Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department





Homework #1
List of Laboratory Equipment












DANDAMUN, Benbellah Ali Y.
JUANGCO, Cris-Anne III A.
SACRAMENTO, Isaiah Paul G.
TORRES, Angela Jane R.
Laboratory Equipment Purpose Application
Distillation
Sieve Plate Distillation
Column
Designed to make the
vapor bubble up through
simple holes in the tray
through the flowing
liquid.
More efficient and more
costly than the packed
column distillation unit.
Packed Distillation
Column
Designed to provide a
large area of intimate
contact between the
liquid and gas.
Used for vapor-liquid
contacting in distillation.
Extraction
York-Scheibel Column Provides alternating
components to aid
dispersion with impellers
and coalescence with a
wire mesh (about 97%
void space).
Used to perform a variety
of liquid extraction
operations that requires
many stages.
Rotating-Disc Contractor Consists of a series of
stator rings which form
compartments that have
a rotating disc, located
in the center of each
compartment.
Aromatic-aliphatic
separations using
sulfolane, recovery of
caprolactam, and
furfural and sulfur dioxide
extraction.
Spray Tower Gives differential
contact, where mixing
and settling proceed
continuously and
simultaneously.
Used when a rapid,
irreversible chemical
reaction occurs.
Mixer-Settler Used to provide intimate
contact between the
two liquid phases in the
extraction unit.
Used in series for
countercurrent and
multiple-stage extraction.
Packed Tower Packings cause the
droplets to coalesce and
redisperse at frequent
intervals throughout the
tower thus making the
extraction more efficient.
Used where only a few
stages are needed.
Crystallization
Vacuum Crystallizer May be used in batch or
continuous operations.
Uses a condenser with a
Makes it possible to
generate a
supersaturated solution
booster to maintain a
vacuum inside the
crystallizer body.
when very low operating
temperatures are
needed.
Swenson-walker
Crystallizer
Uses cooling alone to
bring about
supersaturation.
Used when low floor
space is needed.
Reactors
Fluidized-Bed Reactor A catalytic reactor in
which the catalyst is
fluidized within the
reactor.
Used in handling large
amounts of feed and
catalyst.
Continuous-Stirred Tank
Reactor
The most basic of the
continuous reactors used
in chemical processes.
Multiple CSTRs can be
used when two
immiscible liquids or
viscous liquids are
present and require a
high agitation rate.
Mixer
Ribbon blender It contains two counter
acting ribbons: one
moving the solids slowly
in one direction and the
other moving it quickly
For thin paste and for
powder that do not flow
readily
Internal screw mixer


The double-motion helix
obits about the central
axis of a conical vessel
visiting all parts of the mix
For free flowing grains
and other light solids
Kneader It involves squashing the
mass flat, folding it over
on itself and squashing it
once more
Used primarily in the
plastics and rubber
industries. They are
commonly used for
resins, adhesives, putty,
baking dough, and
cellulose additives.
Specific applications
involving kneaders
include: mixing of wood
flour and linseed oil in
linoleum manufacture;
incorporation of fillers,
softeners, and
accelerators into rubber
stock
Extruders


The feed to an extruder
usually contains the base
polymer in granular or
powder form, together
with additives such as
stabilizers, plasticizers,
and coloring pigments
Extruders are found
primarily in the plastics
industry, where they are
used in the preparation
of additives such as
pigments, and resins
Tumbler


Provide "gentle" blending
as material tumbles
about a horizontal axis in
an enclosed rotating unit
Used in processes which
involve the mixing of free
flowing powders and
pastes
Mullers

The material to be mixed
is moved from the
outside to the inside of
the pan and is crushed
and rolled over by the
mullers. The rollers
sometimes skid, resulting
in shearing and coarse-
scale mixing, which is
aided by the plows and
scrapers

Static mixers (also called
motionless mixers)

The design of static
mixers allows for
continuous operation
and a small working
volume, and are typically
used for short residence
time applications
Includes food and
beverages, petroleum,
plastic and fiber industry
and chemical processes
Mechanically mixed
tanks

consist of a tank,
impellers to agitate the
material, and baffles to
prevent dropping of the
liquid level near the
impeller
used in processes which
involve: suspension of
solid particles, blending
of miscible liquids,
dispersion of a gas
through the liquid in the
form of bubbles,
dispersion of a second
liquid, immiscible with the
first, to form an emulsion
or suspension of fine
drops, promotion of heat
transfer between the
liquid and a coil or
heating jacket

Jet Mixers used to mix low viscosity
fluids within a vessel. Jet
mixers provide a simple
mixing and agitation
technique without using
in-tank moving parts
adaptable for use in
either tanks or tubes, and
can be used to mix
certain multiphase
systems. These systems
include liquid-gas
systems, miscible liquids
or liquids containing slow-
settling sediments
Solids handling
equipment

Screw or helical flight
conveyor
Use to handle wide
range of materials
For grain asphalt,
crushed coal, ashes,
gravel and sand
Flight conveyor


Use on inclines up to 45
degrees but preferably
the inclined should be
limited with 30 degrees
For loose material such
as grain, food waste,
garbage and coal
Belt conveyor


Carry or transport solids
from place to place
Adapted to wide
varieties and quantities
of materials and can
transport solids for long
distances
Drag Chain Conveyor type of mechanical
conveyor that can
transport solids
horizontally, vertically, or
on an incline
used to convey pieces of
particle board in a wood
processing facility. They
are also used to convey
wet and dry solids in the
chemical and food
industry
Vibratory Conveyor used when the material
has a high friction factor
on steel
used in a variety of
industries. In the
chemical industry, they
are used to transport
fertilizer, detergent
powders, and plastic
pellets or powders. In the
food industry, they are
used to convey corn
kernels, instant coffee,
and cereal flakes. The
video below shows a
vibratory conveyor used
to handle scrap
aluminum
Bucket Elevator usually used when there
is not enough space for a
horizontal conveyor

Pneumatic Conveyor uses a gas to convey
solid material
used to transport metal
chips for processing
Drying Equipment
Tray Dryer Designed for batch
operation and small
scale production.
Used for drying lumpy or
pasty solid
Vacuum-Shelf Dryers For maximum product
temperature that is lower
than or equal to 30 C.
Used to dry expensive or
temperature-sensitive or
easily oxidizable
materials. Also useful for
handling materials with
toxic or valuable
solvents.
Continuous Tunnel Dryer Designed to effectively
control air temperature,
humidity etc. giving
optimum output and
product quality.
Used for drying granular
solids in a continuous
process.
Drum Dryers For drying materials in
which crystallization and
liquid-solid separation
are not feasible.
Used for handling slurries
or pastes of solids in fine
suspension and for
solution.
Spray Dryers For drying minimum inlet-
gas temperature
requirement of perhaps
200 C to produce solids
outlet temperature that
exceeds 75 C.
Used for drying
powdered products.
Fluid-Bed Batch Dryer For drying in which inert
gases can be used and
tests can be carry out
easily. High drying
temperature up to 600
C.
Used for average
product particle size of
0.1 mm or less.
Fluid-Bed Batch Dryer For drying in which inert
gases can be used and
Used for average
product particle size of
tests can be carry out
easily. High drying
temperature up to 600
C
0.1 mm or larger.
Continuous-flow Grain
Dryer
For slow drying of
particles that is not
possible or desirable to
suspend in drying gas.
Used for drying of grains.
Also used for drying
preformed materials.
Granulators For products in which
nucleation and growth is
needed.
Used for slurry feed in
which agglomeration is
necessary.
Heat-Exchange
Equipment

Air-cooled Heat
Exchangers
Designed to use water as
coolant.
Used to transfer heat
from process fluid to
ambient air.
Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchanger
Designed for
conservation of both
thermal and mechanical
aspects.
Used for large plant
capacities.
Spiral-plate Heat
Exchangers
For processing materials
at velocities as low as 2
feet per second.
Used for cooling or
heating slurries or sludge
and viscous fluids.
Plate-Type Exchangers Designed to provide hot
and cold fluid streams at
about the same pressure.
Well-suited for liquid-to-
liquid heat exchange
application.
Condensers
Air-cooled Condenser Designed for amendable
air flow variations.
Used for small plant
operation.
Shell-and-tube
Condensers
Designed for minimal
resistance heat flow.
Used for product having
tendencies to deposits
organic and inorganic
materials.
Dehumidifying
Condensers
Used for condensing
mixtures of vapors and
noncondensable gases.
Contact Condensers For a much cheaper and
smaller plant size surface
condenser.
Cooling Tower
Natural Draught Tower Cools the air without the
presence of fans.
For small plant operation.
Mechanical Draught Cools the air with the Used for providing low
Tower presence of fans
requiring auxiliary power
of 1.0 MW to 1.5 MW for a
300 MW steam turbine-
generator unit.
water temperature.
Evaporators
Long-tube Evaporator Designed for contact
time of 5-10 sec with an
overall heat-transfer
coefficient of five times
as great as from a
heated surface
immersed in a boiling
liquid.
Used for concentrating
liquids that tend to foam.
Short-tube Evaporator Designed for greater
recycle rate for
economization.
Used for processing clear
liquid solutions or non-
corrosive conditions.
Falling-film Evaporator Designed for a
temperature difference
of 15 C or less between
heat-transfer medium
and the liquid.
Used for concentrating
highly heat-sensitive
materials.
Rising Film Evaporator Designed for effective
water evaporation from
liquid feed.
Used for liquids with high
viscosity or having fouling
tendency.
Natural-circulation
Evaporators
Basically designed as
reboiler at the base of
distillation column.
Used for a cheaper
operation.
Forced-circulation
Evaporators
Designed to pump heat
exchange liquids for
1.504.0 m/s to avoid
precipitation and high
turbulence.
Used for concentrating
viscous material and
those having high solid
content.
Scraped Surface
Evaporator
Designed for high
temperature operation,
and longer evaporator
life.
Used to handle corrosive
liquids or products
Agitated-film Evaporator Designed to reduce
fouling and liquid
residence time in the
evaporator.
Used for highly viscous
materials that are not
mechanical-sensitive.
Boilers
Firetube Boilers For heat input capacities For small plant
limited to 50 mbtu per
hour or less, with
capacities of 25 tonnes
per hour and pressures of
17.5 kg per cm
2

capacities.
Watertube Boilers Designed to circulate hot
combustion gases
around the outside of a
large number of water
filled tubes.
For large plant
capacities.


References:
Boilers, Evaporators, and Condensers. New York: Wiley, 1991.
Cheremisinoff, N. P., Ph.D. (2000). Handbook of Chemical Processing
Equipment. United States of America: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-7126-
2
Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Processes and Unit Operations. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 1993.
Harnby, N., M.F. Edwards, and A. W. Nienaw. Mixing in the Process Industries. 2nd
ed. Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992
McCabe, Warren L., Juliane Smith, and Peter Harriott. Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, 5th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1993
Perry, Robert H., and Don W. Green. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 7th
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997
Shamlou, P. A., Handling of Bulk Solids: Theory and Practice. Boston: Butterworth
& Co. Ltd., 1988
Vant Land, C. M. (2012). Drying in the Process Industry. Canada: John Wiley &
Sons, 2011012195.