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Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics

MAC Contribution, Frequency


Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
Why are structural dynamics important?
Why identify structural resonance?
Field failure
P
a
i
n
s

W
h
a
t

?

Increasing speed causes:
- Component breakdown
- Machine failure
- Poor precision
- Inconsistent product quality


Excessive vibration problems
Durability
Noise & Vibration problem
- Steerling wheel shake
- Driver seat vibration
- Noise at Drivers &
Passengers Ears

Performance/Perceived Quality
Product Certification
- Structural integrity
- Ground Vibration Testing
- Reduce vibration dose value
- Flutter phenomena

Safety
Source - Path - Receiver
General formula
{Y} = [H] {F}
{Y} Measured responses
Noise, vibration
[H] System characteristics
Structural properties, Transmission path
{F} Operating loads
Vibration sources, Acoustic sources
operational level measurement
System Characterization
Loads Identification

Insight in operating behavior
System characteristics
Operating loads
Product Development Process
C
o
s
t

o
f

C
h
a
n
g
e

Concept Detail
Drawing
Prototype Production Field
Failure
Troubleshoot
Engineer
Validate
Tacoma Bridge Collapse
Aircraft Flutter
Natural frequency of a traffic signal
9 copyright LMS International - 2005
What is a natural frequency?
Natural Frequency
(rad/sec) frequency natural = =
m
k
n
e
Natural frequency is the frequency at which a system naturally vibrates once it
has been forced into motion

ground
m
c k
x(t)
f(t)
Single Degree of Freedom System
Natural Frequency
k = 1 N/m
k = 4 N/m

k = 9 N/m

What will happen to the natural frequency as the beam stiffness is increased?
Assume the mass of the beam is 1 kg and the excitation frequency is constant

n
k
m
=

n
= 1 rad/s

n
= 2 rad/s

n
= 3 rad/s

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
How do we determine the resonant behavior of a structure?
Frequency Response Functions
FORCE
RESPONSE
Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) measure the systems output in
response to known an input signal

i nput
output
= FRF
Structural Dynamic FRFs
Can you guess the names of the Other Reciprocal functions?
( )
( )
( )
=
=
=
e
e
e
e
e
e
j X
j F
j X
j F
j X
j F

) (
) (
) (
Dynamic Stiffness
Apparent Mass
Mechanical Impedance
Can you guess the names of the Other Reciprocal functions?
( )
( )
( )
=
=
=
e
e
e
e
e
e
j X
j F
j X
j F
j X
j F

) (
) (
) (
Mechanical Impedance
Dynamic Stiffness
Apparent Mass
FRF Formulation Linear Spectrum
FRF Model
FRF Formulation H1
FRF Formulation H2
FRF Formulation Hv
2 1
H H s
2 1
H H H
v
s s
FRF most commonly viewed as Magnitude and Phase

FRF output is a complex number complex number?
0.00 900.00 Linear
Hz
0.01
100.00
L
o
g
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
0.00 900.00 Linear
Hz
0.00 900.00 Hz
-180.00
180.00
P
h
a
s
e

Amplitude
Phase
AKA Bode Plot
FFT Output also Viewed as Real and Imaginary
0.00 900.00 Linear
Hz
-22.00
16.00
R
e
a
l
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
135.00
3.85
0.00 900.00 Linear
Hz
0.00 900.00 Hz
-3.00
28.00
I
m
a
g
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
135.00
15.38
Real
Imaginary
Sometimes used
to help identify
modes
Poor Mans Modal
plot the Imaginary
component
FFT Output also Viewed as Nyquist plot
-16.00 16.00 Real
(m/s2)/N
-16.00
16.00
I
m
a
g
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
-16.00
16.00
I
m
a
g
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
100.00 200.00 Hz
1:1
Each resonance frequency
is represented by a circle,
very useful for circle fit
SDOF solver
Coherence Function
FF XX FX
G G G s
2
Always 1 after 1
st
Average
2
1 2
H
H
=
one
What can an FRF tell you?
Damping
10.00 950.00 Linear
Hz
0.0
16.0
10.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
10.00 950.00 Linear
Hz
10 950 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 150 250 350 450 550 650 750 850
Hz
-180
180
P
h
a
s
e

Resonant Frequency
Mode Shape
Requires Multiple FRFs

Resonant Frequency
Resonance is the buildup of a large amplitude that occurs when a structure is
excited at its natural frequency


f
= 0.4
f
= 1.01
f
=1.6
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e


n
= 1.0
3 Single Degree of Freedom Systems with
same mass, stiffness and damping
Structural Damping
Damping is any effect that tends to reduce the
oscillations in a system

2
1 , e e =
n d
km
c
2
= ,
C = Viscous Damping Coefficient
= Damping Ratio
Q = Quality Factor

d
= Damped Natural Frequency
The Cost of Adding Damping?
Isolation
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y

km
c
2
= ,
Quality Factor
Q-factor describes whether a system is heavily or lightly damped

1 2
o
f f
f
Q

=
Half Power (3 dB) Method
, 2
1
= Q
DEMONSTRATION: Test.Lab Cursor Calculations
1100.00 0.00 Hz
10.00
1.00e-3
L
o
g
g
/
N
180.00
-180.00
P
h
a
s
e

310.00
Curve 310.00 Q (/) (%) (/) Hz
1.17
57.32
14.80 3.38 0.07
g/N

FRF pl_2:1:+Z pl_2:1:+Z


FRFs determine mode shapes
1
st
Bending Mode
FRFs determine mode shapes
1
st
Torsional Mode
Experimental Modal Analysis
The process of identifying the dynamic behavior of a system (structure)
in terms of its modal parameters

Modal parameters
Frequency
Damping
Mode Shape

Troubleshooting
Simulation and prediction
Optimization
Diagnostics and health monitoring
ground
m
c k
x(t)
f(t)

n
k
m
=
Single Degree of Freedom System
2
1 , e e =
n d
km
c
2
= ,
Experimental Modal Analysis Process
0 500 100 200 300 400 50 150 250 350 450 25
Hz
0
24
10
20
4
8
14
16
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
Frequency
Damping
Mode Shapes
Input Input
Curve Fit to Estimate Modal Parameters
Measure the Frequency Response Functions
Response
Fundamentals of structural dynamics review
Why are resonant frequencies important?

How can I get realistic damping values?

What is the significance of Frequency Response Functions and how can they help me?

What can I learn from a mode shape?

Fundamentals of structural dynamics review
Why are resonant frequencies important? Help Understand Excessive vibrations

How can I get realistic damping values? From the FRF by using the half power method

What is the significance of Frequency Response Functions and how can they help me?
FRF describe system dynamic behavior and identify natural frequencies, damping
and mode shapes
What can I learn from a mode shape?
Identify the motion of natural frequencies

MAC Contribution, Frequency
Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
What Is Modal Analysis
Decomposing a dynamic system into constituent Single
Degree of freedom systems called modes
The Modes have a:
Frequency
Shape
Modal Damping
Modal Mass
Modal Stiffness
Scaling
The constituent modes create an experimental model of the
system
Measurement Techniques
Measurement Equipment
Excitation
Laboratory
(shakers, hammer, force cell, )

Operational excitations
(road simulation, flight simulation, wind
excitation, )

Unusual excitations
(loudspeaker, gun shot, explosion, )

Response
(Accelerometers, Laser,)




Measurement system
FFT analyzer (2-4 channels)
PC & data-acquisition
front-end (2-1000 channels)
Excitation Techniques
Shaker Testing
Impact Testing
Impact Testing
Minimal equipment
Easy and fast
Good for wide range of structures
Limited frequency range
Typically: Can Rove either Hammer
or accel

Time Frequency
I
n
p
u
t

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

FRF
Impact Testing
Blue Line Hammer Input Autopower
Red Coherence
Black - FRF
Hard Tip Soft Tip
Shorter impact time Wider freq range
Harder tip shorter impact
1000 Hz
1000 Hz
A Real Hammer
Shaker Testing
Longer to setup
Better control over input frequencies
Better for larger structures
Typically fixed excitation point,
multiple response points - measured
in batches
Only way to characterize non-
linearity's
I
n
p
u
t

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

Time
Frequency
FRF
Shaker Testing
An excitation device is attached to the structure
using a rod (stinger)
Characteristics of the stinger to ensure that the only
input is along the shaker excitation axis
High axial stiffness
Low transverse and bending stiffness
Multiple shakers can be used
Energy distribution over structure
All responses are above the background noise
Exciting different parts of a real structure (e.g.
wing and tail plane of an aircraft)
Exciting a 3D-structure in different directions (X,Y,Z)
Multiple-reference measurements
Mode multiplicity
Less risk to miss modes (controllability)
49 copyright LMS International - LMS CONFIDENTIAL - 2008
Shaker Testing Methods
Advantage / Disadvantage
(Burst) Random Swept Sine Stepped Sine Normal Modes
Test Duration


Excitation Energy


Confidence Level (Linear / Non-Linear Structures)
+ / - ++ / + ++ / ++ +++ / +++

A
P
(
F
)

[
N

]

e [Hz]
A
P
(
F
)

[
N

]

e [Hz]
A
P
(
F
)

[
N

]

e [Hz]
A
P
(
F
)

[
N

]

e [Hz] e
resonance
t
f
Phase Separation or
Frequency Response Function (FRF) based methods
Phase Resonance /
Mode Appropriation
Tips for modal testing
Pretrigger
Lose initial part of the input signal

Use a pre-trigger to avoid distorted FRF
Pretrigger
Pretrigger is the amount of buffer time measured before the impulse
Boundary Conditions
Fixed boundary conditions
Difficult to account for:
Flexibility of fixtures
Added damping
Environmental noise
Free-free suspension
In practice: almost free-free
Soft spring, elastic cord
Pneumatic suspension
Correlation with FEM
Rigid body mode frequency < 10 % of first flexible mode
Boundary Conditions
Pneumatic suspension
Elastic cords Operational boundary conditions
Some Practical
Examples
Driving Point FRF
Selection and verification of excitation locations
Are all modes present in driving point FRF ?
At nodal point: mode is not excited
Spatially separated
Good
excitation
point
Bad
excitation
point
Measure Driving Points for a number of positions and compare FRFs
At least 1 driving point necessary for modal scaling
Frequency Response Functions
Time invariance
Will I get the same measurement
tomorrow?
Is the measurement repeatable?
Is the system linear?
Does reciprocity hold true?
Reciprocity of the FRF
0.00 80.00 Hz
10.0e-6
10.0e-3
L
o
g
(
g
/
N
)
0.00 80.00 Linear
Hz
0.00 80.00 Hz
-180.00
180.00
P
h
a
s
e

FRNT:15: - Z RAIL:151: +Y
RAIL:151: +Y FRNT:15: +Z
H
A
F
A
F
H 12
2
1
1
2
21 = = =
Linearity of the FRF
3 different excitation levels
0.00 100.00 Hz
1.00e-6
1.00
L
o
g
N
2
F AutoPower FOR:1:+X
F AutoPower FOR:1:+X
F AutoPower FOR:1:+X
0.00 100.00 Linear
Hz
10.0e-6
0.10
L
o
g
(
g
/
N
)
FRF DRV:1:+X/FOR:1:+X
FRF DRV:1:+X/FOR:1:+X (1)
FRF DRV:1:+X/FOR:1:+X (2)
0.00 100.00 Linear
Hz
0.00 100.00 Hz
-180.00
180.00
P
h
a
s
e

Coherence Coherence
Coherence is a value from 0 to 1 that shows how much of the
output is really due to the input
Coherence
Coherence differs from 1 in
case of:
Non-Linearity
Unmeasured sources
Other noise
0.00 100.00 Hz
0.00
1.00
R
e
a
l
/
F Coherence DRV:1:+X
F Coherence DRV:2:+X
F Coherence ENG:1:+Y
F Coherence FUSL:5:+X
Measuring a Matrix of Frequency Response Functions
1 2
3
1
2
3
Driving point FRFs
Excitation Degrees of Freedom (DOF)
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e


D
O
F

2 1 3
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Natural Modes of vibration
Need 1 Row or 1
Column to Curve Fit
DEMONSTRATION: Modal Impact Test
SDOF Peak Picking
DEMONSTRATION: SDOF Peak Picking on Plate (6 points)
MAC Contribution, Frequency
Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
Background:
For NVH analysis we need a description of
the structural dynamics of the system in the
frequency domain, e.g. in terms of modes
A modal description exists out of the models:
modal frequencies
modal damping factor
mode shape
modal mass

Objective of MAC:
Quantify mode shape correlation (0 1)
Keep track of mode frequency correlation
Spot missing modes / mode switching
Global correlation indication (shapes)

MAC:
Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC)
Modal Assurance Criterion
1
0
.5
Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) describes how similar the shapes are for a given
mode pair using a scale of 0 to 1
MAC Example
MAC = 100%
MAC Example
MAC = 1.5%
MAC Example
764 Hz and 385 Hz - MAC = 96%
6 Points
MAC for flat plate with 6 DOFs
Spatial Aliasing not enough response points
1
0
.5
MAC Example
764 Hz and 385 Hz - MAC = 3%
15 Points
MAC for flat plate with 15 DOFs
1
0
.5
NO Spatial Aliasing
MAC Contribution, Frequency
Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
MDOF Curve Fitting
Structure with High Modal Separation
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
SDOF peak picking is
only suitable for data
with well-separated
modes
No influence from
surrounding
modes
Structure with Low Modal Separation
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

MDOF curve fitter is
required to separate
closely-spaced
modes
Large influence
from surrounding
modes
Modal Analysis
The Formulas
Frequency Response Function




Residues and poles
Modal parameters
Eigenfrequencies
Damping ratios
Mode shapes
Modal scaling factors
| |
| |
*
*
1
( )
n
i
i
i
i i
A
A
H
j j
=
(

e = +
e e

| |
{ }
T
i i i i
A Q = | < | >
H F X
Input System Output
2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
X H F
H M j C K

e = e e
e = e + e +
i
e
i

{ }
i
|
i
Q
N
o
n
t
r
i
v
i
a
l

m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s

i i i i i i
j e e =
2 *
1 ,
Modal Parameter Estimation
Goal of modal parameter estimation



What is the model order?
How many modes to curve-fit?

Solutions
Stabilization diagram
Mode indicator functions

0.00 80.00 Hz
10.0e-6
0.10
L
o
g
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
20.84 46.45
| |
{ } { }

=
e
> <
+
e
> <
= e
n
i
i
H
i i
i
T
i i
j
l v
j
l v
H
1
*
*
) (
Modal Parameter Estimation Assuming 1 Mode
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
f1 = 50 Hz
d1 = 20 %
25 50 75
Modal Parameter Estimation Assuming 2 Modes
f1 = 25 Hz
d2 = 10 %
f2 = 75 Hz
d1 = 10 %
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency 25 50 75
Modal Parameter Estimation Assuming 3 Modes
f1 = 25 Hz
d2 = 5 %
f2 = 50 Hz
d1 = 5 %
d3 = 5 %
f3 = 75 Hz
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency 25 50 75
Modal Parameter Estimation - Stabilization Diagram
Stability
: new pole
: frequency
: damping
: all
o
f
d
s
Compare modal parameters at current order with previous
order
Increase the model order until modes stabilize

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
M
o
d
e
l

O
r
d
e
r

0
n
Mode Indicator Function
Double dip
indicates two
modes at same
frequency
Mode Indicator Function (MIF) helps identify the modes for a system where
multiple reference FRFs were measured
commonly used to detect the presence of repeated roots

FRF Synthesis
Allows user to
synthesize
(calculate) FRFs
from modal
model and
quantify error
FRF Synthesis - Formulas
DEMONSTRATION: MDOF Curve Fitting on Flat Plate
Polymax MDOF Curve Fitting
LSCE versus LMS PolyMAX
LSCE Time MDOF

LMS PolyMAX Z Domain
- For smaller models

- High computational load

- High damping is a problem

- High modal density

- Not for broadband analysis

- Unclear stabilization diagram




+ Large number of responses

+ Fast, efficient computation

+ High damping no problem

+ High modal density

+ Broadband analysis

+ Crystal-clear stabilization diagram




Not all MDOF curve fitters are created equal !
DEMONSTRATION: PolyMAX Modal Analysis
Automatic mode shape expansion
Based on slave DOFs concept
Animation without
expansion
Animation of test mode with automatic
expansion on the FE model
DEMONSTRATION: Automatic Modal Expansion
MAC Contribution, Frequency
Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
Experimental Modal Analysis

How many measurement points?


Where are the excitation locations?

Where are the response locations?

Exhaust Mode at 15 Hz
Exhaust Mode at 15 Hz
Exhaust Modes at 15 and 130 Hz
Exhaust Modes at 15 and 130 Hz
Pre-Test
Objective:
Get as much information as possible from as
few measurements as possible on complex
systems
Use modal information of your preliminary FE
model to obtain a good set of:
Measurement DOFs
Excitation DOFs

Uses correlation metrics (criteria):
Auto-MAC for measurement points
DPR (Driving Point Residues) for excitation
points



Test
Model
FE Model
Sensitivity
and
Updating
Pre-Test
Correlation
Pre-Test Process
FE Model
Create Test
Geometry
(wireframe)
Run Pre-Test
Calculations
Analyze Quality
(MAC, DPR)
Export to
Test.Lab
(or other)
Test Model
NOK
OK
Pre-Test
Auto-MAC for measurement locations:
The auto-MAC reveals how different
mode shapes compare, as seen
through a reduced set of measurement
DOFs check for spatial aliasing

MODMAC Maximum Off-Diagonal MAC
Which additional DOFs would be most
influential in reducing the values of the
off diagonal elements in the MAC
Matrix.

DPR for excitation locations:
For a good set of excitation DOFs,
combine:
Ranked DPRs from FE model:
max, min, (weighted) average
Common sense (feasibility of
excitation)
Test experience
Modal Excitation
Driving Point Residues
Background:
Parametric model of FRF, response in DOF i,
excitation in DOF j, N number of modes:



Objective of DPR:
Use residue as a measure of how well a single
DOF excites the modes

DPR (Driving Point Residue):
For real modes (proportionally damped or
undamped structures)


Driving point excitation and response are
the same
Shapes scaled for unity modal mass
For displacement For acceleration
DEMONSTRATION: Pre-Test Flat Plate and Exhaust
MAC Contribution, Frequency
Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
Performance Evaluation Loop (Simulation) Importance of Correlation
Evaluate
Design
Finite Element
Simulation
Design
Refinement
Durability
Loads
Vibration
Acoustics
Old Product Design Cycle
Product Design Process
Functional Activities
TIME
Modern Product Design Process Goal
Product Design Process
Functional Activities
TIME
Simulate product
performance before
prototypes are
available

Use single
prototype & testing
for validation

Virtual.Lab Pretest & Correlation: Motivation
COST !
Minimize Failures
FEA accuracy degrades as mode order increases
Simulation results are used for design decisions in
Acoustics, NVH, Durability, Loads, etc

Reduce Warranty Issues
Improve customer satisfaction

Shorten Product Design Cycle
Single prototype for validation

Achieve Design Right First Time
Correlation
Test
Model
FE Model
Sensitivity
and
Updating
Pre-Test
Correlation
Objective:
Create comparable sets of data
Get a quantitative and qualitative understanding of
dynamic correlation Test vs FE:
Mode shapes
Eigenfrequencies
FRFs

Used correlation metrics (criteria):
MAC
Frequency Difference
MAC Contribution
FRAC


Correlation Process
Import Test Modes Reference
Import CAE Modes Verification
Geometrical Correlate if needed
Reduce CAE model to match Test Model
Calculate Correlation Metrics
MAC
Mode Pair
Frequency difference
MAC Contribution
CoMac
FRAC
Correlation
112 copyright LMS International - 2008
Modal Correlation
MAC Contribution / Coordinate MAC
MAC Contribution:
+ For each mode pair, the FE and Test
mode shape vector will be truncated to
obtain better MAC. The DOFs to remove
are these DOFs that were causing poor
correlation By removing them you
increase the correlation
+ Pinpoint locations causing poor
correlation for specific modes

Coordinate MAC:
+ What is the correlation for a DOF
throughout a frequency range (eg
frequency range for modes 1 to 10)?
+ Vectors going into the MAC formula are
no shapes in this case, but are build
using the displacement value for 1 DOF
for mode 1,2,3
+ Image showing the results for all DOFs
can be used to pinpoint locations of poor
correlation for a selection of mode pairs
After floor plate modification
(mass addition)
CoMAC for first 3 flex modes
Frequency-based Correlation
FRAC
Frequency Response Assurance Criterion (FRAC)
Local indicator: DOF Correlation based on
Transfer Functions
Error localization: Gives insight into stiffness
discrepancies (stretch factor)
Damping taken into account as inherent to FRFs
complements MAC
Study which FRF correlation for range of stretch
parameters:
FRAC Comparison display
FRAC Colorbar display
FRAC Matrix display
Objective of FRAC:
Quantify FRF correlation (0 1)
Spot stiffness discrepancies (shifted peaks)
Local indication (select set of DOFs)


DEMONSTRATION: Flat Plate
Application Case: Exhaust System
Application Case: Pretest Analysis
Step 1: Use FE model to pick some initial accelerometer locations


Supported FEA Software:
NASTRAN
ANSYS
Abaqus
IDEAS
Elfini/GPS
Universal File Format



Initial Accel locations
Application Case: Pretest Analysis
Step 2: Use MAC to assure that accelerometer locations are
sufficient to uniquely identify all modes from FEM Normal Modes
Analysis

MAC: Modal Assurance Criterion
A measure of how well mode shapes
are correlated.

In this case, the MAC diagram shows
large off-diagonal terms, indicating
that several modes are non-uniquely
identified.

Thus, more accelerometers are
required to guarantee a good test.


Application Case: Pretest Analysis
Step 3: Use LMS Pretest MODMAC to automatically locate
additional accelerometers to meet requested MAC criterion.

5 accelerometers have been
added to the exhaust model as
shown to reach the target off-
diagonal MAC of <0.2
Additional Accels
Application Case: Pretest Analysis
Step 3: Use LMS Pretest to automatically locate additional
accelerometers to meet requested MAC criterion.

New MAC diagram shows all
modes uniquely identified. This
is indicated by reduction of off-
diagonal terms.


Application Case: Pretest Analysis
Step 4: Use LMS Pretest to show optimum locations of shakers or
impact to excite all structural modes during the test.
DPR (Driving Point Residue)
algorithm is used to locate
optimum shaker location and
orientation. DPR indicates how
well all modes are excited by a
potential reference location.

Practical considerations
sometimes lead to selecting
excitation locations other than
the most optimum. In this case,
several points can excite the
structure sufficiently.


Application Case: Pretest Analysis
Step 5: Create wireframe geometry for Modal Test and export to
LMS Test.Lab software.

A Test.Lab project file is created
containing the exhaust geometry,
as well as the FE mode shapes &
frequencies.

Reduced FE modes provide the
test engineer with the ability to
visually check the shapes.
Application Case: Modal Test
Perform the modal test on the physical structure.

The test engineer mounts
accelerometers, and collects
modal data by exciting the
structure with shakers or an
impact hammer in the locations
as indicated by Pretest.
Application Case: Correlation
Step 1: Use the LMS Correlation Manager to import the Test and
FE Models, and define correlation parameters.

Parameters:
MAC threshold value for
matching of FE/Test mode
pairs

Geometric Correlation:
Coordinate system
translations and rotations

Frequency range for both
FE and Test
Application Case: Correlation
Step 2: Use Correlation Tools to evaluate how well FE and Test
models correlate.

Global MAC plot shows:
Good mode shape:
correlation of modes 1-8

Mode swapping between
modes 11 and 13 for FE and
Test models

MAC <0.75 for modes 9-13
Application Case: Correlation
Step 2: Use Correlation Tools to evaluate how well FE and Test
models correlate.

Mode Pair Table:
Shows absolute
frequency/damping
differences for matching
FE/Test modes

In this case:
Good frequency
correlation of modes 1-9

Large frequency difference
for mode pair 13, 11 (>14%)
Application Case: Correlation
Step 2: Use Correlation Tools to evaluate how well FE and Test
models correlate.

Relative Frequency Difference
plot shows:

Small frequency
differences

< 6% for modes 1-9
Are results close enough?
Although initial inspection might lead us to assume this is good
correlation, further analysis yields a different conclusion
Correlation of fundamental modes does not guarantee correlation
throughout operating frequency band

Higher order modes are relevant to acoustic, vibration, and durability
performance they are well within the operating frequency range

Ignoring higher order mode correlation could lead to bad engineering
decisions, for example:
- Poor Exhaust Hangar locations leading to Noise and Vibration Issues
- Vibration fatigue due to Engine or Road excitation at resonant
frequencies

CONCLUSION: All modes in operating frequency band should be correlated!

Application Case: Correlation
Step 3: Use LMS post processing tools to identify physical causes
for poor correlation.

Post Processing Tools:
Side by side
FE/Test animation

MAC Contribution
Plots

FRAC Plots

CoMAC Plots
Application Case: Correlation
Step 2: Use Correlation Tools to evaluate how well FE and Test
models correlate.

MAC Contribution Display:
Shows DOFs making
most negative
contribution to MAC

In this case:
9 DOFs can be removed
to improve MAC from
85% to 95% for Mode Pair
1, 1


Application Case: Correlation
Step 3: Use LMS post processing tools to identify physical causes for poor
correlation.

Local stiffness
differences are indicated
by lower frequency of FE
model for mode pair 11

Animation provides
further evidence of this

Consideration of
physical exhaust system
leads engineer to consider
effect of weld on this
junction (ignored in the FE
model)


Application Case: Sensitivity & Updating
Sensitivity Analysis:
Sensitivity Analysis within
LMS Virtual.Lab verifies that
outlet junction area has
dominant influence for mode
pair 11

FE Model Updating:
Manual updating

Element thickness
increased locally in weld
location

Amount of thickness
increase guided by MAC and
Frequency correlation
Step 4: Sensitivity Analysis and FE Model Updating
Application Case: Sensitivity & Updating
Sensitivity: Ranks the contribution of various parameters of the FE
model to its modal behavior.
Updating: Changing the FE model to improve its correlation to Test
results.
Sensitivity & Updating Options:
Manual inspection & manual
updating using correlation
indicators

VL Design Sensitivity Analysis &
Nastran SOL200 FE Model
updating

Optimus Sensitivity Analysis and
Updating with ANY FE Solver


Application Case: Updating
Design variables are selected
from the Nastran bulk data
deck.

Shell thickness for the
muffler, catalytic converter,
pipe, and welds were selected
as design variables.

Constraints and design
variables selected to avoid
unrealistic changes

Optimizer only changed the
welds significantly (other
parameters changed by < 1%).


Step 5: Updating
Application Case: Results
MAC Correlation
Improved from 0.69 to 0.8

Mode swapping
eliminated




Frequency Correlation
Improved from max 15%
error to 6%

Improved from max 23 Hz
error to only 8 Hz


Application Case: Summary
Pretest Analysis was used to ensure reliable Modal Test results:
Automated wireframe creation
Optimized accelerometer/exciter locations
FE mode visualization

Correlation Analysis leveraged Modal Test results to obtain a
reliable Finite Element Model
Full frequency and mode shape correlation
Insight was provided into physical parameters of model
causing correlation issues
FE Model was Updated to improve reliability
Critical Design decisions (exhaust hangar location, fatigue life
estimation, etc.) were made based on complete and correct
information
MAC Contribution, Frequency
Difference, FRAC COMAC
Structural Dynamics Agenda Topics
Pre-Test Analysis
MODMAC, Driving Point Location

Equipment, Excitation techniques,
Curve Fitting, SIMO, MIMO

Modal Analysis Modal Validation
Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) , FRF
Synethesis
Related Topics
ODS, OMA, Modification Prediction,
Multi-Run Modal

Intro to Modal
Natural Frequencies, resonances,
damping
Model Correlation and
Updating
1
0
.
5
How to change the structures natural behavior?
Modification Prediction
Predict structural dynamics after adding (or removing) mass, damping, stiffness and the
effect of tuned absorbers

Advantages:
Prediction of the effect of a structural modification without physically changing the
structure
Evaluation of alternative design variation without repeated testing

Modification Prediction
Resonant frequency
Operating frequency range
Use modal model to evaluate effect of
structural changes
Mass
Stiffness
Damping
Tuned Absorber

Target is to influence the structural behavior
in critical frequency range
Modification Prediction
Simulated increase stiffness of 10000 N/m around Fluxring
New resonance above highest
excitation frequency
Original resonance
frequency in middle of
excitation freq range
Operating frequency range
Vibration per unit force 6 dB
down with increased stiffness
Add stiffness
DEMONSTRATION: Modification Prediction
What are Operational Deflection Shapes?
Operational Deflection Shapes
Operational Deflection Shapes (ODS) are the deformations of a structure at a
particular time or frequency due to a forced motion

Dependent on:
input forces
number of input forces
location of input forces
frequency content of input forces


ODS provides quick insight on
vibration an acoustic problems in the
time and frequency domain

Visualize the relative motion of each
DOF to ensure the directions were
properly defined
Operational Deflection Shapes
Mode shapes
Operational Vibration
+ +
a
1

x
x
x
a
2
a
3

+ ...
=
Operational Deflection Shapes are a linear combination of a systems natural mode shapes
DEMONSTRATION: Operational Deflection Shapes
When/why do we need operational modal analysis?
Wind Turbine Failure
Operational Modal Analysis: Why?
Real operating conditions = laboratory conditions
Non-linearities
Structural changes
Environmental influences

Practical limitations for measuring input forces
Difficult, impossible
Expensive

Health monitoring / damage detection

Extended use of available data
ODS and VIBCO


Operational Modal Analysis: How?
Identification of modal parameters from response data
(accelerations) measured in operating conditions
Natural frequencies
Damping ratios
Mode shapes


Operational modal analysis = identifying H
Based on Y
Without knowing U
Use white noise
assumption
White noise
H U Y
White noise + harmonic
Operational Modal Analysis: Process
Measure operational time data

Choose references

Compute cross powers

Calculate inverse FFT to get cross-
correlation functions (half-spectra)
time domain equivalent to cross power

Use these half-spectra functions to perform
parameter estimation
comparable to FRFs

Operational Modal Analysis - EXTRA
Input - output (FRF) data
Require special setups for forced excitation
Rotating wing-tip vanes
Electromagnetic bearings
Low-frequency exciters
Drop-weights
Unbalance shakers
Pyrotechnics
Control Surface Input
Testing complexity
Data quality (undesired ambient sources)


Output-only data
Desired (but unknown) ambient sources
NASA
Operational Modal Analysis - EXTRA
Theoretical assumption : stationary white noise

In practice: No perfect white noise
Methods still work
More careful interpretation needed
Only excited modes
Excitation with broad spectrum is ok
Colored noise
Impulsive excitation
Swept sine
Run up
Distinct, constant, harmonics
Often known frequency (rotor)
Remove (Kalman/notch filter, synch. averaging)?
Discard from pole table
0.00 400.00 Hz
100e-9
10.00
L
o
g
N
2
0.00
1.00
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Complexity of tested structures
Large number of data points, ie. aircraft, satellites, vehicles
Larger frequency bands
In-situ vehicles, ie. full scale, trimmed structures, in-flight
aircraft

With regards to product development testing
Reduced testing time
More product variants
Reliable accuracy adequate for use with FE applications

Expertise of the users
Less experienced personnel
Less consistency between operators

Accurate, efficient and reliable analysis
of complex datasets with minimal user interaction
Operational Modal Analysis: Challenges
Operational Modal Analysis: Limitations
Operational Modal Analysis modes are unscaled

Not useable for modification prediction or
hybrid Finite Element models



Scale modes based on driving point FRF

Dedicated driving point FRF measurement

3.00 30.00 Linear
Hz
10.0e-6
0.10
L
o
g
(
(
m
/
s
2
)
/
N
)
FRF deck:140:+Z / ref:1:+Z
Synthesized FRF deck:140:+Z/ref:1:+Z
3.00 30.00 Linear
Hz
3.00 30.00 Hz
-180.00
180.00
P
h
a
s
e

What is the difference between EMA, ODS & OMA ?


Phased Referenced
Spectra & Cross Powers

Deformation at a chosen
frequency line

No damping information

No modal scaling

Combination of closely
spaced modes

Cross Powers

MDOF curve fitter

Frequency, Damping &
Mode Shape

No modal scaling

Structural characteristics
(separates modes)

OMA ODS
FRFs

MDOF curve fitter

Frequency, Damping,
Mode Shape & Modal
Scaling

Structural
characteristics
(separates modes)


EMA
DEMONSTRATION: Operation Modal Analysis
Rigid Body Properties Calculation
Mass line methods
Unchanged FRFs
Rigid body modes and first deformation modes
are sufficiently spaced
Measured FRFs are used

Corrected FRFs
Rigid body modes and first deformation modes
are not sufficiently spaced
Estimate first set of flexible modes from
measured FRFs
Correct measured FRFs by subtraction of
contribution of flexible modes

Lower Residual
No accurate FRFs are measured in the
frequency range directly above rigid body modes
Estimate first set of flexible modes from
measured FRFs with lower and upper residual
terms
Use lower residual terms of the frequency
band use for estimation of the first flexible mode
Rigid Body Properties Calculation
Mass Line Method vs Modal Model Method
6 rigid body modes
Mass line Method (Inertia restraint method)
depends on the quality of measured FRF above
rigid body modes (> 10 Hz)
Not limited by the high pass filter of the
acquisition system
Not limited by the poor performance of
the sensors at low frequency range

Modal Model Method
depends on the quality of measured FRF at the
low frequency (< 10 Hz)
Limited by the high pass filter of the
acquisition system
Limited by the poor performance of the
sensors at low frequency range
Equal FRF quality
Mass Line Method gives more accurate result
Rigid Body Inertia Properties Measurement
Measure rigid body inertia
properties
Coordinates of CoG
Moments & products of
inertia about a reference
Principal moments of inertia
and their direction

Automatically add CoG with
principal axes orientation on
geometry

For use in:
multi-body kinematics
simulation
Hybrid modeling
Rigid body properties and rigid body modes in 1 click
Thank You

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