A diagram of the names of god in Athanasius

Kircher's Oedipus Aegyptiacus (165254). The

style and form are typical of the mystical tradition,
as early theologians began to fuse emerging pre-
Enlightenment concepts of classification and
organization with religion and alchemy, to shape an
artful and perhaps more conceptual view of god.
Names of God
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Names given to the divine)
Names of God, or Holy Names, describe a form of
addressing God present in a monotheist notion of a singular
God in liturgy or prayer.
[1]
Prayer involving the name of God
has become a part of both Western and Eastern monotheist
spiritual practices. A number of traditions have lists of many
names of God, many of which enumerate the various
qualities of a supreme being.
The English word "God" is used by multiple religions as a
noun or name to refer to different deities.
[2]
Ancient cognate equivalents for the word "God" include
proto-Semitic el, Hebrew Elohim (God or/of gods), Arabic
'ilah (a or the god), and Biblical Aramaic Elaha (god). The
personal or proper name for god in many of these languages
may either be distinguished from such attributes, or
homonymic. For example, in Judaism the Holy Name is
sometimes related to the ancient Hebrew ehyeh (I will be).
Correlation between various theories and interpretation of
the name of "the one god", used to signify a monotheistic or
ultimate Supreme Being from which all other divine attributes
derive, has been a subject of ecumenical discourse between
Eastern and Western scholars for over two centuries.
[3]
In
Christian theology the word must be a personal and a proper
name of God; hence it cannot be dismissed as mere
metaphor.
[4]
On the other hand, the names of God in a
different tradition are sometimes referred to by symbols.
[5]
The question whether divine names used by different
religions are equivalent has been raised and analyzed. See
also Taboos below.
[6]
Exchange of names held sacred between different religious traditions is typically limited. Other elements of religious
practice may be shared, especially when communities of different faiths are living in close proximity (for example,
the use of Om and Gayatri within the Indian Christian community) but usage of the names themselves mostly remain
within the domain of a particular religion, or even may help define one's religious belief according to practice, as in
the case of the recitation of names of god (such as the japa).
[7]
The Divine Names, the classic treatise by Pseudo-
Dionysius, defines the scope of traditional understandings in Western traditions such as Hellenic, Christian, Jewish
and Islamic theology on the nature and significance of the names of God.
[8]
Further historical lists such as The 72
Names of the Lord show parallels in the history and interpretation of the Name of God amongst Kabbalah,
Christianity, and Hebrew scholarship in various parts of the Mediterranean world.
[9]
One definition of the Name of God was given by Elisha Mulford as "that name which passes into the common forms
of thought". The author states that in its derivation, it may have an ethical significance.
[10]
Other writers suggest that
the "name of God represents the nature of God".
[11]
The attitude as to the transmission of the Name in many
cultures was surrounded by secrecy. In Judaism, the pronunciation of the Name of God has always been guarded
with great care. It is believed that, in ancient times, the sages communicated the pronunciation only once every
seven years;
[12]
this system was challenged by more recent movements.
The nature of a holy name can be described as either personal or attributive. In many cultures it is often difficult to
distinguish between the personal and the attributive names of God, the two divisions necessarily shading into each
other.
[13]
Contents
1 Abrahamic religions
1.1 Judaism
1.2 Christianity
1.2.1 Mormonism
1.2.2 Jehovah's Witnesses
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Islam
1.3.1 Sufism
2 Bah' Faith
3 Taboos
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Abrahamic religions
Further information: El (God)
According to the Bible, the name of God was used during the lifetime of Adam and Eve, but by the time Moses
was born, the scriptures imply that none of mankind still knew the name. In the Book of Exodus, God commands
Moses to tell the people that 'I AM' sent him, and this is revered as one of the most important names of God
according to Mosaic tradition.
Moses said to God, Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, The God of your fathers
has sent me to you, and they ask me, What is his name? Then what shall I tell them? God said
to Moses, I am who I am. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: I am has sent me to
you.' " God also said to Moses, Say to the Israelites, The Lord, the God of your fathersthe
you.' " God also said to Moses, Say to the Israelites, The Lord, the God of your fathersthe
God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacobhas sent me to you. This is my
name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation".
Exodus 3:13-15 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Exodus%203%3A13-
15;&version=NIV;)
Judaism
Main article: Names of God in Judaism
Further information: Yahweh and Elohim
In the Hebrew scriptures the Jewish name of God is considered sacred and, out of deep respect for the name,
religious Jews do not say the name of God and do not erase it if it is written.
[citation needed]
(See Exodus 20:7
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Exodus%2020%3A7;&version=NIV;) The tetragrammaton
(Hebrew: , English: YHVH) is the name for the group of four Hebrew letters which represent the name of
God. The Tetragrammaton occurs 6,828 times in the Hebrew text in the Biblia Hebraica and the Biblia Hebraica
Stuttgartensia. Neither vowels nor vowel points were used in ancient Hebrew writings.
Some claim the pronunciation of YHWH has been lost, while other authorities say it has not and that it is
pronounced Yahweh. References, such as The New Encyclopdia Britannica, validate the above by offering
additional specifics:
Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like
Yahweh, and claim that this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Other Greek
transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.
[14]
Clement of Alexandria transliterated the tetragrammaton as . The above claims were founded upon the
understanding that Clement of Alexandria had transliterated YHWH as in Greek, which is pronounced
"Yahweh" in English. However, the final -e in the latter form has been shown as having been a later addition. For a
more in-depth discussion of this, see the article Yahweh.
The original statement commonly translated "I AM" is Ehyeh (Hebrew: ), from Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh, "I Am
that I Am (or will be, ongoing)" and is commonly given as a sacred name for God. Rabbinical interpreters and some
scholars have asserted that Yahweh is an archaic third person form of hayah "to be", which is rendered Ehyeh
when spoken by God in the first person; critics of this theory note that the proper triconsonantal root would seem to
be h-w-h.
Instead of pronouncing YHWH during prayer, Jews say Adonai ("Lord"). Halakha requires that secondary rules be
placed around the primary law, to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken. As such, it is common
religious practice to restrict the use of the word Adonai to prayer only. In conversation, many Jewish people, even
when not speaking Hebrew, will call God "Hashem", , which is Hebrew for "the Name" (this appears in
Leviticus 24:11 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Leviticus%2024%3A11;&version=NIV;)).
A common title of God in the Hebrew Bible is Elohim (Hebrew: ), as opposed to other titles of God in
Judaism. The root Eloah is a feminine noun, meaning goddess, also used in poetry and late prose (e.g., the
Book of Job) and ending with the masculine plural suffix "-im" creating a word that indicates a plurality of both
masculine and feminine essences, yet in a singular identity.
The Hebrew name of GodEl: The word El comes from a root word meaningmight, strength, power.
Sometimes referring to God and sometimes the mighty when used to refer to the true god of Israel, El is almost
always qualified by additional words that further define the meaning that distinguishes Him from false gods.
Most religious Jews forbid discarding holy objects, including any document with a name of God written on it. Once
written, the name must be preserved indefinitely. This leads to several noteworthy practices:
Commonplace materials are written with an intentionally abbreviated form of the name. For instance, a
Jewish letter-writer may substitute "G-d" for the name God. (Note that not all Jews agree that non-Hebrew
words like God are covered under the prohibition.)
Since the Divine presence (or possibly an appearance of God) can supposedly be called simply by
pronouncing His true name correctly, substitute names are used.
Copies of the Torah are, like most scriptures, heavily used during worship services, and will eventually
become worn out. Since they may not be disposed of in any way, including by burning, they are removed,
traditionally to the synagogue attic. See genizah. There they remain until they are buried.
All religious texts that include the name of God are buried. See also Taboos below.
In Exodus 6:3, when Moses first spoke with God, God said, "I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El
Shaddai, but I did not make myself known to them by My Name YHWH." When Moses heard the name of God
he realized that since he had a speech impediment as a result of what he called "uncircumcised lips" (Exod. 6:12
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Exod.%206%3A12;&version=NIV;)), he was unable to pronounce
it accurately.
The Torah further describes the role of Aaron who acted as Moses' mouthpiece and conveyed the name of God
distinctly to the Israelites (transcribed as 'YHWH' in Biblical Hebrew), and conveyed the name of God distinctly as
'YHWH' to the Israelites. The pronunciation of YHWH is described in Psalms 8.2 by the prophet who wrote,
'Thou hast made babes, infants at the breast sound aloud Thy praise.' Several thousands of years later
commentaries additionally suggested that the true pronunciation of this name is composed entirely of vowels, such
as the Greek ,
[14]
as they allow the creation of language, thus conveying the absolute infinite potential of
God's character.
[citation needed]
However, this is put into question by the fact that vowels were only distinguished in
the time-period by their very absence due to the lack of explicit vowels in the Hebrew script. The resulting
substitute made from semivowels and glottals, known as the tetragrammaton, is considered the proper name of God
in Judaism, and is not ordinarily permitted to pronounce it aloud, even in prayer. The prohibition on misuse (not use)
of this name is the primary subject of the command not to take the name of the Lord in vain. See also Taboos
below.
Almost all Orthodox Jews avoid using either Yahweh or Jehovah altogether on the basis that the actual
pronunciation of the 'tetragrammaton has been lost in antiquity. Many use the term HaShem (The Name) as a
euphemism, or they use God or The Lord instead.
Christianity
Main articles: Names of God in Christianity and Holy Name of Jesus
See also: Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
The authors of the New Testament took for granted the existence of the God of the Old Testament. They believed
in Yahweh, "the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob," whom the Jews worshipped as the one true God.
[15]
The New Testament teaches that there is only one God
[16]
who is pure Spirit;
[17]
the Creator of the world,
[18]
holy
and good,
[19]
all-powerful,
[20]
and worthy of humanity's worship and love.
[21]
English Bible translations of the New
Testament render ho theos (Greek: ) as God and ho kurios (Greek: ) as "the Lord".
Following the Christian New Testament, God is referred to in slightly abbreviated form as the 'Alpha and Omega',
the beginning and the end, literally and figuratively.
Another title of God is ho on (Greek: ), often depicted in Orthodox iconography, literally meaning he who is
or he who exists but usually translated as the living God or "I Am that I Am".
Regarding the Old Testament, the Israelite theonyms Elohim and Yahweh are mostly rendered as "God" and "the
Lord" respectively, although in the Protestant tradition, the personal names Yahweh and Jehovah, based on the
tetragrammaton, are also used. Jehovah appears in Tyndale's Bible, the King James Version, and other translations
from that time period and later. Many translations of the Bible translate the tetragrammaton as LORD, following the
Jewish practice of substituting the spoken Hebrew word 'Adonai' (translated as 'Lord') for YHWH when read
aloud.
[22]
Jesus (Iesus, Yeshua, Joshua (Yahshua),
[23]
was a common alternative form of the name ("Yehoshuah" -
Joshua) in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jews of the Second Temple period. The name corresponds
to the Greek spelling Iesous, from which comes the English spelling Jesus.
[24][25]
or Yehosha) (Arabic:,
Yas') is a Hebraic personal name meaning "Yahweh saves/helps/is salvation".
[26]
Christ means "the anointed" in
Greek (Greek text: ). Khristos is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word Messiah (Arabic:, al-
Masih); while in English the old Anglo-Saxon Messiah-rendering hland 'healer' was practically annihilated by the
Latin Christ, some cognates such as heiland in Dutch and Afrikaans survivealso, in German, the word "Heiland"
is sometimes used as reference to Jesus, e.g., in church chorals).
In the Book of Revelation in the Christian New Testament, God is quoted as saying "I am the Alpha and the
Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End" both literally and figuratively (cf. Rev. 1:8
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%201%3A8;&version=NIV;), 21:6
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%2021:6;&version=NIV;), and 22:13
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%2022:13;&version=NIV;).
In Messianic Judaism, generally regarded as a form of Christianity,
[citation needed]
YHWH (pre-incarnate) and
Yeshua (incarnate) are one and the same, the second Person, with the Father and Ruach haQodesh (the Holy
Spirit) being the first and third Persons, respectively, of ha'Elohiym (the Godhead). YHWH is expressed as
"haShem," which means 'the Name.'
Some Quakers often refer to God as The Light. Another term used is 'King of Kings' or 'Lord of Lords' and Lord
of the Hosts. Other names used by Christians include Ancient of Days, Father/Abba, 'Most High' and the Hebrew
names Elohim, El-Shaddai, and Adonai. The name, "Abba/Father" is the most common term used for the creator
within Christianity,
[citation needed]
because it was the name Jesus Christ (Yeshua Messiah) himself used to refer to
God.
Mormonism
In Mormonism Father God's name is Elohim
[27]
and Jesus name in his preincarnate state was Jehovah.
[28][29]
The
Book of Mormon ends with "to meet you before the pleasing bar of the great Jehovah, the eternal Judge of both the
quick and dead. Amen." Moroni 10.34 (http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/10.34)
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses use the name Jehovah for God the Father as this is a commonly used rendition of the personal
name YHWH (Hebrew: ) that God has revealed to humans through his written word the Holy Bible. Psalm
83:18 (Exodus 6:3, Isaiah 12:2 & 26:4) King James Version.
[30]
The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of
Pennsylvania believes that God has only one name, Jehovah, and that he has many attributes, such as love, wisdom,
justice, and power, which he uses to guide, defend or care for his people. In such cases it becomes necessary for
him to take on various roles, i.e., Creator, Father, Sovereign Lord, Shepherd, Hearer of prayer, Judge, Grand
Instructor, Repurchaser, Saviour, Avenger, Counselor, etc.
In the case of Pharaoh, he was about to prove himself by taking up his role as Deliverer. When he destroyed
Pharaoh and his host, he proved to be "Jehovah of armies". (2 Sam 6:2) Some of Gods servants accredit his
deeds. For instance, Abraham found a ram caught in a thicket and subsequently offered it instead of Isaac.
Abraham viewed this ram as Jehovahs provision and therefore named the place Jehovah-jireh (Gen.22:14). Moses
built an altar and named it Jehovah nissi on account of Gods promise to annihilate the Amalekites (Ex 17:15).
These roles are often mistakenly referred to as 'names of God, when really they are simply titles. See Psalms
83:18. Jesus is seen as taking on on various roles to accomplish his work while on earth (Isaiah 61:1-4).
Other
In the movement Imiaslavie ("name glorification") opposed by the Russian Orthodox Church, the name of God is
God Himself and can be used to evoke miracles.
[citation needed]
Shangdi (pinyin shng d, literally 'King Above') is also used to refer to the Christian God in the Standard
Chinese Union Version of the Bible. Korean Catholics and Korean Anglicans use a cognate of this name (sangje,
which has largely fallen out of regular use in favor of the term cheon-ju/Tian Zhu listed below; this usage was
applicable only not using the vernacular haneunim, which was the traditional Korean name for the mythological
God of Heaven, a primary, but not the only, Korean mythological deity; liberal-minded Korean Protestants also use
haneunim, but not sangje, and conservative Korean Protestants do not use sangje or haneunim at all but instead
use hananim, which implied the oneness of the Almighty distinct from the mythological implications they see in the
term haneunim).
[31]
Many Vietnamese Christians also use cognates of this name (expected to have a distribution in
usage similar to Korean Christians, with Anglicans and Catholics using sangje in ritual/ceremonial contexts and
Protestants not using it at all), to refer to the Biblical God.
[citation needed]
Shen (lit. God, spirit, or deity) was adopted by Protestant missionaries in China to refer to the Christian God.
In this context it is usually rendered with a space, " ", to demonstrate reverence.
Zhu, Tian Zhu , (lit. Lord or Lord in Heaven) is translated from the English word, "Lord", which is a formal
title of the Christian God in Mainland China's Christian churches.
[citation needed]
Korean Catholics also use the
Korean cognate of this term, cheon-ju, as the primary reference to God in both ritual/ceremonial and vernacular
(but mostly ritual/ceremonial) contexts.
Islam
Main article: Names of God in the Qur'an
Further information: Allah
Allah is the most frequently used name of God in Islam. It is an Arabic word meaning "The God".
[32]
Also there are
many many names for Allah, like Ar-Rehman, Ar-Rahim, Al-Quddus, Al-Malik, etc. Besides these Arabic names,
Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to God, such as Khoda in
both Persian language and Urdu or the Ottoman anachronism Tanr (originally the pre-Islamic Tengrianist Turks'
celestial chief god, corresponding to the Ancient Turkic god Tengri). The use of the word "God" in English is also
seen as acceptable to Muslims.
[citation needed]
The term is used throughout the Qur'an in passages detailing the existence of God and of the beliefs of non-Muslims
in other divinities. Notably, the first statement of the shahadah is "there is no deity but al-Lh", "there is no god but
Allah" (The Almighty God), which cancels out the possibility of other "gods" as it uses "the" referring to
"One".
[citation needed]
Sufism
In Sufism, defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, Hu, Huwa or Parvardigar are used as
names of God.
Bah' Faith
See also: God in the Bah' Faith
The Bah' scriptures often refer to God by various titles and attributes, such as Almighty, All-Powerful, All-Wise,
Incomparable, Gracious, Helper, All-Glorious, and Omniscient.
[33]
Bah's believe the greatest of all the names of
God is "All-Glorious" or Bah in Arabic. Bah is the root word of the following names and phrases: the greeting
Allh-u-Abh (God is the All-Glorious), the invocation Y Bah'u'l-Abh (O Thou Glory of the Most Glorious),
Bah'u'llh (The Glory of God), and Bah'i (Follower of the All-Glorious). These are expressed in Arabic
regardless of the language in use (see Bah' symbols).
[34]
Apart from these names, God is addressed in the local
language, for example Ishwar in Hindi, Dieu in French and Dios in Spanish.
[citation needed]
Bah's believe
Bah'u'llh, the founder of the Bah' Faith, is the "complete incarnation of the names and attributes of God".
[35]
Taboos
Several religions have taboos related to names of their God. In some cases, the name may never be spoken, only
spoken by inner-circle initiates, or only spoken at prescribed moments during certain rituals. In other cases, the
name may be never freely spoken, but when written, more limited taboos apply. To avoid saying names of God,
they are often modified, such as by clipping and substitution of phonetically similar words.
The earliest mention of the name of God in the Koran is found sura 2, The Cow: "When your Lord said to the
angels: 'I am placing on the earth one that shall rule as My deputy,' they replied: 'Will You put there one that will do
evil and shed blood, when we have for so long sung Your praises and sanctified Your Name?'. During the lifetime
of Adam and Eve, the record from the Bible indicates that the name of God was used, but by the time Moses was
born the scriptures show that none of mankind still knew the Name. Perhaps an argument could be made that this
knowledge was lost at the time of Noah, when only he and his relatives survived the flood. When Moses first spoke
with God and asked His Name, God said, "I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not
let myself be known by My Name." When Moses heard the name of God he realized that since he had a speech
impediment as a result of a harelip, he was unable to pronounce it accurately. He was able to say "Allah" and that
was the name conveyed to Pharaoh and the Egyptians and the name Allah was referenced from that point in time till
today. Further details in the Torah describe the role of Aaron who acted as Moses" mouthpiece and conveyed the
Name of God distinctly as "YHWH" to the Israelites. The pronunciation of YHWH is described in Psalms 8.2 by
the prophet who wrote, "Thou hast made babes, infants at the breast sound aloud Thy praise."
This name constitutes the First Commandment and embodied in the rest of the Ten Commandments is the rest of
the alphabet as revealed by God to Moses and Aaron, ultimately replacing for the first time the hieroglyphics of the
Egyptians. At the completion of Solomon"s Temple the name of God was made unlawful; its public use was
punishable by death by the Jews living at the time. "Allah" was the only name which remained commonly preserved
and has continued to be used throughout the Middle East. In the New Testament the reference is Matthew 21:16
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Matthew%2021%3A16;&version=NIV;).
[36]
It is common to regard the written name of one"s God as deserving of respect;
[citation needed]
it ought not, for
instance, be stepped upon or dirtied, or made common slang in such a way as to show disrespect. It may be
permissible to burn the written name when there is no longer a use for it.
[citation needed]
In Christianity, God's name may not "be used in vain" (see the Ten Commandments), which is commonly
interpreted to mean that it is wrong to curse while making reference to God (ex. "Oh my God!" as an
expression of frustration or anger). Another natural interpretation of this passage
[citation needed]
is in relation
to oath taking, where the command is to hold true to those commands made 'in God's name'. (The idea that
Christians should hold to their word is reinforced by certain statements by Jesus in the Gospels.)
[Matt, 5:37
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Matt,%205:37;&version=NIV;)]
God's name being used in vain can
also be interpreted as trying to invoke the power of God, as a means to impress, intimidate, punish,
condemn, or control others.
[citation needed]
This can also be used to refer to the idea of saying that one acts
"in God's behalf" when doing things that are clearly personal actions.
[citation needed]
Different Christian cultures have different views on the appropriateness of naming people after God. English-
speaking Christians, Evangelicals and Catholics alike; generally would not name a son "Jesus", but "Jess" is
a common Catholic Spanish first name. Spanish-speaking evangelicals share this idea with English-speaking
Christians. This taboo does not apply to more indirect names and titles like Emmanuel or
Salvador.
[citation needed]
The word "Christian" is sometimes used as a first name, and is currently the name
of about 1 out of every 1500 males in the United States.
[37]
Perhaps because of taboos on the use of the name of God and religious figures like Mary, mother of Jesus,
these names are used in profanity (a clear case is Quebec French profanity, based mostly on Catholic
concepts). More pious swearers try to substitute the blasphemy against holy names with minced oaths like
Jeez! instead of Jesus!, or Judas Priest! instead of Jesus Christ!
See also
101 Names of God
Good Lord (disambiguation)
List of deities
Names of God in Judaism
Names of God in the Qur'an
Seven Names of God Prayer
Tetragrammaton
Yahweh
Notes
1. ^ Baesler, E.J. "Spiritual Leadership in the Entrepreneurial Business: A Multifaith Study." Journal of Ecumenical
Studies. 2001. pp.196217
2. ^ Velde, Rudi van de (2006). Aquinas on God: the 'divine science' of the Summa theologiae. Aldershot, Hants,
England: Ashgate. pp. 4546. ISBN 0-7546-0755-0.
3. ^ Jordan, Mark D. (1983) The Names of God and the Being of Names. In The Existence and Nature of God, edited
by Alfred J. Freddoso, pp. 161190. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-00911-2
4. ^ Sacraments of the Incarnate Word: The Christological Form of the Summa theologiae (http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-
db/theses/available/etd-03262009-105239/unrestricted/WellsC032009.pdf) C Wells
5. ^ Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy, G. S. S. Sreenivasa Rao, Inter-faith dialogue and world community. Christian
Literature Society for India (1991) "All these names of God are, of course, symbols. ... All names of the one god
or the Absolute are symbols." p. 9
6. ^ Peter C. Phan Being religious interreligiously: Asian perspectives on interfaith dialogue. 2004 p.102
7. ^ Jerald D. Gort On sharing religious experience: possibilities of interfaith mutuality p.146 Encounter of Religions
Research Group Rodopi, 1992 ISBN 0-8028-0505-1
8. ^ Paul Rorem, Pseudo-Dionysius: a commentary on the texts and an introduction to their influence. Oxford
University Press, 1993, p.163 ISBN 0-19-507664-8
9. ^ Valentina Izmirlieva, All the names of the Lord: lists, mysticism, and magic, University of Chicago Press, 2008
ISBN 0-226-38870-0
10. ^ Elisha Mulford The republic of God: An institute of theology. p.5 1882. "The name of God is that name which
passes into the common forms of thought. In its derivation it may have an ethical significance."
11. ^ James Montgomery Boice Foundations of the Christian faith: a comprehensive & readable theology. p.231
1986
12. ^ James Orr The International Standard Bible encyclopaedia Edition: 2Item notes: v. 11959 1915 p. 1267
13. ^ John S. Mbiti. Concepts of God in Africa. p.217, 1970
14. ^
a

b
The New Encyclopdia Britannica, Vol. 12, 1998, Chicago, IL, article "Yahweh," p. 804.
15. ^ Acts 13:32 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Acts%2013%3A32;&version=NIV;) Rom. 3:29,4:3
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rom.%203%3A29%2C4%3A3;&version=NIV;)
16. ^ Mk 12:29 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mk%2012%3A29;&version=NIV;), Eph. 4:6
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Eph.%204%3A6;&version=NIV;), James 2:19
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=James%202%3A19;&version=NIV;)
17. ^ Jn. 4:24 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Jn.%204%3A24;&version=NIV;), 1 Jn. 4:12
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Jn%204%3A12;&version=;)
18. ^ 1 Tim. 4:4 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=1Tim%204%3A4;&version=;), Heb. 3:4
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Heb.%203%3A4;&version=NIV;)
19. ^ Rom. 3:4 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rom.%203%3A4;&version=NIV;), Eph. 4:24
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Eph.%204%3A24;&version=NIV;), Rev. 4:8
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%204%3A8;&version=NIV;)
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Rev.%204%3A8;&version=NIV;)
20. ^ Mt. 19:26 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mt.%2019%3A26;&version=NIV;), Mk. 2:7
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mk.%202%3A7;&version=NIV;), 10:18
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mk%2010:18;&version=NIV;)
21. ^ Mt. 6:24 (http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mt.%206%3A24;&version=NIV;), Mk. 11:22
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Mk.%2011%3A22;&version=NIV;) Lk. 2:14
(http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=Lk.%202%3A14;&version=NIV;)
22. ^ Many agree that the ' NASB (1995). ""Preface to the New American Standard Bible""
(http://web.archive.org/web/20061207004013/http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html). New
American Standard Bible (Updated Edition). Anaheim, California: Foundation Publications (for the Lockman
Foundation). Archived from the original (http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html) on 20061207.
"There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name, that is, the four
letters YHWH (Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 42:8). This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of
reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name. Therefore, it has been consistently translated LORD. The
only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord, that is,
Adonai. In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion. See also Taboos below."
23. ^ Yeshua (, with vowel pointing - y in Hebrew) Strong's Yeshuwa
24. ^ Ilan, Tal (2002). Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE-200 CE (Texte und
Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91). Tbingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129.
25. ^ Stern, David (1992). Jewish New Testament Commentary. Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament
Publications. pp. 45.
26. ^ Bible Dictionary by William Smith LLD 1948 p.307; An Expository Dictionary of NT Words by W.E. Vine 1965
edition p.275, Websters English Dictionary; etc.
27. ^ First Presidency and Council of the Twelve, 1916, "God the Father," compiled by Gordon Allred, p. 150
28. ^ Moroni 10:34
29. ^ Old Testament Institute Manual:Genesis to 2 Samuel"Who is the God of the Old Testament?"
30. ^ ' Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (1984). ""The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever""
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080411010047/http://watchtower.org/e/na/). The Divine Name That Will Endure
Forever. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original
(http://watchtower.org/e/na/index.htm) on 20080411. "Jehovah's name is "majestic, great, fear-inspiring and
unreachably high." All of God's purposes are linked to his name."'
31. ^ http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2008-July/006960.html
32. ^ "Allah." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopdia Britannica
33. ^ Adamson, Hugh C. (2007). Historical dictionary of the Bah' Faith. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-
8108-5096-6.
34. ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "greatest name". A concise encyclopedia of the Bah' Faith. Oxford: Oneworld
Publications. pp. 167168. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
35. ^ McLean, Jack; Lee, Anthony A. (1997). Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Baha'i Theology
(http://books.google.com/books?id=HWq67XexIHcC). Kalimat Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-933770-96-0
36. ^ Allan, Keith (2001). Natural language semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 156157. ISBN 0-631-19297-2.
37. ^ http://names.mongabay.com/male_names.htm
References
Brichto, Herbert Chanan (1998). The names of God: poetic readings in biblical beginnings. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-510965-1.
Mbiti, John S. (1990). African religions & philosophy. London: Heinemann. pp. 3436. ISBN 0-435-
89591-5.
Parrinder, Geoffrey (1975). Comparative religion. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-
7301-9.
Walter Henry Medhurst (1848). An inquiry into the proper mode of rendering the word God in
translating the Sacred Scriptures into the Chinese language (http://books.google.com/?id=-
OLyf0jnM00C). Mission Press. p. 170.
Edward Washburn Hopkins (1918). History of Religions. ISBN 1-4366-7119-1.
van der Toorn, Karel (1995). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. New York: E.J. Brill.
ISBN 0-8028-2491-9.
External links
Bibliography on Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls
(http://www.princeton.edu/~aamihay/Divine_Names.html)
Education (http://www.iskcon.org/basics/hearing)Hearing and chanting in ISKCON
Ehyeh and YHWHThe Relationship Between the Divine Names in Exodus 3:14-15 (http://www.exodus-
314.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=41)
Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911- Turks (http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TU/TURKS.htm)
Hebrew Names of God (http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Names_of_G-d/names_of_g-d.html)
Jehovah (Yahweh) (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08329a.htm)
Judeo Christian Biblical Names of God (http://matt.casaviva.org/2009/01/biblical-names-of-god.html)
The 101 Names of God (http://www.meherbabatheavatar.org/names.htm) given by Meher Baba
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Categories: Names of God Conceptions of God Lists of names
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