, 3, 8, 3

38. Center: 4, 1, 1
40. Center: 3, 2, 4
Radius: 5
r3
x 42 y 12 z 12 25

x
2
y2
4 2 8, 0 2 8, 6 2 20 6, 4, 7
z2
(tangent to yz-plane)
8x 2y 2z 7 0
x 32 y 22 z 42 9
x2 y2 z2 9x 2y 10z 19 0
42.
9x
81
81
y2 2y 1 z2 10z 25 19
1 25
4
4
x 29
Center:
Radius:
y 12 z 52
109
4
29, 1, 5
109
2
4x2 4y2 4z2 4x 32y 8z 33 0
44.
x2 y2 z2 x 8y 2z
x
1
33 1
y2 8y 16 z2 2z 1 16 1
4
4
4
x 21 y 4
2
Center:
12, 4, 1
Radius: 3
33
0
4
z 12 9
Section 10.2
x2 y2 z2 < 4x 6y 8z 13
46.
x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 < 4 9 16 13

x 22 y 32 z 42 < 16
Interior of sphere of radius 4 centered at 2, 3, 4.
48. (a) v 4 0 i 0 5 j 3 1k
50. (a) v 2 2 i 3 3 j 4 0k
4i 5j 2k 4, 5, 2
(b)
4k 0, 0, 4
(b)
0, 0, 4
4, 5, 2
52. 1 4, 7 5, 3 2 5, 12, 5
54. 2 1, 4 2, 2 4 1, 6, 6
5, 12, 5 25 144 25 194

Unit vector:
5, 12, 5

12
5
5

,
,
194
194 194 194
1, 6, 6 1 36 36 73
173, 673, 673
Unit vector:
56. (b) v 4 2 i 3 1 j 7 2k
6i 4j 9k 6, 4, 9
12
( 4, 3, 7)
( 6, 4, 9)
(a) and (c).
(2, 1, 2)
5
2 1
58. q1, q2, q3 0, 2, 2 1, 3, 2
Q 1, 3, 3
8
60. (a) v 2, 2, 1
(b) 2v 4, 4, 2
4, 4, 2
2, 2, 1
x
(c)
1
2
v 1, 1, 12
(d)
5
2v
5, 5, 52
5, 5,
5
2
1, 1, 12
x
481
482
Chapter 10
62. z u v 2w 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 8, 0, 8 7, 0, 4

1
64. z 5u 3v 2 w 5, 10, 15 6, 6, 3 2, 0, 2 3, 4, 20
66. 2u v w 3z 21, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 4, 0, 4 3z1, z2, z3 0, 0, 0

0, 6, 9 3z1, 3z2, 3z3 0, 0, 0
0 3z1 0 z1 0
6 3z2 0 z2 2
9 3z3 0 z3 3
z 0, 2, 3
68. (b) and (d) are parallel since i 43 j 32 k 2 12 i 23 j 34 k and 34 i j 98 k 32 12 i 23 j 34 k.
72. P4, 2, 7, Q2, 0, 3, R7, 3, 9
70. z 7, 8, 3

(b) is parallel since zz 14, 16, 6.
PQ 6, 2, 4
\
PR 3, 1, 2
3, 1, 2 12 6, 2, 4
Therefore, PQ and PR are parallel.

The points are collinear.
74. P0, 0, 0, Q1, 3, 2, R2, 6, 4
76. A1, 1, 3, B9, 1, 2, C11, 2, 9, D3, 4, 4
PQ 1, 3, 2
AB 8, 2, 5
PR 2, 6, 4
\
DC 8, 2, 5
AD 2, 3, 7
Since PQ and PR are not parallel, the points are not

collinear.
BC 2, 3, 7
\
Since AB DC and AD BC , the given points form the

vertices of a parallelogram.
78. v 1 0 9 10
80.
v 4, 3, 7
82.
v 16 9 49 74

u 6, 0, 8
84.
(a)
u 8
1
u
6, 0, 8
u 10
(b)
(a)
u
1
6, 0, 8
u
10
88. (a) u v 4, 7.5, 2
v 1 9 4 14
u 8, 0, 0
86.
u 36 0 64 10
v 1, 3, 2
u
1, 0, 0
u
(b)
90.
u
1, 0, 0
u
c u c, 2c, 3c
(b) u v 8.732
c u c 2 4c 2 9c 2 3
(c) u 5.099
14c 2 9
(d) v 9.014
c
314
14
Section 10.3
92. v 3

u
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
,
,

,
,
u
3 3 3
3 3 3
94. v 5
The Dot Product of Two Vectors
u
2
3
1
5
,
,
u
14 14 14
96. v 5cos 45i sin 45k
52
i k or
2
52
v 5cos 135i sin 135k
i k
2
483
7 70 , 31470 , 1470

v 5, 6, 3
98.
103, 4, 2
1, 2, 5 103, 4, 2 133, 6, 3
2
3v
5 2
(i + k)
2
102. x x02 y y02 z z02 r 2
100. x0 is directed distance to yz-plane.

y0 is directed distance to xz-plane.
z0 is directed distance to xy-plane.
104. A sphere of radius 4 centered at x1, y1, z1.
v x x2, y y1, z z1
106. As in Exercise 105(c), x a will be a vertical

asymptote. Hence, lim T .
r0 a
x x1 y y1 z z1 4

2
x x12 y y12 z z12 16 sphere

550 c75i 50j 100k
108.
302,500
18,125c 2
c 2 16.689655
c
4.085
F
4.08575i 50j 100k
306i 204j 409k
110. Let A lie on the y-axis and the wall on the x-axis. Then
A 0, 10, 0, B 8, 0, 6, C 10, 0, 6 and
AB 8, 10, 6 , AC 10, 10, 6 .
AB 102, AC 259
AB
AC
Thus, F1 420 , F2 650
AB
AC
F F1 F2
237.6, 297.0, 178.2
423.1, 423.1, 253.9
185.5, 720.1, 432.1

F
860.0 lb
Section 10.3
2. u 4, 10 , v 2, 3
4. u i, v i
(a) u v 42 103 22
(a) u v 1
(b) u u 44 1010 116
(b) u u 1
(c)
u2
116
(d) u vv 222, 3 44, 66

(e) u
2v 2u v 222 44
(c) u2 1
(d) u v v i
(e) u 2v 2u
v 2
484
Chapter 10

8. u 3240, 1450, 2235
6. u 2i j 2k, v i 3j 2k
(a) u
v 21 13 22 5
v 2.22, 1.85, 3.25
(b) u u 22 11 22 9

(c)
u2
Increase prices by 4%: 1.042.22, 1.85, 3.25 .

New total amount: 1.04u v 1.0417,139.05
9
(d) u v v 5i 3j 2k 5i 15j 10k

(e) u
10.
$17,824.61
2v 2u v 25 10
uv
cos
u v
12. u 3, 1 , v 2, 1
u v 4025 cos
cos
5
5003
6

u cos
14.
v cos
cos
6 i sin 6 j
3
1
i j
2
uv
u v

3
3
uv
32 23 0

0
u v
u v
18. u 2i 3j k, v i 2j k
cos
cos
22 21 22 42 1
2
arccos
1 3 105
4
16. u 3i 2j k, v 2i 3j
2
2
3
3
i sin
j
i
j
4
4
2
2
uv
5
1

u v 105 2
uv
u v
20. u 2, 18 , v
32, 61
u
cv not parallel
9
321
9

14
146
221
u v 0 orthogonal
3 1421
10.9
arccos
1
22. u 3 i 2j, v 2i 4j
u
1
6
v parallel
26. u cos , sin , 1 ,

v sin , cos , 0
u
c v not parallel
u
v0
orthogonal
24. u 2i 3j k, v 2i j k
u
cv not parallel
u v 0 orthogonal
28. u 5, 3, 1
cos
cos
cos
u 35
5
35
3
35
1
35
cos2 cos2 cos2
25
9
1

1
35 35 35
Section 10.3
485
30. u a, b, c , u a2 b2 c 2

cos
cos
cos
a2
a
b2 c2
a 2
b
b2 c 2
a2
c
b2 c2
cos2 cos2 cos2
32. u 4, 3, 5
cos
cos
cos
u 50 52
4
52
3
52
5
52
36. F1: C1
F2: C2
a2
b2
c2

1
a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c 2
1
2
34. u 2, 6, 1

2.1721 or 124.4
cos

1.1326 or 64.9
cos

or 45
4
cos
300
13.0931
F1
38.
230.239, 36.062, 65.4655
cos
65.4655

74.31
F
40. F1 C10, 10, 10. F1 200 C1 102 C1 102

and F1 0, 1002, 1002
F2 C2 4, 6, 10
F2 C34, 6, 10
F 0, 0, w
F F1 F2 F3 0
4C2 4C3 0 C2 C3
1002 6C2 6C3 0 C2 C3
v1 s, s, s
cos
v1
(s, s, s)
252
N
3
44. w2 u w1 8, 2, 0 6, 3, 3 2, 1, 3
s2 6

3
s3
arccos
F
242.067 lb
36.062

98.57
F

1.4140 or 81.0
v2 s2
13.093120, 10, 5 6.32465, 15, 0
cos
1
41

0.3567 or 20.4
v2 s, s, 0
F F1 F2
230.239

162.02
F
6
41

1.8885 or 108.2
v1 s3
100
6.3246
F2
cos
2
41
u 41
6
v2
x
35.26
42. w2 u w1 9, 7 3, 9 6, 2
(s, s, 0)
486
Chapter 10
46. u 2, 3 , v 3, 2
uv vv 0v 0, 0
(a) w1
(b) w2 u w1 2, 3
48. u 1, 0, 4 , v 3, 0, 2

(a) w1
11
33
22
3, 0, 2 , 0,
uv vv 13
13
13
2
(b) w2 u w1 1, 0, 4

50. The vectors u and v are orthogonal if u v 0.
3313, 0, 2213
20
30
, 0,
13
13
52. (a) and (b) are defined.
The angle between u and v is given by

uv
.
u v
cos
54. See figure 10.29, page 739.
uv v v vu u u
56. Yes,
v
u
u vv2 v uu2
1
1

v u
u v
58. (a) u 5, v

8.602,
91.33
(b) u
9.165, v
5.745, 90
60. (a)
6417, 1617
(b)
21 63 42
, ,
26 26 13
62. Because u appears to be a multiple of v, the projection of u onto v is u. Analytically,

projv u
uv
3, 2 6, 4
6, 4
v
v2
6, 4 6, 4
26
6, 4 3, 2 u.
52
64. u 8i 3j. Want u v 0.

v 3i 8j and v 3i 8j are orthogonal to u.
\
68. OA 10, 5, 20 , v 0, 0, 1

\
projvOA
20
0, 0, 1 0, 0, 20
12
projvOA 20
66. u 0, 3, 6 . Want u v 0.

v 0, 6, 3 and v 0, 6, 3 are orthogonal to u.
70. F 25cos 20i sin 20j
v 50i
W F v 1250 cos 20
1174.6 ft lb
72. PQ 4, 2, 10
\
V 2, 3, 6
\
W PQ
V 74
\
74. True
w u v w u w v
000 w
and u v are orthogonal.
Section 10.4
The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space

\
(d) r1 k, k, 0
76. (a)
(0, k, k)
(k, 0, k)
r2 0, 0, 0
cos
(k, k, 0)

k
2
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
k2
4
3

1
3
(b) Length of each edge:
109.5
k2 k2 02 k2
(c) cos
k2
1

2
k2 k2
arccos
12 60
78. The curves y1 x2 and y2 x13 intersect at 0, 0 and at 1, 1.

At 0, 0: 1, 0 is tangent to y1 and 0, 1 is tangent to y2. The angle
between these vectors is 90.
At 1, 1: 15 1, 2 is tangent to y1 and 310 1, 13 110 3, 1

is tangent to y2. To find the angle between these vectors,
cos
80.
y1
y2
1
1
1
3 2
45.
5 10
2
(1, 1)
x
(0, 0)
v u v cos
u v u v cos
u v cos
u v since cos
1.
82. Let w1 projv u, as indicated in the figure. Because w1 is a scalar multiple of v, you can write
u w1 w2 cv w2.
u v cv w2 v cv
w2
Taking the dot product of both sides with v produces
v w2 v
cv2, since w2 and v are orthogonol.
w1
uv
uv
v.
Thus, u v cv2 c
and w1 projv u cv
v2
v2
Section 10.4
i j k
2. i j 1 0 0 k
0 1 0
i j k
4. k j 0 0 1 i
0 1 0
k
j
k
j
j
1
1
1
i j k
6. k i 0 0 1 j
1 0 0
1
1
1
1
487
488
Chapter 10
i
8. (a) u v 3
2
j k
0
5 15, 16, 9
3 2
i
j k
10. (a) u v 3 2 2 8, 5, 17
1
5
1
(b) v u u v 15, 16, 9
(b) v u u v 8, 5, 17
(c) v v 0
(c) v v 0
12. u 1, 1, 2, v 0, 1, 0
i
u v 1
0
j
1
1
14. u 10, 0, 6, v 7, 0, 0
k
2 2i k 2, 0, 1
0
i
u v 10
7
u u v 12 10 21
k
6 42j 0, 42, 0
0
u u v 100 042 60
0 uu v
0 uu v
v u v 02 10 01
v u v 70 042 00
0 vu v
16. u v
j
0
0
0 vu v
i j k
1 6 0 6i j 13k
2 1 1
u u v 16 61 0 u u v
v u v 26 11 113 0 v u v
18.
20.
z
6
5
4
3
2
1
z
6
5
4
3
2
1
v
1
1
4
4
6
4
6
22. u 8, 6, 4

v 10, 12, 2
u v 60, 24, 156
u v
1

60, 24, 156
u v 3622
3522 , 3222 , 31322
24.
2
u k
3
1
v i 6k
2
u v
0, 1, 0
u v
26. (a) u v 18, 12, 48
28. u i j k
u v 52.650
vjk
(b) u v 50, 40, 34

u v 72.498
1
u v 0, , 0
3
i j k
u v 1 1 1 j k
0 1 1
A u v j k 2
Section 10.4
30. u 2, 1, 0

v 1, 2, 0
u v

i
j
2 1
1
2
k
0 0, 0, 3
0
A u v 0, 0, 3 3
32. A2, 3, 1, B6, 5, 1, C3, 6, 4, D7, 2, 2
\
AB 4, 8, 2, AC 1, 3, 3, CD 4, 8, 2, BD 1, 3, 3

\
Since AB CD and AC BD , the figure is a parallelogram.

\
AB and AC are adjacent sides and

i
j k
AB AC 4
8 2 18, 14, 20.
1 3
3
\
Area AB AC 920 2230

34. A2, 3, 4, B0, 1, 2, C1, 2, 0
\
36. A1, 2, 0, B2, 1, 0, C0, 0, 0
AB 2, 4, 2, AC 3, 5, 4
AB 3, 1, 0, AC 1, 2, 0
i
AB AC 2
3
i
j
AB AC 3 1
1 2
j k
4 2 6i 2j 2k
5 4
1
1
A AB AC 44 11
2
2
\
k
0 5k
0
1
5
A AB AC
2
2
38. F 2000cos 30 j sin 30 k 10003 j 1000k
PQ 0.16 k
i
PQ F 0
0
\
j
0
10003
k
0.16 1603 i
1000
PQ F 1603 ft lb
\
PQ
0.16 ft
60
5
40. (a) B is 15
12 4 to the left of A, and one foot upwards:
AB 5
4 j k
(d) If T AB F,
F 200cos j sin k
i
j
k
(b) AB F 0
54
1
0 200 cos 200 sin
\
250 sin 200 cos i
AB F 250 sin 200 cos
5
dT
2510 cos 8 sin 0 tan
d
4
51.34.
The vectors are orthogonal.
\
(e) The zero is 141.34, the angle making AB parallel

to F.
400
2510 sin 8 cos

0
(c) For 30,

\
12 8 23
AB F 25 10
25 5 43 298.2.
300
180
489
490
Chapter 10
1
42. u v w 2
0
1
1
0
1
0
4
46. u v w
1
0 1
1
2
44. u v w 1
0
0
1
2
0
1 0
2
3
1
6
6 72
0 4
V u v w 72
48. u 1, 1, 0
50. See Theorem 10.8, page 746.
v 1, 0, 2
w 0, 1, 1
1
u v w 1
0
1
0
1
0
2 3
1
V u v w 3
52. Form the vectors for two sides of the triangle, and compute their cross product:
x2 x1, y2 y1, z 2 z1 x3 x1, y3 y1, z3 z1
54. False, let u 1, 0, 0, v 1, 0, 0, w 1, 0, 0.
Then,
u v u w 0, but v
w.
56. u u1, u2, u3, v v1, v2, v3, w w1, w2, w3
u u1i u2 j u3 k
v w v2w3 v3w2i v1w3 v3w1j v1w2 v2w1 k
u1 u2 u3
u v w u1v2w3 v3w2 u2v1w3 v3w1 u3v1w2 v2w1 v1 v2 v3
w1 w2 w3
58. u u1, u2, u3, v v1, v2, v3, c is a scalar.
i
j
c u v cu1 cu2
v1 v2
k
cu3
v3
cu2v3 cu3v2i cu1v3 cu3v1j cu1v2 cu2v1k

cu2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k cu v
u1 u2
60. u v w v1 v2
w1 w2
u3
v3
w3
w1 w2
u v w w u v u1 u2
v1 v2
w3
u3
v3
w1u 2v3 v2 u 3 w2u 1v3 v1u 3 w3u 1v2 v1u 2

u 1v2w3 w2v3 u 2v1w3 w1v3 u 3v1w2 w1v2
u v w
Section 10.5
Lines and Planes in Space
491
62. If u and v are scalar multiples of each other, u cv for some scalar c.
u v cv v c v v c 0 0
If u v 0, then u v sin 0. Assume u 0, v 0. Thus, sin 0, 0, and u and v are parallel. Therefore,
u cv for some scalar c.
64. u a1, b1, c1 , v a2, b2, c2, w a3, b3, c3
i j
v w a2 b2
a3 b3
u v w
k
c2 b2c3 b3c2i a2c3 a3c2j a2b3 a3b2k
c3
i
j
k
a1
b1
c1
b2c3 b3c2 a3c2 a2c3 a2b3 a3b2
u v w b1a2b3 a3b2 c1a3c2 a2c3i a1a2b3 a3b2 c1b2c3 b3c2 j
a1a3c2 a2c3 b1b2c3 b3c2k

a2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 a3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 i
b2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 b3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 j

c2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 c3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2k
a1a3 b1b3 c1c3a2, b2, c2 a1a2 b1b2 c1c2a3, b3, c3
u wv u vw
Section 10.5
2. x 2 3t, y 2, z 1 t
(a)
(b) When t 0 we have P 2, 2, 1. When t 2 we have

Q 4, 2, 1.
PQ 6, 0, 2
The components of the vector and the coefficients of t are
proportional since the line is parallel to PQ .
\
(c) z 0 when t 1. Thus, x 1 and y 2.

Point: 1, 2, 0
2
x 0 when t . Point:
3
0, 2, 13
6. Point: 3, 0, 2
4. Point: 0, 0, 0
5
Direction vector: v 2, , 1
2
Direction numbers: 4, 5, 2
(a) Parametric: x 4t, y 5t, z 2t

y
z
x

(b) Symmetric:
4 5 2
Direction vector: v 0, 6, 3

(a) Parametric: x 3, y 2t, z 2 t
(b) Symmetric:
y
z 2, x 3
2
492
Chapter 10

10. Points: 2, 0, 2, 1, 4, 3
8. Point: 3, 5, 4
Directions numbers: 3, 2, 1
Direction vector: 1, 4, 5
(a) Parametric: x 3 3t, y 5 2t, z 4 t
(b) Symmetric:
x3 y5

z4
3
2
(a) Parametric: x 2 t, y 4t, z 2 5t

(b) Symmetric: x 2
12. Points: 0, 0, 25, 10, 10, 0
14. Point: 2, 3, 4

Direction vector: v 3i 2j k
Direction vector: 10, 10, 25
Parametric: x 2 3t, y 3 2t, z 4 t
(a) Parametric: x 2t, y 2t, z 25 5t

(b) Symmetric:
y
z 25
x

2 2
5
16. Points: 2, 0, 3, 4, 2, 2
18. L1: v 4, 2, 3
Direction vector: v 2i 2j k
L 2: v 2, 1, 5
L 3: v 8, 4, 6
Parametric: x 2 2t, y 2t, z 3 t

Symmetric:
z2
y

4
5
1
1
2
8, 5, 9 on line
L 4: v 2, 1, 1.5
x2
y
z3

2
2
1
(a) Not on line 1
8, 5, 9 on line
L1 and L 2 are identical.
(b) On line
(c) Not on line
32 32 1
20. By equating like variables, we have

(i) 3t 1 3s 1, (ii) 4t 1 2s 4, and (iii) 2t 4 s 1.
1
From (i) we have s t, and consequently from (ii), t 2 and from (iii), t 3. The lines do not intersect.
22. Writing the equations of the lines in parametric form we have
x 2 3t
y 2 6t
z3t
x 3 2s
y 5 s
z 2 4s.
By equating like variables, we have 2 3t 3 2s, 2 6t 5 s, 3 t 2 4s. Thus, t 1, s 1 and the
point of intersection is 5, 4, 2.
u 3, 6, 1
(First line)
v 2, 1, 4
(Second line)
cos
u v
u v
24. x 2t 1
4
4621
x 5s 12
y 4t 10
y 3s 11
zt
z 2s 4
4
966
2966
483
x = 2t 1
y = 4t + 10
z=t
x = 5s 12
y = 3s + 11
z = 2s 4
3
2
Point of intersection: 3, 2, 2

3
x
2
2
(3, 2, 2)
Section 10.5
P 0, 0, 1, Q 2, 0, 0, R 3, 2, 2

\
(a) PQ 2, 0, 1, PR 3, 2, 3
i
(b) PQ PR 2
3
\
493
28. Point: 1, 0, 3
26. 2x 3y 4z 4
\
j k
0 1 2, 3, 4
2 3
n k 0, 0, 1
0x 1 0y 0 1z 3 0
z30
The components of the cross product are proportional

(for this choice of P, Q, and R, they are the same) to
the coefficients of the variables in the equation. The
cross product is parallel to the normal vector.
32. Point: 3, 2, 2
30. Point: (0, 0, 0
Normal vector: v 4i j 3k
Normal vector: n 3i 2k

3x 0 0y 0 2z 0 0
4x 3 y 2 3z 2 0
3x 2z 0
4x y 3z 8
34. Let u be vector from 2, 3, 2 to 3, 4, 2: 1, 1, 4.
36. 1, 2, 3, Normal vector: v i, 1x 1 0, x 1
Let v be vector from 2, 3, 2 to 1, 1, 0: 1, 4, 2.
Normal vector: u v

i
j
1
1
1 4
k
4 18, 6, 3
2
36, 2, 1
6x 2 2 y 3 1z 2 0
6x 2y z 8
38. The plane passes through the three points 0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0 3, 0, 1.
The vector from 0, 0, 0 to 0, 1, 0: u j
The vector from 0, 0, 0 to 3, 0, 1: v 3 i k
i
Normal vector: u v
0
3
x 3 z 0
j
1
0
k
0 i 3 k
1
42. Let v be the vector from 3, 2, 1 to 3, 1, 5:

v j 6k
Let n be the normal to the given plane: n 6i 7j 2k
Since v and n both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to
P is:
i
j k
v n 0 1 6 40i 36j 6k
6
7
2
220i 18j 3k
20x 3 18y 2 3z 1 0

20x 18y 3z 27
40. The direction of the line is u 2i j k. Choose any

point on the line, 0, 4, 0, for example, and let v be the
vector from 0, 4, 0 to the given point 2, 2, 1:
v 2i 2j k
i
j
Normal vector: u v 2 1
2 2
x 2 2z 1 0
x 2z 0
k
1 i 2k
1
44. Let u k and let v be the vector from 4, 2, 1 to

3, 5, 7: v 7i 3j 6k
Since u and v both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to
P is:
uv

i
0
7
j
0
3
k
1 3i 7j 3i 7j
6
3x 4 7y 2 0
3x 7y 26
494
Chapter 10
46. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 3, 1, 4, n2 9, 3, 12. Since n2 3n1, the planes are parallel, but not equal
48. The normal vectors to the planes are
50. The normal vectors to the planes are
n1 3i 2j k, n2 i 4j 2k,
cos
n1 n2 3 8 2
n1 n2
Therefore, arccos
1421
n1 2, 0, 1, n2 4, 1, 8,
1
.
6
cos
16 65.9 .
Thus,
52. 3x 6y 2z 6
n1 n2 0.
n1 n2
and the planes are orthogonal.

2
54. 2x y z 4
56. x 2y 4
z
4
2
4
3
y
y
58. z 8
60. x 3z 3
z
62. 2.1x 4.7y z 3 0

z
8
2
1
2
3
1
1
Generated by Mathematica
5
x
64. P1: n 60, 90, 30 or 2, 3, 1

P2: n 6, 9, 3 or 2, 3, 1
P3: n 20, 30, 10 or 2, 3, 1
Generated by Mathematica
0, 0, 109 on plane

0, 0, 23 on plane
0, 0, 56 on plane
P4: n 12, 18, 6 or 2, 3, 1

P1, P2, and P3 are parallel.
66. If c 0, z 0 is xy-plane.
1
z is a plane parallel to
c
x-axis and passing through the points 0, 0, 0 and
0, 1, c.
If c 0, cy z 0 y
68. The normals to the planes are n1 6, 3, 1.

and n2 1, 1, 5.
The direction vector for the line is

n1 n2
i
j
6 3
1
1
k
1 16, 31, 3.
5
Now find a point of intersection of the planes.

6x 3y z 5
6x 3y z 5
x y 5z 5 6x 6y 30z 30
3y 31z 35
Let y 9, z 2 x 4 4, 9, 2.
x 4 16t, y 9 31t, z 2 3t
Section 10.5
70. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and

substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
x 1 4t, y 2t, z 3 6t
21 4t 32t 5, t
1
2
Substituting t 12 into the parametric equations for the

line we have the point of intersection 1, 1, 0. The
line does not lie in the plane.
74. Point: Q0, 0, 0
72. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and

substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
x 4 2t, y 1 3t, z 2 5t
54 2t 31 3t 17, t 0
Substituting t 0 into the parametric equations for the
line we have the point of intersection 4, 1, 2. The
line does not lie in the plane.
76. Point: Q3, 2, 1
Plane: 8x 4y z 8
Plane: x y 2z 4
Normal to plane: n 8, 4, 1
Normal to plane: n 1, 1, 2
Point in plane: P1, 0, 0
Point in plane: P4, 0, 0
Vector: PQ 1, 0, 0
Vector: PQ 1, 2, 1
PQ n 8 8
\
D
n
81
P 5,0, 3 is a point in 4x 4y 9z 7.
Q 0, 0, 2 is a point in 4x 4y 9z 18.
\
PQ 5, 0, 1
PQ n1
11
113
11113
113
P 0, 3, 2 is a point on the line let t 0.

PQ 1, 1, 2
i j k
PQ u 1 1 2 0, 2, 1
2 1 2
\
D
1
6
6
80. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 2, 0, 4 and
n2 2, 0, 4. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel.
Choose a point in each plane.
P 2, 0, 0 is a point in 2x 4z 4. Q 5, 0, 0
is a point in 2x 4z 10.
PQ n1
\
82. u 2, 1, 2 is the direction vector for the line.

\
n
6
PQ 3, 0, 0, D
n1
PQ n 1
\
D
78. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 4, 4, 9 and
n2 4, 4, 9. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel.
Choose a point in each plane.
D
495
n1
6
20
35
5
84. The equation of the plane containing Px1, y1, z1 and
having normal vector n a, b, c is
ax x1 by y1 cz z1 0.
You need n and P to find the equation.
PQ u 5 5

9
u
3
86. x a: plane parallel to yz-plane containing a, 0, 0

y b: plane parallel to xz-plane containing 0, b, 0
z c: plane parallel to xy-plane containing 0, 0, c
88. (a) t v represents a line parallel to v.

(b) u t v represents a line through the terminal point of
u parallel to v.
(c) su t v represent the plane containing u and v.
496
Chapter 10
90. On one side we have the points 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, and 1, 1, 8.
n1

i
j
6
0
1 1
k
0 48j 6k
8
On the adjacent side we have the points 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, and 1, 1, 8.
n2
i
j
0
6
1 1
( 1, 1, 8)
k
0 48i 6k
8
n1 n2
cos
n1 n2
6
4
2
36
1

2340 65
(6, 0, 0)
arccos
(0, 6, 0)
(0, 0, 0) 4
1
89.1
65
92. False. They may be skew lines. (See Section Project)
Section 10.6
Surfaces in Space
2. Hyperboloid of two sheets
4. Elliptic cone
Matches graph (e)
6. Hyperbolic paraboloid
Matches graph (b)
8. x 4
10. x2 z 2 25
Plane parallel to the

yz-coordinate plane
Matches graph (a)
The y-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical

surface with rulings parallel to the y-axis. The generating
curve is a circle.
z
4
x
6
4
8
x
8
12. z 4 y 2
14. y 2 z 2 4
The x-coordinate is missing so

we have a cylindrical surface with
rulings parallel to the x-axis. The
generating curve is a parabola.
z
8
16. z ey
y2 z2
1
4
4
generating curve is a hyperbola.

we have a cylindrical surface
with rulings parallel to the x-axis.
The generating curve is the
exponential curve.
z
20
z
8
12
15
10
5
3
5
x
Section 10.6
Surfaces in Space
497
18. y2 z2 4
(b) From 0, 10, 0:
(a) From 10, 0, 0:
(c) From 10, 10, 10:
z
3
y
y
3
20.
x2
y2
z2

1
16 25 25
5
4
3
2
1
Ellipsoid
x2
y2

1 ellipse
16 25
xy-trace:
x2
z2

1 ellipse
16 25
xz-trace:
y2
1
4
Hyperboloid of two sheets
xy-trace: none
22. z 2 x 2
xz-trace: z 2 x2 1 hyperbola
1 2
3 4
5
yz-trace: z2
yz-trace: y2 z2 25 circle
24. z x2 4y2
z
5
y2
1 hyperbola
4
x2
y2

1 ellipse
9
36
z 10 :
26. 3z y 2 x 2
28. x2 2y 2 2z 2
Elliptic paraboloid
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Elliptic Cone
xy-trace: point 0, 0, 0
xy-trace: y x
xy-trace: x 2 y
xz-trace: z x2 parabola
1
xz-trace: z 3 x2
xz-trace: x 2 z
yz-trace: z 4y2 parabola
yz-trace: z
yz-trace: point: 0, 0, 0
13 y2
28
24
20
5
x
10
x
10
9x2 y2 9z2 54x 4y 54z 4 0
30.
9x2 6x 9 y2 4y 4 9z2 6z 9 81 4 81

9x 32 y 22 9z 32 4
2
x 32 y 22 z 32

1
49
4
49
1
2 3
4 5
Hyperboloid of one sheet with center 3, 2, 3.

32. z x2 0.5y 2
34. z 2 4y x 2
z 4y
36. x2 y 2 ez
lnx2 y2 z
x2
8
4
4
3
2
4
1
2
x
8
1
2
4
8
x
3
4
y
498
Chapter 10
38. z
x
8 x2 y2
z
98 x
y 4 x2
1 2
y 9
2
x 0, y 0, z 0
z
20
10
2
4
42. z 4 x2
40. 9x 2 4y 2 8z 2 72
y
10
10
x
20
20
y
x
44. z 4 x2 y2
46. x2 z 2 ry
2 and z ry 3y; therefore,
y 2z
4 3
x2 z 2 9y 2.
z0
3
3
3
x
1
48. y2 z2 rx
2 and z rx 4 x2 ; therefore,
2
1
y 2 z 2 4 x2, x 2 4y 2 4z 2 4.
4
52. x 2 z 2 cos2 y
x2 y 2 e2z.
54. The trace of a surface is the intersection of the surface with a plane.
You find a trace by setting one
variable equal to a constant, such
as x 0 or z 2.
Equation of generating curve:

x cos y or z cos y
58. V 2
50. x2 y 2 rz
2 and y rz ez; therefore,
60. z
y sin y dy
2 sin y y cos y
2 2
About y-axis: x2 z2 r y

2
About z-axis: x2 y2 r z
2
x2 y 2

2
4
(a) When y 4 we have z

Focus:
1.0
56. About x-axis: y2 z2 r x

2
0, 4, 92
(b) When x 2 we have

z2
0.5
62. If x, y, z is on the surface, then

z2 x2 y2 z 42
z2 x2 y2 z2 8z 16
8z x2 y2 16 z
y2
, 4z 2 y 2.
4
Focus: 2, 0, 3
x2 y2
2
8
8
Elliptic paraboloid shifted up 2 units. Traces parallel to xy-plane are circles.
x2
1
4, 4
z 4 x2.
2
2
Section 10.7
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
499
64. z 0.775x2 0.007y2 22.15x 0.54y 45.4

(a)
(b)
Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
37.5
72.2
111.5
185.2
200.1
214.6
200
Model
37.8
72.0
112.2
185.8
204.5
214.7
150
250
100
10
20
100
200
(d) The traces parallel to the yz-plane (x constant) are

concave upward. That is, for fixed x (workers
compensation), the rate of increase of z (Medicare)
is increasing with respect to y (public assistance).
(c) For y constant, the traces parallel to the xz-plane are

concave downward. That is, for fixed y (public
assistance), the rate of increase of z (Medicare) is
decreasing with respect to x (workers compensation).
66. Equating twice the first equation with the second equation,
2x2 6y2 4z2 4y 8 2x2 6y2 4z2 3x 2
4y 8 3x 2
3x 4y 6, a plane
Section 10.7
2.
4, 2 , 2, cylindrical
4.
x 4 cos

0
2
x 6 cos
y 4 sin

4
2
y 6 sin
4 32

32
4

z 2
0, 4, 2, rectangular
8. 22, 22, 4, rectangular

r 22 2 22 2 4
arctan1

4
z4

14. z x2 y2 2 rectangular equation
z r2 2
6.
cylindrical equation
32, 32, 2
y sin
3
1
2
r 32 22 13
1
5

3
6
arctan
23 arctan 23
z 1
z1
3
0
2
r 12 4 4
x cos
z1
z2
arctan
1, 32, 1, cylindrical
13, arctan 23, 1, cylindrical

4, , 1 , cylindrical
6
16. x2 y2 8x
rectangular equation
r 2 8r cos
r 8 cos cylindrical equation
500
Chapter 10

20. r
18. z 2
z
2
22. r 2 cos
Same
x2 y2
z
3
x2 y 2
r 2 2r cos
z
2
x2 y2 2x
x2 y 2 2x 0
z2
0
4
x 12 y 2 1
4
2
2
2
2
y
2
3
x
24. z r 2 cos2
z
12 12 12 3
x2

4
arctan 1
arccos
3,
1
3 2
x
1 2
3 4
5 6
42 02 02 4
42 210

arctan 1
4
2
arccos
5

2
210, , arccos
, spherical
4
5

22

32.

arccos 0
12, 34, 9 , spherical

2
4, , 2 , spherical
34.
9, 4 , , spherical
x 12 sin

3
cos
2.902
9
4
x 9 sin cos

0
4
y 12 sin

3
sin
2.902
9
4
y 9 sin sin

0
4
z 12 cos

11.276
9
z 9 cos 9
2.902, 2.902, 11.276, rectangular
36.

1
, arccos
, spherical
4
3
28. 2, 2, 42 , rectangular

22
1
3
6, , 2 , spherical

x 6 sin cos 6
2

y 6 sin sin 0
2

z 6 cos 0
2
38. (a) Programs will vary.

(b) , , 5, 1, 0.5
x, y, z 1.295, 2.017, 4.388
Section 10.7
40. x2 y2 3z2 0
42. x 10
10 csc sec spherical equation
4 cos
2
14
44.
cos
1
2

3
sin cos 10
x2 y2 z2 4z2
2
cos2
(cone) spherical equation
3
4
46.

2
48. 2 sec
cos 2
z
x2 y2 z2
z
0
x2 y2 z2
z0
cos
y
tan
x
y
1
x
xy0
z2
z
3
xy-plane
3
3
2
3
3
y
3
x
3
3
2
3
50. 4 csc sec

52.
4
sin cos
54.
22 22 22
32 02 3
sin cos 4

x4
z

4
arccos

12 34

2 3
22, ,
, spherical
3 4
2
3
arccos
0

9
2
3, 4 , 2 , spherical
56.
58.
42 42 42
42 32 5

3

2
arccos
1
2

4

42, , , spherical
3 4
arccos
60.

r 4 sin

3
5

3
5, , arccos , spherical
2
5

4
2

18
z 4 cos

0
2
501
502
Chapter 10
62.
r sin 18 sin

64.

9
3

5
6

Spherical
68. 6, 2, 3
6.325, 0.322, 3
7.000, 0.322, 2.014
70. 7.317, 6.816, 6
10, 0.75, 6
11.662, 0.750, 1.030
72. 6.115, 1.561, 4.052
6.311, 0.25, 4.052
7.5, 0.25, 1
74. 32, 32, 3
6, 0.785, 3
6.708, 0.785, 2.034
76. 0, 5, 4
5, 1.571, 4
6.403, 1.571, 0.896
78. 1.732, 1, 3
2, 116, 3
3.606, 2.618, 0.588
80. 2.207, 7.949, 4
82.
5
,3
6

8.25, 1.3, 4

4
3
72

4
2
7 2 2, 4 , 7 2 2, cylindrical
Cylindrical
Note: Use the cylindrical coordinate 2,
3 72

4
2

4
z 7 cos

9, , 93 , cylindrical
3
Rectangular
r 7 sin
z 5 cos 5

93
3
7, 4 , 34, spherical
66.
r 5 sin 0

3
z cos 18 cos
5, 56, , spherical
84.
9.169, 1.3, 2.022

4
Plane
Cone
Matches graph (e)
Matches graph (a)
88. r a Cylinder with z-axis symmetry
86. 4 sec , z cos 4

Plane
Matches graph (b)
90. a Sphere
b Plane perpendicular to xy-plane
b Vertical half-plane
z c Plane parallel to xy-plane
c Half-cone
92. 4x2 y 2 z 2
94. x2 y 2 z
(a) 4r 2 z 2, 2r z
(a) r 2 z
(b) 42 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 2 cos2 ,
(b) 2 sin2 cos , sin2 cos ,
1
4 sin2 cos 2 , tan2 ,
4

cos
, csc cot
sin2
1
1
tan , arctan
2
2
98. y 4
96. x2 y 2 16
(a) r sin 4, r 4 csc
(a) r 2 16, r 4
(b)
2
16,
16 0,
sin 4 sin 4 0, 4 csc
sin2
2
sin2
(b) sin sin 4, 4 csc csc
Review Exercises for Chapter 10
100.

2
2
104. 0 2
102. 0 2
2 r 4
0 r 3

4
2
z 2 r 2 6r 8
0 z r cos
503
0 1
z
z
4
3
4
3
5
4
2
x
106. Cylindrical: 0.75 r 1.25, z 8

108. Cylindrical
1
2
110. 2 sec cos 2 z 2 plane
r 3
4 sphere
0 2
The intersection of the plane and the sphere is a circle.
9 r2 z 9 r2
4
y
4
x
4

2. P 2, 1, Q 5, 1 R 2, 4
\
4. v v cos i v sin j
1
1
cos 225 i sin 225 j
2
2
(a) u PQ 7, 0 7i, v PR 4, 5 4i 5j

(b) v 42 52 41
2
i
2
(c) 2u v 14i 4i 5j 18i 5j

6. (a) The length of cable POQ is L.
OQ 9i yj
L 292 y2
Tension: T c OQ c81 y 2
250
250
81 y 2 T
y
L24 81
Domain: L > 18 inches
cy 250 T
(c)
2
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
780.9
573.54
485.36
434.81
401.60
377.96
360.24
(d) The line T 400 intersects the

curve at
1000
L 23.06 inches.
25
0
18 in.
250L
L2 324
18
500 lb
Also,
(b)
L2
81 y
4
(e) lim T 250

L
The maximum tension is 250

pounds in each side of the cable
since the total weight is 500 pounds.
504
Chapter 10
8. x z 0, y 7: 0, 7, 0
12. Center:
10. Looking towards the xy-plane from the positive z-axis.

The point is either in the second quadrant x < 0, y > 0
or in the fourth quadrant x > 0, y < 0. The z-coordinate
can be any number.
0 2 4, 0 2 6, 4 2 0
2, 3, 2
Radius: 2 02 3 02 2 42 4 9 4 17
x 22 y 32 z 22 17

z
14. x2 10x 25 y 2 6y 9 z 2 4z 4 34 25 9 4
x 52 y 32 z 22 4

Center: 5, 3, 2
Radius: 2
6
4
2
4
6
8
x
16. v 3 6, 3 2, 8 0 3, 5, 8

(3, 3, 8)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
Since v and w are not parallel, the points do not lie in a

straight line.
(6, 2, 0)
20. 8
18. v 8 5, 5 4, 5 7 3, 1, 2

w 11 5, 6 4, 3 7 6, 10, 4
6, 3, 2
8
48 24 16
6, 3, 2
, ,
49
7
7
7 7
22. P 2, 1, 3, Q 0, 5, 1, R 5, 5, 0

\
(a) u PQ 2, 6, 2 2i 6j 2k,

\
v PR 3, 6, 3 3i 6j 3k
(b) u
v 23 66 23 36
(c) v
24. u 4, 3, 6, v 16, 12, 24
Since v 4u, the vectors are parallel.
v 9 36 9 54
26. u 4, 1, 5, v 3, 2, 2

u
v0

is orthogonal to v.

2
28. u 1, 0, 3
30. W F
PQ F PQ cos 758cos 30
v 2, 2, 1
3003 ft
lb
v 1
u 10
v 3
cos
u
v
u v
83.9
1
310
<
>
<
>
<
>
In Exercises 3240, u 3, 2, 1 , v 2, 4, 3 , w 1, 2, 2 .
32. cos
u
v
u v
arccos
11
34. Work u
1429
w 3 4 2 5
141129
56.9

i
36. u v 3
2
j
2
4
k
1 10i 11j 8k
3
i
vu 2
3
j
4
2
k
3 10i 11j 8k
1
Thus, u v v u.

i
38. u v w 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 1 3
1

i
uv 3
2
uw
j
2
4
i
3
1
k
1 10i 11j 8k
3
j
2
2
j
2
2
k
1 4i 4j 4k
1
k
1 6i 7j 4k
2
u v u w 4i 4j 4k u v w
5
1
1
40. Area triangle v w 22 12
(See Exercise 35)
2
2
2

2
1
42. V u
v w 0
2
0 1
46. u v
i
2
3
j
5
1
0
1 25 10
2
k
1 21i 11j 13k
4

(a) x 21t, y 1 11t, z 4 13t
(b)
y1 z4
x

21
11
13
44. Direction numbers: 1, 1, 1

(a) x 1 t, y 2 t, z 3 t
(b) x 1 y 2 z 3
48. P 3, 4, 2, Q 3, 4, 1, R 1, 1, 2

\
PQ 0, 8, 1, PR 4, 5, 4

i
n PQ PR 0
4
\
j
8
5
k
1 27i 4j 32k
4
27x 3 4 y 4 32z 2 0
27x 4y 32z 33
505
506
Chapter 10

52. Q5, 1, 3 point
50. The normal vectors to the planes are the same,

n 5, 3, 1.
u 1, 2, 1 direction vector
Choose a point in the first plane, P 0, 0, 2. Choose a

point in the second plane, Q 0, 0, 3.
P 1, 3, 5 point on line

\
PQ 6, 2, 2
PQ 0, 0, 5

i
j k
PQ u 6 2 2 2, 8, 14
1 2 1
\
PQ
n
5
35
5
D

n
7
35
35
D
54. y z 2
PQ u 264
211

6
u
58. 16x 2 16y 2 9z 2 0
56. y cos z
Since the x-coordinate is missing,
generating curve is y cos z.
Since the x-coordinate is missing,

generating curve is a parabola in
the yz-coordinate plane.
Cone
xy-trace: point 0,0, 0
xz-trace: z
yz-trace: z
4y
3
z 4, x 2 y 2 9
1
2
z
4
y
2
y
3
3
x
60.
4x
3
x2
y2
z2

1
25
4
100
2 3
62. Let y r x 2x and revolve the curve about

the x-axis.
z
12
Hyperboloid of one sheet

xy-trace:
64.
y2
x2
1
25
4
xz-trace:
z2
x2

1
25 100
yz-trace:
z2
y2

1
4
100
43, 34, 3 2 3
, rectangular
(a) r
43
34
(b)
43
34
3 2 3
3
, arctan3
30
,

33
, z
,
3
2
23, 2 , 3 2 3
, cylindrical

3
, arccos
,
3
10
30
3
, , arccos
, spherical
3
10

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 479

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Vectors in the Plane

Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

8. u 11 4, 4 1 15, 3

v 25 0, 10 13 15, 3

10. (b) v 3 2, 6 6 1, 12

12. (b) v 5 0, 1 4 5, 3

(a) and (c).

14. (b) v 3 7, 1 1 10, 0

16. (b) v 0.84 0.12, 1.25 0.60 0.72, 0.65

18. (a) 4v 4, 20

0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25

Vectors in the Plane

20. Twice as long as given vector u.

26. v 2i j i 2j

(b) v u 8, 25 3, 8 11, 33

(c) 2u 5v 23, 8 58, 25 34, 109

28. v 5u 3w 52, 1 31, 2 7, 11

32. v 144 25 13

34. v 100 9 109

38. u 52 152 250 510

40. u 6.22 3.42 50 52

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

42. u 0, 1, v 3, 3

44. u 2, 4, v 5, 5

(a) u 4 16 25

(b) v 9 9 32

(b) v 25 25 52

uu 22 1, 1

52. v 5 cos 120i sin 120j

54. v cos 3.5i sin 3.5j

0.9981i 0.0610j 0.9981, 0.0610

60. See page 718:

Vectors in the Plane

62. See Theorem 10.1, page 719.

66. v 3i 3j. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 3. Solving

68. v i 7j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 7.

70. y x3, y 3x2 12 at x 2.

(a) m 12. Let w 1, 12, then

(a) m 2. Let w 1, 2, then

(b) m 12. Let w 2, 1, then

R F1 F2 F3

82. F1 F2 F3 400cos30i sin30j 280cos45i sin45j 350cos135i sin135j

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

84. F1 20, 0, F2 10cos , sin 

(c) The range is 10 F1 F2 30.

The maximum is 30, which occur at  0 and  2.

(d) The minimum of the resultant is 10.

v v cos 110i sin 110j

23 v sin 110 100.

And u cos 60 v cos 110 0 or

12 v cos 110 0

12 65.27 cos 110 0 gives

Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space

v 50cos 135i  sin 135j 252i  252j wind

Direction North of East: N 84.46 E

Therefore, x  y 1 and x  y 0. Solving we have x y 2 .

98. The set is a circle of radius 5, centered at the origin.

Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space

7, 2, 1

12. The x-coordinate is 0.

8. u 11 4, 4 1 15, 3

10. (b) v 3 2, 6 6 1, 12

12. (b) v 5 0, 1 4 5, 3

14. (b) v 3 7, 1 1 10, 0

26. v 2i j i 2j

32. v 144 25 13

34. v 100 9 109

38. u 52 152 250 510

40. u 6.22 3.42 50 52

44. u 2, 4, v 5, 5

(a) u 4 16 25

(b) v 9 9 32

(b) v 25 25 52

uu 22 1, 1

52. v 5 cos 120i sin 120j

54. v cos 3.5i sin 3.5j

70. y x3, y 3x2 12 at x 2.

R F1 F2 F3

82. F1 F2 F3 400cos30i sin30j 280cos45i sin45j 350cos135i sin135j

84. F1 20, 0, F2 10cos , sin

(c) The range is 10 F1 F2 30.

The maximum is 30, which occur at 0 and 2.

v v cos 110i sin 110j

23 v sin 110 100.

And u cos 60 v cos 110 0 or

12 v cos 110 0

12 65.27 cos 110 0 gives

v 50cos 135i sin 135j 252i 252j wind

Therefore, x y 1 and x y 0. Solving we have x y 2 .

7, 2, 1

16. The point is on the plane z 3.

28. d 4 22 5 22 6 32

16 64 16 96 46

30. A5, 3, 4, B7, 1, 3, C3, 5, 3

32. A5, 0, 0, B0, 2, 0, C0, 0, 3

5, 6, 4, 7, 4, 3, 3, 8, 3

40. Center: 3, 2, 4

x 42 y 12 z 12 25

x 32 y 22 z 42 9

x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 < 4 9 16 13

50. (a) v 2 2 i 3 3 j 4 0k

52. 1 4, 7 5, 3 2 5, 12, 5

54. 2 1, 4 2, 2 4 1, 6, 6

5, 12, 5 25 144 25 194

5, 12, 5

1, 6, 6 1 36 36 73

173, 673, 673

56. (b) v 4 2 i 3 1 j 7 2k

60. (a) v 2, 2, 1

(b) 2v 4, 4, 2

62. z u v 2w 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 8, 0, 8 7, 0, 4

66. 2u v w 3z 21, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 4, 0, 4 3z1, z2, z3 0, 0, 0

70. z 7, 8, 3

AB 8, 2, 5

DC 8, 2, 5

v 16 9 49 74

88. (a) u v 4, 7.5, 2

c u c, 2c, 3c

(c) u 5.099

(d) v 9.014

96. v 5cos 45i sin 45k

7 70 , 31470 , 1470

102. x x02 y y02 z z02 r 2

x x1 y y1 z z1 4

x x12 y y12 z z12 16 sphere

AB 8, 10, 6 , AC 10, 10, 6 .

185.5, 720.1, 432.1

(a) u v 42 103 22

(b) u u 44 1010 116

(d) u vv 222, 3 44, 66

2v 2u v 222 44

v 21 13 22 5

v 2.22, 1.85, 3.25

(b) u u 22 11 22 9

Increase prices by 4%: 1.042.22, 1.85, 3.25 .

(d) u v v 5i 3j 2k 5i 15j 10k

2v 2u v 25 10

12. u 3, 1 , v 2, 1

26. u cos , sin , 1 ,

cos2 cos2 cos2