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1.1 Background
Cone penetration testing (CPT) has recently gained importance in pile design, due to
both the reduction of the cost of such investigations and the need for more precise and
accurate estimations of the bearing capacity of piles. The growing interest in construct-
ing on-shore and, above all, off-shore pile installations has prompted several design
codes to adopt new and more refined CPT-based design methods. Even the most recent
version of API RP2A (2007) has accepted four modern techniques based on CPT
(UWA-05, NGI-05, ICP-05, Fugro-05), replacing the traditional approach based on plas-
ticity theory. Among the existing types of piles a relatively new one, known as jacked or
pressed-in piles, is becoming more widely used. J acked piles combine a high bearing ca-
pacity and stiffness, even higher than driven piles (Deeks et al., 2005; Yetginer et al.,
2006), with low levels of noise and vibration during installation (White et al., 2002),
which makes them particularly suitable for urban applications. However, the fact that
existing design methods are, at least partly, calibrated on data coming from dynamically
installed piles, requires designers to pay particular attention. The possibility of getting
Comparing in-situ cone resistance and pile jacking force
M. Marchi, L. Balbarini & G. Gottardi
DISTART University of Bologna, ITALY
L. Zambianchi
Soles S.p.A., ITALY
ABSTRACT: Pile jacking is a relatively recent piling technique, characterized by low
vibrations during execution, small size installation equipment and good axial bearing
capacity performance. These features make it a viable alternative to traditional dy-
namic pile driving, particularly for historical buildings and urban sites. The prediction
of the short-term resistance encountered during installation, generally different from
the medium-term bearing capacity, is important in any application of the technique.
For this purpose, a correlation between the short-term jacked pile installation force
and the CPT tip resistance will improve the prediction reliability. Data from a well
documented field study in Italy are reported, in which a number of jacked piles were
installed and their short-term base resistance recorded. The subsoil is composed of a
predominantly clayey and silty fraction with local sandy layers. Data analysis is pro-
vided and comparison with previous studies and CPT-based design methods dis-
cussed.
accurate records of the installation resistance, through instruments applied to the hydrau-
lic jacks, gives the designers additional information for evaluating the pile behaviour.
Recent studies on driven closed-ended piles based on load-test data (White & Bolton,
2005) suggest that, taking into account the correct reduction factors, the ultimate unit
base capacity q
b
and the cone tip resistance q
t
assume very similar values i.e. q
b
/q
t
=
0.9 - confirming the analogy between piles and penetrometer behaviour. Considering
jacked piles, which are driven into the soil by a pseudo-static force in the same way as
the penetrometer, the analogy is even more consistent and, therefore, similar values for
q
b
and q
t
are expected. However, studies carried out on base installation resistance q
b
of
jacked piles in sandy and silty soils (J ackson, 2007; J ackson et al., 2008) have shown
that the q
b
values can be significantly lower (approximately =q
b
/q
t
=0.35 for sands
and 0.45 for silts). These results are assumed to be related to the effect of different de-
gree of partial drainage during penetration in such soils. In this paper a particular type of
jacked pile, known as Soles