Crim Transcript Book 2

Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) 1
J!"e #scar $imentel %a&'rvin

CRI% L(CT)R( ')*)+T 2,
B##- II
.ow/ we can alrea!0 start wit1 Book II o2 t1e R$C3 Book II is &st mainl0
crimes/ t1is is w1ere 0o can 2in! t1e !i22erent crimes n!er t1e R$C/ t1eir
elements an! t1e penalties t1at t1e law provi!es 2or t1eir violation3 T1e 2irst
article in Book II is art3 114/ w1en t1e R$C was 4ali2ie!/ it is t1e impression o2
t1ose w1o 4ali2ie! t1at treason is t1e most 1einos amon" all t1e crimes in t1e
R$C/ as it involves t1e lo0alt0 o2 a citi5en o2 t1e contr0 an! t1en 1e will wa"e
or levies war a"ainst 1is own contr0 to w1ic1 1e owes alle"iance to t1e same3
#r even i2 1e is an alien or a 2orei"ner/ o2 w1ic1 1e owes temporar0 alle"iance to
t1e $1ilippines/ 1e levies war a"ainst t1e $1ilippines or a!1eres to its enemies 60
"ivin" its enemies ai! an! com2ort/ an! it ma0 6e committe! not onl0 wit1in t1e
territorial &ris!iction o2 t1e $1ilippines 6t even elsew1ere3 +o/ t1e law sa0s an0
person owin" alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines w1o levies war a"ainst t1e $1ilippines
an! w1o a!1eres to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort s1all 6e
"ilt0 o2 treason3
T1e ne7t para"rap1 involves a proce!ral provision/ w1ic1 is t1at 8no
conviction can 6e 1a! in t1e crime o2 treason nless on t1e testimon0 o2 t1e 2
witnesses to t1e same overt act or 60 volntar0 con2ession o2 t1e accse! "iven
in open cort3 .ow/ 2rom t1e ver0 provision o2 t1e law 0o will know t1at t1e
law speaks o2 9ilipino citi5ens an! 2orei"ners as o22en!ers3 I2 1e is a 9ilipino
Citi5en/ t1ere is no 4estion o2 1is owin" alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines/ t1e onl0
pro6lem t1at we will enconter in t1is aspect is t1e new law t1at will "rant !al
citi5ens1ip to a 9ilipino at one "iven point in time an! o2 corse it will onl0 6e a
matter o2 concern i2 t1e contr0 to w1ic1 1e is also a citi5en 6ecame an enem0
contr0 t1at t1ere is war 6etween t1e 2 nations3 :ow will 0o treat t1ere2ore t1at
9ilipino/ or t1at person w1o 1as alrea!0 o6taine! citi5ens1ip 2rom anot1er
contr0 o2 w1ic1 1e also owes permanent alle"iance in cases w1ere t1at person
a!1eres to its enemies/ an! never min! lev0in" war or "rantin" 2or t1e sake o2
ar"ment t1at 1e levies war an! t1at 1e loves more t1e ot1er contr0/ w1ere 1e
was 6orn/ t1at wol! 6e a 6i" pro6lem in re"ar! to t1e crime o2 treason3 'n! I
1ope t1ere are certain para"rap1s ; provisions in t1e new law treatin" sc1
pro6lem3 Bt t1e wa0 1ow I perceive! t1e present Con"ress o2 t1e $1il/ t1e0 will
never 1ave t1o"1t o2 t1at w1en t1e0 cra2te! t1e law/ not even I 6elieve in t1e
o22ice o2 t1e $resi!ent3 <e will 6e 1avin" a pro6lem an! I assre 0o t1at in
case t1ere wol! 6e a war wit1 ot1er nation/ t1at wol! 6e a 6i" pro6lem3 's
most o2 s citi5en w1om t1e0 call mo!ern-!a0 1eroes/ w1en t1e0 tr0 to escape
t1eir own contr0 to work in ot1er contries/ is workin" in ot1er contries an act
o2 terrorism= :onestl0/ is it an act o2 terrorism to work in ot1er contries= I
!on>t t1ink so? To call t1em or mo!ern-!a0 1eroes is a 2allac033 I 1ave more
respect to people w1o are in or own contr0/ tillin" or lan! pro!cin" 6asic
necessities t1at we can 60 in t1e market ot1er t1an t1ose w1o claim to 6e
6rin"in" !ollars in or contr03 <10= @o we nee! !ollars= <e 1ave or own
peso33 +o/ it>s a matter o2 concern as t1ere is a !i22erence w1en t1e o22en!er is a
2orei"ner owin" temporar0 alle"iance to t1e $1ilippines an! w1en !oes a
2orei"ner owes temporar0 alle"iance to t1e "overnment= It is onl0 w1en 1e is
"rante! a permit to permanentl0 resi!e in t1e $1ilippines t1at 1e is consi!ere! to
owe temporar0 alle"iance to t1e "overnment3 T1e "overnment instittion t1at
1as t1e at1orit0 to "rant sc1 kin! o2 permit is onl0 t1e Brea o2 Immi"ration
an! @eportation3
)nlike 1owever w1en t1e person is a 9ilipino Citi5en/ a 2orei"ner ma0
commit a crime o2 treason elsew1ere 6t 1e will not incr criminal lia6ilit0 an!
t1at is onl0 1 instance t1at I 6elieve t1at 1e ma0 6e e7empte! 2rom prosection3
It is w1en 1e a!1eres to t1e enem0 contr0 o2 w1ic1 1e is a citi5en o2 t1at enem0
contr0/ natrall0 0o owe permanent alle"iance to 0or own contr0 an! t1e
moment t1at 0o a!1ere to t1e enem0 contr0 w1ic1 is 1owever 0or contr0/
t1at is onl0 a rennciation o2 0or alle"iance to t1e "overnment an! natrall0 0o
will not 6e prosecte! i2 0o !i! commit t1e act otsi!e t1e $1il territor0 6t i2
0o are not a citi5en o2 t1e contr0 w1ere 0o committe! t1e act o2 treason 0o
will 6e lia6le even i2 0o are an alien or a 2orei"ner3
T1e 2 wa0s o2 committin" act o2 treason A 1) lev0in" war an! 2) 60
a!1erin" to t1e enem0/ 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort3 Bt t1ere is no
pro6lem a6ot lev0in" war/ 0o take p arms a"ainst 0or own contr0/ 0o &oin
t1e enem0 2orces/ t1at is alrea!0 an act o2 lev0in" war3 :owever/ in a!1erin" to
t1e enem0/ it is not a simple a!1erence to t1e enem0 or t1at 0o s0mpat1i5e wit1
t1e enem0 t1at is re4ire! 60 law3 Bo mst provi!e ai! an! com2ort asi!e 2rom
t1e 2act t1at 0o are a!1erin" to t1e principles o2 t1e enem0/ 0o mst "ive ai!
an! com2ort3 T1e two mst concr/ ot1erwise t1ere is no a!1erence to t1e enem0
60 "ivin" t1em ai! an! com2ort3 Bo recall t1e case o2 Larel/ t1e same Jose $3
Larel in t1e case o2 sel2-!e2ense/ 6t t1is time t1ere is no woman involve33
Larel !rin" t1e Japanese occpation an! t1at we 1ave 6een t1e s6&ect o2
actal 1ostilities 2rom t1e 2amil0/ t1e0 almost anni1ilate! or "errillas !rin"
t1ose times3 ?3 I 2 0o look at t1e recor!s o2 t1e CCCCCCCCCC 1ow come t1at
1ere are so man0 "erillas alrea!03 'n! t1e0 even incl!e t1e people w1o are
esposin" commnism at t1at time3 T1e0 are !oin" it not 2or t1e love o2 t1e
$1ilippines 6t 2or t1e love o2 commnism3 'n! 0et t1e0 were reco"ni5e! as war
veterans3 'n! t1ere are ot1er 9ilipinos w1o were not a6le to properl0 re"ister
t1eir name an! were !eprive! o2 w1at is !e to t1em 6ecase t1e0 are nlettere!3
.ever were a6le to know 1ow to write t1eir names etc3 0et t1e0 2o"1t valiantl0
t1e Japanese3 T1ose are t1e people t1at !eserve to 6e pai!3 T1e0 are t1e persons
w1o are sppose! to 6e "iven 6ene2its3 T1e0 were not "iven 6ene2its 0et com2ort
women3 <e !on>t know actall0 w1et1er t1ese women are com2ort women3 <10
com2ort= T1ere mst 6e a !e2inition o2 com2ort 2or prposes o2 t1em 6ein" a6le
to "et !ama"es 2rom t1e Japanese *overnment3 Bt nevert1eless/ w1en it comes
to treason/ in lev0in" war t1ere mst 6e at least two witnesses3 :ow a6ot i2 it is
a!1erin" to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort3 Is t1ere a nee! 2or
t1e two-witness rle= <1at is t1e opinion o2 0or at1or o2 0or 6ook= In
!e2ense pon t1e at1or Re0es sa0s wit1 respect to "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an!
com2ort/ t1e two-witness rle !oes not appl03 Is t1ere 1owever a !ecision 60 t1e
+preme Cort to t1is e22ect= T1at t1e two-witness rle !oes not appl0 60 "ivin"
t1e enem0 ai! an! com2ort3 Is t1ere= T1ere is no !ecision it is simpl0 an opinion3
Bt i2 0o will look at t1e provision o2 t1e law3 @oes it 4ali20 w1et1er it is
lev0in" war/ or w1et1er it is a!1erence to t1e enem0 60 "ivin" t1e enem0 ai! an!
com2ort= It !oes not3 +o w1o are we to !istin"is1e! an! w1o are we to "ive or
interpretation= T1ere is a case alrea!0 !eci!e 60 t1e +preme Cort3 I respect t1e
opinion o2 t1e at1or o2 t1e 6ook 6t at t1is point I mst sa0 t1at 0o 1ave to
answer accor!in" to t1e provision o2 t1e law3 (ven i2 0o answer accor!in" to
Re0es or accor!in" to t1e 6ook 0o ma0 6e 6ot1 ri"1t3 Bt i2 t1ere will 6e a
!i22iclt0 as 0o nee! in or!er t1at t1e same matter ma0 6e clari2ie! an! t1at is
catastrop1ic3 #k/ two witness rle to t1e same covert act/ no pro6lem it is to t1e
same act committe! in 60 reason on t1e provision o2 t1e law o2 treason t1e two
witness mst testi20 own3 I2 it is on t1e contination o2 an act committe! in
anot1er place or at anot1er time even i2 t1e o22en!er is t1e same even i2 no two
witness rle t1ere is none t1e law is ver0 speci2ic an! s1ol! 6e interprete!
strictl0 a"ainst t1e state it cannot 6e strictl0 interprete! as a"ainst t1e accse!3 In
ot1er wor!s/ 0o mst stick to t1e provision o2 t1e law/ an! t1ere mst 6e two
witness o2 t1e same covert act committe! at one point in time3 :ow a6ot
volntar0 con2ession in an open cort/ volntar0 con2ession in an open cort 6t
as 2or e7ample in t1e in2ormation t1at was 2ile! 2or t1e crime o2 treason33It was
alle"e! t1at t1ere are two witnesses3 Bt pon rea!in" t1eir a22i!avits it wol!
appear t1at t1e0 witness two overt acts 6t it will lea! to t1e commission to t1e
crime o2 treason3 .ow/ i2 t1e in2ormation o2 t1e accse! is rea!/ !rin" t1e trial
an! t1e accse! reali5es t1at 1e ma0 6e convicte! 1e will pro6a6l0 know w1at
will 1appen to 1im 1e wol!n>t want to t1row 1imsel2 at t1e merc0 o2 t1e cort3
In or!er to avoi! t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 consi!erin" t1at t1e law provi!es 2or a
penalt0 o2 reclsion perpeta to !eat1/ 1e plea!s "ilt03 'n! ask merc0 2rom t1e
cort3 @espite t1e 2act t1at t1e two witnesses are not witnesses to t1e same overt
act/ can t1e accse! 6e convicte! o2 t1e crime o2 treason= <1at !o 0o t1ink=
<ell appl0in" t1e rle in re"ar!s to 2ailre to o6&ect to an0 !e2ect in t1e
in2ormation at t1e proper time3 's lon" as it !oes not involve t1e &ris!iction o2
t1e cort/ it !oes not involve prescription3 'n! !rin" t1ose previos 0ears/
!o6le &eopar!0 t1at t1ere was a recent !ecision t1at i2 0o !o not o6&ect to 6e
imprisone! t1en !o6le &eopar!0 0o ma0 6e convicte! 6ecase t1e0 appl0 also
t1e !ecisions o2 t1e +preme Cort in re"ar! to t1e sin"le in2ormation c1ar"in"
mltiple o22enses as a"ainst t1e accse! an! i2 t1e accse! 2aile! to o6&ect to t1e
mltiplicit0 o2 c1ar"es o2 one in2ormation t1e accse! can 6e convicte! 2or so
man0 as t1e nm6er o2 crimes alle"e! in t1e in2ormation3 Bes/ so i2 1e 2aile! to
o6&ect 1e volntaril0 con2esse!/ 1is "ilt in open cort 1e can still 6e convicte!
6ecase it is a matter o2 proce!ral law3 It is not a matter o2 s6stantive law3
$roce!ral law lan" 0an e1/ t1e 2-witness rle3 w10= In all ot1er crimes/ even a
circmstantial evi!ence wol! 6e eno"1/ 1ow mc1 more i2 t1at is a witness to
t1e commission o2 t1e crime or saw t1e commission o2 t1e crime33
'lri"1t/ w1en t1e o22en!er is a 2orei"ner/ t1e penalt0 is lower3 #k/ !o
0o 1ave an0 4estion in re"ar! to treason=
<1at are t1e sta"es o2 treason= It !oes not 2ollow t1e sta"es o2 a
commission o2 a 2elon0 n!er t1e Revise! $enal Co!e3 It 2ollows its own sta"es
as !e2ine! n!er t1e R$C/ an! is consi!ere! a !i22erent crime3 'n! t1ese sta"es
areA $roposal an! conspirac0 to commit treason3 .atrall0 in or!er 2or t1at
conspirac0 ma0 6e committe!/ t1ere mst alwa0s 6e a proposal to commit t1e
crime o2 treason3 It>s like a man cortin" a "irl/ t1e moment t1at a man likes a
woman/ 1e will propose/ 1e will tell t1e "irl o2 1is 2eelin"s3 'n! t1e moment t1e
"irl accepts 1is proposal t1en t1ere is alrea!0 conspirac03 Co5 t1ere is alrea!0 an
a"reement 6etween two parties3 Bt 6e care2l a6ot t1e proposal/ 6ecase in
treason it is !i22erent3 T1at t1e one proposin" mst alrea!0 1ave !eci!e! to
commit t1e crime3 )nlike in or!inar0 proposal/ we !o not know w1et1er 1e is
serios or not3 Bo !o not know w1et1er 1e 1as !eci!e! alrea!0 to 6e tre to 1is
wor!s3 +o 6e care2l? In treason/ a1/ no?i6a? :e 1as !eci!e! t1at 1e is
"oin" to commit treason an! 1e proposes it to anot1er3 'n! t1at consmmates
t1e crime3 'n! in conspirac0/ t1at cannot 6e33 I2 t1ere is alrea!0 an a"reement
6etween two persons w1o 1ave alrea!0 committe! t1emselves to commit an act
o2 treason an! t1e0 1ave !eci!e! to commit it/ t1en t1ere is alrea!0 conspirac03
'n! in relation to t1is/ 0o 1ave t1e misprision o2 treason3 Bt 6e2ore
!iscssin" misprision o2 treason/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at t1e proposal/ t1e
conspirac0/ are separate an! !istinct crimes 2rom treason in itsel23 T1e0 1ave
separate an! !istinct elements33 In ot1er wor!s/ i2 2or e7ample 0o were not a6le
to prove t1e crime o2 treason itsel2 6t 0o were a6le to prove conspirac0/ w1ic1
is necessaril0 incl!e! in t1e crime o2 treason/ 0o can convict t1e person o2
conspirac0 to commit treason instea! o2 treason itsel23 #r even proposal/
alt1o"1 t1e0 are separate crimes 6t t1e0 are also consi!ere! as sta"es o2 t1e
commission o2 t1e crime o2 treason3
Bo 1ave a misprision o2 treason w1en a person owin" alle"iance to t1e
"overnment o2 t1e $1ilippines/ w1o is .#T a 2orei"ner/ come into personal
knowle!"e o2 an0 conspirac0 to commit treason an! 1e 2aile! to report t1e same
wit1in a reasona6le perio! o2 time/ to t1e "overnor o2 t1e province/ to t1e cit0
ma0or o2 t1e cit0/ or to t1e provincial 2iscal now provincial prosector or t1e cit0
2iscal;prosector3 T1is is t1ere2ore/ a crime 60 omission3 Bt a 2orei"ner is
e7empte! 2rom t1is even i2 t1e0 owe temporar0 alle"iance to t1e "overnment3 It
is ver0 clear 2rom t1e law3 Bt w1ere s1ol! t1e person owin" permanent
alle"iance to t1e "overnment o2 t1e $1ilippines report= Becase 1e s1ol! report
it to t1e "overnor/ or ma0or o2 1is resi!ence3 +pposin" 1e is 2rom +l
province/ w1ile in manila 1e witnesse! an! 1as personal knowle!"e o2 t1e
conspirac0 to commit treason3 @rin" times o2 war/ s1ol! 1e "o to sl an!
report to 1er "overnor or t1e provincial prosector t1ere= Bes33 Reportin" to t1e
cit0 ma0or o2 manila is not a compliance to t1e provision o2 t1e law3 <10= T1e
law sa0s to t1e place o2 1is resi!ence3 T1ere is a prpose w10 t1e law provi!e!
t1is33 to protect t1e person w1o witnesse! t1e conspirac0 an! actall0 to s1iel!
1im 2rom an0 retaliation in case o2 1is reportin" t1e conspirac03 :ow !oes 1e
know t1at i2 1e reports t1e same in %anila t1e people 1e is reportin" are also in
%anila are also in conspirac0/ e1 !i pata033 :e can 6e assre! in 1is own
province t1at t1e "overnor is not in conspirac0 wit1 t1e ot1ers or t1e cit0
prosector? t1at is w10 0o 1ave to 6e convince! 2irst t1at t1ese people w1om
0o are "oin" to report are also not part o2 t1e conspirac03 +o it is in 0or own
place o2 resi!ence t1at 0o 1ave to report3
'lri"1t/ t1e perio! t1ere is s6&ect to t1e circmstances o2 eac1 case3
(ac1 case wol! 1ave to 6e treate! !i22erentl0 2or prposes o2 !eterminin"
w1et1er t1e perio! o2 time o2 w1ic1 0o 1ave reporte! is reasona6le or not3 +o
0o 1ave to se 0or common sense33 I2 t1e person 1as 6een sick/ natrall0 it will
take time3 I2 t1at person is 1i!in" 2rom a c0-conspirator etc/ it will reall0 take
time? 'n! sometimes 1e ma0 also 6e e7empte! 2rom 6ein" criminall0 lia6le 60
reason o2 inspera6le cases or ma06e 60 reason o2 ncontrolla6le 2ear/ or 60
reason o2 t1e emplo0ment o2 irresisti6le 2orce3
+o/ t1at wol! 6e a "oo! e7planation o2 art 114/ nless 0o 1ave a
4estion? Incl!in" art 11,/ 11D3
#k/ art 11E33
FA is it possi6le 2or a person alrea!0 convicte! o2 t1e crime o2 treason to 6e
convicte! also wit1 t1e crime o2 conspirac0 to commit treason=
J!"eA .o/ 6ecase as I tol! 0o t1ese are sta"es o2 t1e crime o2 treason33 I2 a
person 1as 6een convicte! wit1 t1e crime o2 treason/ 1e cannot an0more 6e
c1ar"e! o2 proposal or conspirac0 to commit treason3 T1e one w1o is in
conspirac0 or t1e one w1o proposes mst not 1ave committe! t1e crime o2
treason 1imsel23 Becase i2 t1e0 1ave committe! alrea!0 t1e crime o2 treason/
natrall0 t1e crime o2 conspirac0 an! proposal to commit treason are alrea!0
a6sor6e! in t1e crime o2 treason itsel23
<e 1ave !iscsse! alrea!0 t1ree articles? T1e ne7t is w1at=
'2ter misprision o2 treason/ w1at wol! come ne7t= '1133 espiona"e33
'n0 person w1o wit1ot an0 at1orit0 t1ere2ore s1all enter a wars1ip/ a 2ort/ an0
militar0 installations/ etc 2or prposes o2 "at1erin" an0 in2ormation/ plan/ etc
relative to t1e !e2ense o2 t1e $1ilippines s1all 6e 1el! "ilt0 to t1e crime o2
espiona"e3 It is a""ravatin" to a p6lic o22icer w1o in t1e per2ormance o2 1is
o22icial 2nction is in csto!0 o2 t1ose plans an! 1e !elivers t1e same to t1e
representative o2 t1e 2orei"n contr03 T1at is espiona"e3 T1is is a !ea! law3
:ave 0o 1ear! or 1ave 0o rea! an0 !ecision o2 t1e +C re"ar!in" t1e crime o2
espiona"e= %a0 nakakas1an 6a nito= -asi wala naman? %a0 plano 6a ta0o
relative to t1e !e2ense o2 or contr0= (1 kn" cop !>etat n"a/ nn" nan!0an
na n"a an" m"a tao sa #akwoo! 1in!i pa nila natiktikan e1= 'n! t1e0 sai! it
involves national secrit033 <ell/ i2 t1at wol! 6e t1e case/ 6tas- 6tas an!
national secrit0 natin33 <1at are t1e people in or intelli"ence commnit0 !oin"
prior to t1is= .ot1in"33 #r ma06e t1ese people are "oo!3 T1ere are onl0 two
t1in"s t1ere33 (it1er t1ese people are so "oo! 2or or intelli"ence commnit0
people t1at t1e0 cannot 6e !etecte! or t1at or intelli"ence commnit0 are
sleepin"3
Jst like in espiona"e33 w1at plans !o we 1ave t1at is not known to
ever0one= <1at 2ort !o we 1ave t1at keep or secret;con2i!ential matters in
relation to t1e !e2ense o2 or contr0= 9ort Boni2acio= (1 6inenta na 0n e1?
9ort +antia"o/ a0n 0o can 1ave 0or we!!in" t1ere? 9ort %a"sa0sa0/ t1ere
are so man0 s4atters/ t1e0 will know w1atever is "oin" on33
Camp Crame G Camp '"inal!o/ 0o can easil0 pass t1ro"1 an!
t1ro"1? 'll t1at 0o 1ave to !o is is &st even at ni"1t 6link 0or li"1ts twice
or trice t1e "ar!er will even salte 0o3 3tr0 me or tr0 it 2or 0orsel23 <1o is a
mem6er o2 t1e militar0 1ere or t1e police It>s a si"nal3 T1e "ar!s nee!
s6!ivision/ t1e "ar!s nee! at ni"1t/ t1e0>re &st pla0in" t1eir lines t1ree times3
T1e0 will not even ask 2or 0or i!enti2ication3 T1at means to sa0 0o are a plent0
2orce3 I s1ol! know 6ecase I know so man0 t1in"s3 Tr03 +i"ra!o 0an3 <a" ka
lan" makikipa"talo sa secrit0 "ar!3 $we!e wala kan" ano/ 0o !on>t 1ave even
pass etc33.o &st 6link it t1ree times3
T1ere is not1in" mc1 a6ot espiona"e nowa!a0s e7cept 2or t1e 2act t1at it can
6e committe! !rin" war time or !rin" 2irst time an! remem6er it mst onl0 6e
t1e in2ormation/ t1e plans/ t1e !ata/ t1e !ocments mst 6e relative to t1e !e2ense
o2 t1e consel3 .ot1in" more not1in" less3
.ow t1e +preme Cort came p wit1 anot1er !ecision in relation to t1is3 In t1e
case o2 +antia"o vs +an!i"an6a0an/ !rin" t1at time/ 2ormer +enator +antia"o
w1o was t1en a Commissioner "rante! 9ilipino citi5en 60 wa0 o2 a!ministrative
procee!in"s 60 wa0 to 34 In!ians3 'n" 1irap pala nito n" m"a Bom6a0 no1 1alos
isa lan" pan"alan3 @o 0o know t1at we are 6ein" veste! wit1 t1e issance o2
clearances 2or several times I t1ink a6ot 30 to 40 times a !ine almost all askin"
2or clearances is t1e same man CCCCCCCCCC it is still a man CCCCCCCCCC3
Recentl0/ I tol! Ton0/ will 0o please enter m0 c1am6er= <1at 0o 1ave to !o is
t1is 6ecase we are 6ein" pestere! wit1 clearances we !o not know w1et1er we
are actall0 "ivin" a clearance to t1e o22en!er or not t1ere 1as 6een so man0
cases t1at were 2ile! in or corts an! in several corts3 #ne is rape!/ t1e ot1er
one is 1omici!e/ t1e ot1ers are esta2a an! etcetera an! I sai! look/ t1e 6etter
position to take is simpleA ask 1im to "et a certi2ication 2rom t1e 6rea o2
Immi"ration an! @eportation t1at it is a le"itimate alien w1o is actall0 resi!in"
in t1e $1ilippines w1o is "iven a permanent resi!enc0 stats/ ot1erwise i2 1e 1as
6een onl0 "iven a visitor>s Hisa w10 s1ol! we "ive 1im a clearance3 T1ere is no
2alt t1ere i2 0o are onl0 a visitor an! 0o will ask 2or a clearance3 <10 s1ol!
we "ive 0o a clearance3 +o/ 's I was sa0in"/ Commissioner +antia"o was
c1ar"e! o2 t1irt0 2or conts o2 violatin" section 3e o2 rep6licact301I3 Be2ore
s1e col! 6e arrai"ne!/ s1e went to t1e +preme Cort an! c1allen"e! t1e 2ilin"
o2 34 in2ormations a"ainst 1er conten!in" t1at t1e act i2 ever t1at s1e committe!
is CCCCCCCCcontinin" crime3 'n! t1ere is onl0 one criminal intent t1at will 6e
impte! a"ainst 1er in t1e event t1at in!ee! s1e case! !e in&r0 to t1e
"overnment3 T1e spreme a"ree! wit1 1er an! o22er t1e prosector to !ismiss all
t1e cases an! re2ile onl0 one in2ormation3 <ell/ t1at>s alrea!0 t1e !ecision o2 t1e
+preme Cort3 Bt I was t1inkin"/ alon" t1e line o2 rep6lic act 301I 6ein" a
special law/ a law t1at is alm pro1i6ite!3 I2 t1e law is mala pro1i6ita/ !oes
criminal intent 1a! an0 6siness in CCC-t1e !etermination o2 w1et1er it 1as
criminal intent or not3 I2 it is mala pro1i6ita criminal intent is not sppose to enter
into t1e pictre t1ere2ore t1e 2ilin" o2 34 in2ormations are correct3 Bt t1e
+preme Cort sai!/ t1ere 6ein" onl0 one criminal intent etcetera onl0 one
in2ormation s1ol! 6e 2ile! a"ainst 1er3 .ow/ as I 1a! 6een sa0in" alrea!0 t1at
w1at 1appene! sometimes t1at it is !e6ata6le t1at certain special case ma0
re4ire criminal intent an! some are not 6t 6asicall0 all o22enses in violation o2
special laws !o not re4ire criminal intent3 T1at is a "eneral "oal e7cept w1en t1e
special law ses t1e wor!s knowin"l0 6ecase i2 t1ere is a wor! t1at t1e o22en!er
knowin"l0 cases !e in&r0 t1en t1ere mst 6e a t1en a criminal intent t1at i2
t1ere is no sc1 wa0 simpl0 pt t1at it was a case a !e in&r0 to anot1er t1at is
!i22erent?nevert1eless we 1ave 1onor in w1atever !ecision t1at is t1at will s1all
we sa0 t1at was proml"ate! 60 t1e spreme cort t1ere will 6e 1onor t1e
!ecision o2 t1e spreme cort3
* Im not so sure whether this is still included in judge P.s
discussion as regards Book 2 of RPC, parang Book !ut then I couldnt
distinguish sa tape kasi dire"direcho naman so I just transcri!ed it.. if #ou
think, we co$ered this in Book then disregard na lang *
Continos crime re2ers to crime t1at s1all we call it t1at was proml"ate!
60 t1e +preme Cort 6ecase t1ere wol! 6e c1aos an! 1orror nless we
1onor t1e !ecision o2 t1e +preme Cort3 #k continos crime re2ers to
crime t1at s1all we call it at even committe! onl0 2or t1e 2irst time 6t t1e
o22en!er contines to commit nless 1e 1as alrea!0 serve! t1e sentence/
nless 1e 1as alrea!0 6een 2ile! p/ 1e 1as alrea!0 lanc1 1is 6elie2/
alle"iance to a particlar association or p6lic w1atever3 Jst like in t1e case
o2 CCCCCCCCC3 'ctall0 re6ellion is not w1at 0o call in a continin" crime3
It is a continin" crime in t1e sense t1at 0o committe! t1e same an! 0o
contine! even i2 0o 1ave not actall0 in t1e active participation o2 t1e act
6ein" committe! 60 0or 2rien!s3 Bt it is a continos crime3 T1e moment
0o committe! 0o call t1e state ntil t1e continos crime in sc1 a
str""le3 Remem6er t1e case o2 CCCCCCC an! companion cases CCCCCCCCCC3
T1ese people CCCCCCCCC an! ot1ers are actall0 .$' re"lars an! t1e0
appear n!er t1e 2i"1t o2 t1e arm0 as .$' re"lars 6t t1e0 !eci!e! not to
en"a"e an0more in arme! str""le somew1ere in t1e sot1ern part o2 L5on3
Instea! t1e0 !eci!e! to 6ecome s1all we call in en"a"e in certain activities or
well-emplo0e! as la6orers or as workers in !i22erent esta6lis1ment sc1 as
t1ose w1o were arreste! w1o are workin" in t1e 2actories3 +ome are workin"
in certain constrction si"1ts in Las $inas an! ot1er places in %etro %anila3
#t1ers are arreste! wit1ot a warrant t1e0 claim t1at t1e arrest is ille"al 6t
as t1e +preme Cort state! t1at case3 It sai! t1at 0o contine to commit t1e
crime t1at 0o 1ave previosl0 committe! 0orsel2 to commit ntil sc1
time as 0o 1ave renonce to live in t1at particlar str""le3 +o it is a
continos crime/ a transitor0 crime3 ' transitor0 crime is a crime w1ere an0
o2 its elements or an0 o2 its in"re!ients will 6e committe! in anot1er place
an! t1ere 0o can 2ile t1e case o2 an0 places 0o can pt its elements or in
an0 o2 its in"re!ients o2 t1e one committe!3 'n e7ample o2 w1ic1 is o2
corse t1e violation o2 B$ 22/ ille"al rles an! ille"al recritment/
s0n!icate! esta2a/ etc3 (ven t1e s0n!icate! esta2a w1o is onl0 one criminal
intent t1ere so 0o 1ave t1e pro6lem o2 w1ic1 to 6e "iven esta2a o2 t1is time
6ecase t1e little en"a"e in a esta2a alrea!0 covere! almost all parts o2 t1e
contr03 'n! t1eir victims are comin" 2rom t1e !i22erent parts o2 t1e
$1ilippines3 T1ere are alrea!0 2ile! cases a"ainst t1ese people3 +ome 1ave
onl0 inten!in" to 2ile t1e places w1ere t1e0 1ave 6een victimi5e!3 T1e
pro6lem t1ere is 1ow to "o a6ot in tr0in" t1e cases 6ecase i2 it is
s0n!icate! esta2a/ t1ere is onl0 one sin"le criminal intent especiall0 in t1at
person 60 t1e se o2 !irect contri6tion 2rom t1e "eneral p6lic an! t1e
prpose to w1om t1e people t1e0 collect t1e mone0 or w1atever3 Bo 1ave
now several s0n!icate! esta2a cases3 :owever t1ere are t1ose w1o 2ile
separate cases an! i2 t1e0 are "oin" 2or e7ample/ 1ave t1em cost relate!3
:ow a6ot t1ose ot1ers w1o !i! not 2ile3 <1at wol! 1appen= )n!er t1e
t1eor0 o2 CCCCCCCCCC/one criminal o22ense3 :ow a6ot t1e ot1ers w1o were
not a6le to participate an! !eci!e to participate later on= :ow a6ot t1e
ot1ers w1o were not a6le to participate !eci!e onl0 to participate later on3
T1ere are w1at we call !eci!e! 60 t1e +preme Cort3 #ne element ma0
1ave taken place in one place an! ot1er ma0 1ave taken place in anot1er
place etcetera?/ 0es 0o can 2ile 1ere an0 case in an0 o2 t1e places w1ere
an0 o2 t1e essential elements or in"re!ients 1ave 6een committe!3 #k/ an0
4estion= .ow let>s "o to penalties3 $enalties 2or $rincipal/ accomplices/
accessories penalties 2or consmmate! 2elonies/ penalties 2or 2rstrate!
2elonies an! 2or attempte! 2elonies3
I 1ave a!opte! a meter s0stem an! most o2 0o w1o were in m0 CRI% class are
2amiliar wit1 t1is/ no1 it is ver0 eas0 1ow to !o it an! I will repeat so 0o will
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,
remem6er t1e simple rle3 Bo 1ave t1ere a principal/ t1e e4ivalent o2 t1e
principal is alrea!0 consmmate!3 Bo 1ave accomplice/ 0o 1ave accessor0/
0o 1ave 2rstrate! an! 0o 1ave attempte!3 'lri"1t/ in t1e comptation o2 t1e
penalties/ natrall0 i2 t1e crime t1at a penalt0 is reclsion temporal s1all 6e e4al
2or t1e person pon committin" t1e crime o2 1omici!e/ t1e law speaks o2
1omici!e 6ein" consmmate!3 In t1at t1e person w1o will 6e sentence! to
reclsion temporal will 6e sentence! to reclsion temporal is t1e minimal/ t1at is
"iven/ t1at is w1at t1e law s1all we call it make an arran"ement in t1e provision
o2 t1e law 6ein" interprete!3 .ow/ so/ let s sa0 in t1e crime o2 1omici!e3 T1e
principal committe! t1e same an! it is consmmate!/ no pro6lem3 T1e penalt0 is
reclsion temporal3 Bt spposin" t1e crime committe! is a 2rstrate! 1omici!e
w1at t1en are t1e initial an! t1e principal/ t1e mete! ot or w1at is t1e penalt0 2or
t1e principal in a 2rstrate! 1omici!e=
T1e $enalt0 s1all 6e one !e"ree lower/ so one !e"ree lower wol! 6e reclsion
ma0or3 +pposin" t1at t1e o22en!er is a principal in an attempte! 1omici!e/ t1e
penalt0 s1all 6e 2 !e"rees lower w1ic1 is reclsion correctional3 #k/ ver0 simple
6ecase all t1at 0o 1ave to !o is i2 it is a crime 6ein" consmmate! also one
!e"ree lower/ one !e"ree lower3 .ow i2 it is attempte! 2 !e"rees lower in a
principal3 T1e principal natrall0 is a w1ole penalt03 I2 it is an accomplice/ 1
!e"ree lower i2 1e is an accessor0 2 !e"ree lower t1at is ver0 simple3 'lri"1t/ so
in t1e previos !iscssion I sai! t1e principal an! t1e crime committe! is in t1e
attempte! state/ t1e penalt0 t1at s1ol! 6e impose! to 1im is 2 !e"ree lower 2rom
t1e penalt0 imposa6le or a principal in a consmmate!3 In t1e case o2 t1e
1omici!e/ natrall0/ t1e penalt0 is p10sical reclsion 6ecase it is consmmate!3
.ow/ let s sa0 t1at t1e o22en!er is an accomplice/ 1e committe! t1e crime o2
1omici!e consmmate! so t1e penalt0 is 1 !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0
imposa6le in t1e crime o2 1omici!e t1at in reclsion ma0or an! t1at i2 1e is an
accomplice an! committe! at 1e same time a 2rstrate! 1omici!e t1e penalt0 is 2
!e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 imposa6le 60 t1e law3
#ne an! one is natrall0 2 an! so it is lower 2rom t1e reclsion temporal t1at
wol! 6e reclsion correctional3 .ow/ i2 were t1e accomplice is also in t1e crime
o2 t1e attempte! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 3 !e"ree lower3 +o i2 1e is an accomplice
to t1e attempte! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e (1ow man0 !e"ree lower=) it is 3
!e"ree lowere! 2or reclsion temporal is reclsion ma0or3 In t1e accessor0/ I2 t1e
accessor0 commits consmmate! pro6lem/ let>s sa0 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 o2 t1e
accessor0 is two !e"rees alrea!0 onl0 2or t1e accessor0 i2 it is consmmate! 2rom
a reclsion temporal it wol! 6e reclsion correction3 ."a0on kn" papasok si0a
!oon/ one/ two at "inawa n0a3 .ow/ spposin" t1at an accessor0 committe! onl0
a 2rstrate! 1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e 2 !e"rees lower 2rom an! w1at is 3
!e"rees lower3 'n! w1at is 2 !e"rees lower to reclsion temporal= It is reclsion
ma0or3 .ow/ spposin" it is an accessor0 o2 attempte! 2elon0?t1e penalt0 is
arresto menor3 ' person w1o mi"1t 1ave committe! an attempte! 1omici!e 6t
1e is an accessor0 1e can 6e penali5e! wit1 one to t1irt0 !a0s3 :e ma0 6e
pnis1e! in 1 !a0 i2 1e plea!e! "ilt0 it is to 6e penali5e! wit1 arresto menor3
In knowin" t1e simple comptation o2 penalties an! i2 0o know t1is simple
comptation it will 1elp 0o ot3 (7ample/ na1li po ako n" plis attorne0 !a1il
napasama lan" po ako sa crime scene3 -ai6i"an ko an" pmata0 at na"ta"o si0a
sa amin3 'no po 6a an" sentens0a ko kn" mapatna0an na ako a0 na"kasala=
.atrall0 t1e man is worrie! w1o co-accse! an! 1e even !o not know t1at 1e>s
an accessor0/ 6t 6ecase 0o are 2amiliar wit1 t1e participation o2 t1e o22en!er/
0o will &st tell 1im !on>t worr0/ I will take care o2 0or case3 're 0o 1irin"
me= 'lri"1t si"n t1at I am 0or law0er3 +o kn" ma0aman smin"il kana3 'n!
0o will tell 1im 1e will &st 6e sentence! 2or onl0 10 !a0s &st plea! "ilt03
.ow/ i2 1e>s a minor/ pata0---li6reJ Becase minorit0 is a privile"e miti"atin"
circmstance o2 w1ic1 1e is entitle! o2 one !e"ree lower 2rom arresto menor3
'n! t1ere is no lower like 1 !e"ree3 +o t1is simple comptation/ I know t1at most
o2 0o 1ere are t1ose m0 2ormer st!ents3 T1is is ver0 simple t1at i2 0o rea! t1e
law in a week 0o will know 1ow3
@o 0o 1ave an0 4estions= #2 corse/ we are alrea!0 in t1e penalties an! we
s1ol! know w1at col! pro6a6l0 a22ect penalties3 T1ere are t1e mo!i20in"
circmstances an! 0o know we 1ave !iscsse! a""ravatin"/ miti"atin"/ t1e
speci2ic/ t1e special/ t1e or!inar03 Bo know t1at t1ere is an a""ravatin"
circmstance t1at is 60 itsel2 is in1erent3
Say for example, what is inherent in certain crimes? Well, naturally in cases of
estafa there is evident of pre meditation. In rape there is always present most of
the time even if they are inherent in the commission of the crime it cannot be
considered as aggravating even in a mitigating circumstance. There is in some
cases that we have discovered that in inherent mitigating circumstances,
although they are inherent mitigating circumstances. They are not considered as
modifying circumstances. In a case of rape but the offender shall we call it a or
he has a physical defect is inherent and is mitigating but would it be a modifying
or mitigating circumstance in the crime of rape? If he is not. Naturally, it is not
but it is aggravating if the person committing this is the crime committed during
the time..
'"st 2E/ 2003
(T1e !a0 w1en its 2ree ct in civ)
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) D
alri"1t? an0 person or an0 p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee 6t t1at term is ver0
"eneric? it s1ol! 6e an0 p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee in c1ar"e o2 t1e
en2orcement o2 t1e law w1o !etains anot1er wit1ot an0 le"al "ron! will 6e
criminall0 lia6le 2or 'RBITR'RB @(T(.TI#. 1ere/ to !i22erentiate it 2rom
ki!nappin"/ in ki!nappin" t1e o22en!er ma0 also 6e a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee
6t 1e is actin" in 1is private capacit03 'n! 1is prpose is to !eprive t1e person
o2 1is li6ert0 an! t1at t1e person is 6ein" !etaine! in a place not !evote! 2or
!etention o2 persons w1o 1ave 6een arreste! eit1er law2ll0 or nlaw2ll03 #n t1e
ot1er 1an!/ in ar6itrar0 !etention/ a person is !eprive! o2 1is li6ert0 wit1ot an0
le"al "ron! an! 1e is 6ein" !etaine! on a place 2or !etention o2 persons w1o
1ave 6een law2ll0 arreste! in ot1er wor!s/ t1e p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee arrest
a person or !etains a person onl0 wit1ot an0 &sti2ia6le case or wit1ot an0
le"al "ron! an! t1e !etention o2 t1at person is in a place o2 proper !etention 2or
t1ose w1o violates t1e law K in &ail/ in ot1er wor!s3 I2 it is otsi!e t1e &ail or it is
not in a !etention cell/ t1en t1at wol! not 6e ar6itrar0 !etention 6t t1at wol!
6e ki!nappin" or a serios ille"al !etention or ille"al !etention3 T1ere are times
w1en a p6lic o22icer ma0 6e t1e o22en!er in ki!nappin" alt1o"1 in art 2DE/
ki!nappin" ma0 6e committe! onl0 60 a p6lic in!ivi!al/ not 60 a p6lic o22icer
or emplo0ee3 Bt a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee ma0 6e c1ar"e! an! 2on! "ilt0
o2 ki!nappin" i2 1e acte! in 1is personal capacit0 an! not on 1is o22icial capacit03
.ow in ar6itrar0 !etention/ t1e !etention ma0 1ave 6een case! 60 ille"al arrest
or nlaw2l arrest or 60 simple !etention wit1ot a le"al "ron!3 T1e two are
!i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er3 <1en 0o sa0 it mi"1t 1ave 6een 60 reason o2
nlaw2l arrest/ t1ere mst 6e an arrest e22ecte! 60 a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee
6t t1e same is nlaw2l an! t1erea2ter t1e victim is !etaine! in a place o2
!etention3 #n t1e ot1er 1an!/ t1ere is onl0 ar6itrar0 !etention w1en a person w1o
ma0 not 1ave 6een arreste! 6t 1as 6een ar6itraril0 !etaine!3
#ne o2 t1e e7amples t1at 0o can 2in! in a case w1ic1 is appropriate to t1is
w1erein t1e person was not arreste! is t1e case o2 *# v C' (I dont !now why
but the tapes I transcribe always have this case" favorite talaga #to ni $udge")
%r *o went to t1e police station an! in4ire! w1et1er a certain %r3 Rolito *o is
t1e person 6ein" sspecte! o2 1avin" s1ot %r3 %a"an? an! w1en t1e
policeman sai! t1at t1e0 are reall0 lookin" 2or %r3 *o/ Rolito *o sai! t1at I am
Rolito *o an! t1e policeman sai! 0o &st wait an! 1e went to a cell/ opene! a
cell an! or!ere! %r3 *o to "o insi!e3 %r3 *o o6&ecte!3 T1e policeman !i!n>t sa0
t1at 1e is placin" %r3 *o n!er arrest 6t 1e &st or!ere! %r3 *o to "o insi!e t1e
&ail? t1at is a classic e7ample o2 a person 6ein" !etaine! wit1ot 1avin" 6een
arreste! 6t t1ere is ar6itrar0 !etention3 Becase 1e presente! 1imsel2 to t1e
at1orities3 It &st 1appene! t1at t1e0 are "oin" to pt 1im in &ail !espite t1e 2act
t1at 1e presente! 1imsel2 to t1e at1orities3 Bt a twist o2 2ate3
.ow in ar6itrar0 !etention/ 0o mst 1ave to remem6er t1at w1en t1e penalt0
wol! !epen! pon t1e perio! o2 w1ic1 t1e person 1as 6een !etaine!/ it wol!
6ecome a serios one i2 t1e perio! is more t1an a certain perio! o2 time3 )nlike in
ki!nappin"/ i2 t1e !etention laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s/ it 6ecomes or i2 in
serios ille"al !etention i2 it is more t1an i2 t1e !etention is more t1an 3 !a0s/
t1en it is serios ille"al !etention w1ile in ar6itrar0 !etention/ .#3 1ow man0
!a0s 6e2ore it 6ecome serios ar6itrar0 !etention= %ore t1an D mont1s3 +o it
col! even 6e t1e 2alt o2 t1e (7ective J!"e3 Bo are not 2amiliar wit1 t1e
workin"s i2 t1e corts pro6a6l0 6t an (7ective J!"e o2 t1e RTC 1as control
an! spervision over all &ails wit1in 1is territorial &ris!iction3 :e 1as t1e power
over visitation an! or!erin" t1e release o2 t1e prisoners w1o 1ave serve! t1e
ma7imm o2 t1eir sentence or w1o is 6ein" !etaine! wit1ot an0 law2l "ron!
an! t1e !esira6le perio! o2 time w1erein t1e e7ective time s1ol! visit t1e &ails
is weekl03 In %akati/ 0o onl0 1ave one &ail 6t t1ere are ot1er satellite &ails3 I
call it satellite 6ecase t1e0 1ave a 1ol!in" center in t1e station in t1e %akati
police station asi!e 2rom t1e 1ol!in" center t1ere 0o 1ave t1e %akati Cit0 Jail3
'n! 0o even 1ave to conten! wit1 t1e temporar0 !etention cells in 6aran"a0s/
etc so it is a pro6lem3 Bo wol! not know i2 a person is ar6itraril0 !etaine! in a
1ol!in" center o2 a 6aran"a0 in t1at particlar 6aran"a03 +o t1e (7ective J!"e
mst ever 6e vi"ilant wit1 t1e !etention o2 prisoners w1o 1ave 6een nlaw2ll0
arreste!3
I2 t1e0 were law2ll0 arreste! t1ere wol! 6e no pro6lem 6ecase t1ere wol!
onl0 6e a !ela0 o2 t1e !eliver0 o2 !etaine! persons to t1e proper at1orities3
%eanin"/ a person 1as 6een nlaw2ll0 !etaine! or nlaw2ll0 arreste! an!
!etaine! an! t1e onl0 pro6lem is t1e perio!s w1ic1 t1e case s1ol! 1ave 6een
presente! to t1e proper &!icial at1orit0 1as not 6een presente! wit1in t1e 1ors
speci2ie! 60 law sc1 asA 12 1ors 2or li"1t o22enses/ 1L 1ors 2or o22enses w1ic1
are pnis1a6le wit1 correccional penalties an! 2or a22lictive an! capital
pnis1ment/ 3D 1ors3
T1e &!icial at1orities mentione! are t1is article is actall0 not alwa0s t1e
&!"es3 T1e ori"inal concept o2 t1e rle is sorce! 2rom t1e provisions n!er t1e
ol! rles o2 cort re"ar!in" preliminar0 e7aminations 60 mnicipal &!"es t1en
60 &!"es o2 t1e peace or &stices o2 t1e peace corts3 Bo know t1at t1ere are
two sta"es o2 preliminar0 investi"ations in t1e mnicipal corts t1en &stice o2
t1e peace corts3 9irst is preliminar0 e7amination w1ic1 wol! !etermine t1e
e7istence o2 pro6a6le case 2or t1e issance o2 t1e warrant o2 arrest3 Bt o2
corse a2ter !eterminin" w1et1er a crime 1as 6een committe! or not3 It is more
e7pe!itios !rin" t1ose times to 2ile a case wit1 t1e mnicipal cort or t1e
&stice o2 t1e peace cort 2or prposes o2 issance o2 t1e warrant o2 arrest3 It is
more e7pe!itios e13 Bo !on>t 1ave to wait 2or 10 !a0s/ 0o !on>t 1ave to wait
2or a resoltion/ 0o !on>t 1ave to wait 2or t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation in t1e
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) E
proper cort 6e2ore a warrant o2 arrest s1all 6e isse!3 +ometimes it takes
mont1s/ !i 6a= <1en 0o 2ile a complaint wit1 t1e &stice o2 t1e peace cort t1en/
now t1e mnicipal cort or mnicipal circit cort/ 0o can easil0 o6tain a
warrant 2or t1e arrest o2 t1e accse! 6ecase all t1e J!"e 1as to !o is sc1e!le
t1e preliminar0 e7amination o2 t1e witnesses/ even w1en a2ter t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e
complaint an! pon !ocketin" o2 t1e same/ an! i2 t1e J!"e is not !oin" an0t1in"
an! t1e witnesses are availa6le 1e can con!ct imme!iatel0 t1e preliminar0
e7amination o2 t1e witnesses3 'n! a2ter con!ctin" t1e preliminar0 e7amination
o2 witnesses 60 searc1in" 4estions/ 1e can t1en !etermine w1et1er t1e crime 1as
6een committe! an! w1et1er a warrant 2or arrest s1ol! 6e isse! a"ainst t1e
accse! an! w1at is t1e amont o2 6ail or w1et1er t1e crime is 6aila6le or not3 +o
t1en/ imme!iatel0/ a warrant ma0 6e "iven3 1 !a0 lan"J Jst one !a0 lon"3 T1at is
w10 t1is is taken a!vanta"e o2 law0ers an! complainants in t1e provinces3 In
%etro %anila an! ot1er places/ w1en 0o "o to t1e prosector>s o22ice it will take
0o mont1s3 (ven in !r"s cases/ t1e preliminar0 e7amination in !r"s cases
s1ol! not e7cee! 30 !a0s e13 'ctall0 not even 30 !a0s e1/ I 6elieve/ it s1ol!
not e7cee!/ E !a0s= In actal practice=
#k3 T1is is t1e instance w1en t1e peace o22icers w1o arreste! t1e o22en!er ma0
ask t1e o22en!er to e7ecte a waiver to waive 1is ri"1t n!er t1is article3 <aiver/
n!er article 12,3 w10= <ell/ i2 t1e o22en!er waives 1is ri"1ts n!er article 12,/
even i2 1e 1as 6een !etaine! an! no in2ormation 1as 6een 2ile! a"ainst 1im/ even
2or a perio! o2 more t1an 30 !a0s/ t1e arrestin" o22icers or t1e persons w1o 1as
csto!0 o2 1im is not criminall0 lia6le 2or t1e !ela0 o2 t1e !eliver0 o2 sai!
!etaine! person in t1e proper &!icial at1orities or even ar6itrar0 !etention3 Bt
never 6ecase in ar6itrar0 !etention t1e !etention is actall0 ille"al an! t1ere is
no le"al "ron! 2or 1is !etention3
'lri"1t? w1at wol! 6e a proper waiver n!er art3 12,= ' waiver n!er article
12, 60 t1e respon!ent or t1e accse! s1all 6e consi!ere! as vali! an! 6in!in" to
t1e accse! an! 1is propert0 onl0 w1en t1e waiver is wit1 t1e assistance o2
consel/ w1et1er a consel o2 1is own c1oice or t1e c1oice o2 t1e accse! or t1e
law0er 1as 6een appointe! 60 a or 1as 6een "iven 60 t1e law en2orcement
a"encies to t1e o22en!er an! 1e accepte! t1e services o2 t1at law0er an! in
a!!ition accor!in" to t1e +C/ t1e law0er mst 6e a competent an! in!epen!ent
consel3 T1e meanin" t1ereo2 is t1at t1e law0er mst activel0 participate in t1e
procee!in"s in t1e waiver3 :e will pro6a6l0 ask 4estions w1et1er t1e accse!
n!erstan!s t1e meanin" o2 t1is waiver/ etc/ 1e will e7plain almost wor! 2or wor!
t1e waiver t1at is 6ein" presente! to t1e accse! wit1 1is assistance an! sall0/
it will 6e place! n!er oat13 <it1ot t1e assistance o2 a law0er t1at waiver is
consi!ere! nll an! voi!3
T1ere are times w1en a person is n!er !etention an! t1ere are or!ers or t1ere is
an or!er 2rom t1e &!icial o22icer or t1e e7ective o22icer 2or t1e release o2 t1at
person3 In t1e event t1at t1e e7ection o2 t1e or!er 1as 6een !ela0e!/ t1ere is a
!ela0 in t1e release w1ic1 s n!er article 12D o2 t1e R$C3 I2 t1e notices or
instrments t1at wol! 6e a 6asis 2or t1e release o2 a person n!er !etention or as
a convicte! prisoner/ t1e person w1o !ela0s t1e service o2 t1at notice s1all 6e
1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or t1e !ela0 in t1e release or i2 t1ere is a procee!in"s 2or
t1e release o2 t1at person/ an! t1at procee!in"s 1ave 6een !ela0e! 60 an0 p6lic
o22icer or emplo0ee/ t1en it s1all also 6e consi!ere! as a !ela0 in t1e release3 Bo
1ave to remem6er t1at t1ere are two 6ranc1es o2 t1e "overnment t1at can or!er
t1e release o2 a person in &ail3 T1e e7ective !epartment t1ro"1 t1e $resi!ent or
1is at1ori5e! representative/ in t1e event t1at t1e $resi!ent "rants par!on/
amnest0/ commtation o2 sentence or con!itional par!on an! wol! t1e person
taske! to release t1e particlar person !ela0s wit1 malice or 6a! 2ait1 or t1ro"1
"ross or ine7csa6le ne"li"ence 6ecase i2 t1e !ela0 in t1e release is !one in
"oo! 2ait1/ t1ere is no crime t1at is committe! or 60 simple ne"li"ence/ 1e cannot
6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le3 .atrall0 t1ere wol! 6e a continos incarceration o2
t1e person w1ic1 is almost tantamont to ar6itrar0 !etention 6t it is 6ein"
consi!ere! as !ela0 in t1e release 6ecase t1ere is a le"al "ron! 2or 1is
incarceration w1et1er !etention or servin" sentence 60 virte o2 a 2inal &!"ment3
T1e &!icial at1orities (o2 corse t1ere are man0 instances w1en t1e &!icial
at1orities can or!er t1e release o2 t1e person) 2irst/ i2 t1e cort 2in!s t1at t1ere is
no prima 2acie evi!ence or eit1er t1ere is no pro6a6le case in t1e issance o2 a
warrant or 2rt1er !etention o2 t1e person c1ar"e! o2 t1e commission o2 t1e crime
an! t1at t1e in2ormation is not vali!/ t1e &!"e will !ismiss otri"1t t1e case an!
or!er t1e release o2 t1e o22en!er i2 1e is n!er !etention3 <1atever 6e t1e 6elie2
o2 t1e war!en is o2 no concern to t1e cort an! to t1e person w1o is !etaine!3
Becase it is t1e responsi6ilit0 o2 t1e J!"e/ actall0/ to see to it t1at 1is or!ers
are correct in accor!ance wit1 law an! t1at it 6e o6e0e! 60 t1e person to w1om
t1at release is !irecte!3 In case w1en t1e accse! post 6ail or is "iven t1e
privile"e o2 6ein" place! n!er reco"ni5ance w1ile n!er !etention3 Bo know
t1at reco"ni5ance i2 t1e o22en!er is arreste! wit1ot a warrant 6t t1e o22ense
carrie! wit1 it a penalt0 w1ic1 is less t1at D mont1s/ t1e cort 1as a !iscretion
alt1o"1 1e ma0 not e7ercise it 6t it ma0 6e e7ercise! to allow t1at persons to
6e place! n!er t1e reco"ni5ance o2 anot1er as lon" as 1e is not a reci!ivist/
1a6ital !elin4ent/ or s22erin" 2rom reiteracion or even 4asi-reci!ivism3 It
!epen!s pon t1e !iscretion o2 t1e cort3
I2 t1e accse! post 6ail/ no pro6lem3 :is imme!iate release s1ol! 6e !one3 .ow
in connection wit1 t1is/ even !rin" preliminar0 investi"ations i2 t1e o22ense is
6aila6le/ t1e accse! can ask 2or 6ail3 To w1om are 0o "oin" to 2ile 0or
petition= Bo are t1e law0er o2 t1e person w1o is eit1er in csto!0 6ecase 1e
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) L
waive! article 12, 6t t1e preliminar0 investi"ation will take little time 6t 0o
want 0or client to 6e ot 2rom &ail3 <10= Becase 1e is 6ein" male! or 1e
6ecame t1e milkin" cow o2 t1e ot1er prisoners an! t1e war!ens3 +o 0o want 1im
ot3 <1at are 0o "oin" to !o= .o in2ormation 0et 1as 6een 2ile!3 <1at are 0o
"oin" to !o= .o 6ail 1as 0et 6een 2i7e!3 +a6i1in mo/ tmakas ka na lan"=
'ctall0 t1ere is a reme!0 n!er t1e .ew Rles on Criminal $roce!re3 9ile a
petition n!er t1e (7ective J!"e o2 t1e Re"ional Trial Cort o2 t1e station
w1ere t1e crime 1as 6een committe!3 'n! alle"e in 0or petition t1at t1e accse!
or t1e respon!ent is 6ein" !etaine! an! t1at t1e case is still n!er preliminar0
investi"ation an! t1at 1e mi"1t 1ave waive! 1is ri"1t n!er art 12, or even i2 1e
is ot o2 or 1e is not in &ail/ t1ere is a !an"er t1at 1e>ll 6e imme!iatel0 arreste!
pon 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation an! in or!er to pre-empt t1at/ 0o are askin" t1at
t1e cort 2i7 6ail 2or 1is provisional li6ert0 as t1e crime t1at 1e 1as committe! is
6aila6le3 T1e (7ective J!"e 1as t1e at1orit0 to 2i7 t1e 6ail an! o2 corse a!mit
6ail to 6e poste! 60 t1e respon!ent an! 1e will 6e release!3 :e cannot 6e arreste!
an0more3 nless a2ter t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation/ t1e J!"e to w1om t1e
in2ormation 1as 6een 2ile! 2on! t1at t1ere is an ins22icient 6ail/ etc? 6t t1e
J!"e s1ol! not imme!iatel0 or!er t1e arrest o2 t1e accse!3 T1at wol! 6e
!eprivin" t1e accse! o2 !e process3 :e will 6e t1e Cort s1ol! isse an or!er
re4irin" t1e accse! to 2ile a!!itional 6ail even p to at least 4L 1ors a2ter t1e
issance o2 t1e or!er3 #t1erwise/ a warrant 2or 1is arrest s1all 6e isse! an! 1is
6ail ma0 6e cancelle!3 +o 1in!i pwe!e na 6asta na lan" kakansela1in n" J!"e
0on3 T1e J!"e cannot imme!iatel0 or!er a warrant o2 arrest3 T1at is not onl0
"rave a6se o2 !iscretion 6t t1at is also oppression3
$ero i2 0o know t1e J!"e an! 0o know t1at t1e J!"e !oesn>t know 1is Rles/
approac1 1im3 @o not imme!iatel0 6a! mot1 1im3 Jst ask 2or an a!ience wit1
1im an! ask t1at t1e clerk o2 cort 6e present an! ask 2or a steno"rap1er so t1e0
wol! not sspect t1at 0o are tr0in" to in2lence t1e J!"e3 @rin" 0or
meetin" 0o tell t1e J!"e/ 0o sa0 8Bor :onor/ wit1 !e respect/ t1e or!er t1at
0o isse! is 4estiona6le3 #2 corse 1e wol! 6e taken a6ack3 Bo sa0 0or
:onor/ wit1 !e respect t1at is w10 I !i! not ask t1at it 6e set 2or a 1earin" 0et or
I am not 0et 2ilin" a %otion 2or Reconsi!eration3 Bo can recall t1e or!er
6ecase 0o s1ol! 2irst "ive an opportnit0 to t1e accse! to 2ile an a!!itional
6ail3 #t1erwise it will 6e tantamont to oppression Bor :onor3 T1e J!"e will
appreciate t1at an! 1e will recall t1e or!er3 In t1at wa0 0o will 6e maintainin" a
"oo! relations1ip wit1 t1e Cort3 T1e J!"e will remem6er 0oA %arnon" Mton"
6atan" to a1J3 .ot onl0 wit1 t1e Rles 6t 1e knows 1ow to approac1 a pro6lem3
@o not 6e a""ressive3 9ile ka a"a!/ an! ask t1at it 6e 1ear! wit1in t1ree !a0s 6t
not more t1an 10 !a0s 2rom t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e motion an! imme!iatel0 0o will
annonce to t1e "eneral p6lic w1ile all law0ers are present t1e i"norance o2 t1e
J!"e3 $ata0 ka3 :e will reconsi!er 1is or!er 6t marka!o ka na3 <alan"1i0a to
a1/ pina1i0a pa ako3 'lam mo naman ma0 m"a J!"e na maninipis an" 6alat3 <e
can take it in stri!e3 T1at is a reme!0 t1at is availa6le to 0o3
+o !ela0 in t1e release3 Incl!in" t1e procee!in"s/ t1ere are instances w1en t1e
procee!in"s are 6ein" !ela0e! not 6ecase o2 ne"li"ence 6t 6ecase t1ere is a
malicios intention on t1e part o2 some6o!0 to !ela0 t1e procee!in"s 2or t1e
release o2 t1e o22en!er3 'c4ittal/ no pro6lem/ release kaa"a! 0an3 Bo know/ !o
not alwa0s 6elieve in t1e &ailers3 T1e moment t1at t1e J!"e annonce t1e
ac4ittal o2 t1e accse! i2 t1e accse! is a !etention prisoner an! 1e 1as le2t or 1e
!oes not 1ave an0 t1in" o2 vale or importance in t1e &ail/ t1e accse! can "o 2ree
alrea!03 T1ere is no nee! 2or 1im to "o 6ack to t1e &ail3 +asa6i1in nn" &ailer/ !i/
ma!ami ka pan" pipirma1an !n/ etc33 0o will 1ave to accont 2or t1is an! t1at/
6akit ma0 i6ini"a0 6a sa i0o na kailan"an I-accont mo= @i kn" an!n/ 0o
were "iven a 0ellow s1irt na an" nakala"a0/ CI@*/ %akati Cit0 Jail/ so 0an
e1? 16arin mo/ i6i"a0 mo !n sa &ailer3 Becase I 1ave 6een o6&ectin" to t1is
e1 since t1e 6e"innin"3 'lt1o"1 t1e policemen 1as sort o2 &sti2ication 2or it as
t1e0 can easil0 spot a person w1o is escapin" 2rom t1eir csto!0 6ecase o2 t1e
0ellow s1irt or w1atever s1irt it is/ t1at is to me not a s22icient reason3 To me/
allow 1im to !ress p w1en 1e "oes to cort an! lets see i2 t1is person is reall0 o2
"oo! manners/ etc or w1atever3 :ow are we "oin" to !etermine i2 t1is person
reall0 is a person w1o acts like a criminal3 'll t1at 0o know i2 0o are t1e J!"e
is t1at 1e>s wearin" a 0ellow s1irt3 %k1a n"an" ano ito? !i na"-aa1it33 e1 1in!i
!in pina"-aa1it !oon e13 T1e0 are 6ein" allowe! to s1ave/ t1e0 are not allowe! to
2res1en p/ t1e0 6rin" t1em to t1e &ail as t1e0 are an! w1ile t1e0 are in &ail t1e0
will not even allow t1em to take a 6at1/ 60 "oll0J so I o6&ect to t1at3 I>ve 6een
tellin" t1e &ailers/ 0o !on>t 6rin" a person 1ere i2 t1e prisoner 1as not taken 1is
6at13 'n! t1at 0o are not sppose! to "ive 1im t1at 0ellow ni2orm3 'llow 1im
to se t1e 6est clot1es or 1is +n!a0 clot1es3 :e can p1one 1is 1ose an! let 1is
relatives 6rin" t1e 6est !ress t1at 1e 1as or t1e 6est s1irt an! pants t1at 1e 1as an!
s1oes3 Bt t1e &ailers will not allow t1at3 +a6i !in n" prisoners/ 8+ir ma1irap
0n3N Bakit= (1 pa"ka na"!amit kami !n/ ma"an!a/ naka lacoste kami
pa"pasok namin" !n wala na 0on3 +ome6o!0 will ask 2or t1at alrea!03 T1ere
will 6e asportation o2 0or clot1es 60 t1is people3
(7plsion3 T1e 2irst kin! o2 e7plsion is w1en a person w1o is resi!in" in t1e
$1ilippines or an0 person w1o is a resi!ent o2 t1is contr0 is e7pelle! 2rom t1e
$1ilippines not 2rom 1is !omicile or resi!ence/ 1aJ 9rom t1e $1ilippines3
%eanin" to sa0/ 1e was kicke! ot 2rom t1e $1ilippine territor03 <ell 1a! it 6een
tre t1at %arcos aske! to 6e 6ro"1t to $aoa0 an! not :awaii an! t1at t1e
re6ellion !i! not sccee! an! t1at 1e was 6ro"1t to :awaii instea! o2 $aoa0/
t1ere is e7plsion3 Bt 6ecase t1e re6ellion sccee!e!/ t1e0 can 6rin" 1im
an0w1ere3 Bt it is e7plsion 2rom t1e $1ilippines re2sin" t1e entr0 o2 a 9ilipino
citi5en retrnin" to 1is own contr0= Is t1at also e7plsion= In t1e case o2 Her/
an! 1is 2amil0 an! !escen!ants/ t1e0 were !enie! entr0 to t1e $1ilippines3 @o
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) I
0o remem6er t1at case w1ic1 1as reac1e! t1e +C= Bo !o not recall= Her an!
1is 2amil0 to"et1er wit1 (rwin an! t1e ot1er one w1o were t1en Colonels in t1e
'9$ were !enie! entr0 were askin" to 6e allowe! to enter t1e $1ilippines a2ter
t1e0 1ave 6een e7pelle! 2rom t1e $1ilippines to"et1er wit1 %arcos3 T1e reason
"iven 60 t1e +C in !isallowin" t1eir entr0 in t1e $1ilippines is to avoi! t1e
6reac1 o2 national secrit0 as e7pon!e! 60 t1e #+* an! t1e @#J3 Bt t1ose are
!i22erent times3 I cannot still accept t1at as a vali! reason 6ecase i2 t1at is !e to
t1e "ron!s o2 national secrit0 w1at are t1e '9$ !oin"= Bo can assi"n even
pro6a6l0 a Battalion to "ar! t1is people/ to "ar! t1eir movements etc3 an! 1ow
can t1e0 create !istr6ances in t1e contr0= 'n! i2 t1e0 are creatin" !istr6ances/
arrest t1em/ pt t1em in &ailJ <ell/ t1at is a case-to-case 6asis onl03 <1at is know
as pro hac vice. T1at case is onl0 applica6le to a particlar person an! a
particlar time3 It is not !i22erent3 Bo !o not e7pel3 T1e wor! e7pel is w1en t1e
person is 1ere in t1e $1ilippines an! 0o e7pel 1im 2rom t1e $1ilippines3
(7pellin" a person 2rom 1is resi!ence or 2rom 1is place o2 !omicile3 T1e most
cele6rate! case in t1is respect is t1e case o2 Hillavicencio v3 Lk6an3 Bt t1at is
not an actal case o2 e7plsion 6t t1at is a case o2 1a6eas corps3 (Lk6an/
%a0or o2 %anila/ transporte!/ accor!in" to J!"e/ 8all t1e "irls t1at 1ave 6een
love! 6e2oreN to @avao? poli case) t1e +C or!ere! Lk6an to pro!ce t1e 6o!0
o2 t1e "irl333 t1at is e7plsion3 In 2act in 0or special procee!in"s/ t1is is t1e onl0
case in 1a6eas corps w1en t1e person s6&ect o2 t1e petition is not !etaine! or
6ein" !eprive! o2 1is li6ert0 6t was onl0 remove! 2rom 1is resi!ence an! t1e
cort "rante! t1e petition 2or 1a6eas corps3 +o i2 t1ere is a pro6lem in reme!ial
law w1en t1e pro6lem is 8Is t1ere an0 instance w1ere t1e writ o2 1a6eas corps
ma0 6e isse! w1en t1e person is not 6ein" !eprive! o2 1is li6ert0/ t1is is t1e
case also3N T1ere are so man0 t1in"s t1at 0o will learn 2rom t1e case o2
Hillavicencio v3 Lk6an3
Break?3
<ell/ a2ter e7plsion we 1ave violation o2 !omicile3 'n0 p6lic o22icer or
emplo0ee in c1ar"e o2 t1e en2orcement o2 t1e law w1o searc1e! t1e !wellin" o2
anot1er wit1ot t1e permission o2 t1e occpant or t1e owner an! wit1ot an0
at1orit0 2rom t1e law3 9or articles/ "oo!s/ e22ects/ o2 t1e commission o2 t1e
crime/ 2or instrments in t1e commission o2 t1e crime s1all 6e 1el! criminall0
lia6le 2or violation o2 !omicile an! in t1e event t1at 1e srreptitiosl0 entere!
sc1 premises an! was 2on! 60 t1e owner an! was aske! to leave an! 1e
re2se!/ it 6ecomes an a""ravatin" circmstance or i2 1e 1as alrea!0 taken or 1e
1as alrea!0 o6taine! 2rom t1e premises evi!ence or papers or !ocments or
w1atever an! 1e re2se! to retrn t1e same to t1e owner or t1e possessor/ t1e
same is also an a""ravatin" circmstance w1ic1 wol! place t1e penalt0 to a
mc1 1i"1er one t1an an or!inar0 violation o2 !omicile3 T1is particlar provision
o2 t1e law 1as 6een !iscsse! recentl0 6t t1e0 are not actall0 re2errin" an! t1e0
are not sin" t1e proper term3 @o 0o recall t1e case o2 Car!enas= +ome people
claim t1at t1e at1orities !o not 1ave a searc1 warrant an! t1e0 searc1e! t1e
premises o2 Car!enas or w1at appears to 6e anot1er 1ose 6t it is consi!ere!
ma06e a !epen!enc0 6ecase t1ere is a "ate an! a point w1ere 0o can enter t1e
ot1er 1ose 2rom t1e ot1er 1ose3 +o it wol! appear to 6e a !epen!enc0 as t1e
same is not in1a6ite! at t1e time3 I2 it is tre/ it is not an ille"al searc1 6ecase
t1ere is no crime n!er t1e R$C o2 ille"al searc13 Is t1ere= <ala? noneJ It is
violation o2 !omicile3 Bon an" proper term !on3 +o ever06o!0 is talkin" ille"al
searc1 6t no3 it is a violation o2 !omicile3 <1en 0o are invite! in a 2orm/ se
t1e proper term so t1e0 will 6e impresse! o2 0or e7pertise in t1is respect3
I2 it is tre/ (no personal knowle!"e !aw si J!"e onl0 speclations) t1en it is a
crime3 'n! an0 evi!ence o6taine! 60 reason o2 violation o2 !omicile are
ina!missi6le3 +o pro6lema 0an3 -asi in t1e case/ t1e0 2or"ot to o6e0 t1e law i2 it
is tre3 +o t1e0 1ave to prove t1at3 #t1ers sai!/ an0wa0/ it is in relation to
re6ellion or cop !Metat3 It is onl0 re6ellion t1at 1as 6een !eci!e! 60 t1e +C as a
continin" crime3 Is t1ere an0 !ecision 60 t1e +C t1at cop !Metat is a continin"
o22ense= <ala ano= Bt t1e principle is t1e same/ it is a crime a"ainst national
secrit03 +o m0 opinion is t1at cop !>etat is still a continin" o22ense3 Bt it
wol! 6e !e6ata6le as t1e elements o2 cop !Metat an! t1e elements o2 re6ellion
are two !i22erent t1in"s3 T1e0 !o not 1ave t1e same elements3 'ctall0 6e2ore I
sai! t1at t1e0 ma0 6e !i22erent/ I alrea!0 1ave some !o6ts t1at cop !Metat is a
continin" o22ense 3 it mi"1t not 6e a continin" o22ense 6ecase it is a swi2t
attack accompanie! 60 w1at= violence/ intimi!ation/ strate"0 or stealt1 2or t1e
prposes as enmerate! an! t1at t1e initiators are mem6ers o2 t1e '9$ or t1e
police or an0 persons emplo0e! in t1e "overnment eit1er wit1 or wit1ot t1e
assistance o2 t1e civilians3 It is consi!ere! as cop !>etat3it is !i22erent 2rom
re6ellion3 <ell t1e0 were sa0in" t1at i2 t1e searc1 is in prsit o2 an arrest in
relation to re6ellion/ t1ere is no nee! 2or a searc1 warrant3 .#J even i2 t1ere is a
!eclaration o2 a state o2 re6ellion/ t1ere is still a nee! 2or t1em to resort to t1e
&!icial at1orities to ask 2or an at1orit0 to searc1 t1e premises o2 a person w1o
mi"1t 6e sspecte! o2 1avin" committe! a crime3 #r w1o mi"1t 6e keepin"
certain contra6an!s or evi!ence in relation to t1e commission o2 a crime3 T1at is
t1e pro6lem now o2 t1e prosectors3 <ell/ it s1all 6e a "oo! e7ercise o2
knowle!"e o2 0or criminal law i2 0o will 2ollow t1e moves o2 t1e prosectors
an! t1e !e2ense in t1is case? actall0/ t1e case o2 Car!enas an! t1e #akwoo!
case will 6e consoli!ate!? I am sre o2 t1at 6ecase it arose ot o2 one inci!ent3
+o i2 it is a cop !>etat wit1 t1e assistance o2 a civilian/ t1en its cop!>etat3 I2 it is
re6ellion it !oes not matter i2 t1ese people are mem6ers o2 t1e '9$ or not or t1e
lea!ers are civilians/ it !oesn>t matter? so t1at wol! 6e t1e sitation at t1is
point 6t I am sre t1at t1e two cases will 6e consoli!ate! as t1ere is no point in
not consoli!atin" t1em3
(ven t1is p0rami!in" sc1emes 1a= Ban" m"a mltitel/ mm"/ isan" kaso lan" 0an
e13 T1at is s0n!icate! esta2a3 (1 6ini0ak-6i0ak3 @i mo na tlo0 malaman kn"
ano "a"awin mo? all t1e corts 1a 1ave t1e cases o2 Bala!&a0/ %ateo/ etc 2rom
'n"eles Cit0 to somew1ere else/ 2rom %ntinlpa even la"na/ t1e0 1ave cases3
I t1ink t1e 6etter approac1 t1ere is 2or t1e !epartment o2 &stice to 2irst ree7amine
all t1is cases an! a2ter ree7amination "ive t1em 1, !a0s an! t1en create a task
2orce an! t1en i2 t1ere is onl0 one case/ 2ile onl0 one case wit1 several victims3
Becase sin" t1e case o2 +antia"o v3 +an!i"an6a0an/ i2 t1ere is onl0 one intent/
t1ere is onl0 one crime3 even i2 t1ere are several victims3 +o t1at is violation o2
!omicile3
'2ter violation o2 !omicile it is actall0 t1e malicios o6tention o2 a searc1
warrant an! t1e a6se in its implementation3 ' searc1 warrant is a writ isse! 60
a competent cort !irectin" or a!!resse! to an0 peace o22icer comman!in" t1e
peace o22icer to searc1 a particlarl0 !escri6e! premises an! to sei5e t1ose t1at
are particlarl0 !escri6e! in t1e warrant an! to 6rin" t1em to t1e cort pon t1e
e7ection o2 t1e searc1 warrant an! a searc1 warrant 1as a li2etime onl0 o2 10
!a0s3 )nlike a warrant o2 arrest/ w1ic1 1as no li2etime nless t1e crime 1as
alrea!0 prescri6e! w1en t1e warrant o2 arrest was isse!3 <ala na 0on3 Bt w1en
t1e warrant o2 arrest was isse!/ will t1e crime prescri6e= .o3 T1e crime will not
prescri6e w1en no warrant o2 arrest 1as 6een isse!3 ($'R'.*
C#.TR'@ICT#RB B'T'?)
'not1er t1in" pecliar a6ot a searc1 warrant is t1at a searc1 warrant ma0 eit1er
6e implemente! at an0 time o2 t1e !a0 or ni"1t3 #r pon !iscretion o2 t1e cort it
ma0 6e implemente! onl0 !rin" !a0time3 #r even ni"1t time onl03 T1e reason
w10 t1ere is a nee! 2or t1e cort to speci20 w10 it s1ol! 6e implemente! !rin"
t1e !a0time is t1at t1ere are instances w1en t1e searc1 warrant is 6ein" se! 2or
e7tortion prposes3 T1e0 can make se o2 t1is to 1arass ot1ers or to e7tort mone0
2rom ot1ers an! t1e corts are sppose! to protect t1e interest o2 t1ose livin"
wit1in t1e $1ilippines3
:ow !o t1ese law en2orcement a"ents o6tain a searc1 warrant maliciosl0= T1ere
was a time in 1II,/ w1en I was a J!"e o2 a +pecial Cort/ w1en some people
2rom t1e CI+ or CI@= 1II4= ' police ma&or at t1e time or a police c1ie2
sperinten!ent applie! 2or a searc1 warrant in one o2 t1e 1oses 1ere in t1e cit0
o2 %akati 2or ille"al possession o2 2irearms3 T1e respon!ent was a *erman3 '2ter
t1e application was ra22le! to m0 cort/ t1e searc1 warrants are still 6ein" ra22le!
1a/ 0o &st cannot "o to a particlar J!"e !rin" or!inar0 !a0s an! ask 2or t1e
particlar J!"e to take co"ni5ance o2 0or warrant application/ no3 0o s1ol!
"o to t1e o22ice o2 t1e clerk o2 cort an! it s1all 6e ra22le! 60 t1e o22ice o2 t1e
(7ective J!"e to an0 o2 t1e J!"es t1ere an! a2ter t1e ra22le 1ere comes t1e
applicant an! 1is !eponent an! t1e0 are askin" 2or an imme!iate action 2or t1eir
application3 <ell it was a6ot 3A00 pm an! I sai! ok/ w1ere is 0or witness an!
1e presente! 1is witness3 I aske! t1em to raise t1eir 1an!s an! aske! t1em i2 t1e0
are swearin" to t1e trt12lness o2 t1eir statements/ etc3 a2ter t1at/ I aske!
searc1in" 4estions recor!e! 60 t1e steno"rap1er an! a2ter 1avin" 6een satis2ie!
at t1at time t1at t1ere is a "oo! reason 2or t1e issance o2 a searc1 warrant/ an! o2
corse a2ter t1e !eponent claime! to 6e a 2ormal !river o2 t1e !eponent an! 1e
knows even t1e serial nm6er o2 t1e 2irearm t1at is sppose! to 6e sei5e! in t1e
1ose o2 t1e respon!ent/ I isse! a searc1 warrant3 T1ere was a retrn t1e ne7t
!a0/ positive retrn t1at t1ere was a 34, cali6er pistol/ w1ic1 matc1 t1e serial
nm6er in!icate in t1e application an! t1e *erman was incarcerate! in &ail3 +o
t1e *erman "ot a law0er an! 1e was in4este!/ an! a2ter in4est/ 1e imme!iatel0
poste! 6ail/ t1e in2ormation was 2ile!3 In t1e meantime/ 1e was alrea!0 "at1erin"
evi!ence a"ainst t1e applicant an! t1e !eponent3 It was esta6lis1e! t1at t1e
2irearm t1at was alle"e!l0 taken 2rom 1is 1ose is a plante! 2irearm3 :e was a6le
to present to t1e cort t1at t1e 2irearm is re"istere! n!er t1e name o2 1is
6siness partner 2rom w1om 1e is collectin" more t1an 10 % pesos as t1e0 1a! a
2allin" ot3 'n! t1at t1e 6siness partner o2 1is 1as some police at1orities 2or 1is
2rien!s3 It was also esta6lis1e! t1at t1e !eponent w1o was claimin" to 6e a
2ormer !river o2 1is 1as never 6een a 2ormer !river 6t a peace o22icer/ a
policeman also/ wit1 a rank o2 $#13 we s6poenae! all t1is people an! t1e0
never !i! appear3 T1ere was even a se o2 a 2ictitios name an! alt1o"1 t1e
%a&or se! 1is real name 1e was assi"ne! alrea!0 in Bon"ao/ Tawi-tawi/ +l
an! 1e cannot 6e reac1e! 6ecase 1e is in t1e &n"les o2 Bon"ao3 T1ere is a
pro6lem as to w1et1er 1e can 6e serve! wit1 notice3 w1en a2ter all t1e evi!ence
was presente! I isse! an or!er 4as1in" t1e searc1 warrant an! !eclarin" t1at
t1ere was a malicios o6tention o2 t1e searc1 warrant 6ecase all t1e statements
t1ere are not tre3 +o 0o can "o a2ter t1e applicant/ t1e !eponent an! i2 t1ere are
ot1ers w1o are in conspirac0 wit1 t1em "o a2ter t1em an! 2ile a case o2 malicios
o6tention o2 a searc1 warrant3 T1at is 1ow t1e0 !o it or &st 2or t1e sake o2
1arassment3 Bo !on>t like 0or nei"16or an! 0o 1ave a policeman w1o is an
o22icer 2or a 2rien!3 Bo 1ave some 2rien!s 2rom t1e n!erworl! (+i %il!5 0onJ
a3k3a *ran! %a!ame/ %aster Initiator/ an! accor!in" to R0an/ Bipolar Feen)
8pare/ e7ecte ka n"a n" a22i!avit3 Bakit= +a6i1in mo ma0 3 kilo n" s1a6 !on
nakita mo i!ineliver sa 6a1a0 nila 33N even i2 t1e metamp1etamine 10!roc1lori!e
cannot 6e 2on! insi!e t1at 1ose/ i2 t1e searc1 warrant is implemente! !rin"
t1e !a0 or t1e ni"1t/ t1is people will 6e em6arrasse!? (:mmmm? w1ic1 "ives
me an i!ea?3) sir/ ano 6a 0an= :in!i e1/ meron !aw 3 kilon" s1a6 !ito sa
6a1a0 na ito/ !ala-!ala !aw n" ma0-ari n" 6a1a0 na ito/ nak kakalat na sa
s6!ivision 0onJ kapit6a1a0 ko pala ps1er e1? wala n"a nak1a 6t t1e
impression t1at 1e is a ps1er will alwa0s 6e t1ere? 0o 1ave alrea!0 !estro0e!
1is name3 +o t1ere is t1is provision n!er t1e R$C w1ic1 pnis1es a person 2or
maliciosl0 o6tainin" a searc1 warrant3 (ven t1e a6se o2 t1e implementation o2
t1e writ or t1e searc1 warrant is pnis1a6le3 @rin" t1e times w1en .'RC#%
was still t1e implementin" arm o2 t1e @an"eros @r"s Law/ I 1ave 1a! t1e
e7perience o2 reall0 won!erin" 1ow it come to pass t1at t1ese people can 6ecome
so ima"inative? t1e0 will ask 2or a searc1 warrant? reall0 some o2 t1is people
ma0 6e en"a"e! in a ne2arios trait 6t !rin" t1e implementation/ t1ese people
2rom t1e .'RC#% will sa0 8#/ 6a"o 0an" re2ri"erator mo a1J +an mo 6a
kin1a 0an= Tin"nan mo n"a= *ina"amit 0an sa pa""awa n" s1a6 para tmi"as
an" s1a63 -nin 0an 1aktin3 <as1in" mac1ine? 0n" m"a !amit n0o
nilala"a0 n0o rito para 0n" m"a traces n" s1a6 walan" %akita/ knin mo !in
0an/ e6i!ens0a3 9loor polis1er pan" alis n" e6i!ens0a? 6isikleta pan" !eliver?
kotse pan" transport? asawan" 6a6ae ta"a!ala !aw knin !inJ
'n armore! personal carrier wit1 a cannon was se! to 6reak !own t1e 2ence an!
t1e !oor3 ReasonA it was 6olte! 60 iron 6ars3 J!"eA 0o s1ol! onl0 se
necessar0 2orce3 T1at is nnecessar03 I2 t1e0 complain/ police ma0 6e 1el! lia6le
2or a6se in t1e implementation o2 a searc1 warrant3 +ome even tie t1e
respon!ent to a postJ In t1e )+/ police o22icers ask 2irst o2 t1ere are c1il!ren in
t1e 1ose3 I2 t1ere are c1il!ren/ t1e0 are remove! 2irst3 'n o22icer was even
!ismisse! 2or !isarran"in" t1e ca6inet o2 a c1il!3 T1e e7ception onl0 is w1en
t1ere is a possi6ilit0 t1at t1e contra6an! ma0 6e 1i!!en in t1e to0s or t1e c1il!>s
ca6inet3 Bt t1e ca6inet mst 6e retrne! to its arran"ement3
T1ere is a 1ierarc10 in w1o will 6e witnesses in t1e implementation o2 a searc1
warrant3 .ow i2 t1e respon!ent in t1e searc1 warrant is present in t1e 1ose/ 1e
can 6e t1e onl0 an! sole witness to t1e searc1 an! t1at is vali!3 :e s1ol! 6e t1e
witness in all t1e sta"es o2 t1e searc13 :e s1ol! alwa0s 6e present t1ro"1ot
t1e searc1 in all t1e sta"es o2 t1e searc1 ot1erwise col! 6e a reason on t1e part
o2 %r3 O to ask 2or t1e non-a!mission o2 t1e articles or !ocments t1at were
sei5e! !rin" t1e implementation o2 t1e searc1 i2 1e was not present3 +o a
respon!ent w1o was 1an!c22e! to a post !ownstairs even i2 t1e peace o22icer
"ives ot t1e reason t1at 1e is a !an"eros person t1at 1e ma0 6e a6le to "ra6 a
"n 2rom w1ere 1e is 1i!in" t1em/ it is not a s22icient reason 2or 1im to 6e
!isallowe! to witness t1e searc13 'll t1at 0o 1ave to !o is to 1an!c22 1im also3
Bo know/ t1is peace o22icers/ i2 t1e0 want to make it appear t1at t1e killin" is
le"al/ t1e0 will 1an!c22 t1e o22en!er wit1 1is 1an!s in 2ront3 T1at s1ol! not 6e
t1e case3 T1e 1an!s s1ol! alwa0s 6e at t1e 6ack i2 a policeman will 1an!c22 a
person3 +o i2 0o !e2en!/ i2 0o 6ecome a private prosector in t1e killin" o2 a
person w1o 0o 6elieve was a victim o2 salva"e/ pa0 attention to 1ow 1e was
1an!c22e!/ wit1 1is 1an!s at t1e 2ront or wit1 1is 1an!s at t1e 6ack3 I2 1e was
1an!c22e! wit1 1an!s in 2ront an! 1e is n!er csto!0 an! 1e is 6ein" 6ro"1t to
t1e station/ etc? t1ere col! 6e a !o6t especiall0 i2 1e was s1ot t1ere is prima
2acie evi!ence t1at 1e was salva"e!3 Becase i2 0o 1an!c22e! 1im wit1 1is
1an!s at 1is 6ack/ 1ow col! 1e possi6l0 "ra6 0or "n= T1e "0 cannot even
rn 2or a nm6er o2 meters i2 1is 1an!s is at t1e 6ack 6ecase 1e will not 1ave
an0 6alance?
I2 t1e respon!ent is not present/ t1at is w1en an0 mem6er o2 1is 2amil0 ma0 6e a
witness to t1e searc1 2or as lon" as t1e mem6er o2 1is 2amil0 is o2 s22icient a"e
an! !iscretion3 T1at is t1e alternative3 I2 t1e respon!ent or an0 mem6er o2 1is
2amil0 is not present/ t1en "et 2 competent in!epen!ent n6iase! witnesses w1o
are 6ot1 resi!ents o2 t1e same committee3 @o not invite t1e !rnkar!s in t1e
commnit03 .or t1e nei"16ors t1at 1ave a "r!"e a"ainst t1e owner o2 t1e 1ose
t1at is to 6e searc1e!3 T1e sal witnesses are t1ose w1o mst protect t1eir nameA
license! en"ineer/ a teac1er or an0 pro2essional/ or an0 person known in t1e
commnit0 2or 1is 1onest03 +o 0o ask amon" t1e resi!ents3 I2 t1e searc1 1as
6een con!cte! in violation o2 t1is article/ t1e searc1 will 6e treate! as i2 t1ere
are no witnesses3
T1e ne7t article is pro1i6ition/ interrption/ an! !issoltion o2 peace2l meetin"s3
Remem6er t1at peace2l meetin"s i2 !one in p6lic places ma0 6e re"late! 60
t1e local "overnment3 It is not an a6solte ri"1t to con!ct a peace2l meetin" in
a p6lic place3 +o 0o cannot sa0 t1at well we will 1ol! a meetin" at t1e (@+'
+1rine 6ecase it is a p6lic place3 Is it a p6lic place= T1e (@+' +1rine= :as it
6een !eclare! a c1rc1= (@i !in alam ni J!"e) 1ow a6ot t1e vicinit0= I2 t1ose
t1at are well-!resse! an! are known to 6e s0mpat1i5ers o2 t1e (@+' want to
1ol! a peace2l meetin" t1ere/ t1e0 can/ !i 6a= (1 1ow a6ot t1ose t1at !i! not
take a 6at1 2or 1 week= <ill t1e0 6e "iven an0 permit= @i 6a t1e0 !enie! t1e
permit= T1e0 s1oo! t1em awa0= T1at col! 6e consi!ere! as a violation o2 t1is
or a violation o2 t1eir ri"1ts3 T1e pro6lem is t1e peace2l meetin" 1ere ma0 6e
wit1 a permit or wit1ot a permit3 I2 it is wit1 a permit/ it is !one in a p6lic
place3 I2 it is wit1ot a permit/ it was !one in a private place an! t1at is le"al3 To
pro1i6it t1e same/ to interrpt t1e same or to !issolve t1e same is w1at is
pro1i6ite! 60 law3 Bo cannot &st interrpt a peace2l meetin" in a p6lic place
w1erein t1e0 were "iven a permit3 #r i2 it is !one in a private place even i2 t1ere
is no permit 0o cannot also interrpt t1em or !isrpt t1em nless o2 corse t1e
meetin" wol! amont to a meetin" o2 an ille"al association or it wol! 6e a
meetin" 2or prposes o2 committin" a crime3 T1at is t1e rle3 +o i2 0o sa0 t1at
t1e street is a p6lic place 2or t1e se o2 t1e people/ it can 6e re"late! 60 t1e
local at1orities especiall0 i2 it wol! a22ect p6lic or!er or p6lic sa2et0 t1en
t1e0 can on t1at "ron!s prevent t1e 1ol!in" o2 a peace2l meetin" or !isrpt or
even !issolve a peace2l meetin"3
Interrption o2 reli"ios wors1ip3 It is onl0 reli"ios cele6rations or reli"ios
ceremonies3 T1e pro6lem is we !on>t know t1is or"ani5ations w1ic1 are claimin"
to 6e a reli"ios "rop K w1et1er t1e0 can 6e consi!ere! as a reli"ion3 :ow a6ot
t1e "rop o2 (li +oriano= 'n" @atin" @oon= Can we call it a reli"ion= :ow
a6ot Brot1er %ike= Can we call (l +1a!!ai a reli"ion= :in!i e13 :ow a6ot
0n" ka0 (cleo/ etc? can we call t1em a reli"ion= T1ere is a !e2inition o2
reli"ion w1ic1 t1e0 1ave not met3 I"lesia .i Cristo an! '"lipa0ans/ t1e0 1ave
6een reco"ni5e! 60 t1e +preme Cort as a reli"ion3 Je1ova>s <itnesses/ in
(6ralina" v3 +perinten!ent o2 Ce6/ 1as 6een consi!ere! as a reli"ion3 Is a Born
'"ain or a C1ristian Reli"ion can 6e consi!ere! as a reli"ion= T1e +C sai! t1at it
is not a reli"ion 6t onl0 a mani2estation o2 one>s reli"ios 6elie23 T1e +C !i! not
sa0 in $eople v3 Heneracion t1at it is a reli"ion/ i2 0o st!0 t1e !ecision o2 t1e
+C in t1is respect3

+ept3 1/ 2003
%n# pu!lic officer or emplo#ee who shall prohi!it or interrupt the holding of
a peaceful meeting shall !e lia!le under %rticle &. <1en 0o sa0 peace2l
meetin"/ it is actall0 allowe! 60 law an! t1at t1e prpose o2 t1e meetin" is not
an0 o2 t1ose t1at wol! 6e in violation o2 t1e provision o2 t1e R$C or 2or an0
immoral prpose3 <e can pro1i6it peace2l meetin" i2 it !oes not con2orm wit1
t1e rles an! re"lations o2 t1e local "overnments 6ecase t1e local "overnments
are allowe! to re"late even peace2l meetin"3 +a0 2or e7ample/ 0o went in t1e
mi!!le o2 (@+'/ 0o want to 1ol! a peace2l meetin" t1ere 6t t1en it wol!
a22ect tra22ic/ it wol! a22ect t1e 2low t1e transportation/ it wol! a22ect so man0
commters/ so it can 6e pro1i6ite! 60 t1e "overnment3 Bo cannot also 1ol! a
peace2l meetin" in ot1er places w1ic1 wol! natrall0 a22ect also t1e ri"1ts o2
ot1ers3 Bo are not onl0 sppose! to t1ink onl0 o2 0or ri"1t 6t 0o 1ave to take
into consi!eration also t1e ri"1ts o2 ot1er people3 I2 t1e two ri"1ts clas1es/
sall0 t1e one w1o 1as a more important ri"1t t1an t1e ot1er s1all prevail3
<1en/ 1owever/ t1e meetin"s are in private places/ t1ere is no pro6lem t1ere/ no
one can re"late t1at e7cept t1e owner o2 t1e esta6lis1ment3
Interruption of religious worship or manifestations of an# religion3 T1ere is
no pro6lem wit1 t1at3 Remem6er t1e cases o2 I"lesia ni Cristo an! anot1er
reli"ion3 Bt t1en in t1e case o2 I"lesia ni Cristo w1ere t1e preac1er was rea!in"
t1e 6i6le t1en 1e !elivere! 1is sermon t1en t1e0 !istr6e! or interrpte! t1e
same/ accor!in" to t1e +C/ it is .#T in violation o2 'rt 132 o2 R$C 6t it is in
violation o2 'rt3 1313 Bt w1en sa0 2or e7ample/ 10 or 20 persons were insi!e a
room or a 6il!in" t1en t1e0 are 1avin" t1eir pra0ers an! t1e same is interrpte!/
it is covere! 60 'rt 132 o2 t1e R$C3
'ffending the religious feelings of the faithful?nakJ 'ctall0/ it is
committe! in a place o2 wors1ip or w1ile t1ere is a marria"e ceremon0 or a
mani2estation o2 a reli"ios wors1ip t1at an0 act t1at wol! ten! or t1at is
o22en!in" to t1e 2eelin"s o2 t1e 2ait12l 6t t1en t1e 2ait12l actall0 are ver0
mc1 seriosl0 a22ecte! 60 it?t1en t1at is t1e onl0 time it wol! 6ecome a
crime3 It is not actall0 t1e 2eelin" o2 t1e C1rc1 or an06o!0 else 6t it is t1e
2eelin" o2 t1e 2ait12l t1at is sppose! to 6e t1e 6asis 2or t1e commission o2 t1e
crime3 I2 it is committe! in t1e place o2 reli"ios wors1ip/ it is not nee!e! 2or t1e
people to 6e present3 #nl0 w1en it is actall0 an o22ense to t1eir 6elie2 an! !rin"
a mani2estation o2 t1eir reli"ios 6elie2 t1at t1eir presence is re4ire!3 +o/ in one
case !eci!e! 60 t1e +C/ t1e scatterin" o2 t1e 1man e7creta in a c1rc1 even
wit1ot t1e 2ait12l 6ein" present/ it is consi!ere! o22ensive to t1e reli"ios
2eelin"s o2 t1e 2ait12l3 .atrall0/ not onl0 t1e smell is o22ensive 6t t1e act o2 t1e
person w1o !i! it3 Bo7in" a priest w1ile t1e priest is sa0in" a mass/ t1at is
o22ensive to t1e reli"ios 2eelin"s o2 t1e 2ait12l3
FA %st t1e reli"ios or"ani5ations claimin" to 6e sc1/ 6e re"istere! 6e2ore
6ein" lia6le n!er t1is provision=
J!"eA I cannot answer 0o t1at 6ecase not even t1e law sa0s it 1as to 6e
re"istere!3 Bt t1ere was a case w1ere t1e0 !i! not consi!er t1e same as
o22ensive to t1e reli"ios 2eelin"s 6ecase instea! o2 t1e or" 6ein" consi!ere! as
a reli"ion/ it is merel0 consi!ere! as an association o2 persons 2or prposes o2
6elievin" on somet1in"3 Like t1e clts/ t1e0 are not reli"ionsJ Is t1e or" o2 (cleo
o2 +ri"ao a reli"ion= T1ere are so man0 c1ar"es even in t1e .ort13 :ow a6ot
t1e p0rami! o2 -i6loi= @on>t 0o know t1at3 -i6loi is constrctin" a p0rami!
somew1ere in $an"asinan "oin" to %anaoa"3 <1at is 1e "oin" to !o wit1 t1at=
(1/ nan""alin" lan" ka0 (rnie Baron 0an" p0rami! na 0n e13 Bt so man0
people 6elieve! in it3
<e "o to Re!ellion and Coup d etat3 <1at is t1e !i22erence 6etween re6ellion
an! cop !> etat= Re6ellion is committe! 60 an0 person w1o 60 means o2 p6lic
prisin" or takin" p o2 arms a"ainst t1e *overnment inten!s to take awa0 t1e
alle"iance o2 t1e people 2rom its "overnment or take awa0 t1e people>s territor0
or to take an0 militar0 naval or ot1er militar0 installations or to take awa0 t1e
powers o2 t1e $resi!ent o2 t1e $1ilippines3 T1ere mst 6e 13) a p6lic prisin"P
23) takin" p o2 arms a"ainst t1e "overnmentP 33) an! t1e prpose mst
6e to take awa0 t1e alle"iance o2 t1e people 2rom t1eir own "overnment or to
take an0 part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines or its militar0 naval installations
or to !eprive t1e $resi!ent o2 1er;1is powers3
<1en 0o compare it to cop !> etat t1e comparison is a6ot t1e means o2
committin" t1e crime3 In cop !> etat/ t1e commission o2 t1e crime is
accompanie! wit1 violence/ stealt1/ strate"0 etc3 committe! 60 mem6ers o2 t1e
'9$ or t1e militar0 or t1e police or an0 p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee an! t1eir
prpose is to take over t1e "ov>t itsel2 or an0 o2 its militar0 or naval installations
or an0 means o2 telecommnications wit1 or wit1ot t1e participation o2 t1e
civilian poplation3 It can 6e committe! sin"l0 or collectivel03 Bo 1ave 1a!
0or own e7perience as an a!lt 6ecase in 1ILI?1ow man0 0ears a"o= '1/
0o are not 0et a!lts3 +o/ t1is is 0or 2irst time to enconter sc1 a torist
attraction3 Bt t1en t1ere is a lot o2 4estion t1at even t1e @#J cannot make 1ea!
or tails/ t1e0 cannot !etermine w1et1er it is cop !>etat or it is re6ellion3 #2
corse/ I 1ave personal knowle!"e t1at t1e 1
st
case t1at t1e0 2ile! is a"ainst
Car!enas an! it is 2or re6ellion3 9or t1e same inci!ent/ t1e0 2ile! a"ainst t1e
%a"!alo "rop a case o2 cop !> etat3 T1e two are !i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er
arisin" 2rom t1e same inci!ent3 I t1ink t1at t1e0 1ave a lot o2 e7plainin" to !o an!
t1e0 1ave a lot o2 pro6lem3 It cannot 6e !one 6ecase it wol! constitte as
2orm s1oppin"3 It wol! reslt to 2 &!"ments or or!ers to 6e isse! 60 t1e
corts w1ic1 ma0 6e in con2lict or contrar0 to eac1 ot1er3 +o/ t1e0 1ave to pt
t1eir act to"et1er an! c1ar"e onl0 t1ese people o2 one crime an! t1e0 s1ol! not
2ile so man0 cases/ onl0 one case 6ec3 it arise ot o2 one criminal intent3 T1is is a
2elon0 or a crime covere! 60 t1e R$C an! it re4ires a criminal intent an! t1e
case t1at s1ol! 6e 2ile! s1ol! 1ave onl0 one criminal intent3 T1ere col! 6e no
mltiple criminal intents 1ere3 T1e pro6lem 1ere t1at I can see is t1e participation
o2 eac1 an! ever0 o22en!er?t1ere are t1ose w1o were not "rante! 6ail w1en t1e0
are mere 2ollowers3 <1at is t1e penalt0 2or a mere 2ollower in re6ellion or cop
!> etat= Reclsion Temporal nless m0 recollection is not an0more to 6e trste!3
'n! i2 its reclsion temporal/ 6ail is a matter o2 ri"1t3 It is onl0 t1ose w1o are
consi!ere! lea!ers/ 2inanciers/ or"ani5ers/ t1o"1 in case t1e lea!ers are
nknownQt1ose w1o speaks 2or t1e "rop/ s1all 6e consi!ere! as lea!ers3 T1e
pro6lem o2 t1ese people in t1e %a"!alo "rop/ i!inawit n" i!inawit an" m"a
kasama 6ec ever06o!0 wants to talk3 T1e moment t1at 0o speak 2or t1e "rop/
pata0 kaQno 6ail 6ec t1e penalt0 is reclsion perpeta3 I t1ink it is not planne!
so well 6t it ma0 1ave 6een planne! in or!er to !ivert t1e attention o2 t1e
at1orities into w1at crime reall0 was committe! 60 t1em3 T1e ot1er pro6lem
t1at I can see is w1et1er t1e act o2 askin" t1e $resi!ent to step !own is an act to
!eprive to !eprive 1er or 1er powers3 .ow/ let>s tr0 to anal05e onl0 2or t1e
prposes o2 aca!emic !iscssions 6ec we !o not know all t1e 2acts3 Let s
sppose t1at it is tre t1at t1ese people srreptitiosl0 entere! t1e #akwoo!3 I2 it
is a cop !> etat/ is it a swi2t attack on an0 o2 t1e "ov>t installations= <1at is in
t1e crime o2 cop !> etat= <1ere is t1e swi2t attack to 6e !irecte!=?e1/ pro
2orei"ners an" nan!n e13 T1e0 sai! t1at t1e onl0 important person t1ere is t1e
am6assa!or o2 'stralia3 (1/ 0o know 1e can &mp easil0 6ec 1e comes 2rom
t1e place o2 t1e kan"aroos3 :e1e1e Bt !i! t1e0 sei5e an0 means o2
commnication3 <1at !i! t1e0 sei5e t1ere= <ol! t1ere 6e a complete presence
o2 a cop !> etat t1ere in 0or opinion= (4B-none) Base! on t1eir testimonies/ we
!on>t know 0et 6ec we !on>t 1ave actal 2acts3
:ow a6ot re6ellion= Re6ellion is t1e risin" p6licl0 an! takin" p o2 arms
a"ainst t1e "ov>t t1e prpose o2 w1ic1 is to take awa0 t1e alle"iance o2 t1e
people 2rom t1e "ov>t or to take awa0 an0 part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines
2rom t1e "ov>t or naval/ militar0 or an0 ot1er installations or to !eprive t1e
$resi!ent o2 1er e7ective powers an! prero"atives3 T1ere is a le"al 4estion
1ere3 T1ere is a p6lic prisin"/ t1ere>s no 4estion a6ot t1at3 T1ere is a takin"
p o2 arms a"ainst t1e "ov>t?t1ere were !ispla0 o2 2irearms an! 6om6?no
pro6lem3 T1e pro6lem t1ere is provin" t1eir intention to take part o2 t1e territor0
o2 t1e $1ilippines3 '1/ 8partN?#akwoo!3 It>s a part o2 t1e territor03 %e!0o we
1ave to anal05e3 T1e place w1ere #akwoo! is is a part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e
contr0 so papasok !n 0n3 'not1er prpose ma06e is to !eprive t1e $resi!ent
o2 1er powers an! prero"atives so ma06e it will 6e alon" t1e line o2 re6ellion3
Bt t1en t1ink a6ot se!ition3 Becase 1ere t1e o22en!ers are militar0 o22icers so
i2 t1e militar0 o22icers are not per2ormin" t1eir !ties an! t1e0 are actin" in t1eir
civilian capacit0/ we can>t consi!er t1at as wit1in t1e am6it o2 re6ellion3 Bt t1e0
are militar0 o22icers3 Col! t1e0 6e in t1e actal per2ormance o2 t1eir !ties=
T1e0 are sa0in" 0es 6ec t1e0 are !oin" it in or!er to save t1e nation 2rom t1ese
people3 T1ere are a lot o2 pro6lem t1at we 1ave to solve in t1is case3
FA In cop !> etat/ w1at !oes t1e term 8!irecte! a"ainst !l0 constitte!
at1orities o2 t1e Rep6lic o2 t1e $1ilippinesN entail=
J!"eA T1e act o2 takin" over installations/ means o2 commnications etc is
!irecte! towar!s t1e at1orities3 Is t1ere an0 provision a6ot cop !> etat t1at a
part o2 t1e territor0 o2 t1e $1ilippines is sppose! to 1ave 6een taken over 60
t1em an! t1at it is !irecte! towar!s t1e "ov>t at1orities= T1e prpose o2 cop !>
etat is ver0 !e2inite3
's o2 t1e moment/ t1e0 at1orities cannot make p t1eir min!3 Car!enas was
c1ar"e! o2 re6ellion3 T1en t1e0 c1ar"e! Trillanes an! co3 wit1 cop !> etat3 Bt
t1ere is onl0 one inci!ent3 Can 0o !ivi!e a sin"le inci!ent to two or more
crimes/ 0o cannot/ 0o 1ave to c1oose w1ic1 o2 t1e crimes t1e0 1ave
committe!/ ot1erwise/ i2 t1e0 are not in2orme! o2 t1e natre an! case o2 t1e
accsation a"ainst t1em/ 0o violate t1eir constittional ri"1t to 6e in2orme!3
FA Can t1e civilian 6e c1ar"e! wit1 cop !> etat even i2 it is sai! t1at it can onl0
6e committe! 60 t1e militar0 o22icers or emplo0ees=
J!"eA Bes/ i2 1e assiste!3 Look at a certain portion o2 t1e law on cop !> etat?
8wit1 or wit1ot t1e assistance o2 civiliansN3 +o/ t1e civilians t1ere can 6e
c1ar"e! even as a 2inancier/ as an or"ani5er 6t actall0 t1e civilian can onl0 6e a
co-or"ani5er to"et1er wit1 a man in ni2orm or a "ov>t o22icer or emplo0ee3 T1at
is t1e w1ole pro6lem a6ot it e13 Reall0/ I am still at a 4an!ar0 at t1is point3
Look at t1e penalt0 2or re6ellion an! cop !> etat3 Its onl0 t1e lea!ers/ t1e
or"ani5ers/ t1e 2inanciers an! t1ose w1o speaks 2or t1em t1at are consi!ere! as
lea!ers are pnis1a6le wit1 reclsion perpeta3 T1ose w1o are merel0 2ollowers
wol! s22er onl0 a penalt0 o2 reclsion temporal an! t1ere2ore t1e0 are entitle!
as a matter o2 ri"1t to 6ail3 T1is is not a crime w1ere t1e penalt0 is reclsion
perpeta to !eat13 T1e most severe penalt0 t1at col! 6e impose! is reclsion
perpeta3 I2 t1e lea!ers etc are sppose! to 6e pnis1e! 60 t1at penalt0/ t1e
2ollowers are sppose! to 6e sentence! onl0 2or a penalt0 o2 reclsion temporal3
Bo !on>t 1ave to 2ile a motion 2or t1em to 6e a!mitte! to 6ail/ no more3 T1e0
are entitle! to 6ail as a matter o2 ri"1t3 It is t1e cort t1at s1ol! 2i7 t1e 6ail3 Bo
cannot !en0 t1em to t1eir constittional ri"1t to 6ail3
.ow/ let>s "o to (edition3 T1ere mst 6e a tmltos prisin" an! t1e prpose
are ver0 !e2inite K 13) to prevent t1e proclamation o2 an0 law or 1ol!in" o2 a
poplar election R it>s not t1at 6ecase t1ere is no law t1at is 6ein" prevente!
2rom 6ein" proclaime! an! t1ere is no poplar election t1at is so"1t to 6e
prevente!3 $ro6a6l0 2004/ i2 t1e0 onl0 sai! t1at t1eir intention is to prevent t1e
1ol!in" o2 a poplar election/ it mi"1t 2all n!er se!ition3 Becase w1en 0o sa0
tmltos prisin"/ it mst 6e !one 60 at least 4 persons w1o are provi!e! wit1
means o2 violence/ t1at is t1e meanin" o2 tmltos3 )n!er t1e law/ 1owever/
on !eat1 !e to tmltos a22ra0 or p10sical in&ries !e to tmltos a22ra0/
t1e movements o2 t1e o22en!ers an! t1e o22en!e! parties t1ere are in a con2se!
an! !isoriente! manner/ &st like t1ese instances w1ere t1ere are rm6les etc3 t1at
is w1ere 0o consi!er it tmltos3 Jst like t1e (@+' 3/ it was tmltos/
t1ere was no !irection3 (ver06o!0 comes 2rom an alle0/ 0o !on>t know w1et1er
t1e0 take a 6at1 or not3 <1at is t1e ne7t prpose?23) prevent t1e .ational *ov>t
to 2reel0 e7ercise its 2nction R so w1en 0o ask t1e presi!ent to step !own or to
leave t1e #22ice o2 t1e $resi!enc0/ t1at wol! mean t1at 0o are askin" t1e
$resi!ent to a6!icate an! prevent t1e $resi!ent 2rom e7ercisin" 1er !ties3 T1e
t1ir! is !i22erent?33) to in2lict an act o2 1ate or reven"e a"ainst an0 p6lic
o22icer or emplo0ee3 'n! t1e 2ort1 an! t1e 2i2t1/ t1ese are all 2or political an!
social en!s3
<e are reall0 at a loss now3 T1e pro6lem 2rt1er is e7acer6ate! 60 t1e 2act t1at
t1ere are t1ose w1o were not at #akwoo!3 In or!er t1at a person ma0 6e 1el!
criminall0 lia6le 2or re6ellion/ 1e mst 1ave taken a !irect participation in t1e
commission o2 re6ellion3 T1ere is no attempte! re6ellion or 2rstrate! re6ellion?
none3 T1e mere attempt or 2rstration is alrea!0 a consmmation o2 t1e crime o2
re6ellion as lon" as 0o 1ave taken part in t1e attempt3 I2 0o are sccess2l/ 0o
cannot 6e pnis1e!3 Bo !on>t violate an0 law/ it is w1en 0o are nsccess2l in
t1e re6ellion t1at 0o "et pnis1e!3 Look w1at 1appene! to Cor0 an! compan0/ i2
t1e re6ellion t1en !i! not sccee! in topplin" !own %arcos/ t1e0 wol! 1ave
6een c1ar"e! o2 re6ellion?tapos sila3 Bt t1e0 sccee!e! t1at>s w10 all t1eir
acts are le"al incl!in" t1e mass resi"nations o2 p6lic o22icers an! emplo0ees/
t1e s6stittion o2 ol! mem6ers o2 t1e +C/ etc3 <e were all t1en aske! to resi"n3
It was a !irective t1at we s6mit or 8cortes0N resi"nation3 'ctall0/ it>s a
2orce! resi"nation 6ec at t1at time we 1ave a re6el constittion3
T1e onl0 sta"es o2 re6ellion an! cop !> etat are $roposal an! Conspirac03 #ne
area o2 concern t1at I 1ave is spposin" t1at 0o 1ave alrea!0 committe!
conspirac0 to commit re6ellion333meanin" t1at a proposal 1as 6een ma!e to 0o
an! t1at 0o a"ree! to t1e proposal an! !eci!e! to commit re6ellion3 Bt w1en
re6ellion is alrea!0 a6ot to take place/ 0o s!!enl0 trne! c1icken/ 0o !o not
want an0more to participate in t1e re6ellion/ 0o went to 0or 1ome province3
.ow/ 4estion/ can 0o still 6e 1el! lia6le 2or conspirac0 to commit re6ellion=
Col! t1ere 6e a sta"e o2 spontaneos !esistance in re6ellion consi!erin" t1at it is
a crime a"ainst t1e provision o2 t1e R$C= T1e0 sa0/ 1owever/ t1at t1ere is none
6ec t1ere col! 6e onl0 spontaneos !esistance in t1e event o2 an attempt or an
attempte! 2elon03 Bt as we know t1e natre o2 attempte! o2 re6ellion is in t1e
natre o2 a proposal3 'n! acc!" to t1e law/ 0o are onl0 sppose! to 6e lia6le i2
0o take !irect an! active part in t1e crime o2 re6ellion3 +o/ t1is is an area w1ic1
is pre"nant wit1 meanin"s3 Bo can !e2en! 0or stan! eit1er wa03 T1ere is no
&rispr!ence3 's I sai!/ cop !> etat came ot onl0 as a law in 1II1/ I 6elieve3
'2ter t1eir e7periences !rin" t1e times w1en *rin"o/ t1e "reat %e7ican-
'merican-9ilipino/ sta"e! several attempts an! 1e was not sccess2l3 .ow/ 1e is
still not sccess2l3 <1en will 1e 6e sccess2l= :e1e1e I !on>t know?I can>t
tell 0o w1at crime is committe! in #akwoo!3 #ka03
)islo#alt# of pu!lic officers or emplo#ees. 'n0 person w1o possesses all t1e
means to resist a re6ellion an! 2aile! to !o t1e same s1all 6e "ilt0 o2 !islo0alt03
T1ese are t1e cowar!s3 Bt n!er t1e law/ it speaks onl0 o2 re6ellion/ it !oes not
speak o2 se!ition nor cop !> etat3 +o/ 0o will ask pro6a6l0 8sir/ w1at wol!
1appen i2 t1ese people 2aile! to resist a cop !> etat 6t t1e0 1ave t1e necessar0
means= Can we pnis1 t1em=N (1/ spposin" t1at is a 4estion in t1e 6ar3
%eron?in C' 40L/ 0es?I researc1e!3 1e1e1e C' 40L as amen!e! 60 R'
E0,,3 'n! I>ll point to 0o t1e e7act provision o2 t1e law?its I t1ink?in 'rt3
DL3 :ere it is3 8'n0 o22icer or sol!ier/ w1o 6ein" present at an0 mtin0 or
se!ition?N t1e wor! mtin0 1ere is actall0 cop !> etat3 Be2ore t1e law on cop
!>etat was passe!/ it is actall0 a mtin03 <1en 0or own sol!iers trn a"ainst
0o/ t1at is mtin03 T1is is w1at 1appene! 1ere3 To contine 8?!oes not se 1is
tmost en!eavor to sppress t1e same or knowin" or 1avin" reason to 6elieve
t1at a mtin0 or se!ition is to take place/ !oes not wit1ot !ela0 "ive in2ormation
t1ereo2 to 1is comman!in" o22icer s1all s22er !eat1 or sc1 ot1er pnis1ment as
t1e cort ma0 !irect3N T1is 1as not 6een amen!e! 1a/ an! t1is is covere! 60
Cort %ars1all 6ec R' E0,,/ alt1o"1 it stren"t1ens t1e civilian spremac0 over
t1e militar0 6ec it was not incl!e! in !islo0alt0 o2 p6lic o22icers or emplo0ees
t1en it 2alls n!er militar0 law3 T1e penalt0 o2 !eat13 T1is is w1at we call
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) 1,
8cowar!iceN in militar0 parlance3 (1 tinak61an mo e1/ alam mo3 T1is law is
important3 I>ll "ive 0o a cop0 o2 t1is incl!in" t1e 8'rticles o2 <arN w1ic1 is
C' 40L3 It>s 1i"1 time t1at 0o s1ol! 6e 2amiliar wit1 t1is 6ec o2 t1e 4estion
at #akwoo! an! ot1er 4estions t1at ma0 arise in t1e 2tre3
In re"ar! to Inciting to re!ellion*inciting to sedition/ t1ere is no pro6lem wit1
t1ese3 T1e onl0 t1in" t1at 0o 1ave to remem6er 1ere is t1at t1e o22en!er mst
not 1ave committe! an act o2 re6ellion or conspirac0 to commit an act o2
re6ellion or conspirac0 to commit se!ition or se!ition itsel23 %eanin" 1e is still
n!eci!e!/ 1owever/ 1e incite! ot1ers to commit an0 acts o2 se!ition or re6ellion
60 means o2 1is speec1es/ 6anners/ etc3 t1ese are t1e t1in"s t1at 0o s1ol!
remem6er in connection wit1 incitin" to re6ellion or incitin" to se!ition3 T1ere
1ave 6een ot1er instances w1ere t1ose w1o committe! acts o2 incitin" to se!ition
1ave 6een committin" acts o2 re6ellion alrea!0 or se!ition3 :owever/ t1e 2act is
t1at 0o 1ave to prove t1at t1e0 1ave committe! acts o2 re6ellion or se!ition3
Remem6er t1at re6ellion is a continin" o22ense3 T1is pts into a serios 4estion
t1e act o2 e22ectin" warrantless arrest a"ainst t1ose w1o are in t1e act o2 or prior
to t1e commission o2 re6ellion3 <ol! 0o consi!er conspirac0 to commit
re6ellion as a continin" o22ense= .o/ it is onl0 re6ellion3 T1ere2ore/ 0o cannot
arrest a person w1o is committin" onl0 an act o2 conspirac0 to commit re6ellion3
.eit1er col! 0o arrest a person 2or conspirac0 to commit cop !> etat3 It is
consi!ere! as continin" crime 6ec o2 t1e !iscssion in t1e +enate an! in t1e
:ose o2 Rep w1en t1ese laws are 6ein" amen!e! esp t1e passa"e o2 t1e law on
cop !> etat3 It was t1e position o2 t1e Con"ressmen t1en t1at t1e crime o2
re6ellion is a prolon"e! str""le 2or t1e prpose o2 overt1rowin" t1e "ov>t t1at is
w10 it is consi!ere! as continin"3 I2 it is a crime t1at i2 committe! ri"1t now/ it
en!s t1ere/ it col! not 6e a continin" crime3 T1e moment t1at t1ere is a p6lic
prisin"/ t1ere is a takin" p o2 arms/ t1ere is no reslt 0et o2 t1e p6lic prisin"
an! t1e takin" p o2 arms/ it takes a lon" time in or!er to ac1ieve t1eir prpose
t1en t1at is w10 it is consi!ere! as a continin" crime3 +o/ t1at is t1e e7planation
w10 re6ellion is a continin" crime an! t1at t1e o22en!er at an0 sta"e o2 t1e
re6ellion is eli"i6le to 6ecome a can!i!ate 2or warrantless arrest3 T1at is t1e case
o2 )mil v3 Ramos an! companion cases3 T1ose cases/ remem6er t1em3 Cite t1em
in t1e event t1at 0o are aske! a 4estion as to w10 re6ellion is a continin"
crime3
Re6ellion cannot 6e comple7e! wit1 an0 ot1er crime3 T1e0 are all a6sor6e! i2 it
is in 2rt1erance o2 re6ellion?0o steal/ 0o kill/ 0o 6rn/ etc3 0o rape3
'lt1o"1 rape 1as 6een trans2erre! to crime a"ainst persons/ t1e 2act is t1at it is
still consi!ere! a private crime3 It is onl0 t1e 2act o2 trans2er 2or prposes o2
prosectin" t1e same de oficio wit1ot t1e nee! o2 participation 60 t1e o22en!e!
part03 T1e same rle applies to cop !> etat3 T1e0 can prolon" t1e same3 It will
start 2rom a swi2t attack/ t1en t1e emplo0ment o2 2orce/ violence/ intimi!ation
an! t1e prpose is almost t1e same3 Bt t1en in re6ellion/ some o2 t1e prposes
t1ere are !i22erent 2rom cop !> etat3
FA <1at i2 t1e people w1o are committin" re6ellion mana"e! to take 1osta"e t1e
$resi!ent an! t1e $resi!ent 1as a !a"1ter3 T1ese people t1reatene! to rape 1er
!a"1ter i2 t1e0 wol! not trans2er control o2 t1e "ov>t to t1em3 +o/ its in
2rt1erance o2 t1e?
J!"eA ?actall0/ t1at was a 4estion t1at I propon!e! a6ot , 0ears a"o in an
e7am3 %a06e 0o "ot 1ol! o2 m0 e7ams 4estion3 (T1on0A &!"e/ I &st t1o"1t
o2 it now3 )
J!"eA T1ere were so man0 answers !i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er3 T1e rape t1ere is
.#T actall0 one t1at satis2ies t1e lst o2 t1e o22en!er3 T1e prpose t1ere is an
assalt pon t1e woman1oo! o2 t1e "irl in or!er to ac1ieve t1e prpose o2 t1e
re6els3 I t1ink it is a6sor6e!3 T1at>s t1e answer t1at I "ave/ 6ec I sall0 answer
m0 e7am 4estions 6t its &st onl0 in m0 !ata6ank w1ic1 I am keepin" in m0
compter3 're t1ere an0 more 4estions=
<ell/ R' L2I4 a6sor6s ille"al possession o2 2irearms e7plicitl0 an! t1ere is no
conse4ence o2 1avin" an ille"all0 possesse! 2irearm in crimes o2 re6ellion/
se!ition an! cop !> etat3 It is simpl0 a6sor6e!/ no a""ravatin" circmstance3 Let
s see3
CRI%(+ '*'I.+T $#$)L'R R($R(+(.T'TI#.
'2ter t1is/ t1ere are ot1er provisions o2 t1e law to !iscss3 %rticle +& is actall0
one o2 t1e crimes o2 poplar representations3 T1is sall0 1appens w1en an0
person w1o 60 means o2 2ra! or 2orce s1all prevent t1e meetin" o2 t1e .ational
'ssem6l0 or an0 o2 its committees or s6committees or an0 o2 t1e constittional
commissions or committees or !ivisions t1ereo2/ or o2 an0 provincial 6oar! or
cit0 or mnicipal concil or 6oar!3 To 6e ver0 clear a6ot it/ t1e le"islative 6o!0
t1at is sppose! to 6e covere! onl0 60 t1is provision is onl0 p to t1e mnicipal
6oar!3 T1e +an""nian" Br"0 or +3-3 are .#T covere! 60 t1is3 T1ere 1ave 6een
instances w1en 2ra! ma0 6e emplo0e! in or!er to prevent a mem6er o2 t1e
.ational 'ssem6l0 2rom atten!in"3 +a0 2or e7ample/ t1e sec3 o2 an0 committee or
s6committee is partial to one o2 t1ose n!er investi"ations/ so s1e calle! all t1e
mem6ers tellin" t1em t1at t1e c1airman o2 t1e committee 1as !eci!e! to
postpone t1e meetin" 2or t1e ne7t mont1?0o !on>t 1ave to appear to!a03 +o/ all
t1e mem6ers !i! not appear an! it came to t1e attention o2 t1e c1airman t1at it
was t1e sec3 o2 t1e committee w1o ma!e sc1 misrepresentation/ t1ere2ore/ t1ere
is 2ra!3 9orce?0o actall0 point a "n at t1em so t1at t1e0 cannot atten!3
)istur!ance or disruption of the proceedings. T1e !istr6ance mst 6e wit1
t1e intent to cast !is1onor or not !is1onor to actall0 s1ow !isrespect to t1e
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) 1D
6oar! itsel2 or t1e 6o!0 to interrpt its procee!in"s3 T1ere are instances w1ere we
6elieve t1at t1e act o2 certain in!ivi!als 60 reason o2 t1e 6e1avior o2 t1ose
atten!in" t1e same/ even i2 it cases !isrption as lon" as t1ere is no criminal
intent to !isrpt t1e same wol! not 6e a violation o2 t1is article nor sc1 acts
t1at wol! impair t1e respect !e to sc1 6o!0/ it is not consi!ere! a violation o2
t1e law3 Bo know 1ow it is in t1e contr0/ 0o 1ave seen t1e tantrms o2 t1ose
in t1e Con"ress an! t1ose people in t1e "aller03 T1ere was a time w1en a
Con"ressman 2rom !own in %in!anao/ I t1ink 1is name is @elan"alen/ 1e is
actall0 a ver0 articlate person 6t t1e pro6lem is 1e is sall0 at t1e opposin"
si!e o2 w1at is poplar t1at is w10 1e is receivin" all t1e interrptions/ t1e
impairment o2 1is speec1es3 Bt t1en 1e !oes not react/ 1e took t1em in stri!e3
#ne w1o was not a6le to control 1er temper was +enator +antia"o w1en s1e saw
2 women 2rom t1e ric1 commnities 1ere/ I t1ink s1e reco"ni5es t1em3 +1e
claime! t1at t1e0 are impairin" t1e respect !e to 1er3 .o?it mst 6e !e to t1e
committee or t1e 6o!0 itsel2?not to a particlar Con"ressman or mem6er o2 t1e
committee or s6committee3
T1en we 1ave $iolation of parliamentar# immunit#. 'n0 person w1o violates
t1e parliamentar0 immnit0 o2 an0 mem6er o2 Con"ress w1et1er t1e same was
committe! !rin" a special or re"lar session an! t1e mem6er o2 Con"ress is
"oin" to an! 2rom atten!in" t1e meetin" in Con"ress 60 2orcin" 1im or
t1reatenin" 1im not to atten! t1e session or 2rom t1e meetin" o2 t1e 'ssem6l0 or
even preventin" 1im 2rom e7pressin" 1is opinion or castin" 1is votes or
searc1in" 1im or arrestin" 1im 2or an0 crime t1e penalt0 o2 w1ic1 is D 0ears or
less s1all 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le n!er t1is article3 Bo 1ave to c1an"e t1e last
wor! in 'rticle 14,/ instea! o2 prision ma0or/ its sppose! to 6e prision
correccional3 T1ere is no pro6lem in t1e prevention o2 t1e mem6ers o2 Con"ress
2rom atten!in" or 2rom e7pressin" 1is opinion or 2rom castin" 1is vote3 T1e
pro6lem is arrestin" 1im or searc1in" 1im3 T1e wor! 8searc1N is actall0 a wor!
t1at is ver0 important to Con"ressman3 <ill it incl!e violation o2 special laws=
T1e parliamentar0 immnit0 o2 a mem6er o2 Con"ress in re"ar! to searc1 an!
arrest are onl0 2or crimes pnis1a6le n!er t1e R$C an! !oes not cover violations
o2 special laws3 I2 t1e Con"ressman is violatin" a special law even i2 t1e crime is
pnis1a6le 60 less t1an D 0ears/ 1e is not immne3 <1at will appl0 t1en is 1is
constittional ri"1t a"ainst ille"al searc1es an! sei5re3 'n! t1e evi!ence t1at
ma0 6e o6taine! a"ainst 1im s1all 6e !isallowe! 2orm a!mission3 +o/ i2 a
con"ressman is seen pla0in" cara y cru% in violation o2 $@ 1D02/ 0o can arrest
1im even i2 1e is "oin" to an! 2rom Con"ress3 :e violate! t1e law on 2irearms?
pasok pa rin s0a3 <1at is pro1i6ite! onl0 is o2 corse/ t1e searc1 w1en t1e
2irearm is not in plain view/ t1e 2irearm is ina!missi6le in evi!ence an! 0o
cannot convict 1im3 Bo cannot ka1it na !maan pa 0an n" le77s o pe"ass3
:owever/ i2 1e commits acts o2 lasciviosness in $e"ass/ 0o cannot arrest 1im
6ec it is pnis1a6le n!er R$C 6t t1e penalt0 is onl0 prision correccional3 #r
esta2a/ wa" lan" lalaki3 I2 0o are "oin" to look at 'rt3 31,/ i2 t1e amont is less
t1an $D/000 t1e penalt0 cannot e7cee! prision correccional3 +o/ oor!er s0a less
t1an $D/000/ meron 6an" or!er !n na less t1an $D/000/ si"ro Coke lan" no1
tsaka mani3 Remem6er 1a/ I will repeat/ i2 t1e violation is a"ainst a special
law/ parliamentar0 immnit0 !oes not appl0 n!er t1e R$C3 :ow a6ot in t1e
Constittion= T1at is t1e pro6lem3 <1at is t1e provision n!er t1e Consti in
connection wit1 t1e parliamentar0 immnit0 o2 a mem6er o2 Con"ress3 @oes it
involve all crimes or all o22enses= 'll o22enses 0an e13 +o/ i2 0o are "oin" to
invoke parliamentar0 immnit0 n!er t1e R$C/ ito lan"3 Bt i2 0o invoke
parliamentar0 immnit0 n!er t1e Consti/ wala nan" maramin" sapan?li6re pa
rin3
FA (9ollowin" 4estion S3 in $oli mi!terms) Con"ressman Cr5 was convicte! o2
sli"1t p10sical in&ries an! sentence! 2or imprisonment 2or 1, !a0s3 T1e !ecision
6ecame 2inal3 T1e cort or!ere! a !ecision 2or 1is imprisonment3 :e ar"e! t1at
1e cannot 6e imprisone! since con"ress is in session3 Is t1is ar"ment tena6le=
J!"eA Imprisone!?not searc1e! or arreste!3 :is ar"ment is correct/ 1e cannot
6e imprisone! 6ec 1e cannot 6e arreste!3 Bt i2 1e is "oin" volntaril0 to serve
1is sentence/ 1e col! 6e imprisone!3 T1e law !i! not !istin"is1 w1et1er t1e
arrest s1ol! 6e ma!e 60 reason o2 2inalit0 o2 &!"ment or 60 reason o2 1avin"
committe! a crime even n!er t1e constittion3 <1o ma!e t1is= (4B-'tt03
Jimene5) #1/ si Jack pala e13 :e>s "oo!3 I !on>t know w1et1er we 1ave t1is
alrea!0 in a case3 Bt 0o know/ Jack knows 'LL t1e cases in t1e +CR' (1e1e1e
)3
FA +ir/ a2ter tapos ka na ma"in" Con"ressman/ can 1e 6e imprisone! alrea!03
J!"eA Ba3
FA :in!i ma"preprescri6e knwari 0n" crime o 0n" penalt0=
J!"eA T1at is t1e pro6lem3
FA #r is it sspen!e!3
J!"eA T1ere is also no provision a6ot sspension3 ' penalt0 2or a li"1t penalt0
prescri6es in 2 0ears/ natrall0/ t1e session will 1ave to 1ave an en! 2or 2 0ears3 2
0ears 0n" prescription !i 6a= *rantin" t1at it is 1 0ear/ t1e session will 1ave a
recess in one 0ear/ !n mo si0a arest1in3 'n0 4estion re violation o2
parliamentar0 immnit03
Illegal %ssem!lies3 'lam n0o naman 0n e1/ w1en people "at1er to"et1er 2or
prposes o2 committin" an0 o2 t1e crimes pnis1a6le n!er t1e R$C or an0 law
2or t1at matter/ it s1all 6e consi!ere! as ille"al assem6l03 It is an ille"al
association/ t1e mere 2act t1at 0o are a mem6er o2 an association t1e prpose o2
w1ic1 is to commit an0 o2 t1e crimes n!er t1e R$C or an0 ot1er law an! or t1e
prpose o2 t1e association is immoral/ it is an ille"al association3 Is t1e
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) 1E
Commnist $art0 o2 t1e $1ils an ille"al association= I2 it is tre t1at t1eir prpose
is to collect revoltionar0 ta7es wit1ot trial or !e process n!er or e7istin"
laws/ it is an ille"al association3 Bt !e2initel0 t1e .$' at present is consi!ere!
as an association t1at is ille"al3 It is actall0 t1e C$$ t1at ma0 6e at one point a
le"al assoc3 6ec we alrea!0 !ecriminali5e! R' 1E00 t1at is otlawin"
mem6ers1ip in t1e C$$3
)irect %ssault. T1ere are two kin!s o2 !irect assalt3
13) !irect assalt w1en an0 person emplo0s 2orce or violence pon a person in
at1orit0 or t1eir a"ents w1en t1ere is no p6lic prisin" 6t t1eir prpose is
to ac1ieve t1e prposes o2 re6ellion or se!ition3 -asama 6a an" cop !>etat=
#1/ a0an !i na naman kasama an" cop !> etat3
23) an0 person w1o s1all attack an! emplo0 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation s1all
seriosl0 !iso6e0/ resist an0 person in at1orit0 or t1eir a"ents an! it s1all
6ecome 4ali2ie! w1en t1e assalt is wit1 a weapon or w1en t1ere is a la0in"
o2 1an!s a"ainst a person in at1orit0 or w1en t1e o22en!er is a p6lic o22icer
or emplo0ee3
Bt 0o 1ave to 2irst !etermine w1o are t1e persons in at1orit0 or t1eir a"ents3
.atrall0/ a person in authorit# is an0 person w1o 60 reason o2 appointment or
election is in c1ar"e o2 t1e e7ection o2 t1e laws or 1e is veste! wit1 &ris!iction3
)n!er t1ose w1o are 8appointe!N persons in at1orit0 are t1e &!"es/ &stices/
prosectors3 T1e0 are t1e 2irst kin!s o2 person in at1orit03 T1e p6lic o22icers
w1o are electe! an! in c1ar"e o2 t1e e7ection o2 t1e laws an! some o2 t1em are
veste! wit1 &ris!ictions are t1e ma0ors/ "overnors/ con"ressmen an! ot1er
persons w1o 60 reason o2 t1eir 6ein" electe! are c1ar"e! wit1 t1e e7ection o2
t1e law3 T1ere are/ 60 special provisions o2 law/ persons in at1orit03 ' teac1er
in t1e p6lic sc1ools or t1ose w1o are principals/ !irectress/ even t1e 1ea! o2 a
!epartment in t1e Breas are consi!ere! as persons in at1orit0/ #.LB/
1owever/ incl!in" t1ose teac1ers in t1e private sc1ools as lon" as t1e sc1ools
are reco"ni5e! 60 t1e "overnment t1e0 are consi!ere! as persons in at1orit0/ 6t
onl0 !rin" t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial !ties?onl0 in t1e per2ormance o2
t1eir o22icial 2nctions3 T1e0 cannot 6e consi!ere! as persons in at1orit0 60
reason or on occasion o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2nctions 6t t1ere is an
e7ception to t1e e7ception3 )n!er R' I1D, or t1e Compre1ensive @an"eros
@r"s 'ct o2 2002/ i2 it is in connection wit1 t1e en2orcement o2 R' I1D,/ a
teac1er or an0 mem6er o2 t1e aca!eme s1all 6e consi!ere! a person in at1orit0
wit1in 100-meter ra!is o2 t1e sc1ool (2rom t1e 2ence) w1ere 1e is teac1in"3 :e
can call t1e assistance o2 an0 person in or!er to en2orce R' I1D,3 T1at is t1e
onl0 e7ception to t1e rle3 T1is is t1e onl0 time t1at teac1ers are consi!ere! as
person in at1orit03 T1en 0o 1ave law0ers w1o are consi!ere! as persons in
at1orit0 6t onl0 in t1e actal per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2nctions3 +o/ 1in!i
mo pwe!en" 6atk-6atkan 0n" a6"a!o !n esp i2 1e is con2errin" wit1 1is
witness3
FA +ir/ w1at i2 t1e teac1ers are en2orcin" t1e R' I1D, an! 2or e7ample/ t1ese
st!ents 1ave a "r!"e a"ainst t1e teac1er an! 1e p10sicall0 assalte! t1e teac1er
wit1in t1e sc1ool/ wol! t1at 6e also !irect assalt=
J!"eA .#3 Becase t1e teac1er mst 6e 'CT)'LLB en2orcin" R' I1D,/ t1e
reason t1at 1e mst 6e assalte! is t1at 1e is en2orcin" I1D, or 1e 1as en2orce!
I1D,/ t1at is w1en t1ere is a !irect assalt3
In connection wit1 persons in at1orit0/ t1e !e"ree o2 assalt is rat1er li"1ter t1an
t1e !e"ree o2 assalt in a"ents o2 persons in at1orit0 2or prposes o2 !irect
assalt3 In person in at1orit0/ t1e mere la0in" o2 1an!s on a person in at1orit0
wit1 intention to !e20 t1e at1orit0 o2 t1at person in at1orit0/ it is alrea!0 !irect
assalt3 'n a"ent o2 a person in at1orit0/ t1e assalt mst 6e serios t1at t1e
a"ent o2 a person in at1orit0 ma0 sstain even p10sical in&ries in connection
wit1 t1e assalt an! t1at is t1e onl0 time w1en t1ere col! 6e a possi6ilit0 t1at
t1ere is a !irect assalt/ not serios resistance or !iso6e!ience 6ec t1e0 are
!i22erent 2rom eac1 ot1er3 @o 0o remem6er t1e case o2 a policeman w1o was
servin" a warrant o2 arrest a"ainst an accse! an! instea! o2 srren!erin" 1imsel2
to t1e police/ t1e accse! !elivere! a 6low to t1e 6reast o2 t1e policeman3 +a
n"a0on/ pata0 0n3 Bt t1e policeman c1ar"e! 1im onl0 o2 !irect assalt/ t1e +C
sai! .#/ t1e assalt is not so serios as to consi!er it wit1in t1e prview o2 !irect
assalt3 It is onl0 serios resistance or !iso6e!ience3 -a0a pa" nanntok ka n"
police/wa" mo lan" ""lpi1in n" mas0a!o serios resistance lan"?6aka sli"1t
resistance pa n"a e13 Bt t1e moment 0o !o it to a person in at1orit0 sc1 as
6r"0 c1airman/ teac1ers etc3 t1e mere la0in" o2 1an!s to t1ese people wit1 intent
to !e20 t1eir at1orit0 is alrea!0 !irect assalt3 'n" &!"e or ma0or 60 reason o2
t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir o22icial 2nctions a1/?nakita mo sa Ba"io3 Bo are
2rom +l3 8Ito 0n" walan"1i0an" &!"e na na"sentens0a sa akin e13 %a"lpi
n"a3N @irect 'ssalt pa 0n 6ec3 it was 60 reason o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1e
o22icial 2nction o2 t1e &!"e3 +ame is tre wit1 t1e ma0or3
%n agent of a person in authorit# is a person w1o is onl0 in c1ar"e o2 t1e
en2orcement o2 t1e laws3 Bn 0n" m"a police/ 6r"0 8ta"a0N/ !i mo na kasi alam
n"a0on e1333%'$+'/ Br"0 Tano!/ Banta0 Ba0an3 I t1ink Con"ress s1ol! a!opt
a law creatin" positions 2or t1ese people so t1at it wol! 6e ni2orm3 <e !o not
know alrea!0 w1o is an a"ent o2 a person in at1orit03 T1ere is a pro6lem
t1ere?esp now/ t1ere is move to !isen2ranc1ise t1e people in t1e s4atters area3 I
1ave 6een tellin" 0o since 1
st
0ear/ t1ese people are not sppose! to 6e voters o2
t1eir localit0 6ec t1e0 are not le"all0 resi!in" in t1ese places3
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) 1L
+($T3 3/ 2003
I t1ink I 1ave partiall0 !iscsse! @irect 'ssalt alrea!03 Remem6er t1e
importance 6etween persons in at1orit0 an! a"ents o2 a person in at1orit03 T1e
persons in at1orit0 w1o are assalte! w1ile I. T:( 'CT #9 t1e per2ormance
o2 t1eir !ties/ !irect assalt3 Bo assalt t1em #. #CC'+I#. t1ereo2/ !irect
assalt3 Bo assalt t1em BB R('+#. o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir !ties/ t1at is
!irect assalt3 Bt 0o 1ave still to 4ali20 !irect assalt in t1is respect 6ec one o2
t1e important elements o2 !irect assalt asi!e 2rom t1e assalt etc3/ t1is is t1e
secon! 2orm o2 !irect assalt 6ec t1e 1
st
one is t1e prpose o2 t1ese people are to
ac1ieve t1e prposes o2 t1e crime o2 se!ition or re6ellion3 Cop !>etat is not
incl!e! 1a so i2 a 4estion is posite! in a wa0 t1at !irect assalt was committe!
a"ainst a person in at1orit0 to ac1ieve t1e prpose o2 cop !> etat/ t1at is not
!irect assalt 6ec t1e law was not amen!e! 60 'rt 134-'3 Be care2l w1en t1e0
ask 0o a trick0 4estion like t1at3 In t1e 2
n!
kin! o2 !irect assalt/ t1at is w1en
t1ere is assalt/ attack/ etc pon a person in at1orit0/ t1ere mst 6e an intention
to !e20 t1e at1orit0 o2 a person in at1orit0 wit1ot sc1 an intention it will not
6e a !irect assalt3 Let s sppose/ in 6r"0s t1e sal paci2iers o2 tro6les
w1et1er it 6e serios or sli"1t or an0 commotion in t1e commnit0 is alwa0s t1e
6r"0 captain3 T1e0 will alwa0s ask 2or t1e 6r"0 captain/ pnta1an mo si kapitan3
I2 0o 1ave live! in a place w1ere t1ere are so man0 people in t1e commnit0 esp
in con"este! areas -- ma06e 0o are an apartment !weller/ 0o will not
e7perience t1is i2 0o are rentin" a con!ominim nit or in a s6!ivision/-- t1ere
are sal 2riction amon" people w1o live! in con"este! areas3 Let s sppose t1at
2 women 4arrel an! t1e0 are !istr6in" t1e tran4ilit0 o2 t1e commnit0 so
people sen! some6o!0 to look 2or t1e 6r"0 c1airman t1en t1e 6r"0 c1airman
came3 T1e 6r"0 c1airman 1as 6een tr0in" to paci20 6ot1 an! convincin" t1em to
enter t1eir respective resi!ences3 <1ile t1e 6r"0 c1airman is actall0 con!ctin"
one o2 t1e prota"onist towar!s 1er apartment/ 1ere is t1e 1s6an!Qa secrit0
"ar!/ pon seein" t1at t1e 6r"0 captain is 1ol!in" t1e arms o2 1is wi2e/ t1e
secrit0 "ar! imme!iatel0 con2ronte! t1e 6r"0 captain? 8C1airmanJ <alan"
c1airman c1airman sa akin3 <alan" pwe!en" 1mawak sa katawan o 6raso n"
asawa koJ 'ko lan" ma0 karapatan !0an3 'lisin mo 0an" kama0 mo3N Bt in
!oin" so/ 1e was a6le to la0 1is 1an!s on t1e 6r"0 c1airman an! 0o know t1at
most o2 t1e 6r"0 c1airman are retire! "ov>t emplo0ees/ retire! private emplo0ees/
t1e0 are alrea!0 passe! t1eir prime an! a small ps1 1ere an! t1ere will make
t1em stm6le/ pro6a6l0 lose t1eir 6alance an! sstain in&ries3 T1e captain 2ile! a
case o2 !irect assalt a"ainst t1e secrit0 "ar!3 Bo !o not 1ave an0 respect to a
6r"0 captain an! to an ol! man3 T1e 2eelin"s o2 people like t1at esp w1en t1e0
are o6sesse! wit1 &ealos0 an! ot1er t1in"s an! t1e0 6elieve t1at t1e c1airman is
takin" a!vanta"e o2 t1e sitation?is t1ere an0 intention to !e20 t1e at1orit0 o2
t1e 6r"0 captain t1ere= .#.(3 It mst 6e s1own t1at t1e prpose o2 t1e o22en!er
in assaltin" or la0in" 1an!s pon person in at1orit0 is to !e20 1is at1orit03 I2
t1ere is none/ t1ere is no !irect assalt3 'lso/ in !irect assalt a"ainst t1ese people
w1o are veste! wit1 &ris!iction an! w1o are in c1ar"e o2 t1e e7ection o2 t1e
laws/ even on occasion o2 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir !ties or 60 reason t1ereo2
an! t1e0 are assalte!/ t1en it is !irect assalt3 Bo mst note t1at even serios
intimi!ation a"ainst persons in at1orit0 w1o 6elon"s in t1is class are consi!ere!
!irect assalt3 #1/ 0es/ 0o look at t1e law/ even serios intimi!ation is incl!e!3
Bo !on>t even nee! to la0 0or 1an!s on t1e person in at1orit03 Intimi!atin"/
2or e7ample/ "oin" to t1e ma0or an! tellin" 1im t1at 80o 1ave to !o t1is/
ot1erwise?N/ t1is is !irect assalt3
' &!"e w1o sentence! a person/ t1e0 saw eac1 ot1er in Batanes/ 6t t1e person
was sentence! in %akati/ t1e0 met eac1 ot1er t1ere/ t1en t1e person w1o was
sentence! assalte! t1e &!"e a2ter 1avin" serve! 1is sentence/ t1at is !irect
assalt3 T1ere is no prescriptive perio! 2rom t1e time o2 sentencin" or 2rom t1e
time t1at t1e &!"e 1as committe! an0 act t1at wol! case an0 reprisal a"ainst
1im3
Indirect assaults3 T1e onl0 person or persons w1o ma0 6e a victim o2 in!irect
assalt is a civilian 6t i2 1e is an a"ent o2 a person in at1orit0 1e mst not 6e in
t1e per2ormance o2 1is !ties ot1erwise/ i2 1e is in t1e per2ormance o2 1is !ties/
it wol! still 6e !irect assalt an! not in!irect assalt3 +o/ I !on>t know i2 t1ere is
a case cite! in 0or 6ook t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 mst 6e an a"ent o2 a person in
at1orit0/ t1at is not correct3 'n0 person w1o comes to t1e ai! o2 a person in
at1orit0 or 1is a"ent an! 1e 1imsel2 was assalte! an! t1e person w1o was
assalte! 1as 6een known to t1e person w1o assalte! 1im as a person assistin" a
person in at1orit0 or "ivin" an0 ai! to a person in at1orit0/ t1ere is an in!irect
assalt3 <1at is important in !irect assalt an! in!irect assalt is t1at t1e victims
mst 6e known to 6e sc1 60 t1e o22en!er3 I2 t1e victims are not known to 6e
sc1/ t1ere is no !irect assalt/ it is as i2 0o 1ave assalte! a private person3
.ow/ !irect assalt can 6e comple7e! wit1 ot1er crimes3 In crimes a"ainst
persons/ it can 6e comple7e!3 (73 +erios p10sical in&ries wit1 !irect assalt/
mr!er wit1 !irect assalt/ 1omici!e wit1 !irect assalt3 :ow a6ot carnappin"
wit1 !irect assalt= .#3 It cannot 6e comple7e! 6ec one is a special law an! t1e
ot1er is 2elon0 n!er t1e R$C3 'n! t1e0 can onl0 6e comple7e! wit1 eac1 ot1er
i2 t1e0 are consi!ere! as special comple7 crime3 I 1ave e7plaine! alrea!0 !irect
assalt/ in!irect assalt3 <1at else= @o 0o 1ave an0 4estions re"ar!in" t1ese
assalts3 I cannot remem6er an0more w1at are ot1er areas t1at can 6e !iscsse!
1ere3
T1e ne7t topic is t1e )iso!edience to (ummons isse! 60 t1e .ational
'ssem6l0/ 60 a Constittional Commission or t1e Committees o2 t1e .ational
'ssem6l03 <e all know t1at t1e onl0 at1orit0 t1at t1e .at>l 'ssem6l0 1as to
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) 1I
smmon a person is in connection wit1 an0 in4ir0 in ai! o2 le"islation3 T1e0
!on>t 1ave an0 at1orit0 to 2in! t1e "ilt or innocence o2 an0 part0 6t t1at is
w1at is 1appenin" now3 T1e t1rst o2 t1eir 4estions most o2 t1e time is to 2in!
ot w1et1er t1e "0 is "ilt0 or not "ilt03 'n! w1et1er t1e "0 is tellin" a "0
or not3 @o t1e0 1ave t1at power to !etermine w1et1er t1e person is tellin" a lie or
not3 T1e0 are onl0 6ein" aske! to 6ecome resorce persons3 T1e0 are not 6ein"
calle! as witnesses3 It is not an impeac1ment procee!in"s3 +o/ w1en 0o 6ecome
Con"ressman or +enators/ please ask 4estions onl0 in or!er to "et t1in"s ot o2
t1e witness 2or t1e prpose o2 amen!in" a law/ passin" a law or repealin" a law3
@o not tell a person w1o is testi20in" t1at 80o are l0in"JN @oes 1e 1ave t1at
power3 T1at is an a6se o2 0or parliamentar0 immnit03 I2 0o 2on! 1im l0in"/
wol! it ai! 0o in passin" a le"islation= :in!i e13 Its &st so 2rstratin" to s
w1o 1ave st!ie! t1e law on 1ow t1ese people can actall0 violate t1e law itsel2
t1at t1e0 1ave sworn to protect3 Like t1is/ i2 0o !o not o6e0 t1e smmons o2
t1ese people 0o ma0 6e sent to &ail3 .atrall0/ t1at is s1owin" !isrespect to a
Constittional 6o!0 so 0o will 6e sent to &ail3 It is a crime asi!e 2rom it is
contemptos to t1e !i"nit0 o2 t1e +enate an! an0 o2 t1e 6o!0 t1at is convene!
2or t1at prpose3 T1e +enate or .at>l 'ssem6l0 can sen! two kin!s o2 re4ests
2or a person to appear3 #ne is an invitation3 I2 it is an invitation/ 0o ma0 or ma0
not appear an! 0o !on>t incr an0 criminal lia6ilit03 Bt i2 it is alrea!0 a
smmon/ t1at is !i22erent alrea!0/ 0o 1ave to appear3 .ow/ w1en 0o are
smmone! an! 0o appear/ 0o still 1ave an o6li"ation i2 0o are calle! to testi20
not as a witness 6t as a resorce person3 :e 1as to 6e place! n!er oat13 #at1
means t1at 1e will 1ave to take 1is oat1 60 raisin" 1is ri"1t 1an!?ri"1t 1an!/ not
le2t 1an!3 'n! I tol! 0o at one point t1at $res (R'$ w1en 1e took 1is oat1/
ka0a na"kalokoloko si"ro/ 1e raise! 1is le2t 1an! 6e2ore C1ie2 Jstice .arvasa
an! no6o!0 1ave t1e "ts to tell (rap t1at t1at is wron"3 %insan natatawa ako sa
1s"a!o n"a e1 tinataas an" kaliwan" kama0 e13 +inasa6i ko/ 8mk1a atan" si
+atanas an" i0on" @i0os a13N (:e1e1e ) kasi kaliwa e13 It mst 6e t1e ri"1t
1an! 6ec3 0o are "oin" to swear 6e2ore *o!3 T1at is w10 w1en a person
a!minister an oat1 to anot1er 0o mst tell 1im 8@o 0o swear to tell t1e trt1
t1e w1ole trt1 in t1is procee!in"s an! w1atever3N 'n! t1at t1ere mst 6e an
accompan0in" p1rase o2 8so 1elp 0o *o!N t1at is w10 it is consi!ere! as an
oat13 <it1ot t1at t1ere is no oat1/ it wol! 6e onl0 an a22irmation 6ec3 t1ere are
people w1o !on>t 6elieve in *o! or an oat13 +o w1at 0o are "oin" to !o is ask
1im to stan! properl0/ i2 1e can stan!/ an! ask 1im w1et1er 1e solemnl0 a22irms
t1at w1at 1e is "oin" to tell is t1e trt1 an! not1in" 6t t1e trt1/ no ot1er3 T1at is
a solemn a22irmation3 Bo cannot sa0 t1at 8I !on>t 6elieve in *o!Qno oat13N B)
t1en t1ere is a s6stitte/ 0o will 6e aske! to take a solemn a22irmation an! i2
0o re2se t1at is w1en it 6ecomes a crime wit1ot an0 &sti2ia6le reason3 Bt
1ow can 0o &sti20 an0more not takin" eit1er an oat1 or a22irmation3 Bo can
c1oose an0 one o2 t1e two3 I2 0o 1ave 6een sworn an! 0o are to testi20/ 0o
1ave to answer t1e 4estions 6t natrall0/ t1ere is a law t1at sa0s t1at i2 t1e
answer to t1e 4estion wol! incriminate 0o an! ma0 6e se! a"ainst 0o in
an0 cort o2 law or in an0 ot1er procee!in" t1at is a "ron! 2or 0o to invoke
0or ri"1t to sel2-incrimination an! t1at is a le"al e7cse or a le"al an! vali!
reason3 .ow/ i2 0o answer all t1e 4estions/ 0o ma0 6e aske! also to pro!ce
papers/ !ocments/ 6ooks/ an! ot1er written materials 6t never an article or
"oo!s3 T1ese ma0 6e s6&ects o2 a smmon w1ic1 tantamont to a s6poena
duces tecm3 +o/ in t1e event t1at 0o violate all t1ese/ t1en 0o 1ave a pro6lem3
T1at s w1en 0o are sppose! to 6e pnis1e! 2or violatin" t1e law3 <e are t1r
alrea!0 w1o are persons in at1orit0 an! t1eir a"ents3 <e are t1r wit1 !irect
assalts an! !iso6e!ience to smmons3
T1e ne7t article involves crimes w1ic1 are consi!ere! as ,umults or Pu!lic
)isorder. Tmlts an! p6lic !isor!er is actall0 an0 serios !istr6ance in a
p6lic place or in an0 "at1erin"s or in an0 peace2l meetin"s an! t1ese tmlts
an! p6lic !istr6ances are consi!ere! as violation o2 'rt3 1,33 .ow/ in t1ese
tmlts an! !istr6ances w1ic1 incl!e t1ose t1at will involve p6lic or!er/ t1e
law pro1i6its a person even in makin" an otcr0 in a peace2l meetin" or
"at1erin" to incite people to commit re6ellion or se!ition3 'n! t1e last o2 w1ic1
is t1at 6r0in" t1e 6o!0 o2 a person wit1 pomp an! t1at person was le"all0
e7ecte!3 In tmlts an! !istr6ances in p6lic places or in peace2l "at1erin"s/
t1e same mst 6e committe! 60 at least 4 arme! persons or 4 persons provi!e!
wit1 means o2 violence in or!er t1at t1e same ma0 6e consi!ere! as tmltos3
<e 1ave 1a! t1e occasion o2 !iscssin" tmltos prisin" in se!ition an! t1is
is t1e same3 Jst remem6er 4 or more arme! persons or 4 or more persons w1o
are provi!e! wit1 means o2 violence3 Bo 1ave to remem6er t1at 6ec3 t1e 2 ma0
6e interc1an"e! wit1 eac1 ot1er 6t t1e wor! 9#)R will alwa0s 6e t1ere?more
t1an 33 T1ose makin" an otcr0 in a peace2l meetin" to incite ot1ers to commit
re6ellion or se!ition 60 means o2 speec1es/ placar!/ etc3 t1at is consi!ere! as in
violation o2 'rt3 1,33
-nlawful use of means of pu!lication. T1ere are I t1ink 2or3
13) T1e p6lication wit1 malice o2 2alse news w1ic1 is known to t1e
o22en!er t1at it is actall0 2alse3 I sai! malicios 6ec3 t1ere mst alwa0s
6e malice3 I2 t1ere is no malice/ t1ere is no violation3 (ven i2 0o
p6lis1 a million 2alse news3 Bo 1ave 1a! t1e e7perience o2 rea!in"
2alse news in newspapers or ot1er articles/ onl0 to 6e correcte! later on/
so i2 it is correcte! t1en t1ere is no malice3 T1ose w1o insists 1owever
t1en it is malicios i2 actall0 t1e ver0 2ace o2 t1e news involves alrea!0
w1at appears to 6e tainte! wit1 malice3
23) T1e p6lication o2 resoltions/ or!ers w1ic1 are not 0et at1ori5e! to 6e
p6lis1e! or release!3 It is actall0 common3 Bo will note t1at
sometimes a resoltion is not 0et o22iciall0 release! 6t it is alrea!0
p6lis1e! 6ec3 some enterprisin" reporters are alrea!0 e4ippe! wit1 a
cop0 o2 t1e or!er3 Its common to corts an! even t1e #22ice o2 t1e
$resi!ent3 T1ere was one time/ a !ecision o2 t1e +C w1ic1 was not 0et
6een sppose! to 6e release! 6t t1e same was release! prematrel03
.ow/ I !on>t know i2 t1e case o2 t1e -raton" Balelen" will 6e
prematrel0 release!3 T1ere are so man0 enterprisin" people t1ere e13
*one were t1e !a0s w1en 0o can trst 0or emplo0ees3 (ven in t1e +C3
Look w1at 1appene!/ sa 6a"a0 ma0 94 naman e1/ n"a0on %43 (+ir/
sinon" %4=) +i %awana0/ %a1sa0/ %ateo/ %ike?apat 0n na 8%N?
nareceive ko lan" sa te7t 0n 1a3
33) T1ose w1o 60 means o2 wor!s or tterances s1all encora"e people to
!iso6e0 t1e law an! t1ose w1o actall0 e71orts t1e commission o2 an0
violation o2 an0 act3
43) '6ot p6lication o2 articles/ news etc t1at are at1ore! 60 an
anon0mos persons or w1o pt t1eir name as anon0mos3
T1at is alrea!0 2or3 8@on>t pa0 0or ta7es etc3 I will not3 9ollow me3N 'n! t1at
is alrea!0 a violation o2 t1is article3 Bec3 t1at encora"es ot1er people to !iso6e0
t1e law3 I. t1e )3+3/ 0o !on>t pa0 0or ta7es/ 0o "o to &ail/ !ito I>ve 6een
tellin" 0o/ look at t1e income ta7es o2 t1e millionaires compare! to 2i7 earners
w1ose income are recor!e!3 T1e p6lication o2 t1ese articles in connection wit1
t1ese crimes are consi!ere! as nlaw2l se o2 p6lication3
%larms and (candals. T1e 2irst kin! is 60 !isc1ar"in" a 2irearm in a town or a
p6lic place or 60 e7plo!in" an0 e7plosive !evice in a town or in a p6lic place3
T1e wor! 8townN 1ere is mislea!in"3 .atrall0/ a town is p to its 6on!ar03 (1
spposin" a town is compose! o2 2lat lan!s an! montainos ran"es/ e1 0o
!isc1ar"e! 0or 2irearms on top o2 a montain/ its wit1in a town3 T1e town 1ere
is actall0 a translation o2 t1e wor! 8po6lacionN w1ere people actall0 in t1at
town resi!es/ it>s t1e center o2 t1e town/ t1at>s w10 t1e0 sai! 8or in an0 ot1er
p6lic placeN3 I2 it is in an0 town e1 !i la1at na 0an/ an0w1ere3 It wol! 6e
an0w1ere in a town 6t t1e0 accompanie! 8or in a p6lic placeN3 T1at means to
sa0 t1at t1e town is t1e po6lacion or t1e center o2 t1e town/ t1e place w1ere t1e
c1rc1/ mnicipal 1all/ commercial an! resi!ential areas3 I2 0o will notice/ t1e
c1ar"e is alwa0s in 2ront o2 t1e mnicipal 1all in t1e ol! towns 6ec3 t1e
$resi!ente o2 t1e town at t1e time is alwa0s n!er t1e priest3 @rin" t1e +panis1
times/ t1e0 call t1e ma0or/ $resi!ente3
'larm an! scan!al wit1 t1e se o2 a 2irearm/ !i22erentiate it wit1 ille"al !isc1ar"e
o2 2irearm an! attempte! 1omici!e3 Bo s1ol! know t1e !i22erences 60 now3 's
I sai!/ alarm an! scan!al is committe! w1en t1e prpose o2 t1e o22en!er is to
case alarm/ scan!al or 2ear w1en a person !isc1ar"es a 2irearm in a town or a
p6lic place3 :owever/ it is a !isc1ar"e o2 a 2irearm w1en a 2irearm is pointe! to
anot1er wit1ot an0 intention to kill t1at person an! t1en t1at 2irearm was
!isc1ar"e! an! it !i! not 1it t1e person to w1om it was pointe! to3 Bo mst
1ave to remem6er t1at t1is 1as 6een aske! more t1an 10 times in t1e 6ar e7ams3
'n! attempte! 1omici!e/ 0o point t1e "n at t1e !irection o2 t1e person wit1
intent to kill eit1er 0o 1it 1im or !i! not 1it 1im3 I2 0o 1it 1im an! t1e won!
will not case 1is !eat1 t1at is attempte! 1omici!e3 +o/ w1en 0o are a poor s1ot/
0o can alwa0s sa0 t1at is onl0 ille"al !isc1ar"e3 I !on>t 1ave an0 intention to
kill3 -n" papata0in kita e1 !apat tm6a ka na !0an3 $alsot 0n 1a3 T1at is 1 o2
t1e !e2enses t1at 0o 1ave in attempte! 1omici!e o2 w1ic1 t1e 6llet !i! not 1it
t1e victim3 Bt 0o cannot take t1e !e2ense o2 alarm an! scan!al 6ec3 in t1e latter
0o !i! not point t1e "n at t1e !irection o2 anot1er person3
Lets take a 6reak3 (#1 no/ 6lank na ot1er si!e o2 tape3)
%a&a1>s notesA
'rticle 1,E3 (vasion o2 +ervice o2 +entence
13) #r!inar0 prisoner escapes 2rom &ail w1ile servin" sentence
T'""ravatin" circmstancesQw1en t1e escape s1all 1ave taken place 60
means o2 nlaw2l entr0/ 6reakin" !oors/ win!ows/ "ates/ walls/ roo2s or
2loors or 60 sin" picklocks/ 2alse ke0s/ !is"ise/ !eceit/ violence or
intimi!ation or t1ro"1 connivance wit1 ot1er convicts or emplo0ees o2 t1e
penal instittion3
23) @rin" calamities or !isor!er
%tin0 1ere means 8riotN3 I2 convict w1o eva!e service o2 sentence "ives
1imsel2 p wit1in 4L 1ors 2ollowin" t1e issance o2 a proclamation 60 t1e
C1ie2 (7ective annoncin" t1e passin" awa0 o2 sc1 calamit0/ 1e s1all 6e
awar!e! wit1 1;, re!ction o2 t1e penalt0 I%$#+(@ pon 1im3 T1is awar!
is not "iven to prisoners w1o participate! in t1e mtin0 or riot3
33) Hiolation o2 Con!itional $ar!on
43) Hiolation o2 Con!itions in @estierro (&!"e>s a!!ition to t1e list o2 kin!s
o2 evasion) now/ re4ire! to post a 6on! to keep t1e peace 2or a
perio! not e7cee!in" D 0ears3 I2 1e re2ses/ 1e will 6e sentence! to
imprisonment not e7cee!in" D mont1s3
+eptem6er L/ 2003
'rticle 1D03 'n0 person w1o s1all commit a 2elon0 a2ter 1avin" 6een convicte!
60 2inal &!"ment/ 6e2ore 6e"innin" to serve sc1 sentence/ or w1ile servin" t1e
same is consi!ere! a .-%(I"R/CI)I0I(,3 It mst 6e a 2elon0 1a/ so 1e mst
6e a 4asi reci!ivist i2 1e commits t1e secon! crime w1ile 6ein" trie! or w1ile
servin" sentence3 T1at is w10 1e is calle! a 4asi-reci!ivist3 To !istin"is1 it
2rom reci!ivism/ 1a6ital !elin4enc0 an! reiteracion3 Reiteracion/ t1ere mst 6e
at least 3 convictions an! 2or w1at= #nl0 two o2 t1e same or e4al penalt03 'n!
i2 it is 2or a li"1t penalt0/ t1ere mst 6e at least 2 convictions in or!er t1at 1e ma0
s22er reiteracion3 Bt all mst 6e 2elonies3 In reci!ivism/ 6elon"in" to t1e same
title o2 t1e Co!e3 In 1a6ital !elin4enc0/ 0o 1ave ro6o/ 1rto/ 2alsi2icacion/
esta2a/ less serios or serios p10sical in&ries wit1in 10 0ears 2rom 1is last
release or !ate o2 1is last conviction3 Her0 eas0 to memori5e t1em 1a 6t almost
ever0 0ear t1e0 are 6ein" aske! in t1e 6ar e7ams3 (it1er an0 o2 t1e 4 or ,3
1orgeries3 %a0 I ask 0o?can 0o !escri6e to me t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e
Rep6lic o2 t1e $1ilippines= Becase forging the 2reat (eal of the Repu!lic of
the Philippines or t1e stamp o2 t1e C1ie2 (7ective or t1e si"natre o2 t1e
$resi!ent is a crime t1at entails a penalt0 o2 reclsion temporal3 Bt t1en we
!on>t know t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e $1ils3 I2 0o will look at 0or 6ook/ I 6elieve
t1at 0o will not a"ree to t1e !escription o2 t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep o2 t1e $1ils
6ec3 it even incl!es a lion an! an 'merican ea"le an! we are not actall0 in
'merica/ we !on>t 1ave an0 lion in t1e $1ils e7cept onl0 in t1e 5oos3 #r an
'merican ea"le?I 1ave not even seen an 'merican ea"le even in t1e 5oo3 #1/
1ow col! it 6e t1at it is incl!e! in t1e !escription o2 t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e
Rep6lic o2 t1e $1ils3 .o wa03 T1is is a !escription o2 t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e
Commonwealt1 o2 t1e $1ils3 (ven in 0or mone0/ t1e0 ma!e a mistake in
printin" it t1ere3 In $20/ I 6elieve it is t1ere3 T1ere appears to 6e a +eal t1ere/ 0o
can 2in! an ea"le an! a lion3 Bt t1at is not t1e *reat seal?t1at is 2or t1e
Commonwealt13 'n! we are not an0more n!er 'merica3 +o/ t1e0 1ave to
!escri6e t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep6lic o2 t1e $1ils or as t1e 1istorians to
!escri6e it 6ec p to now we still !on>t know3 T1e stamp/ t1ere is no pro6lem/ it
is t1e one 6ein" se! 60 t1e person w1o are actall0 :ea!s o2 +tates3 It is
compose! o2 a woo!en 1an!le o2 a6ot more t1an D inc1es wit1 a stamp 6eneat1
an! it is alwa0s 6ein" place! in an0 commnications w1ic1 t1e $resi!ent o2 t1e
Rep6lic o2 t1e $1ilippines is sen!in" to ot1er :ea!s o2 +tates or ministers or
ot1er !i"nitaries3 T1at is t1e stamp3 :is si"natre/ no pro6lem3 Bt it is not Jose
Helar!e?no3 It mst 6e t1e real name o2 t1e $resi!ent3 T1at is w10?o1/ t1is
is &st makin" it a li"1t moment 1a3 (stra!a was electe! in a 2ictitios name3 .ot
1is real name3 +o/ 1e 1as t1e ri"1t to se a 2ictitios name/ 1e 1as 6een sin" a
2ictitios name/ so 1e can se anot1er 2ictitios name3 'inUt it so= :e se! t1e
name o2 Josep1 (stra!a w1en 1is real name is (&ercito3 <ell/ lets see w1at will
1appen3 I2 one conter2eits t1e *reat +eal o2 t1e Rep6lic o2 t1e $1ils3 #r t1e
stamp o2 c1ie2 e7ective or si"natre o2 t1e $resi!ent or even se t1em knowin"
2or a 2act t1at t1e0 are 2alsi2ie!/ all o2 t1ese acts are pnis1a6le3 I 1ave 1a! an
e7perience o2 tr0in" a woman w1o claims to 6e t1e niece o2 a 2ormer $resi!ent
sin" !ocments w1ic1 "ives 1er t1e power to assi"n nits in t1e 6liss
con!ominim at *a!alpe %akati an! was a6le to "et more t1an a million
6cks 6ec one nit is to cost an applicant $L0/0003 It trne! ot t1at t1e si"natre
o2 t1e $resi!ent t1ere was 2alsi2ie! an! s1e se! t1at 2alsi2ie! !ocment3 +1e was
not c1ar"e! n!er 'rticle 1D1 6t c1ar"e! n!er 'rticle 1D2 o2 t1e R$CQsin"
a 2alsi2ie! si"natre o2 t1e presi!ent o2 t1e Rep6lic3 T1ere was a law0er w1o
was 2on! 60 %arcos !rin" 1is time to 6e 2or"in" 1is si"natre 6t 1e never
!ismisse! t1at law0er 2rom malacaVan" an! !i! not allow 1im to 6e emplo0e! in
t1e "ovt !rin" 1is time3
:ow a6ot counterfeiting coins3 'n! w1o will attempt to conter2eit or coins
an0wa0 esp3 t1e one wit1 a 1ole in t1e mi!!le3 It>s more e7pensive to conter2eit
or coins t1an to 1ave it minte! in anot1er contr0 t1en 1ave it em6osse! in t1e
mintin" s1op o2 t1e Central Bank3 .evert1eless/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at in
conter2eitin" o2 coins w1et1er t1e coin is in circlation or not/ i2 0o conter2eit
t1e same/ it is pnis1a6le3 T1e reason 6ein" t1at t1e !an"er t1at t1is conter2eiter
cases to t1e econom0 o2 t1e nation is t1ere3 's i2 1e can conter2eit a coin not in
circlation 1ow mc1 more t1at 1e cannot conter2eit t1e ones in circlation3 :e
can alwa0s conter2eit t1em3 :e knows t1at 1e 1as t1e e7pertise3
#n t1e ot1er 1an!/ i2 it is a mutilation of coins/ t1e coin t1at mst 1ave 6een
mtilate! mst 6e o2 circlation/ it mst 6e crrent3 T1e act o2 importing all
t1ese/ uttering t1em is pnis1a6le3 Bt !o 0o know w1at is actal mtilation o2
coins= %tilation o2 coins is t1e e7traction o2 t1e precios metal 2rom t1e coin
itsel23 T1e mere pnc1in" o2 a 1ole/ t1e mere !e2acin" o2 a coin/ t1e 6rnin" o2 a
coin is not pnis1a6le n!er 'rticle 1D4 o2 t1e R$C3 T1ese 6rnin"/ pnc1in"
an! !e2acin" o2 coins are pnis1a6le n!er $@ 24E w1ic1 was !ecree! 60
%arcos !rin" %artial Law3 It se! to 6e t1at ma06e 0o are ri!in" on &eepne0s
an! 0o 1ave seen some !rivers !ecoratin" t1eir container o2 coins an! 6ills wit1
coins naile! to t1e woo!en containers3 T1is is t1en w1at is pro1i6ite! 60 %arcos
even t1e makin" o2 pen!ants ot o2 coins3 T1e0 are pro1i6ite!/ t1en/ !rin" t1e
%artial Law/ even p to to!a0 6ec t1is 1as not 6een amen!e! an! t1is is a "oo!
law3 Bec mtilation is not covere! 60 24E neit1er !oes 24E covers mtilation o2
coins as mtilation o2 coins is t1e e7traction o2 t1e precios metals 2rom t1e coin
itsel23 's I sai! t1e coin t1at mst 6e mtilate! mst 6e a crrenc0 t1at is
circlatin" at t1e time w1en it was mtilate!3 .ow/ t1e selling of false or
mutilated coins without conni$ance/ w1ic1 coins are o2 $1il crrencies/ t1e0
are consi!ere! as in violation o2 'rt3 1D, o2 t1e R$C3
<e 1ave 2or"eries3 <1en 0o talk o2 2or"er0 an! conter2eitin"/ 0o will 6e
remin!e! t1at t1e !e2inition o2 2or"er0 is makin" it appear t1at a particlar
!ocment is a "enine !ocment or to alter or intercalate or sperimpose or to
c1an"e t1e !ates or 2i"res or an0t1in" t1at can 6e 2on! in sai! !ocment/ t1at is
consi!ere! as 2or"in"3 T1e conter2eitin" is actall0 t1e one t1at is sppose! to
6e makin" it appear t1at a particlar !ocment is a "enine one?a commercial
!ocment 2or t1at matter3 It is t1e 2or"in" t1at incl!es intercalation/ c1an"in"/
sperimposin"/ etc3/ t1at is w1at is known as 2or"er03 :owever/ t1e0 are 6ein"
interc1an"e! 60 t1e law an! we s1ol! not !istin"is1 w1en t1e law !on>t
!istin"is13
%rticle 33 is t1e 2or"in" o2 treasr0 or 6ank notes t1at are pa0a6le to 6earer or
t1e importation or tterin" o2 sc1 2alse or 2or"e! notes an! !ocments3 <1en a
commercial !ocment is pa0a6le to 6earer/ it is pa0a6le to t1e 1ol!er o2 an0
commercial !ocment or a ne"otia6le instrment3 In c1ecks/ i2 it is pa0a6le to
cas1/ it is pa0a6le to 6earer3 <10= @o 0o 1ave to i!enti20 0orsel2 in or!er to
encas1 t1e c1eck= T1e "eneral rle is t1at 0o !on>t 1ave to e7cept w1en t1e
amont is so 6i" t1at 0o 1ave to i!enti20 0orsel23 <ell/ t1e practice now o2 t1e
6anks is t1at even i2 t1e amont is onl0 $,0/ t1e0 will ask 2or one I3@3 or i2 t1e
amont is si5ea6le/ t1e0 will ask 2or 2 I!s so t1at t1e0 will 6e a6le to !etermine
w1o is t1e person w1o is actall0 6earin" t1e c1eck an! to w1om t1e0 are
actall0 "oin" to pa0 t1e c1eck3 In case/ t1ere is a mistake/ t1e0 can "o a2ter 0o3
Bt 0o can insist t1at 0o !o not 6e i!enti2ie! w1enever 0o are encas1in" a
c1eck pa0a6le to cas1?0o can insist nless it wol! violate t1e 'nti-%one0
Lan!erin" Law3
T1e ot1er conter2eitin" or t1e importation or sc1 conter2eite! commercial or
ne"otia6le instrments are t1ose t1at are not pa0a6le to 6earer 6t are pa0a6le to
#R@(R3 '"ain/ we "o to c1ecks3 I2 a c1eck is pa0a6le to a particlar person/ it is
pa0a6le to or!er3 (ven ot1er commercial !ocments/ i2 it pa0a6le to t1e name o2
a particlar person/ t1en it is pa0a6le to or!er3 I9 it 6lank/ its pa0a6le to 6earer
6ec t1ere are letters o2 cre!it an! ot1er commercial !ocments are 6lank in or!er
t1at t1e 6earer t1ereo2 i2 1e presents t1e same/ 1e can transact 6siness in
connection wit1 t1e !ocments 1e 1as in 1is possession3
In connection wit1 t1e illegal possession of all these/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at
t1e person mst know t1at t1e0 are conter2eits3 I2 1e !oes not know/ t1en t1ere
is no crime3 -nowle!"e/ t1ere2ore/ is important3 I2 t1ere is no knowle!"e/ i2 1e is
actall0 naware t1at w1at 1e 1as in 1is possession is a conter2eit/ t1en no crime
is committe!3 (ven in t1e se o2 2alsi2ie! si"natre or conter2eits or stamps or
seal o2 t1e "ov>t/ i2 t1e o22en!er !o not know t1at t1e0 are conter2eits or
2alsi2ie!/ t1en 1e !oes not incr an0 criminal lia6ilit0/ even i2 1e ses t1e same3
Bo mst remem6er -.#<I.*LB )+(?-.#<I.*LB $#++(++3 I2 t1ere is
no sc1 wor! -.#<I.*LB in t1e in2ormation/ no crime an! i2 0o are 2or t1e
accse!/ wa" ka na ma"-isip n" i6an" !epensa/ mapo ka na lan" an! let t1e
prosection !o 1is worst 6ec 0or client will srel0 6e ac4itte!3 Jst like/ 2or
e7ample/ in 4ali2ie! t1e2t wit1 a6se o2 con2i!ence/ i2 w1at was se! in t1e
in2ormation as t1e 4ali20in" circmstance to make t1e crime 2all n!er t1e
4ali2ie! t1e2t is onl0 'B)+( #9 TR)+T '.@ C#.9I@(.C(/ t1ere is no
4ali2ie! t1e2t3 <1at mst 6e alle"e!?*R'H( 'B)+( #9 TR)+T '.@
C#.9I@(.C(3 I2 t1e wor! 8"raveN is not t1ere/ !o not teac1 t1e prosector
an0more 6ec 1e will amen!3 I2 0or client 1as alrea!0 6een arrai"ne!/ 1e can 6e
convicte! o2 t1e2t onl0 esp3 o2 t1e amont is less t1an $22/000/ it wol! 6e "oo!
2or 0or !e2ense3
<e 1ave alrea!0 !e2ine! 2or"er03 'n! I sai! t1at makin" a !ocment appear to
6e "enine w1en in 2act it is not an! t1ere is a sperimposition/ intercalation/
c1an"e in !ates/ etc3 w1en in 2act t1ose are not t1e real 2i"res or t1e real
nm6ers3 T1e onl0 pro6lem 1ere t1at 0o 1ave to remem6er is w1en it can 6e
!e!ce! 2rom t1e !ocment itsel2 t1at t1ere is no intention to 2alsi20 or 2or"e3 (1/
!inala sa0o/ $1il peso kasin" laki nito (6on! paper si5e) is t1ere a 2or"er0 or
2alsi2ication= <ala3 Can 0o encas1 t1is=
Bec its ver0 eas0 to !iscern t1at t1is is not t1e real one3 Bt i2 0o intercalate t1e
wor!s in a real !ocment/ it is 2alsi2ication even i2 it is easil0 !iscerni6le 6ec it is
in a "enine !ocment3
1alsification of legislati$e documents3 T1ose !ocments t1at are alrea!0
approve! or pen!in" approval3 $ro6a6l0/ t1e0 are 6ills or or!inances etc3
provincial resoltions3 I2 it is a 6ill/ t1e same mst eit1er 6e pen!in" approval or
alrea!0 approve!3 T1ese are in connection wit1 le"islative !ocments3 Bt i2 it is
onl0 a propose! 6ill/ it is not 0et a 6ill pen!in" approval3 Bo can c1an"e
ever0t1in" t1ere i2 0o wis13 Bt t1e at1or/ sall0/ will not like it3
T1en/ we 1ave 1alsification !# Pu!lic 'fficer, /cclesiastical 4inister and !#
a 5otar# Pu!lic. T1ere are enmerations t1ere n!er 'rt3 1E1/ at least 10
enmerations3
T1e o22en!er 1ere mst 6e a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee or an ecclesiastical
minister or a notar0 p6lic3 T1e p6lic o22icer/ in an0 o2 t1e 2alsi2ications/ 1e ma0
commit it3 :owever/ in 2alsi2ication 60 a notar0 p6lic/ t1e 2alsi2ication mst 6e
committe! onl0 in !ocments o2 w1ic1 1is participation in t1e !ocment is
nee!e! sc1 as w1en 1e 1as to a!minister a &rat or w1en 1e 1as to pt an
acknowle!"ment in t1e !ocment 60 virte o2 1is commission as a notar0 p6lic3
Bo know t1e notar0 p6lic are actall0 p6lic o22icers 6ec t1e0 "o to t1e
process o2 6ein" appointe! 60 t1e corts in connection wit1 !ocments t1at mst
6e an at1entication an! nee!s t1e participation 60 a notar0 p6lic3 In connection
wit1 an ecclesiastical minister/ it mst onl0 6e in relation to t1e civil stats o2 a
person particlarl0 in connection wit1 an0 act in relation to t1e solemni5ation o2
marria"e3 +o/ it !oes not onl0 cover a 2alsi2ication o2 t1e marria"e contract 6t
also t1ose t1at involve t1e preparation o2 a marria"e contract/ e7/ marria"e
license/ t1e a22i!avit re4est to solemni5e t1e marria"e otsi!e o2 one>s paris1 or
in corts in relation to t1e cele6ration o2 a marria"e or t1e solemni5ation t1ereo23
I2 t1e priest 2alsi2ie! a marria"e license w1ic1 1as alrea!0 e7pire! to make it
appear t1at it is still crrent or it is still e22ective/ t1at is 2alsi2ication 60 an
ecclesiastical minister in relation to t1e solemni5ation o2 marria"e3
Remem6er in altering true dates, 6ec t1e ot1ers are ver0 eas0 to interpret no1/ i2
one actall0 altere! a !ocment to re2lect t1e tre !ate/ it is not 2alsi2ication3 T1at
is t1e case o2 a priest o2 'lla"an/ .eva (ci&a w1o o6taine! 1is ce!la;CTC an!
w1en 1e was alrea!0 in 1is paris1/ notice! t1at 1is !ate o2 6irt1 is erroneos3
<it1ot askin" t1e permission o2 t1e local treasrer/ 1e c1an"e! 1is !ate o2 6irt1/
1e was se!3 :e was convicte! 60 t1e C9I t1at is w10 1e appeale!3 T1en/ +C
sai!/ .#/ i2 1e c1an"es t1e !ates an! in!icate! t1e tre !ate t1at is not
2alsi2ication3 T1ere are times w1en we are 6ein" misle! or 60 an 1onest mistake/
1ere t1ere will 6e no 2alsi2ication 6ec t1ere mst 6e an actal intention to 2alsi203
I2 0o can prove t1at t1ere is no intention to 2alsi20 to !istort t1e trt1/ t1ere
col! 6e .# 2alsi2ication3 T1is is not a special law/ t1is is a 2elon0 an! it re4ires
criminal intent3
Bt t1en/ 6e care2l w1en 0o 6ecome a notar0 p6lic/ wa" ka naman" ma"la"a0
!n n" karatlan" para ka naman" 6ill6oar!3 Tsaka wa" kan" ma"lala"a0 n"
8e7pert in marria"e conselin"N3 T1ere is a new case !eci!e! 60 t1e +C t1at sc1
is pro1i6ite! an! 2ine! t1e law0er wit1 I t1ink $,0/000 an! an0 repetition o2 t1e
same o22ense wol! merit a sspension o2 not less t1an D mont1s3 <1enever 0o
notari5e/ 6e care2l/ an! ask 2or 1is commnit0 ta7 certi2icate an! 1is TI.
nm6er3 'lwa0s ask/ !o not rel0 on a Msa0 so>3 I2 1e is a 2orei"ner/ onl0 1is
passport nm6er isse! at an! w1en3 T1at wol! 6e s22icient3
FA (6lrre!) Can t1e +C proml"ate rles relatin" to notari5ation t1r t1e (-
Commerce (or somet1in" like t1at)
'A I t1ink/ t1e +C s1ol! not !o t1at3 .otari5ation t1r electronic !ocments or
(-commerce 6ec i2 0o will look at t1e &rat/ +)B+CRIB(@ '.@ +<#R. T#
B(9#R( %( T:I+ CCCCCCC @'B 'T CCCCCCCC <IT: T:( '99I'.T
(O:IBITI.* T# %( :I+ CTC .)%B(R '.@ TI. .)%B(R3 @#.( I.
T:( CITB #9 %'-'TI/ $:IL+3 T1en/ 0or name etc3/ 0o si"n3 In t1e
acknowle!"ment/ $(R+#.'LLB '$$('R(@ B(9#R( %(/ CCCCCCCC/
-.#<. T# %( '.@ B(9#R( %( -.#<. T# B( T:( +'%( $(R+#.
<:# (O(C)T(@ T:( 9#R(*#I.* @#C)%(.T C#.+I+TI.* #9 2
$'*(+3 +o/ t1ere mst 6e a personal appearance/ can 0o !o t1at in t1e (-
Commerce= I t1ink t1e0 1ave to revise t1e rles3 'ctall0/ alt1o"1 I am 2or t1e
se o2 t1ese tec1nolo"ies/ 6t we s1ol! alwa0s 6e care2l t1at or pro2ession is
not pt to test or ma06e pt into &eopar!0 60 reason o2 or !esire to se t1is I3T3
or t1ese tec1nolo"ies t1at we 1ave at t1is point3 I wol! 1ave to !isa"ree wit1
t1at 6t o2 corse/ i2 t1at is alrea!0 a man!ate o2 t1e +C/ w1at can 0o !o=
#k3 :ow a6ot 1alsification !# Pri$ate Indi$iduals. <ell/ t1e private
in!ivi!als/ i2 1e 2alsi2ies a p6lic !ocment/ !ama"e is not necessar03 In all
ot1er 2alsi2ications o2 p6lic !ocments enmerate! in 'rt3 1E1/ !ama"e is not
necessar03 It is onl0 t1at t1e 2alsi2ication is in a private !ocment t1at !ama"e is
essential or is necessar03 T1ere is no pro6lem re 2alsi2ication3 9alsi2ication ma0
6e a means o2 committin" a crime an! t1ere2ore can 6e comple7e! wit1 ot1er
crimes sc1 as malversation/ esta2a/ an! ot1er crimes o2 w1ic1 it>s a necessar0
means o2 committin" ot1er crimes3 In relation wit1 all t1ese 2alsi2ications/ t1e se
an! possession o2 all t1ese 2alsi2ie! !ocments w1et1er p6lic or private/ i2 t1ere
is an intent to se t1em an! t1at t1e o22en!er knows t1at it is 2alsi2ie!/ 1e is lia6le3
I2 1e !oes not know t1at t1e !oc is 2alsi2ie!/ 1e is not lia6le 2or possession3 I2 1e
!oes not inten! to se t1e same even i2 1e knows t1at t1e same is 2alsi2ie!/ is 1e
lia6le 2or possession= .o/ t1ere mst still 6e an I.T(.T T# )+(3 :ow !o 0o
know t1at 1e is sin" it as a sovenir= :ave 0o seen t1at t1ere are 2ake
!ocments an! t1e0 are even !ispla0in" it 6t t1e0 cannot 6e c1ar"e! 6ec t1eir
intention is actall0 not to se t1e same 6t simpl0 to !emonstrate 1ow t1e same
was !one3
%rt. 6& is 1alsification of 7ireless Ca!les, ,elegraph and ,elephone
4essages and the -se thereof. T1ere is no pro6lem a6ot tele"rap1/ as a matter
o2 2act/ !o we still 1ave tele"rap1 o22ices= RC$I= $TGT= %eron pa ata e13
RC$I/ p1one na lan" no13 I !on>t know i2 t1e0 are still en"a"e! wit1 tele"rap1s
kasi iton" cell p1one e1/ !i mo na kailan"an" tmele"rama/ I-!ial mo lan" ok na
i2 t1ere is a cell site3 :ow a6ot 2alsi2ication o2 telep1one messa"es= I2 0o sent
in 0or cell p1one/ a 2alse messa"e or one t1at is (TTTwit1 a weir! s4eakin"
son!TTT)
T1e 2alsi2ication t1at is 6ein" contemplate! in t1is case is t1e one t1at was
committe! a lon" time a"o3 (TTs4eaks pa rinTT) I2 t1e telep1one operator
c1an"e! t1e !ate or t1e 1or t1at is t1e 2alsi2ication o2 a telep1one messa"e3 Bt
0o 1ave to pa0 2or t1e !eliver0 o2 t1e messa"e t1r a messen"er per kilometer3 It
se! to 6e $2;km/ now/ I t1ink its $10 or $, or even more t1an t1at/ it !epen!s
esp in t1ose areas w1ere t1ere are no cell sites3 (1/ eto naman" atin" m"a
kapati!/ 6rot1ers or 2rien!s w1o are in t1e 6n!oks/ t1e0 !on>t like t1e cell sites
so t1e0 !estro0 t1em3 T1at is wron"/ e1 sila !in/ t1e0 are actall0 sin" t1at to
contact t1eir speriors an! 2rien!s so w10 !o t1e0 1ave to !estro0 t1em?&st to
make a statement= I !on>t 6elieve so3 I2 its to make a statement/ t1at is
!estrctin"3
'lmost ever06o!0 1ave in one wa0 or t1e ot1er 6een in !an"er o2 or 1as actall0
1as committe! 1alsification of 4edical Certificates as a principal 60
in!cement or 1alsification of certificate of 4erit or Certificate of (er$ice.
%e!ical certi2icate are sall0 6ein" aske! 60 st!ents/ law0ers 2rom t1eir
!octors/ etc3/ &st to e7cse t1emselves 2rom appearin" in a certain case or i2 t1e0
were not a6le to appear esp t1e law0ers/ to 6e e7cse! 2orm appearin" an! to
satis20 t1e corts or!er in askin" t1em to e7plain3 'ctall0/ I 1ave 1a! t1e
occasion o2 1avin" to 2ine a law0er an! a !octor re"ar!in" t1is3 #ne time/ w1en I
came 2rom t1e airport an! sent o22 m0 sister ver0 earl0 in t1e mornin"/ I was
alrea!0 in t1e airport an! I le2t t1e airport at DA30am an! w1ile passin" 60 at t1e
%a7>s restarant alon" Baclaran near Ro7as Blv!3 <it1 t1e ta7i ca6 takin" t1e
service roa! as t1ere are so man0 ven!ors at t1e ot1er si!e3 <1ile lookin" at t1e
people crossin" at t1e street/ I saw t1e law0er w1o is sppose! to appear in m0
cort t1at !a03 :e was in Baron" Ta"alo" an! 1e 1as a companion in a re! !ress
an! re! s1oes3 I let it pass3 Bt w1en t1e case was calle! at LA30 am 1e is not
aron!3 't I/ 1e still is not aron!3 +o/ I aske! m0 clerk o2 cort to call 1is o22ice3
T1e clerk in t1e o22ice sai!/ 8+ir/ 1e is in cortN <1ere= 8<ell/ accor!in" to or
sc1e!le/ Branc1 14L3N :e is not 1ere3 +o/ t1e clerk o2 cort aske! pon m0
instrction/ 8Can we contact 1im at 1ome= :e mi"1t 6e asleep or not 2eelin"
well3N Bes/ sir3 8$lease "ive me t1e nm6erN +o/ we calle! 1im in 1is 1ose/ t1e
wi2e answere!/ 8#1/ 1e le2t ver0 earl03 :e is in cort3N <e !i! not prse t1e
matter3 +o/ w1at we !i! is 2or 1im to e7plain w10 1e s1ol! not 6e cite! 2or
contempt as it was 1is 2irst appearance in t1e trial3 <1en 1e receive! t1e or!er o2
e7planation/ 1e 2ile! an e7planation to"et1er wit1 a me!ical certi2icate attestin"
t1at 1e 1as 6een ill 2or 4ite some time an! 1e was a!vise! to take a 6e! rest3 +o/
we &st place! 1is e7planation in recor! t1en we s6poenae! t1e !octor 2or t1e
ne7t 1earin"3 :ere comes t1e !octor3 <1ere 0o t1e one w1o isse! t1is me!ical
certi2icate= 8BesN Is 1e reall0 sick= 8#1/ 0es 0or 1onorN3 #r!erA <it1ot
e7plainin"/ 0o are 1ere60 6ot1 2ine! $,/000 2or not tellin" t1e trt13 .o
e7planation3 +o/ t1e0 were askin"/ &!"e 6akit naman $,/000/ no e7planation3
<10= #r e7planation is satis2actor03 T1e !octor/ n!er 1is oat1/ is claimin" t1at
I am sick3 I am sick3 8.o/ 0o are not sick3 @o 0o want me to call 0or wi2e=N
.o/ 0or 1onor3 I2 0o want me to call 0or wi2e t1en 0o will know3 8Bor
1onor/ I t1ink t1at is n2air an! t1e cort is a6sin" 1is power3N I sai!/ Come
1ere/ t1e two o2 0o3 Consel/ !o 0o want me to tell 0or wi2e t1at on t1e !a0
0o were sppose! to appear in cort 0o were wit1 a woman at EA30 in t1e
mornin"3 'n! t1e woman was wearin" a re! !ress an! a re! s1oes3 8.o more/
0or 1onor/ no more/ please3N (1e1e1e ) 8I will pa0 t1e 2ine incl!in" t1at o2
t1e !octor 6t !o not incl!e t1at in t1e or!er3N #1/ 1e imme!iatel0 pai! t1e 2ine3
Bt t1en/ 1e 1as alrea!0 committe! a prevarication in cort3 T1e !octor 1as
alrea!0 isse! a 2alse me!ical certi2icate o2 w1ic1 1e is a principal 60 in!cement
an! t1e !octor is also a principal 60 !irect participation3 Be care2l 1a/ 0o mi"1t
6e seen 60 t1e &!"e3 (1e1e1e ) (1/ 1li3 +o/ w1en 1e appears in m0 cort/ I
sall0 ask 1im/ 8$aVero=N 8'1/ 0or 1onor/ no more3N T1e last 1im I tol! 1im/
paVero/ san 6a 0n" nakaplan" sapatos? 8no/ 0or 1onor3 <ala na 1o i0on3N
9alse certi2icate o2 merits or service?0o can &st "o to Recto3 T1e0 are e7perts
t1ere incl!in" 0or transcript o2 recor!s3 It wol! appear to 6e ori"inal3 Bt it is
t1ose people w1o are "ilt03 Bt 0o/ as an in!cer/ 0o are also "ilt0 as a
principal 60 in!cement3
<1en using 8false certificate9 t1is/ t1ere mst 6e an actal knowle!"e t1at t1e0
are 2alse3 I2 t1ere is none/ 0o cannot 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le3
T1e 4anufacture and -se of the Instruments or Implements for
1alsification/ t1is is a !ea! law alrea!03 Bec 0o can 60 t1em even at stores/ t1e
arc1itects/ t1e0 1ave all t1ese even importe!3 It is alrea!0 a !ea! law/ !rin" t1e
ol!en times--0es/ !rin" t1e time w1en we are not importin" 0et t1ese
instrments t1at can 6e se! 2or 2alsi2ication3 T1e man2actre t1ereo2/ !ami
!0an/ t1e0 are man2actrin" inks/ instrments t1at can 6e se! 2or 2alsi2ication
an0w1ere3 T1ese are !ea! laws3
.ow/ -surpation of %uthorit#, Rank and ,itle and Improper -se of 5ames,
-niforms and Insignia. Lets "o to srpation o2 at1orit0 or o22icial 2nctions3
T1e onl0 rle 1ere t1at 0o mst know is t1at in srpation o2 at1orit0/ t1ere
mst 6e an actal o22ice w1ic1 t1at person !o not 6elon" 6t 1e is srpin" t1e
at1orit0 o2 t1at o22ice or t1at particlar !t0 or 2nctions o2 a person3 Bo claim
to 6e a "eneral like Ro0et $a!illa3 Ro0et $a!illa claims to 6e a Bri"3 *en o2 :-
<orl! 'rm03 Is t1ere a srpation o2 at1orit0= .o/ 6ec t1ere is no sc1 t1in" as
:-<orl! 'rm03 ' person w1o claims to 6e a D-+tar *en?o1/ %on"ca!o?!o
0o remem6er *en3 %on"ca!o !rin" t1e Japanese occpation3 :e 1as 1is own
re"ime an! 1e promote! 1imsel2 to D-star "eneral 6t no6o!0 can c1ar"e 1im 6ec
t1ere is no sc1 rank or o22ice3 :is son w1o was m0 classmate 1as to 4it sc1ool
6ec ever0one was tr0in" to "et 1is "oat (==) so 1e 4it law sc1ool3 :e was m0
classmate an! 1e was a s10 t0pe o2 person3 It was 6ec o2 t1e a!ventrism o2 1is
2at1er an! makin" 1imsel2 a D-star "eneral t1at case! 1is c1il!ren some
pro6lem3 <ell/ o2 corse/ we !on>t know 1ow 1e "ot t1at i!ea3 Bt o2 corse/ i2
0o are sppose! to 6e "iven a rank o2 a D-+tar *eneral/ 0o 1ave to 6e !ea!
alrea!0 6ec t1ere are onl0 2 persons w1o were "iven sc1 rank onl0 a2ter t1eir
!eat1?%c'rt1r an! (isen1ower3 It was a post1mos promotion3 <it1 respect
to o22icial 2nctions/ t1ere mst 6e an actal srpation o2 o22icial 2nctions
6elon"in" to sc1 person3 I2 it !oes not 6elon" to anot1er person or i2 t1e
2nction is not amon" t1ose incl!e! in 1is &o6 !escription/ t1en t1ere is no
srpation o2 o22icial 2nctions3
Illegal use of -niforms or Insignia. T1e ni2orm mst e7ist/ so wit1 t1e insi"nia
an! even t1e improper se o2 t1ese ni2orms3 Bt t1e pro6lem now is t1at 0o
can wear a ni2orm o2 t1e 'rm0 even i2 0o are a tric0cle !river3 T1ere was a
$resi!ential @ecree w1ic1 %arcos isse! !rin" t1e %artial Law perio! w1ic1
pro1i6its t1e se o2 2ati"e an! camo2la"e ni2orms 6t t1en t1e0 are not
implementin" it3 I 1ope t1at t1e0 will as most o2 t1ose w1o are in t1e 6n!oks are
sin" also t1e ni2orms o2 t1e militar03 Bo !on>t know an0more w1et1er t1e0
are o2 t1e $1il 'rm0/ +cot Ran"ers or w1atever3 Te onl0 t1in" t1at 0o can
!istin"is1 t1ese people 2orm t1e real arm0 is t1at t1e0 are not wearin" 6oots 6t
+partan slippers3 +o/ t1at is w1at 0o ma0 6e a6le to 2in! 2rom t1ese people3
.ow/ w1en 0o are -sing a 1ictitious 5ame/ t1ere mst 6e at least 3 intentions3
13) Intention to conceal a crime or 23) Intention o2 eva!in" a &!"ment an! t1e
ot1er one is 33) to case !ama"e to anot1er3 <1ile in concealing true name/ t1e
2act t1at 0o conceal 0or tre name to 1i!e 0or i!entit0 is eno"13 +o/ t1e0 are
sa0in" t1e se o2 t1e name 8Jose Helar!eN is to conceal t1e commission o2 t1e
crime?t1e0 1ave to prove it3 Like t1e news o2 Jose $i!al3 (1 kasi nn" araw
!aw ma6ilis an" tak6o kasi motori5e! noon e1 n"a0on ma1ina na/ pi!al na lan"
an" "ina"amit3 (1e1e1e ) -a0a ma6ilis !aw nn" (R'$ e13 @o 0o know t1at
one !a0 I was rea!in" t1e newspaper a6ot a 2amil0 w1o travele! ntil 'l6a0 on
a Mpa!0ak-pa!0ak> tric0cle 2orm %anila or FC3 It took t1em?4 mont1s3
$a"katapos nn/ t1e0 2eatre! Jose $i!al on t1e ot1er si!e3 (1a1a1a ) Twan"
twa ako e13 I was la"1in" 1ar! w1en I was rea!in" t1e stor03 Loko tala"a an"
In4irer3 Bt well/ it is !i22erent 2rom ille"al se o2 alias3 Bo can se an alias
so lon" as it is in connection wit1 t1e e7ercise o2 0or pro2ession sc1 as actin"/
sin"in" or even as a sportsman3 Bt i2 0o are an or!inar0 person/ all 0o 1ave to
!o is se 0or nickname or t1e name t1at 0o are known in 0or localit03
'6ot 1alse ,estimonies3 <1en t1ose people w1o are not an0more in t1eir
c1airs testi20 an! w1enever t1e0 sa0 t1at t1e0 are present an! t1e0 are testi20in"
2or a !e2en!ant in a criminal case/ t1e0 will 6e 1el! "ilt0 o2 "ivin" a 2alse
testimon0 a"ainst a !e2en!ant in a criminal case3 T1e penalt0 is 4ite steep 1a3
'ctall0/ t1ese are t1e Bias witnesses/ t1e $ro2essional witnesses/ t1e $ai!
witnesses t1at sall0 testi20 a"ainst a !e2en!ant3 I2 it is in 2avor o2 t1e !e2en!ant/
t1e penalt0 is not as steep as "ivin" a 2alse testimon0 a"ainst a !e2en!ant in a
criminal case3 Bt t1e 2alse testimon0 mst 6e material to t1e reslt o2 t1e case3 I2
its not/ t1en t1ere is no 2alse testimon03 T1e testimon0 ma0 6e 2alse 6t i2 it is not
material to t1e case at 1an!/ t1ere is no crime t1at was committe!3 (ven 2alse
testimon0 "iven in 2avor o2 an accse!/ t1en its also pnis1a6le even i2 it reslte!
in 1is ac4ittal3 T1e time w1en 0o can 2ile a case o2 "ivin" 2alse testimon0 is
w1en t1e cort 1as alrea!0 ren!ere! a !ecision3 Bec it is t1e time 2or t1e cort to
state in its !ecision t1at in!ee! t1e accse! was a victim o2 2alse testimonies
"iven 60 t1e witnesses a"ainst 1im3 T1e +C 1as not 6een recommen!in" t1e
prosection o2 some people even w1en t1ere is 2alse testimonies/ it is p 2or t1e
person w1o 1as 6een a22ecte! to 2ile t1e necessar0 c1ar"es a"ainst t1e witnesses3
It is akin to plantin" evi!ence3 :ere 0o are plantin" oral testimonies3 In plantin"
o2 evi!ence/ 0o plant t1e material/ !ocmentar0 or o6&ect evi!ence t1emselves3
1alse testimon# in Ci$il Cases/ t1e penalt0 1ere is actall0 !epen!ent pon t1e
amont o2 t1e controvers03 In 2alse testimon0 a"ainst a !e2en!ant/ even t1e !e2
1imsel2 w1o "ave a 2alse testimon0 in 1is 2avor ma0 6e c1ar"e! o2 "ivin" 2alse
testimon0 a"ainst a !e23 :ow a6ot 2alse testimon0 in 2avor o2 t1e accse! "iven
60 t1e accse! 1imsel2?can 1e 6e convicte! 2or "ivin" o2 2alse testimon0 in
2avor o2 an accse!= Look at 0or 6ook3 In an opinion o2 an at1or/ 1e sai! B(+3
Bec i2 1e can "et awa0 wit1 it/ 1e is ac4itte!/ so it>s as i2 0o are con!onin" t1e
2act t1at 1e 1as prevaricate! in cort3 +o/ 1e s1ol! 6e lia6le3
:ow a6ot 1alse testimon# in 'ther Cases and Perjur# in (olemn
%ffirmation3 9alse testimon0 in ot1er cases/ t1ese are a!ministrative/ 4asi-
&!icial or ot1er procee!in" sc1 as in Con"ress an! it is not an0more consi!ere!
as 2alse testimon0 in ot1er cases 6t simpl0 per&r03 Jst t1e same as w1en 0o
make a 2alse narration o2 2acts in a sworn statement w1ic1 2acts are material an!
re4ire! in t1e statement3 +o/ i2 0o ma!e a 2alse narration o2 2acts in a statement
6t sc1 2alse narration o2 2acts is not material to w1at is 6ein" aske! o2 0o/ t1en
is it per&r0= .#3 :ow a6ot in 0or 6io-!ata= Lets "o into 2alsi2ication an! into
per&r03 I2 in 0or 6io-!ate/ 0o ma!e a 2alse statement/ col! t1at 6e a
2alsi2ication o2 private !ocment= I2 it is o22iciall0 re4ire!/ B(+3 I2 simpl0 0o
s6mit t1at 2or prposes o2 prisin" some6o!0 o2 0or 4ali2ications/ an! t1e0
!i! not 6elieve it/ 0o are not lia6le3 <ell/ i2 1owever/ 0o pt t1e same n!er
oat1 an! it is material to 0or application/ t1en it is per&r03 :ow a6ot
recantations= <e 1ave %a1sa0?%awana0?%e!el3 $ro 8%N 0an e13 T1e0
are actall0 e71i6itin" 2or t1e p6lic t1at it pa0s to per&re one>s sel23 To m0
min!/ t1ese people !eserve a 1i"1 penalt03
's c1il!ren wol! 6e t1inkin" t1at/ well/ t1ese people are not pt to &ail !espite
t1e 2act t1at t1e0 are l0in" to t1eir teet1 an! t1e people know t1at t1e0 are l0in"3
T1at is w10 t1ese a22i!avit o2 !esistance in criminal cases are 6ein" looke! pon
wit1 cation 60 t1e Cort3 I2 t1e cort 2in!s t1is a22i!avit is a prevarication/ t1e
cort s1ol! not onl0 cite t1e person w1o e7ecte! t1e same 2or contempt 6t
also ask t1e p6lic prosector to 2ile a case o2 per&r0 a"ainst t1em3 'n! i2 it>s
o22ere! as an evi!ence t1en/ o22erin" 2alse testimon0 in an evi!ence or i2 not/ t1e0
are lia6le 2or per&r03 <e 1ave 1a! an e7perience re t1is 2alse testimonies o2
witnesses containe! in t1eir a22i!avits o2 w1atever/ t1ese are 6ein" receive! wit1
cation3 's a matter o2 2act/ t1e +C/ in most cases/ consi!ers t1em merel0 as a
scrap o2 paper3 Bt t1ere are a22i!avit o2 !esistance t1at are !one in "oo! 2ait13
Like 2or e7ample/ in one case o2 esta2a/ w1erein an o22en!e! part0 claims t1at
w1at was sol! to 1im is an nre"istere! lan! o2 w1ic1 t1e accse! claims to 6e
aron! 2,0 s43m3 it trne! ot t1at w1en it>s srve0e!/ its onl0 1,0 s4m3/ 1e se!
t1e "0 2or esta2a3 I onl0 aske! 1im one 4estion/ 8<1en 1e sol! 0o t1at
propert0/ !i! 1e tell 0o t1at it 1as 6een srve0e!=N .#/ 1e !i! not tell me3 +o/ I
sai! 8T1at>s all3 +it !own3N Bec i2 its not srve0e!/ t1at person !oes not even
know t1e metes an! 6on!s o2 t1at propert0 t1at 1e is sellin"/ 1ow can 0o
c1ar"e 1im o2 esta2a o2 preten!in" to possess propert03 .o wa03 I2 t1e o22en!e!
part0 e7ectes an a22i!avit o2 !esistance/ t1ere is a reason 2or 1im to e7ecte sc1
6ec o2 1is misinterpretation o2 t1e 2acts o2 t1e case an! an in&stice wol! 6e
committe! to an accse!3 T1ere are times w1en 0o s1ol! 1onor a22i!avits o2
!esistance 6t most o2 t1e time/ "ina"awa ka lan" collection a"enc03
.ow/ 1ow a6ot 'ffering 1alse ,estimonies3 It is t1e part0 w1o is involve!3
%a06e t1e !e2en!ant or t1e plainti22 w1o entices ot1ers to o22er a 2alse testimon0
or to o22er a testimon0 o2 a 2alse witness3 It is !i22erent 2rom s6ornation o2
per&r03 Bo tell t1e prospective witness to 6ecome 0or witness an! to testi20
2alsel03 In o22erin" 2alse testimon0/ 0o know t1at t1is "0 is not tellin" t1e trt1
alt1o"1 0o are not t1e one w1o tol! 1im not to tell t1e trt1/ 6t 0o still
o22ere! 1is testimon0 in evi!ence/ t1at is w1en it is a crime o2 o22erin" 2alse
testimon03 @o not se t1e law0er 2or o22erin" 2alse testimon0 nless 0o know
t1at 1e consente! to it an! 1e is a part0 to it 6ec it is t1e law0er w1o alwa0s o22er
not onl0 t1e oral testimon0 o2 t1e witness 6t also t1e !ocmentar0 evi!ence/ it is
1is &o63 +o/ 0o alwa0s sa0 an! I 1ope t1at 0o won>t min!3 %ost o2 0o are
committin" a mistake w1enever 0o 2ormall0 o22er t1e testimon0 o2 t1e witness
6ec 0o are onl0 sa0in"/ 8I2 0or 1onor please/ t1e witness will testi20 etc3N T1at
is not a 2ormal o22er3 I am onl0 actall0 tr0in" to "o on3336ec I will 6e
commentin" later?6t t1e wa0 1ow to 2ormall0 o22er t1e testimon0 o2 t1e
witness is 60 sa0in" 8I2 0or 1onor please/ we are 2ormall0 o22erin" t1e
testimon0 o2 %r3 Jan @ela Cr5 to prove t1e 22?777N Bt !o not enmerate to
t1e smallest !etail t1e testimon0 t1at 1e is "oin" to "ive3 #nl0 in "eneral3 I2 it>s
onl0 to esta6lis1 t1e alle"ation in 0or in2ormationQ8to esta6lis1 0or 1onor t1e
alle"ation in t1e in2ormationN T1at is all3 Bt i2 0o sa0/ we are o22erin" t1is
witness 0or 1onor3 I will tell 0o/ I will not accept t1e witness esp i2 s1e is a
woman?e1/ ma"alit pa an" asawa ko sa akin3 (1e1e1e ) +o/ 6e care2l in 0or
2ormal o22er3
4achinations, 4onopolies and Com!inations3 %ac1inations in p6lic action/
well/ i2 0o ask an0 "i2t or consi!eration so t1at 0o will sta0 awa0 2rom a p6lic
action/ 0o emplo0 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation so t1at ot1ers will not atten!
etc3/ t1en t1ere is a mac1ination o2 a p6lic action3 T1e p6lic action 1ere is
eit1er t1e sale o2 properties 60 an actioneer w1o ma0 eit1er 6e a p6lic o22icer
or emplo0ee or a private person3 #r in p6lic 6i!!in"s3 T1e !i22erence in action
an! in 6i!!in" is t1at in action w1at is sall0 6ein" sol! are t1ose t1at are
sppose! to 6e sol! wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e or wit1ot t1e consent (i2 it is an
or!er o2 a cort or an or!er o2 a 4asi-&!icial 6o!0)3 <1en it is/ 1owever/ a
private action t1en it is alwa0s wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e owner3 I !on>t know i2 we
1ave in t1e $1ils a private actioneer license! 60 t1e "ov>t3 .one no1 nlike
-rist0>s o2 .ew Bork3 In t1e $1ils/ 0o 1ave actions 6ein" con!cte! 60 t1e
cstoms re"ar!in" con2iscate! articles or @(.R or ot1er actions !one 60
s1eri22s on properties t1at are levie! on e7ection3 'll t1ese are consi!ere! as
actions3 <ell/ p6lic 6i!!in"s are re"ar!in" pro&ects3 (it1er private or p6lic
contract or propert03 (7ample/ 0o want to 6il! 0or 1ose at t1e lowest price/
0o can p6lis1 t1at t1ere will 6e a p6lic 6i!!in" in connection wit1 t1e
constrction o2 a 1ose etc3 <ell/ t1ese people will natrall0 present to 0o t1eir
6i!s an! it col! 6e a close! or open 6i!3 #ne lesson t1at 0o 1ave to learn in
actions or 2oreclosre/ i2 t1ere will 6e a 2oreclosre sale o2 properties/ in t1e
event t1at t1ere will 6e a writ o2 e7ection/ t1e 2irst t1in" t1at 0o 1ave to !o i2
0o are t1e s1eri22 is write a !eman! letter to t1e losin" part0 2or 1im to pa0 t1e
amont3 I2 1e !oesn>t pa0 t1e amont wit1in t1e perio! 0o "ave 1im/ 0o lev0
on 1is personal propert0 mna3 T1en i2 t1ere are no personal properties or t1e0
are ins22icient/ lev0 on t1e real properties3 Bt i2 0o are a6le to lev0 several real
properties/ 0o 1ave to sell t1em one 60 one an! not in 6lk 6ec t1en t1e sale
wol! 6e invali!3
4onopolies and Com!ination in Restraint of ,rade3 <ala naman" pro6lema
!ito e13 Bn" m"a cartel lan" ito/ 0n" m"a monopolies3 :ow a6ot t1e
Importation and )isposition of 1alsel# 4arked %rticles or 4erchandise
made up of 2old, (il$er or other Precious 4etals3 T1e rle is t1is/ ver0 simple
QI2 0o are a seller/ etc3 or importer/ 0o 1ave to eit1er place in t1e precios
metal itsel2 t1e karat or t1e contents o2 t1e precios metal in t1e article itsel23 #r
i2 not/ 0o can place a mark or marker w1ic1 s1ows t1e contents o2 t1e precios
metal or karats3 #t1erwise/ i2 t1ere are no sc1 in!ication/ 0o are violatin" 'rt3
1LE3
,rademarks and trade names or (er$ice 4arks3 Tra!emarks an! tra!e names
are actall0 6ein" se! interc1an"ea6l03 Bt in t1e $1ils/ we tr0 to !i22erentiate
t1em3 9or e7ample/ in a s1irt o2 w1ic1 t1e tra!e name is Lacoste/ t1e tra!emark
t1ere is t1e 2i"re o2 an alli"ator on t1e le2t si!e o2 t1e s1irt3 :owever/ n!er t1e
R$C/ t1e0 are interc1an"ea6le3 .ow/ s6stittin" t1e tra!emark actall0 moron
n" tra!emark 0n" is/ ipinapalit mo lan" e1 w1ic1 is !i22erent 2rom n2air
competition3 In -nfair Competition/ 0o make a colora6le imitation o2 t1e
pro!ct3 (to/ tala"an" t1ere is a !i22erent pro!ct 6t 0o s6stitte t1e tra!e
name o2 anot1er or t1e tra!emark o2 anot1er3 T1at is t1e !i22erence 6etween t1e
two3 +ervice mark/ walan" pro6lema 0an/ ka"a0a n" @:L an! ot1ers en"a"e! in
services3 In n2air competition it is !i22erent 1a/ look at t1e cases o2 Beer na Beer
or +an %i"el Corp v3 'sia Beer w1erein t1e latter won t1e case 6ec accor!in" to
t1e +C/ it is not a colora6le imitation o2 +an %i"el $ale $ilsen3 Bt to me/ it can
6e mistaken 2or t1e ot1er e13 Bt t1e wor! 8Beer na BeerN actall0 is ver0 6i"
no1 an! accor!in" to t1e +C/ 0o cannot &st appropriate t1e wor! MBeer> 6ec it is
actall0 known all over t1e worl! since time immemorial t1at an0 concoction
w1ic1 involve malt is consi!ere! a 6eerQit>s a common name3 :ow a6ot t1e
case o2 Bali a6ot an In!ian w1o is man2actrin" Bali socks?1e was se! 60
Bali corporation o2 +wit5erlan! an! t1e corts are 6ein" aske! to isse an
in&nction3 T1e +C sai! .# I.J).CTI#.3 <10= Bo are not man2actrin"
socks/ 0o !eclare t1at 0o onl0 man2actre leat1er pro!cts3 Bt i2 0o are
"oin" to look at +on0 Corp o2 'merica v3 a certain +on0 w1o pt p a restarant
in .ew Bork3 T1e +on0 Corp o2 'merica was a6le to o6tain a permanent
in&nction a"ainst t1at la!0 w1ose name is +on0 w1o pts p a restarant not
competin" wit1 t1e 6siness o2 +on0 Corp o2 'merica3 Bt 6ec accor!in" to
t1em/ it>s a well-known name so t1e0 cannot se or t1e0 cannot tili5e t1e same3
%an" @onal!>s an! %c@onal!>s/ 6iro mo 6a naman" tal1in pa n" %c@onal!s si
%an" @onal!/ c1eap naman3 Iton" isa e1 arro5cal!o lan"3 (1/ @onal!o an"
pan"alan ka0a %an" @onal! naman3 Bakit ikaw na lan" 6a an" @onal!=
+ept3 10/ 2003
T1e law on opim is now R' I1D,3 T1is will 6e more len"t1il0 !iscsse! in
+pecial $enal Laws class 6ec it will take s at least 2 !a0s e1/ 4 1ors or more3 It
is a matter o2 "reat concern 2or s esp in 0or class 6ec I am sre t1at in criminal
law R' I1D, will 6e incl!e! in t1e 6ar e7ams3 <1o wol! 1ave t1o"1t t1at
oter space will 6e incl!e! in t1e 6ar e7ams= (1e1e1e ) &Nag!wento na si
$udge tung!ol sa bar exams and the fact that his name is mentioned in the 'rim
(xam this year when he do not even !now who the examiner is.)
CRI%(+ '*'I.+T $)BLIC %#R'L+
'6ot gam!ling 2or"et all a6ot it 6ec we are "oin" to !iscss t1at also in or
special laws as it is covere! 60 a compre1ensive anti-"am6lin" law known as $@
1D023
2ra$e (candal3 I2 0o were aske! a 4estion/ wol! t1e act o2 %a0or Ben&amin
'6alos o2 %an!al0on" in c1ar"in" an actress w1o 6are! 1er assets at (@+' o2
"rave scan!al eno"1 to convict 1er 2or sc1 a crime= <1at is t1ere in "rave
scan!al t1at is sppose! to 1ave 6een committe! 60 t1e o22en!er= 'n0 1i"1l0
scan!alos con!cts w1ic1 o22en!s !ecenc0 or "oo! cstoms3 <ol! wearin" a
6ikini in t1e mi!!le o2 a street a 1i"1l0 scan!alos con!ct= To m0 min!/ .#/ e1
t1ere are even ot1ers w1o are rnnin" t1e streets !rin" #6lation @a0 in )3$3/
0o can "o t1ere an! watc1 t1em an! t1e0 are not committin" a crime o2 "rave
scan!al3 It is somet1in" w1ic1 is worse t1an t1at/ it is an e71i6ition o2 an act
w1ic1 is 1i"1l0 immoral an! scan!alos/ 1ow mc1 more i2 it is ille"al3 I2 it is
ille"al/ it s1ol! 6e a crime3 :ere/ it is 1i"1l0 immoral3 It o22en!s t1e !ecenc0/
t1e sensi6ilities o2 man wit1 respect to !ecenc0 an! "oo! con!ct3 I remem6er an
inci!ent 2eatre! in a newspaper an! t1is is in oter space 1a3 <1en on 6oar! a
E4E plane "oin" to anot1er contr0/ a man an! a woman in 2ront o2 all t1e
passen"ers 1a! se7 in 2ll view o2 all t1e passen"ers3 '1/ t1at is alrea!0 "rave
scan!al3 I2 t1e0 !i! t1at in 2ll view o2 t1e p6lic/ t1at is "rave scan!al3 (ven i2
0o "o to Lneta/ t1ese people are e71i6itin" w1at is not normal an0more/ it
constitte an o22ense to !ecenc0 an! "oo! cstoms/ t1at is alrea!0 consi!ere! as
"rave scan!al3 't ni"1t/ 0o ma0 1ave passe! t1r several places 1ere in %etro
%anila an! 0o will see in some slea50 an! w1atever kin! o2 &oints t1ere are/
even in t1e streets/ 0o will see t1ese la!ies !resse! in skimp0 clot1es an!
per2ormin" acts w1ic1 are not onl0 provocative 6t also wol! constitte as lew!
in t1e e0es o2 some people/ t1e0 are not 6ein" arreste! 2or "rave scan!al as t1e
people t1ere are not a22ecte! 60 t1eir acts3 +o/ t1ere is still an element t1at t1e
people s1ol! 6e a22ecte! 60 t1e con!ct o2 t1e o22en!er3 Jst like in o22en!in"
reli"ios 2eelin"s/ it>s t1e 2ait12l3 :ere in "rave scan!al/ it>s t1e p6lic t1at are
o22en!e! not a simple pr!e or w1oever 1e is 6t it is t1e "eneral p6lic w1o is
a22ecte!3 I2 t1e p6lic will accept it/ t1ere is no "rave scan!al3 'n! remem6er t1at
w1at ma0 6e moral to!a0/ ma0 6e immoral tomorrow !epen!in" pon times3 It>s
t1e time/ t1e "eneration an! t1e people t1at !ictates w1at is !ecent an! not to
t1em an! w1at is 1i"1l0 scan!alos an! w1at is not3 Bt in "eneral terms/ t1ere
are acts t1at are reall0 1i"1l0 scan!alos3 T1ose t1at s1ol! 6e !one in private/
s1ol! 6e !one in private an! i2 !one in p6lic t1at wol! 6e 1i"1l0 scan!alos3
'6ot Immoral )octrines, '!scene Pu!lications and /:hi!itions, and
Indecent (hows3 It is not onl0 p6lications in ma"a5ines an! in ot1er 2orms o2
literatres t1at t1is article covers3 It involves also t1ose t1at are 6ein" s1own in
cinemas/ t1eaters or in some ot1er p6lic places t1at people are allowe! to enter3
Bo !on>t 1ave to look 2or o6scene ma"a5ines or literatres/ 0o can see t1em
even in 6ookstores/ in t1e streetsQat t1e si!ewalks or at t1e newsstan!Qan! t1e
"ov>t is actall0 not !oin" an0t1in" a6ot it3 Its onl0 nin"as k"on esp w1en t1e0
wol! like to catc1 t1e attention o2 t1e people as it is nearin" election time3 Bt
a2ter t1at/ no more3 +1ows?t1at wol! even incl!e t1e C@s or an0t1in" t1at
wol! 6e an instrment in t1e e71i6ition o2 lew! s1ows or s1ows t1at are
o6scene/ t1e0 are consi!ere! as in violation o2 t1is article3 T1at is w10 in some
t1eaters/ t1e0 1ave 6een closin" t1em !own 6ec t1e0 e71i6its lew! s1ows3 T1is
1as a conterpart in a law or !ecree passe! 60 %arcos w1ic1 is $@ IDI in
relation to sellin" o6scene literatres/ !istri6tin"/ 1an!lin" ot/ t1at is covere!
60 $@ IDI3 In immoral !octrines 1a/ p6lications lan" ito w1ile in $@ IDI/ it>s
t1e sellin" or !istri6tin"3
T1en 0o 1ave 0agrants and Prostitutes3 Ha"rants?well/ an0 person w1o is
a6le 6o!ie! w1o 2ails to 6rin" 1imsel2 to a law2l callin" an! 1e 1as no means o2
s6sistence s1all 6e consi!ere! as a va"rant3 'n0 person w1o loiters or 2re4ents
1oses o2 ill-repte as a pimp or ot1erwise/ an! even i2 1e 1as a means o2
s6sistence/ 1e is also consi!ere! as a va"rant3 T1en/ t1ose w1o loiters or
in1a6its nin1a6ite! 6il!in"s wit1ot an0 means o2 s6sistence or t1ose w1o are
wan!erin" a6ot t1e contr0 wit1ot an0 means o2 s6sistence/ t1e0 are
consi!ere! as va"rants3 Bo s1ol! !istin"is1 va"rants 2rom men!icants3 Bec
men!icants are not necessaril0 va"rants 6t t1e0 are t1ose w1o are askin" 2or
alms3 <1en I was a st!ent in one o2 t1e niversities/ ever0 mornin"/ I sall0
see a man w1o is a6ot more t1an D0 0ears ol! alrea!0 at t1e "ate o2 t1e sc1ool
askin" 2or alms3 :e sta0s t1ere p to Lpm t1en "oes 1ome3 #ne time/ some6o!0
aske! me 6ec I sai! 8'n" ti0a"a naman niton" matan!an" ito3 -ilala mo 6a
0an=N +a6i n" kai6i"an ko/ 8#o/ ma0aman pa sa atin" la1at 0an3 (1 ma0 apat na
pinton" apartment 0an !ito sa $3 .oval e13 't meron pan" !alawa sa $i0
%ar"al3N :e earns more t1an $,00 ever0!a0 !rin" t1ose times3 Bt t1en 1e is
into men!icanc0 w1ic1 is pro1i6ite! n!er a presi!ential !ecree isse! 60
%arcos not in va"ranc0 n!er 'rt3 202 o2 t1e R$C3 :e is not a va"rant 6t 1e is a
men!icant 6ec 1e 1as a means o2 liveli1oo! or s6sistence3 T1ese are t1e
va"rants3 <1en 0o see people w1o are at t1e corner stores !oin" not1in" t1e
w1ole !a0/ in ta"alo" 0o call t1em Ba"amn!o or i2 not/ -atpas3 Bo know
w1at is -atpas?6ec t1eir occpation is -ain/ Tlo"/ $as0al3 (1e1e1e ) T1e0
are a6le 6o!ie! 6t t1e0 !on>t want to !evote t1emselves to an0 law2l callin" or
occpation 6t t1en t1e0 1ave means o2 s6sistence t1at is w10 we cannot
consi!er t1em as va"rants/ t1e0 eat 27 or 37 a !a03 T1e0 can 60 "in or 6eer an!
t1at is t1eir preoccpation t1e w1ole !a03 T1at means to sa0 t1at t1e0 1ave a
means o2 s6sistence w1et1er it came 2rom an ille"al sorce/ le"al sorce or !ole
ot/ t1at is still a means o2 s6sistence3 Bo remem6er +ec3 %ike @e2ensor w1en
1e was involve! in an inci!ent at $a!i>s $oint in FC w1ere 1e interce!e! 2 0on"
"irls w1o were arreste! alle"e!l0 2or va"ranc03 T1e policemen t1ere can 6e se!
2or nlaw2l arrest3 <10= T1e "irls were pa0in" 2or t1eir !rinks3 T1e0 1ave
or!ere! 2oo!3 (ven i2 t1e0 were t1ere ever0!a0/ it is not 0or 6siness to in4ire
w1ere t1ere are "ettin" t1eir mone03 <1at is onl0 wron" t1ere is t1at accor!in"
to +ec3 %ike @e2ensor/ t1e0 are 1is 2rien!s3 :e !i! not sa0 t1e le"al reason3 T1e
le"al reason is t1at t1ese people 1ave a means o2 s6sistence3 :ow can t1e0 6e
va"rants3 +o/ t1e0 cannot 6e arreste!3 T1e policemen t1ere are overactin" an!
nlaw2ll0 arrestin" t1e 2 "irls3 +o/ t1at is a "oo! e7ample3 'n! ma06e i2 t1e0
are "oin" to ask a 4estion in t1e 6ar/ most pro6a6l0/ it is t1at 4estion i2 t1e0
still remem6er t1at inci!ent 6ec it is still not settle! e13 Bt t1e onl0 "oo! reason
t1at 0o can "ive t1ere is t1at i2 t1ese people can patroni5e $a!i>s $oint an! pa0
2or t1eir !rinks an! 2oo!/ t1en t1e0 1ave a means o2 s6sistence an! t1e0 are
t1ere2ore/ not va"rants3
.ow/ Prostitutes onl0 re2ers to women w1o 1a6itall0 en"a"e in se7al
intercorse or in lascivios con!ct 2or pro2it or "ain3
T1ere is no law w1ic1 makes it ille"al 2or a male to en"a"e 1a6itall0 in a se7al
intercorse or in lascivios con!ct 2or pro2it or "ain?.#.(3 Bo cannot
c1ar"e 1im also o2 va"ranc0 6ec ma06e 1e 1as also a means o2 s6sistence3 T1e
sal scenario t1at 0o will see in t1e streets w1enever 0o will see a policeman
arrestin" a person w1o mi"1t 6e lookin" sspiciosQ6a"ancia (I !on>t know t1e
spellin" ) 'non" 6a"ancia= Bo look onl0 sspicios/ 6a"ancia na3 (ven i2 0o
!o not 1ave an0 mone0 in 0or pocket/ 0o cannot 6e consi!ere! a va"rant3 (1/
spposin" 0o 1ave plent0 o2 mone0 at 1ome w1ic1 is eno"1 to spport 0or
s6sistence 2or 2 or 3 !a0s/ 0o are not a va"rant3 #r even 2or t1e !a03 +o/ it is
wron" 2or t1e police to &st arrest people le2t an! ri"1t 6ec t1e0 sa0 t1at t1is man
!oes not 1ave an0 mone0 an! 1e looks like a poor manQa1/ .#3 T1e0 s1ol!
rn a2ter t1e 6i" ones/ not a2ter t1e small price3
In prostittions/ t1e onl0 prostittes now t1at can 6e pnis1e! n!er t1e law are
t1ose w1o are alrea!0 1L 0ears an! a6ove3 $rostittes w1o are less t1an 1L 0ears
o2 a"e are consi!ere! as victims rat1er t1an o22en!ers n!er R' ED10/ t1e C1il!
'6se Law3 I2 t1ese people are 6ein" e7ploite! an! t1e0 are still less t1an 1L/
t1e0 are victims3 'n! remem6er t1at an0 person w1o will 1ave se7al intercorse
even wit1 t1ese 0on" prostittes are criminall0 lia6le n!er R' ED103 -a0a
wala na" 8!ais0N n"a0onQ!ais0 sais/ !ais0 siete3
T1on0A <1at i2 t1e "0 is in "oo! 2ait1 6ec 1e t1o"1t t1at t1e prostitte is
alrea!0 o2 a"e=
J!"eA *oo! 2ait1 1a3 Remem6er t1at it is a special law?can 0o invoke "oo!
2ait1 in special law= '1/ tapos ka/ %r3 T03 (1e1e1e ) Convicte! ka3 *oo! 2ait1
is not a !e2ense in special laws nless t1e special law partakes o2 a natre o2 a
2elon0 w1erein it is state! t1erein t1e wor! 8knowin"l0N3 I2 t1ere is a wor!/ 8w1o
s1all knowin"l0N a1/ "oo! 2ait1 can 6e a !e2ense3 Bt i2 its strai"1t wit1ot t1e
wor! Mknowin"l0>/ 0o cannot invoke "oo! 2ait13 T1at is 1ow to interpret t1e
law3
<ell/ in t1e case o2 Jalos&os/ t1e "irl is a prostitte even 6e2ore s1e reac1es t1e
a"e o2 123 It is consi!ere! as stattor0 rape3 Bt in some recent !ecisions o2 t1e
+C/ i2 t1e c1ar"e is 2or rape not n!er R' ED10/ i2 it can 6e esta6lis1e! t1at t1ere
is a !o6t as to t1e real a"e o2 t1e "irl/ it s1ol! 6e interprete! in 2avor o2 t1e
accse! esp i2 s1e sai!/ I consente!3 T1at is onl0 in cases o2 rape3 Bt i2 it>s a
c1ar"e n!er ED10/ w1et1er s1e consente! or not/ s1e will 6e consi!ere! as a
victim an! it will 6e a violation o2 R' ED10 an! 0o are lia6le3 Bt t1e pro6lem
is/ o2 corse I n!erstan! t1e position t1at is 6ein" taken 60 %r3 T0/ are 0o
"oin" to ask t1e 6irt1 certi2icate o2 t1e "irl= 're 0o "oin" to ask t1e mana"er or
promoter a6ot t1e 6irt1 certi2icate= <1ose "onna !o t1at an! will t1ese people
e71i6it t1eir 6irt1 certi2icate 6ec t1e0 will not tell 0o t1eir real names3 T1ere was
a case t1at was 2ile! in %akati a6ot a violation o2 R' ED10 6ec t1e victim is less
t1an 1L/ I t1ink s1e was 1D3 T1at was t1e tro6le/ t1e woman was claimin" to 6e
so-an!-so 6t w1en 1er 6irt1 certi2icate was presente!/ s1e "oes 60 anot1er name3
It is onl0 t1e perception o2 t1e cort w1ic1 will natrall0 !etermine i2 t1e accse!
is "ilt0 or not 6ec pro6a6l0 s1e looks ol!er t1an 1er a"e3 T1e cort ac4itte! t1e
accse!3 .ot 6ec o2 1onest 6elie2 t1at s1e is more t1an 1L 0ears ol!/ t1e0 are
claimin" it to 6e a mistake o2 2act w1ic1 I sai!/ mistake o2 2act is not availa6le
1ere3 .evert1eless/ t1e0 ac4itte! t1e accse! 6t t1ere is no complaint to t1e
&!"ment o2 t1e cort3
<e "o to $6lic #22icers3 7ho are Pu!lic 'fficers= T1ose w1o 60 reason o2
t1eir appointment or 60 reason o2 !irect provision o2 t1e law or 60 reason o2
poplar election are taske! o2 per2ormin" o22icial 2nctions or t1ose actall0 are
!ele"ate! wit1 t1e per2ormance o2 t1eir p6lic 2nctions are consi!ere! as p6lic
o22icers or emplo0ees irrespective o2 t1eir ranks or positions3 +o/ a &anitor ma0 6e
consi!ere! a p6lic o22icerP a person w1om 0o 6elittle! w1ile per2ormin" 1is
!ties as a tra22ic ai!e or w1atever/ 1e is a p6lic o22icer 6ec 1e is per2ormin" a
p6lic 2nction
'n! 0o are more 2amiliar wit1 !e &re an! !e 2acto p6lic o22icers3 T1e onl0
pro6lem in p6lic o22icer or emplo0ees is actall0 t1ose w1o are !e &re p6lic
o22icers an! !e 2acto p6lic o22icer/ w1et1er a !e 2acto p6lic o22icer ma0 6e
consi!ere! as sc1 in connection wit1 applications o2 t1e penal provisions o2 t1e
R$C3 Bes/ t1e0 are3 's o22en!e! parties/ t1ere is a 4estion in connection wit1
!irect assalts3 's lon" as t1e !e 2acto p6lic o22icer is actall0 in t1e
per2ormance o2 1is !ties in t1e 1onest 6elie2 t1at 1e is in!ee! a p6lic o22icer or
emplo0ee an! t1at 1is appointment is vali! w1en later it was voi!e!/ still 1e is
consi!ere! as a p6lic o22icer an! a person/ sometimes/ in at1orit0 or an a"ent
o2 a person in at1orit03
T1en we 1ave %rt 2;+. <nowingl# rendering -njust =udgment3 'n! t1en
=udgment rendered through 5egligence3 .e7t/ -njust Interlocutor# 'rder3
'n! t1en 4alicious )ela# in the %dministration of =ustice3 .ow/ t1ese 2or
articles are committe! 60 &!"es3 T1e &stices o2 t1e +C an! t1e appellate &stices
are not incl!e!3 T1e0 are not3 In knowin"l0 ren!erin" an n&st &!"ment/ 0o
mst 1ave to recall t1at t1ere are 2 wa0s o2 !eterminin" w1et1er a &!"e ma0 6e
1el! lia6le 2or t1isQ
13) application o2 res ipsa lo4itor or w1en t1e t1in" speaks 2or itsel2/ w1en t1e
&!"ment reall0 is n&st an! 23) t1e o22en!e! part0 can esta6lis1 t1at in!ee!
t1ere is malice or 6a! 2ait1 in t1e ren!ition o2 an n&st &!"ment3 Bt t1en/ it is a
matter o2 evi!ence3 T1e same is tre wit1 ren!erin" an n&st &!"ment t1r
ne"li"ence3 <1en 0o sa0 t1r ne"li"enceQit is *R#++ an! I.(OC)+'BL(
ne"li"ence3 #ne o2 t1ose "ross an! ine7csa6le ne"li"ence t1at t1e +C 1as
consi!ere! is i"norance o2 t1e law an! t1e rles3 It is consi!ere! as "ross
ne"li"ence3 T1e +C sai! t1at even i2 t1e law 1as not 6een applie! 2or 1, 0ears as
lon" as it is still e7istin"/ t1e &!"e mst know t1at law3 It wol! seem n2air 6ec
0o cannot know all t1e laws 6t accor!in" to t1e +C/ a &!"e +:#)L@ know
t1e laws3 I !on>t know i2 an0one in t1e &!iciar0 can claim 100W o2 all laws t1at
are e7istin"3 Can 0o= T1at is w10 t1ere is a liti"ation an! t1at t1ere are alwa0s 2
si!es to an ar"ment in cort3 Bt can 0o procee! imme!iatel0 60 2ilin" a case
in t1e prosector>s o22ice or in t1e #m6!sman a"ainst a &!"e 2or knowin"l0
ren!erin" an n&st &!"ment or ren!erin" an n&st &!"ment t1r ne"li"ence
even knowin"l0 ren!erin" an n&st interloctor0 or!er= T1is 1as 6een alrea!0
!eci!e! 60 t1e +C in several cases t1at in cases committe! 60 mem6ers o2 t1e
6enc1 in violation o2 an0 provisions o2 t1e R$C or an0 special law/ t1e o22en!e!
part0 cannot "ot !irectl0 to t1e o22ice o2 t1e prosector or t1e om6!sman3 It is
t1e +C w1o s1all !etermine w1et1er t1e &!"ment is n&st 60 wa0 o2 an
a!ministrative procee!in"s an! w1et1er t1ere e7ists s22icient reason 2or t1e
&!"e to 6e t1e s6&ect o2 an accsation 6e2ore t1e o22ice o2 t1e om6!sman or
an0 proper 2orm3 I2 t1ere2ore t1e case is !irectl0 2ile! wit1 t1e om6!sman t1en
it is a wron" vene3 T1e +C is taske! wit1 a!ministrative an! all ot1er sc1
spervision over all its &!"es an! t1ere2ore 0o cannot &!"e nless it is t1ro"1
t1e +C3 <ell/ t1at is t1e protection t1at t1e0 1ave "iven all t1e &!"es/ t1at t1e
case s1ol! 2irst pass t1r t1em an! t1en it s1ol! 6e en!orse! 60 t1e +C to t1e
#m6!sman3 @on>t commit a mistake i2 0o are "oin" to 2ile a case a"ainst a
&!"e 60 2ilin" it !irectl0 wit1 t1e #m6!sman 6ec eit1er t1e #m6!sman will
!ismiss t1e case or t1at t1e same s1all onl0 6e re2erre! to t1e #22ice o2 t1e Cort
'!ministrator 2or re2erral to t1e :onora6le +C3 T1is is in all cases/ in t1e 4 cases
t1at I 1ave mentione!3
In t1e !ela0 in t1e a!ministration o2 &stice/ in or!er 2or t1e &!"e to 6e 1el!
criminall0 lia6le/ it s1ol! malicios3 ' mere !ela0 wol! onl0 re4ire
a!ministrative sanction 2rom t1e +C even in simple ne"li"ence in connection
wit1 ren!ition o2 a &!"ment or an interloctor0 or!er3 T1e +C in several cases
!i! not even consi!er a lon" perio! o2 time o2 !ela0 in t1e !isposition o2 t1e case
6ec t1e +C n!erstan!s t1e present pre!icament o2 t1e corts3 I2 0o onl0 know
1ow man0 cases are t1ere pen!in" in one sala in t1e %eTC3 @o 0o know= D-
E/000 cases in one sala3 :ow will 0o 6e a6le to 2inis1 t1ose cases3 T1ose cases
will 2inis1 0o3 (1e1e1e )3 in sc1 a s1ort time/ i2 0o tr0 to 2inis1 t1em3 's a
matter o2 2act/ I 1ave seen some o2 m0 &niors w1enever I "o to t1e #22ice on
+atr!a0s/ i2 I 1ave time to make !ecisions/ I see t1e %etropolitan Trial &!"es
reall0 workin" t1eir 6tts ot/ tr0in" to resolve inci!ents/ tr0in" to make
!ecisions3 I sai! 0o will !ie easil0 60 !oin" t1at3 Bt t1e0 sai! t1at t1e0 are
a2rai!3 Look at several !ecisions o2 t1e +C n!erstan!in" 0or pli"1t so !on>t kill
0orsel23 +o/ malicios !ela0 in t1e a!ministration o2 &stice mst 6e prposel0
!one to case !ama"e to a part0-liti"ant3
TT'$( (.@+
T1e people w1o tolerate or re2se to prosecte cases are also lia6le/ t1e
prosector or an0 p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee in c1ar"e wit1 t1e en2orcement o2
t1e laws3 I2 1e is a prosector an! 1e re2ses to 2ile an0 case a"ainst an o22en!er/
1e is lia6le n!er %rt. 2;> of the RPC3 'n! t1ose w1o are toleratin" t1e
commission o2 crimes in t1eir area o2 &ris!iction particlarl0 law en2orcement
a"ents can 6e lia6le 2or ,olerance3 I2 it can 6e s1own t1at 0o 1ave 6een
toleratin" t1e e7istence o2 "am6lin" !en etc3 0o can 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le
alt1o"1 t1e penalt0 is not so mc1 0et it is still in violation o2 t1e law3
Betra#al of ,rust !# an %ttorne# or (olicitor3 #1/ 0o know all t1ese3 Bo
1ave taken 0or le"al et1ics3 Bt t1e +olicitor 1ere is actall0 t1e *udiciaries
procuradores o2 ol! times/ now we 1ave s6stitte 2or t1em t1ose w1o are 6ein"
allowe! st!ent practice o2 law n!er t1e control an! spervision o2 t1e 1ea! o2
t1e le"al ai! nit or !epartment o2 a sc1ool o2 law3 +o/ t1e 4ali2ication in or!er
to 6e allowe! to appear in cort is to 1ave 2inis1e! 0or 2
n!
0ear even in t1e RTC
as lon" as 0o are wit1 t1e 1ea! o2 t1e le"al ai! nit o2 t1e law sc1ool3 @o we
1ave 1ere a le"al ai! !ept= Bes= <1o is t1e 1ea!= (%aneA 'tt03 *il6ert
+em6rano)3 T1at>s "oo! i2 t1e0 1ave it 1ere esp to 1elp t1e in!i"ents3 .ow/ in
%etro %anila i2 0o are earnin" less t1an $14/000 per mont1/ 0o are consi!ere!
an in!i"ent person 2or prposes o2 6ein" a6le to ask t1e assistance o2 a p6lic
attorne0 or a consel !e o2icio3
Bo all know t1at a law0er an! client 1ave t1at 2i!ciar0 relations1ip t1at t1e
secrets o2 0or client/ 0o cannot reveal it to an0one not even to 0or wi2e or
c1il!ren3 T1e most is t1at 0o>! tell it to 0or wi2e/ s1e mi"1t Macci!entall0> tell it
to 0or 2rien! an! t1at>s t1e w1ole t1in" t1at wol! 6ecome wron"3 T1e 0on"
"entlemen 1ere/ 6e2ore 0o "et marrie! tell 0or 2tre 6ri!e/ t1is is t1e
limitations t1at I 1ave to 2ollow an! i2 0o cannot 2ollow t1ese limitations t1en
we are not 2or eac1 ot1er3 T1e same wit1 t1e la!ies/ 0o 1ave to tell t1em 2rankl0
t1at 0o 1ave 0or own limitations3 Bo s1ol! not 1i!e it 2rom t1em3 'not1er
violation 1ere is w1en a law0er w1o 1as alrea!0 6een !isc1ar"e! or 1as alrea!0
wit1!rawn 2rom t1e case 6ecomes t1e law0er o2 t1e opposin" part0 wit1ot
askin" permission 2rom 1is 2ormer client3
T1en/ we 1ave 6ri6eries an! 0o know w1at is !ri!er#3 Bo 1ave @IR(CT/
F)'LI9I(@/ I.@IR(CT3 <1en 0o sa0 )irect Bri!er#/ t1is is w1en t1e p6lic
o22icer or emplo0ee !eman!s or a"ree! to per2orm an ille"al act or even an act
w1ic1 is not ille"al in connection wit1 t1e per2ormance o2 1is !ties 2or a
consi!eration or a promise or rewar!3 I2 t1e o22en!er an! t1e person w1o is
corrptin" 1im 1ave a"ree!/ it is alrea!0 consmmate! on an0 price or on an0
rewar! or on an0 promise3 I2 w1at t1e0 1ave a"ree! pon is to per2orm an ille"al
act/ t1e penalt0 is 1i"1er3 I2 w1at t1e0 1ave a"ree! to per2orm is not an ille"al act/
t1e penalt0 is lower 0et 6ot1 are still !irect 6ri6er03 +o/ t1e mere a"reement even
wit1ot receivin" 0et t1e consi!eration/ it is alrea!0 consmmate!3 .ow/ in
Indirect Bri!er#/ t1e mere acceptance o2 an0 "i2t 60 reason o2 ones o22ice is
in!irect 6ri6er03 Bt not all "i2ts3 Token "i2ts are allowe!3 T1ese are "i2ts w1ic1
are inconse4ential !epen!in" pon t1e social an! 2inancial stats o2 t1e person
w1o is "ivin" an! t1e person to w1om t1e "i2t is 6ein" "iven3 +pposin" +ltan
Bolkia1 as a token o2 appreciation 2or a "oo! !ee! !one 60 one o2 t1e !epartment
secretaries w1o is also a mlti-millionaire "ave a Role7 watc1 to remem6er 1im
603 (ver06o!0 will sa0/ it is in!irect 6ri6er0/ 6t to Bolkia an! to t1e person w1o
receive! it w1o can 60 a 1n!re! watc1es like t1at wit1ot 1is 6ank6ook 6ein"
a22ecte! 60 t1at/ is it in!irect 6ri6er0= It mi"1t 6e consi!ere! as a token3 ' "i2t in
in!irect 6ri6er0 is 6ein" "iven in t1e 1ope t1at in t1e 2tre 2avora6le actions on
matters t1at ma0 6e 6ro"1t 60 t1at person to t1at p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee
ma0 6e !one wit1 !ispatc1 onl0 an! not necessaril0 wit1 2avor3 Bini"0an mo lan"
n" isan" 6ilaon" pancit/ ma6os 6a ni0a 0n3 'n" masama nn kn" araw araw
na 0an pero 6aka "alit ka naman3 Bakit= (1/ papata0in mo 0n e1 sa 1i"1 6loo!
at !ia6etes3
'lri"1t3 .ualified Bri!er# is w1en a person in c1ar"e o2 law en2orcement
!eman!s a "i2t or a rewar! 2or not prosectin" or 2or allowin" a person not to 6e
prosecte! 2or an0 crime t1at is pnis1a6le 60 reclsion perpeta to !eat1 or
!eat1/ t1e penalt0 t1at s1all 6e impose! pon t1at person is !eat13 In t1e event
t1at t1e person onl0 accepte! t1e "i2t an! !i! not !eman! 6t 2or prposes o2 not
prosectin" or preventin" t1e prosection o2 t1at person/ 1e is also "ilt0 o2
4ali2ie! 6ri6er0 6t t1e penalt0 is onl0 reclsion perpeta3 (1 !i wa" ka na lan"
man"1in"i para 1in!i !eat1/ accept ka na lan"3 T1ere will 6e no 6ri6eries i2 t1ere
is no person w1o is "ilt0 o2 corrption o2 p6lic o22icer or emplo0ees3 In or!er
to era!icate corrption/ people s1ol! 6e e!cate! t1at t1e0 t1emselves s1ol!
cooperate in or!er t1at t1ese crimes will not t1rive an! t1ere will 6e no "ra2t an!
corrption3 's lon" as people 6elieve t1at t1e0 can "et awa0 wit1 "ivin" "i2ts/
rewar!s/ etc3/ to p6lic o22icers or emplo0ees 0o cannot era!icate or stop
corrption 6ec i2 it will 6e t1e p6lic o22icers or emplo0ees/ i2 0o are a "oo!
citi5en/ even i2 1e !eman!e!/ 0o are not "oin" to acce!e to 1is !eman!3 T1is
corrption starts even at 1ome e1/ in sc1ool/ etc3 Look in t1e 1ose/ si"e/ pa"
nakak1a ka n" mataas na "ra!es/ pnta ta0o :on"-on"3 (1/ its 1is !t0 to make
"oo! in sc1ool/ 6akit mo rere"al1an 0an3 I2 0o are "oin" to "ive 1im a rewar!
2or !oin" 1is !t0/ t1at is t1e start o2 corrption3 :e mst !o somet1in" w1ic1 is
6e0on! t1e call o2 1is !t0 or 6e0on! o2 w1at is re4ire! o2 1im t1en/ it is not
corrption3 (ven t1e "ov>t is encora"in" corrption e13 Bo remem6er a person
w1o retrne! a6ot $3% pls mone0 to a passen"er o2 an airline3 :e was lavis1l0
"iven "i2ts/ "iven a lot an! 1ose/ 1e was "iven a ta7ica6?w1en it is 1is !t0 to
retrn t1at/ ot1erwise/ 1e is a t1ie23 (1e1e1e ) Is t1at not corrption= Its 1is
!t0/ w10 "ive 1im a lot an! 1ose3 +o/ la!ies an! "entlemen/ 0o will 6e t1e
ones rnnin" t1e "ov>t ma06e ten 0ears 2rom to!a0 or in some 2tre !ates/ t1e
e!cation in re"ar! to corrption starts at 1ome/ in sc1ool 6ec i2 0o can start it
t1ere natrall0 it will 6ecome a 1a6it 2or t1ese people alrea!0 to !o t1e ri"1t
t1in"3
1rauds and Illegal /:actions and ,ransactions3 9ra!s a"ainst p6lic treasr0/
t1ere are 2 6ec t1e 1
st
one is in connection wit1 an0 2ra! t1at actall0 are 6ein"
committe! 60 t1ose w1o are en"a"e! in t1e !eliverin" o2 spplies or in e7ectin"
contracts or in t1e a!&stments or settlements o2 ta7es or 2n!s or acconts3 .ow/
t1is involves onl0 w1en t1at person in 1is o22icial capacit0 an! 1e !eals wit1
ot1er person re"ar!in" all t1is an! 1e actall0 6ecome intereste! eit1er in an0
investment or speclation 2or prposes o2 !e2ra!in" t1e "ov>t3 T1ere are
instances w1erein t1e 2rnis1in" o2 spplies or in t1e e7ection o2 contracts or
a"reements/ a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee ma0 enter into sc1 a"reement 6t t1en
t1e0 1ave alrea!0 mastere! t1e sc1eme in or!er to !e2ra! t1e "ov>t sc1 as in
p6lic sc1oolsQ2rnis1in" o2 6ooks/ w1at wol! 6e t1e sc1eme in or!er to
!e2ra! t1e "ovt3= T1e papers t1at are se! in t1e p6lis1in" o2 6ooks are t1e 4
t1

class papers w1en in 2act it is sppose! to 6e a 1
st
class or a 2
n!
class paper/ t1at
wol! 6e !e2ra!in" t1e "ovt3 6ec t1e price t1ere col! 6e a!&ste! or t1e ink t1at
were se! is o2 in2erior 4alit03
T1e secon! one is t1ose in c1ar"e o2 t1e collection o2 ta7es3 <1en 0o collect
less or more t1an w1at is provi!e! 2or 60 law or w1en 0o !on>t isse an0 receipt
w1en it is re4ire! or w1en 0o collecte! ot1er t1in"s w1ic1 is not t1e one
speci2ie! n!er t1e law/ t1en 0o are "ilt0 o2 2ra!s a"ainst p6lic treasr03
(ven i2 t1ere is no !ama"e 1a3 Bo 2elt pit0 to a person w1o is pa0in" 1is ta7es/
so 0o a!&st/ t1at is 2ra!s a"ainst p6lic treasr03 Bt it is not applica6le to
t1ose in t1e Brea i2 Internal revene an! t1e Brea o2 Cstoms 6ec t1e0 1ave
t1eir own laws3 T1e0 1ave t1e Internal Revene Co!e an! t1e Cstoms Co!e3
T1e0 are not incl!e! 1ere3 (to 0n" m"a mnicipal or provincial treasrer/
assessors3 (to pro6lema/ n"a0on/ 6il!in" permit lan"?"a"apan" ka para
makak1a3 (1/ 1ow a6ot occpanc0 permit 2ee?!n pata0 ka lalo na kn" m"a
con!ominim nit3
#k/ 1ailing to Issue Receipts3 It is not t1e mere 2act t1at 0o 2aile! to isse a
reciept t1at is pnis1a6le3 I2 0o volntaril0 2aile! to isse a receipt as lon" as
0o 1ave a le"al e7cse/ t1en 0o cannot 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le3 (7ample/ i2
0o 1ave live! in some provinces w1erein at times/ even t1e treasrer or t1ose
w1o 1ave to collect 2ees 1ave to "o to 2ar-2ln" 6r"0s in or!er to serve t1e people
t1ere to pa0 t1eir real propert0 ta7es/ t1eir licenses an! ever0t1in" 6ec t1e0 !on>t
1ave t1e time an! sometimes t1e0 2or"et also to "o to t1eir mnicipal 1all/ t1en it
is t1e o22icers w1o "oes to t1em3 +ometimes t1ere are miscalclations as to t1e
nm6er o2 t1ose w1o are "oin" to pa0 t1eir ta7es so t1ere will 6e lack o2 receipts3
T1ere was actall0 a case w1erein t1e person c1ar"e! isse! onl0 a temporar0
receipt in a piece o2 paper3 Bt t1e ne7t !a0/ a2ter arrival 2rom t1eir o22ice/ 1e
actall0 isse! a receipt an! sent it 60 mail3 Bet some6o!0 learne! a6ot it an!
c1ar"e! 1im3 Bt it 1as 6een sai! t1at t1at is s6stantial compliance3 T1ere col!
6e no crime n!er t1is article a"ainst 2ra! a"ainst t1e p6lic treasr03
<ell/ 'ther 1rauds3 T1is onl0 involves a6ot t1e accessor0 penalties t1at will
6e s22ere! 60 t1e o22en!er i2 1e is a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee w1o takes
a!vanta"e o2 1is p6lic position or s1all commit an0 o2 t1e 2ra!s or !eceits
enmerate! in t1e prece!in" provisions3
Prohi!ited ,ransactions3 Remem6er t1e o22en!er 1ere mst 6e an appointive
p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee3 'n! 1e 6ecame intereste! !irectl0 or in!irectl0
!rin" 1is incm6enc0 in an0 transaction involvin" e7c1an"e or speclation
wit1in t1e territor0 s6&ect to 1is &ris!iction3 Bo know/ one time t1ere is a
pro6lem 1ere a6ot stock e7c1an"e w1en a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee 6ecame
intereste! in speclations in t1e B3<3 etc3 Bt t1en/ it 6ecame a !ea! isse3 (1/
ito rin" m"a im6esti"as0on !ito/ wala rin" nan"0a0ari3
T1en we 1ave Possession of Prohi!ited Interest !# Pu!lic 'fficers or
/mplo#ees3 T1is is in connection wit1 an0 contract or 6siness o2 w1ic1 it is t1e
o22icial !t0 o2 t1e p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee to intervene an! t1en 1e actall0
intervene! in sc1 transaction w1et1er !irectl0 or in!irectl03 T1is provision also
applies to e7perts/ even ar6itrators an! private accontants w1en t1e0 take part in
t1e e7ection o2 t1e contract or transaction connecte! wit1 t1e estate or propert0
o2 anot1er person in t1eir appraisal or !istri6tion or a!&!ication3 .ow/ 0o see/
t1is pro1i6ite! interest 60 p6lic o22icer/ it is onl0 sppose! to 6e pro1i6ite! 6ec
it is 0or !t0 to intervene in t1at transaction an! 0et 0o 6ecome intereste! in it3
(7ample/ 0o are t1e prov3 en" t1en in t1e constrction o2 a 6ri!"e/ 0o 6ecame
intereste!/ 0o will sppl0 t1e materials even i2 t1e "oo!s t1at 0o are sppose!
to !eliver is o2 "oo! 4alit0 an! t1e price is alri"1t/ still it is pro1i6ite!3
4al$ersation of Pu!lic 1unds or Propert#3 :ere/ w1o is an acconta6le o22icer
an0wa0= Bec t1e onl0 person w1o ma0 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le is an
acconta6le o22icer3 'n acconta6le o22icer is a person w1o is not necessaril0 t1e
treasrer/ t1e accont o22icer/ t1e 2inance o22icer as lon" as t1at person receives
as propert0 in 1is o22icial capacit0 an! t1at at an0time/ 1e is re4ire! to accont
2or it/ 1e 1as to accont 2or it/ 1e is an acconta6le o22icer3 Like w1at/ a
policeman wit1 respect to 1is "n/ 6a!"e/ an! to an0 ot1er e4ipment t1at was
isse! to 1im 2or w1ic1 1e si"ne! a receipt o2 propert0 w1ic1 6elon"s to t1e "ovt3
Bt t1ose t1at are consma6les/ 1e is not an0more acconta6le 2or t1at sc1 as
6llets3 Bllets are consma6les t1at is w10 t1ere is a pro6lem now in %in!anao
re"ar!in" c1ar"es t1at t1e "enerals are sellin" t1e 6llets to t1e enem03 T1e0 sai!
it is treasonQt1at is .#T treason/ t1at is %'LH(R+'TI#.3 Bt it is also a
violation o2 C' 40L or t1e 'rticles o2 <ar an! t1e penalt0 t1ere is !eat1 60 2irin"
s4a!3 T1e least t1at 0o can "et is imprisonment 2or li2e on a 1ar! la6or3 <1en
0o talk o2 malversation/ 0o talk o2 misappropriation/ appropriation/
a6an!onment in or!er t1at t1e propert0 or mone0 ma0 6e misappropriate!3 Bo
talk a6ot allowin" ot1ers to appropriate it or a6an!onment3 T1ese are acts o2
misappropriation3 'n! t1ere is a presmption o2 misappropriation i2 t1e
acconta6le o22icer is or!ere! to accont 2or t1e properties in 1is possession an!
1e 2aile! to accont 2or it wit1in a reasona6le perio! o2 time3 +pposin" 0o are
"iven a pro6lemA ' policeman was c1ar"e! o2 malversation o2 p6lic propert0
6ec 1e went on '<#L an! 6ro"1t alon" wit1 1im 1is 2irearm3 <1en 1e was
c1ar"e! an! arreste!/ 1e imme!iatel0 srren!ere! t1e "n to t1e propert0
csto!ian/ is t1ere still malversation= B(+3 T1ere is still malversation i2 1e se!
t1at 2irearm w1ile 1e is on '<#L3 Bec w1en 0o sa0 )+(/ t1at is appropriation3
:owever/ i2 1e le2t it in t1e armor0 6t 1e was not a6le to accont 2or it 6t it is
t1ere/ a1/ t1ere is .# malversation 6ec 1e was not a6le to se it3 Bec t1at is now
t1e cstom an! tra!ition 2or t1ose w1o "oes on '<#L3 $a" !ineman!a na/ eto
na isasali an" 6aril3 T1e retrn o2 t1e propert0 t1at is sppose! to 1ave 6een
malverse! is onl0 a miti"atin" circmstance3 Bt sall0 t1ere are &!"es w1o are
consi!erin" t1e same as an e7cse to !ismiss t1e case3 Remem6er t1e penalt0 2or
malversation o2 2n!s or properties are actall0 1i"1er t1an t1at o2 t1e2t
!epen!in" pon t1e amont3
TT'$( (.@+
+ept3 1,/ 2003
B0A %il!5
"or failure of a public officer to devote an appropriation to any pro*ect or any
"service that may have been the sub*ect of that appropriation. +nd if you will
recall, during the last meeting that we had, we have discussed technical
malversation. Now, when we have discussed malversation actually and technical
malversation is actually only an illegal use of funds or property. There is no need
for any damage to be caused to the government or any private individual as long
as the funds were diverted to another pro*ect or another purpose other than what
was stated in the ob*ect for which such fund was devoted, then there is technical
malversation. Technical malversation actually maybe the sub*ect of a defense of
good faith and exigencies of the service and even on occasion of calamities or on
occasions of misfortunes. ,sually it is illegal for any public officer or employee
to apply any public fund or property under his administration to any public
purpose other than which it is suppose to be applied without as!ing from the
appropriate body which has the authority to appropriate such fund. -ut when
exigencies of the service is already involved, when good faith is involved, when
calamities or misfortunes occurred in a certain place, funds which maybe
devoted for a particular purpose maybe diverted for that particular purpose
without anymore as!ing the consent of the appropriating body. Now, in failure of
an account officer or any accountable officer to render accounts, these
particular accountable officers must have been separated in the service by
reason of resignation or by reason of any other cause and that it is re.uired by
law or regulation for him to ma!e such rendering of an account either to the
insular auditor or the provincial auditor within a period of /0 days or for 1
months at the most. Within a period of 1 months after such accounts should have
been rendered and he failed to do so, now, only when it is re.uired by law or by
regulation. If it is not re.uired by law or regulation, even if he is an accountable
officer, he cannot be held criminally liable under +rt. 123. These are therefore
crimes wherein there must be an actual necessity or if not necessity, it is re.uired
by law or regulation for that public officer or employee to render accounts. Now,
the same is true to any public officer or employee who before leaving the country
failed to render an account. -ut what is re.uired is that he unlawfully leaves or
tries to leave or attempts to leave the country unlawfully. What would you mean
by unlawfully? 4eaning to say that he will go to another country for purposes of
hiding there or to wor! there as a TNT? We have no law against a 5ilipino who
leaves the country to wor! thereat but he will be without a wor!ing permit,
without any *ob abroad. There is no law so the prohibited acts before leaving the
country probably is that the offender is leaving the country to evade
conse.uences of the commission of the crime or to conceal a crime or to evade
any *udgment that maybe rendered against him or to cause damage to another
person, that is what is meant by unlawfully leaving the country or attempting to
leave the country unlawfully.
6!, we are through with illegal use of funds or property so we have to
go to failure to ma!e a delivery of public funds or property. Now, there are two
acts here which are punishable. The first one is failure to ma!e a payment by a
public officer who is under obligation to ma!e such payment from the
government funds in his possession. 7oo!, it is simply a failure of the public
officer to ma!e payment and it is his obligation to ma!e such payment. 6n the
other hand in failure to deliver a property, he must be ordered to deliver the
property which is in his custody or under his administration. So, if it is delivery
of funds, it must be his obligation. If it is delivery of property, there must be an
order from a superior officer, that is when this crime is committed, article 112 of
the 89'. 8emember what I said because they may interchange it in a .uestion.
They will say that there is an order from a superior etc" to deliver funds or
property etc.. and yet that person refuses to deliver. :e is not committing a crime
because the law only says that he must be under a legal obligation, it is his
obligation, because that order may not be actually legal or may not be his duty.
6ooee" he is being as!ed to deliver money, he is being ordered to deliver
money but it is not his duty to deliver that money, he is not criminally liable if he
refuses. -ut if he is an inferior officer, he was as!ed by a superior officer to
deliver a property which is under his administration, or under his custody, that is
when he violates this particular article.
+lright, even private individuals who in their capacity whatever have
charged of any national or provincial property are also included in this article.
We go to infidelity in the custody of prisoners. +ctually the first article
in relation to this is conniving or consenting to evasion. There are 1 !inds of
prisoners. 6ne prisoner is actually a convicted prisoner by virtue of a final
*udgment and he is serving sentence. Now if any public officer or employee
connives or consents with the escape of the prisoner who is in his custody or
charge and that prisoner is a convicted prisoner, the penalty is actually higher
which is prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods. -ut when the
prisoner is simply a detention prisoner, the penalty is lower. The penalty shall be
prision correccional in its minimum period and only temporary special
dis.ualification in case the offender is simply a detention prisoner. The detention
of the accused need not be for any violation of a penal law, it may even be a
violation of an ordinance, violation of an ordinance is included.
Now, evasion through negligence, if the evasion ta!es place through the
negligence of a public officer or employee who is charged with the conveyance of
the custody of the prisoner and that said officer actually has been established to
have been negligent in the performance of his duties then such person in;charged
of the prisoner shall be held criminally liable for evasion through negligence.
The negligence here must be inexcusable. Not necessarily gross but inexcusable.
(ven private persons may be held criminally liable for the escape of prisoners if
such private person has been entrusted with the custody of a prisoner. :e may
either have actually connived with others or with the prisoner in order that the
prisoner may escape or he is guilty of negligence, therefore he is actually
covered by +rticle 11< and 11= of 89'. Well the penalty shall only be the
penalty which is next lower in degree than that which is prescribed by the law.
In infidelity in the custody of documents, the mere removal,
concealment or destruction of documents by any public officer or employee
which documents were officially entrusted to him is already in violation of +rt.
11/. The penalty would depend upon whether there is a serious damage that has
been caused to a third party or to public interest. If there is a serious damage,
the penalty is afflictive, prision mayor and a fine not exceeding 2,000. If the
removal, destruction or concealment of those documents has caused only
damages which are not serious in nature either to a private person or to public
interest, then the penalty actually is prision correccional in its min. and med.
9eriods. >ou will note that there is malice on the part of the offender to cause
damage to another or to public interest that is why the word remove, destroy or
conceal, it must be maliciously remove or maliciously destroy or conceal the
documents. If such concealment, destruction or removal is without any malice or
without any evil purpose, no such crime has been committed.
6fficial brea!ing seal, well, what are those documents or things that are
supposed to be sealed? -allot boxes, aside from the violation of election laws,
they may violate also the provisions of +rt. 11?. There are instances where
certain documents have to be sealed on orders of the court. These are the
documents that should not be revealed etc when the same is in the possession of
the court. In probation law, there is such a provision there about confidentiality
of the post;sentence investigation report. What is actually being done is to close
the document involving the post investigation report. We seal them but it simply
be closed. The seal that we are tal!ing about here are official seals, li!e the seal
of 'omelec, li!e other seals of different departments either paper or seals
consisting of metals or other ob*ects, they are called official seals. When you
brea! that without any authority from the law or public authority or proper
authority, then you violate +rt. 11?. Now, opening of closed documents, naturally
if documents are sent to your office, you open them. -ut there are instances when
you cannot open a closed document even if it is sent to your office. 7i!e
deposition of witnesses which came from a notary public in another province or
a deposition coming from a municipal *udge or deposition coming from a consul
of the 9hilippines assigned in another country. >ou cannot *ust open the
deposition, even the *udge cannot open that. If the *udge or the cler! of court
opens the envelope containing the deposition, he violates +rt. 113 of 89'. Why?
,nder the rules, the court should schedule the opening of those documents in the
presence of both parties and their counsels or in the presence of their counsels
on a particular date and hour. If you do not appear, you waive. -ut then there
shall be an actual day for the opening of the same and a particular hour fixed by
the court. If not, you violate this particular provision of the law. So be careful
about oral depositions. >ou can open your copy because you will be furnished a
copy but then the official copy of the court cannot be opened without the same
having been scheduled for opening in the presence of the parties and their
counsels. There are other documents that are supposed to be opened by the
persons who are authori%ed to open the same. (ven the permitting of the opening
of these documents by other persons is also prohibited.
We go to revelation of secrets. 9ublic officers or employees sometimes
learn secrets by reason of his official capacity. What secret it is? It should be a
secret in relation to his office or when he wrongfully delivers any papers or
copies of papers of which he may have charged and which should not be
published, that is a violation of +rt. 11@. If the secret belongs to a private
individual, it is in another article that the public officer may be punished, that is
+rt. 1<0. The revelation of secrets of private individuals, these secrets of private
individuals have also become !nown to the public officer or employee by reason
of his office. -ut he cannot !eep his mouth shut or he cannot !eep it to himself.
This is the most common crime being committed by public officers or employees.
-ecause right now, everybody is tal!ing about everybody. &+w, you !now or
ba!a, sir gusto mo malaman yun se!reto ni sir, uhm, alam mo !alaban sa
promotion ito.) Those are in violation of the law if they are public officers or
employees. Well, the ones who are revealing secrets of other people are not
public officers, they come from the private sector. +lrightA >ou can reveal the
secret of a person if it is authori%ed by law or if it is for a *ustifiable reason. Say
for example, it is for a commission of the crime, you can reveal it. -ut if it is not
the commission of a crime nor it is *ustifiable, you cannot reveal it, you have to
!eep it to yourself and if you cannot !eep it to yourself, brace for being sued
under +rt 1<0 of 89'.
Now, open disobedience. This can only be committed by any *udicial or
executive officer. 7egislative officers are not involved in open disobedience. So
any *udicial or executive officer who openly refuse to execute the *udgment or
decision or order of any superior authority made within the scope of their
*urisdiction and issued with all the legal formalities in accordance with law shall
suffer the penalties of arresto mayor etc to prision correccional etc. Now, open
disobedience as I said is only applicable to executive and *udicial officers and
that the disobedience is with regard to a lawful order of a superior with all the
formalities re.uired by law. If it is not given by a superior, if it does not contain
the legal formalities re.uired by law, there is no open disobedience and they
refer only to *udgments, orders etc., the decisions of any superior authority and
of course that is only to execute those orders and if they do not want to execute it,
then that is when they are liable.
+rt. 1<1 is .uite, shall we call it, confusing. To explain this, you have to
be familiar with regard to usual practice in offices. Now, in order that a person
maybe liable in this particular article, of course we have been tal!ing about
public officers here. 5irst, there must be a superior officer. This superior officer
actually issued an order. :e issued an order directed towards an inferior officer
but then this inferior officer suspended the implementation of that order. ,nder
such case, there is no crime yet that has been committed. The superior officer
after learning that the inferior officer suspended the implementation of his order,
he must declare such suspension by the inferior officer as illegal or invalid and
demand from the inferior officer the implementation of the order. If again the
inferior officer suspended the implementation or refused the implementation of
that order then that is when he is liable under +rt. 1<1. So dalawa yan. The
superior officer must issue an order, it is countermanded and rendered
ineffective and not being implemented by the inferior officer, no crime yet. Then
the superior officer must declare that the suspension made by the inferior officer
is actually invalid or void or illegal and command again the inferior officer to
implement the order but he refuses, then that is when the inferior officer shall be
held liable. So there must be two acts that will be performed by the superior
officer and there must be two acts to be performed by the inferior officer in order
that there will be a violation of +rt. 1<1.
Now, refusal of assistance. +ctually, any public officer may be held
criminally liable in this article because any person who refused to give an
assistance upon demand by competent authority to said public officer in relation
to administration of *ustice or if not in relation to the administration of *ustice, it
is in relation to other public service and that it resulted to damage to another
party whether to the government or to a third party, then the person shall be
liable for refusal of assistance. So let us say you are a mayor and you as!ed the
assistance of say for example a doctor in your community, you said that Bdoc, we
have to go to a particular barangay because there are so many people who are
sic! there, we will deliver medicines etcC The doctor said, I do not li!e to go
there. Now, there is a demand from a competent authority because he is the head
of the municipality under the devolvement of powers in the 7D', the municipal
health doctors assistance may be sought by the head of that political unit, if he
refuses and it is in connection with public service then he is liable for refusal of
assistance. In the courts, it is true that policemen are not supposed to be process
servers. They are not supposed to be subpoena servers or barangay official or
barangay captains or barangay chairmen, they are not, under the law, they are
not. -ut why is it that they are being compelled to serve the subpoenas. The
moment that the court referred to them by way of endorsement subpoenas to be
served by them in their locality because they are more familiar in their locality
than our process server in court. (h, pumunta !a sa Tondo, will our process
server be able to find in the dimly lit areas in Tondo the person whom he is
suppose to serve the subpoena? ,uwi yun, sasabihin lang nun, cannot be
located. That is what he is going to do, ma!e a return, cannot be located but
indorse it to the barangay chairman, that is already a demand from a competent
authority and the barangay captain or chairman cannot refuse or even if
!agawad or puro! leader or the head of the bantay bayan because it is in
relation to the administration of *ustice, they cannot refuse. (ven you, if you
re.uested that a subpoena be served and that you will be as!ing that it be the
barangay chairman who shall serve the same and the courts grant your re.uest,
it is a demand from a competent authority to perform a particular public function
which involves administration of *ustice. So you can actually sue them. >ou can
file a criminal case against them for refusal of assistance.
+lrightA Well have you ever heard of any person who had been elected
to public office who refused to discharge the same? (h, hindi pa nga lang
nanalo, he wants already to assume the office of which he became the candidate.
:ow much more if he wins? -ut there was one case when I was still a *udge
somewhere else, not here, when a councilor who was elected refused to
discharge his elective office because when he runs for councilor he was thin!ing
that the salary is more than what he is receiving that he will have several per!s
and of course several, you !now, other income out of being a councilor. When he
reali%ed that the pay is only one half of what he is receiving from a big
corporation, he refused now to discharge his public office. :e is being sued
under this article for refusal to discharge a public office. Well, we *ust advised
him, why dont you resign officially? 8esignA &*udge said it with a stress)
-ecause if you resign and it is accepted, there is no problem but if you refuse to
discharge your public office then you will be held criminally liable and you
!now, very few people are refusing to discharge their public office. If you are
elected as the 9resident of the 9hilippines, are you going to refuse? (ven with all
the problems, with the headaches that a 9resident will have, you will naturally
try to do your best to discharge your public office.
Then we go to maltreatment of prisoners. Well, these are actually being
committed only by those who are in;charge of the correction or handling of the
prisoners. +ny person who is in;charge of handling the prisoners or handling
their corrections, handling their well;being etc. and in addition to the crime of
physical in*uries or whatever that they may be committing, if they shall overdo
themselves in the handling of a prisoner or whether the prisoner is a convicted
prisoner or not, or by inflicting such !ind of punishments in a cruel and
humiliating manner then there is maltreatment of prisoners. I hope that they pass
the bill that is authored by a certain 4etro 4anila congressman that prohibits
the wearing of prison clothes in court and in public while they are being
presented before the public. +nd also in that bill, it is being proposed that they
should not be presented in person. Their caricatures or whatever you may want
to call them may be the sub*ect of publication but not their real selves. $ust li!e
what they are doing in the States, d ba? >ung drawing lang etc. The s!etches,
those are the only things that they can publish but here in the country, they are
going to call a press conference. They are going to handcuff you, they are going
to as! you to wear this orange uniform etc with the word you !now 9N9, N-I
and everything, then with a word detainee. That is an insult, he is already being
pictured as a person guilty of having committed a crime. It is cruel and that is
overdoing themselves in the treatment of a prisoner and let us try if the same will
succeed in the event that you file a case against such officers. I thin!, try once.
5or once, lets try if you have the guts. 7ets try. To me, my opinion, that is
overdoing oneself in the treatment of a detention prisoner because it is
humiliating eh. The law specifically provides that by inflicting such punishment
in a cruel and humiliating manner, that is a punishment. 9resenting him before
the entire nation, that is already a punishment to this people and that is
humiliating if not cruel. So my idea is let us test this, why not? So that the
Supreme 'ourt in the long run maybe able to rule whether it is valid. -ut if that
bill will be passed, then we have a specific law already. 6!? Well, if the purpose
of the maltreatment is to extort a confession, eh that is different. +ctually, it is
also covered by 8+ ?=<3. In the event that a person has been invited, has been
under custodial interrogation, has been under custodial investigation and there
is a maltreatment of that person in order to obtain a confession, that is also in
violation of 8+ ?=<3 !nown as the violation of the 4iranda doctrine and the
(scobedo doctrine in the ,nited States. So he can be charged under the 89' and
at the same time he can be charged under a special law.
+lright. +nticipation of 9ublic office. +nticipation of the duties of public
office. These are the adelantados, they call them in Spanish, because they cannot
wait, they are in the heat, they could not even wait until such time as they be
.ualified and that they have already been sworn to duty. 4arami namang
ganyan talaga eh noh. Those who anticipate performance of their public
function. (to naman yung mga those who prolong the performance of their
public functions and duties and powers, hold;over naman to yung ayaw umalis
sa pwesto. (ven if they have already been removed or they have already their *ob
term expired, then they still continue to perform the duties in that office then they
are considered as violating +rt. 1<? of 89'. The words Bhas already expiredC
include resignation, removal from office and it is when they prolong their duties.
+bandonment of public office. Well, any public officer or employee who
before the acceptance of their resignation, shall abandon their office to the
detriment of the public service shall be held criminally liable. Now, if such office
has been abandoned for purposes of not prosecuting an offender or evading the
prosecution of an offender or from punishing such an offender, then the penalty
is higher than that which is provided for in paragraph 2. Now, if you abandon
your office and of course you did not file a resignation then that is not in
violation of +rt. 1<3. +rt. 1<3 can be violated only if you file a resignation and
before your resignation is accepted, you abandon it. >ou abandon your position.
Well, to me, you can abandon your position even if you file your resignation, that
is alright, good riddance. Well, in every office if such person is not fit in the
office, then why not. >ou can abandon your office even if you file your
resignation without even accepting your resignation, pls. Eo not show your face
anymore. Its alrightA -ut if actually it will cause damage, then that is the
problem there. 6!.
,surpation of legislative functions. It involves the executive department
or even a *udicial officer. (h !ung minsan maraming executive officers tsa!a
*udicial officers gustong maging myembro ng Senado at 'ongress eh, so they
perform acts that pertain only to the legislative arms of the government by
ma!ing general rules or regulations beyond the scope of their authority or they
attempt to repeal or suspend the execution of the law. This is only true if it is not
within their powers. (h, supposing the court is being as!ed to suspend a law
which they believe is unconstitutional then that is within the powers of the
*udicial authorities. 6r to consider the law as repealed, that is within the powers
of the Supreme 'ourt and we can interpret also even in the courts of original
*urisdiction they can interpret a law and say that the law is already repealed. 7et
us say for example, the act of 4adam 'ory in repealing 8+ 2?00. There was a
.uestion there whether it was legal or not. -ut because at a time when she
repealed that particular law, the 'onstitution that we were using at that time was
a rebel constitution. Eo you recall that? What do you call that? 5reedomA -ut
that is actually a rebel 'onstitution. So if it is a rebel 'onstitution, there is no
problem. >ou can repeal any law because you won the rebellion. >ou can even
abolish 'ongress if you want. There is no problem with that because all your
acts thereafter will be considered as legal until somebody again dislodge you
from your position. That is why there were several coup attempts at the time.
There were I thin! @ or 3 coup attempts during the time of 'ory. Ngayon ilan
palang coup attempts? Iisa palang. (h malapit naman ang election so there is no
more problem. I dont thin! there will be further coup attempts unless may
pro*ection is wrong, especially if -ush will be coming. -ut I am very suspicious
eh. The carriers are in Subic and nearby oceans. Something is brewing. That
means to say that the ,nited States were able to gather information that
something is amissed.
Side -
" now, the typical example of this is those who accepts position in the peace and
order council. If you accept a position in the peace and order council, you are
actually performing an executive function and therefore you may be held
criminally liable for usurpation of executive function because that particular
council is supposed to be a council that belongs only to the executive department.
,surpation of *udicial functions. Well, ayaw naman ng mga mayors na mag;
*udge eh. Dusto nila they are forever mayor eh or 'ongressman. Fung wala na,
there is no choice, that is when they will go to the *udiciary. -ut there was a time
when mayors perform *udicial functions. Eo you remember those times? When
the rules of court of 2@G0;2@/= was still in effect, if you will recall that, because
the new rules of court too! effect sometime, I believe, $uly of 2@/=, then there
were amendments thereafter. In 2@/= and before, municipal mayors have the
power to conduct preliminary examination of witnesses for purposes of issuing a
warrant of arrest in the absence of the municipal *udge or the *ustice of the peace
at that time. :e shall only turn over the records of the case upon arrival or upon
reporting by the *ustice of the peace to his position. So the mayor then had that
power of issuing a warrant and even as!ing searching .uestions only for the
purpose of issuing a warrant. -ut then the Supreme 'ourt reali%ed that they are
violating the provisions of 89' by giving that power to the 4ayor so they
removed that in the amendment in 2@/=, that is in the new rules of court, they
removed that.
Eisobeying re.uest for dis.ualification. -efore the .uestion of
*urisdiction has been finally decided, well, any public officer or employee who
has been ordered to refrain from proceeding with any action in regard to any
re.uest for dis.ualification shall be held criminally liable under this. So the issue
must be *urisdiction meaning to say he has no *urisdiction, instead if there is an
order, a T86 or an in*unction that was issued or a prohibition, he still
continued, then he is liable. These are simple crimes, very easy to understand.
That is why we can go as fast as we can without of course pre*udicing your
interest and understanding of the law.
Now, 1=<, ah, this has been violated and most often this is being
violated. These are executive officers who actually address an order or a re.uest
or a suggestion to any *udicial authority in connection with any case pending in
said court or any case or business within the exclusive *urisdiction of the court of
*ustice. It is a crime ha a mere suggestion ha or a mere re.uest or any order as
long as it came from an executive officer. So if you are the presidential legal
officer, you call the *udge, B*udge, huwag mong I;issue ang T86 ha.C 9wedeng
mag;re!lamo ang *udge. I;charge nya yun under this +rticle. 'onvicted yun.
9ero sa buhay na ito, in this life, you have to play ball otherwise they dont give
you the ball. This is a common practice. I have to admit that this has been done
so many times, a million times and yet no one is being prosecuted. +ctually there
are some people who even admit to having called *udges. The members of the
executive departments, governors, mayors, etc bawal yan. 6!.
,nlawful appointments, the mere nomination or the appointment of a
person who does not possess the .ualifications provided for by law shall be
liable under +rt. 1==.
1=G is abuses against chastity. Well, any person who shall solicit or
ma!e immoral or indecent advances to a woman interested in matters pending
before a public officer or employee for decision or with respect to which he is
re.uired to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer shall be liable
under this article and any warden or other public officer who directly offer,
directly charged with the care and custody of a prisoner or persons under arrest
who shall solicit or ma!e immoral advances to a woman under his custody and if
the person solicited be the wife, hmm, remember, the daughter, the sisters or
relatives within the same degree by affinity of any person in custody of such
warden or officer, the penalty shall be prision correccional in its min. and med.
9eriods. Now, it is actually in the first paragraph, second portion thereof that
there is sexual harassment. This is those that ma!e immoral or indecent
advances with respect to the submission of a report or to consult with a superior
officer, meaning to say it is in a wor!ing place and you !now that sexual
harassment can only be committed in two places. + place of learning or in an
educational institution and the other one is a place of wor!. So, in the first, there
could be sexual harassment but in the second portion of paragraph 2. Now, how
about in number 1, now supposing the person to whom the warden made or
solicited immoral advances is the grandmother of the prisoner, oh, there could
be a grandmother who is only about <@, =0. 6h yesA E ba nyo alam yun? -efore
the passage of the 5amily 'ode, a woman who is only 2= years old can already
get married and have a child even before reaching the age of 2G hmph so say for
example she got married at 2=, had a child before reaching the age of 2G and
then, her child also got married in the same age as she has, she would be then
how old only? 13 lang yun, add another 2=, that would be =1. (h ang dami dami
dyan sexy, =1 pala. Sabi ni warden, hindi ayaw !o dun, ba!it? eh libre a!o eh.
-inasa !o yung libro eh. If I solicit any advances, immoral advances to a woman
who is a grandmother, it is not a crime because the law has enumerated. Who
are those? The person himself who is in *ail, the wife of the person in *ail, if not
the wife, the daughter or if not the daughter, the sister or relative within the same
degree of affinity. (h, sister within the same degree, ano yun? (h, sister;in;law.
(h, grandmother, wala eh. Sinabi bang ascendant? :indi eh. (h, supposing
lala!i ang sinolicit? :indi rinA It is not a crime so they have to change this.
-rea!A
"9arricide, 4urder, :omicide, well, simply put parricide is any person who
shall !ill his father, his mother, his spouse or child, whether legitimate or
illegitimate ha, pagdating sa child yun. Failangan sa spouse, the spouse must be
legitimate. 4erong illegitimate spouse but that is not a problem of ours. The
penalty shall be reclusion perpetua to death. +n adopted son or adoptive father
is not included in the crime of parricide. There ought to be a law but then there
being no law at this point, if an adopted son !ills his adoptive father or mother,
that is not parricide. It is simply either murder or homicide as the case maybe.
8emember that in parricide, irrespective of whether there are evident
premeditation or whatever, it is not a concern in the crime of parricide, it is the
fact of relationship. That is why in parricide, self;defense is available unli!e in
murder if murder is actually proven or if the charge is murder if you try to in*ect
the defense of self;defense, it would be very hard. +ctually very few maybe able
to cause the overturn of the charge of murder by in*ecting self;defense. It is a
homicide no problem (h infanticide, can you in*ect self;defense? :indi rin
pwede, less than < days old yun eh. These are matters that should be very, very
clear to you.
HuestionI Sir how about mista!en identity in the sense na hindi cya inintend
mong patayin pero napatay mo?
4ista!e in identity in the person whom you !illed is your brother or mother. The
same. 9arricide, because mista!e in identity is never a defense. It is never a
defense even under ordinary circumstances. It is the mista!e of fact that is a
defense. It is not a mista!e in identity. That is 9eople v. 6anes case. When 6anes
and company were ordered by their superior to arrest a certain -alagtas dead or
alive and they were told that -alagtas in a hut or is in a house then they were
given the description of -alagtas and when they saw a person who was lying
asleep on the floor of the house, they shot him full of force and when they turn his
body, they were able to !now that he is not -alagtas but a farmer. They claim
mista!e in identity, noooh, according to the Supreme 'ourt that could not be a
defense. The same is true in parricide. Now even if there is no treachery, no
evident premeditation as long as there is the relationship between the offender
and the offended party as the case may be, or the victim, then that is parricide.
+rt. 1=? is actually a well !nown article in the circles of people who are
familiar with the ongoing between families. This is death under exceptional
circumstances or physical in*uries under exceptional circumstances. +ny spouse
who !ills his spouse or the paramour of his spouse. If he catches them or
surprises them actually in the act of sexual intercourse, shall be sentenced only
to destierro or if he inflicts serious physical in*uries. If he does inflict only less
serious or slight physical in*uries, he is exempted from criminal liability. That is
the !illing must ta!e place immediately after catching the two by surprise. >ou
can !ill both of them or one of them as the case may be. 9enalty is only destierro.
HuestionI &inaudible)
Now, there is a case 4r. Ty. >ou read the case of 9eople v. +barca. It happened
in Tacloban. The principal actors there are +barca, who too! the bar exams in
4anila. :e left his wife in Tacloban and there is a 'hinaman by the name of
Fingsley 'o. While 4r. +barca was reviewing for the bar, he was already
hearing things from his friends that his wife is two timing him. 4eaning to say
that his wife is committing arson. Well, he did not mind, he was telling his friends
who have been saying that to him that he is only being distracted by those dirty
rumors that are being spread by those who do not want him to pass the bar. :e
said that he believes in the fidelity of his wife and everything so he *ust went on
with his review until he finished ta!ing the bar examinations. +fter finishing his
bar examinations, he left for home. :e arrived there and while in their house he
rested a little as he has already exhausted most of their savings. :e told his wife,
I will go to the next town, I have a friend there, I have had a conversation with
him that we can go into a little business of which I am going to earn. I will ta!e
the bus *ust about an hour from now. So he rested for awhile and after an hour
he left. When he arrived at the bus station, he was informed that the bus he was
going to ta!e has already left, the next trip would be 1I00pm so he went home,
ate and slept and wo!e up at 2I00pm and left for the bus station. When he
arrived at the bus station after telling his wife that he will be already arriving in
the evening because the place is a little bit far and he will still have to ta!e some
other buses that are coming from other far provinces. When he arrived at the bus
station, he was again disappointed because the dispatcher told him that the bus
he is ta!ing for the next town or so, has developed engine trouble. -ut he was
as!ed to wait for awhile if the bus would be fixed by the mechanic. -ut after an
hour, well, there is no way that this bus can leave so he said I am going home.
:e went home and you !now being the husband of the wife, he !nows his way
around. :e opened the door, the front door, he was able to enter their house and
then he went direct to their bedroom so that he can rest. :e was too tired. :e
was too exhausted already of ta!ing the bar examinations. +nd when he opened
their masters bedroom, he saw his wife having sex with Fingsley 'o, a
'hinaman. -ut when he was about to approach Fingsley 'o and his wife, 'o
drew a <3 caliber revolver and probably told +barca, ma!e it my day. -ecause of
fear of being shot, he left and of course he was fuming mad. While outside of
their house, he tried to thin!. :e was then suffering from obfuscation, passion
and everything. :is testimony is that he was blinded by rage and everything so
the only thing that he was able to thin! at that time is his friend, a member of the
'+5D, who has an armalite rifle. :e hired a vehicle or he rode a passenger
vehicle. :e was able to arrive at the destination of the '+5D,, he borrowed the
armalite rifle of the '+5D,, he went bac! to their house, he did not find his wife
and Fingsley 'o. :e again tried to thin!, where could I find this people. :e !new
that Fingsley 'o is addicted to playing mah*ong and he !nows the places where
Fingsley 'o usually plays mah*ong to pass away his time. When he went to a
mah*ong parlor, he saw 'o playing mah*ong. :e shifted the armalite mah*ong
from a single fire to automatic fire and of course, cha! cha!, hmph, and he told
those who were present at the time in Waray, those who are not concerned here,
in Waray, please leave. That was the wording in the decision of the Supreme
'ourt. :e started firing at 'o and most of the bullets hit 'o but there were other
bullets, because he shifted it to automatic fire, the others who did not leave
because it is the 5ilipino way of life that they want to be always the eyewitness.
+yaw umalis mga usyusero. +yun dalawa tinamaan. 4alubha. They suffered
serious in*uries that almost cost their lives. :e was charged with 4urder and
Eouble 5rustrated 4urder. :e was convicted in the lower court. The law says
that he surprises his spouse etc in sexual intercourse etc and immediately
thereafter either !illed his spouse or any one of them or inflicted serious physical
in*uries etc, he should be sentenced to destierro. -ut it too! him more than an
hour and in a different place to !ill the one who actually put a shit in his head.
When the case reached the Supreme 'ourt, the S' said it is still within the
purview of +rt. 1=?, reasoning out that had +barca tried to protect his honor,
defend his honor, etc at that point when he discovered his wife having sex with
'o and he actually tried to inflict in*uries on anyone of them, he would be dead
because 'o had a firearm. The period of one hour can be considered under the
circumstances of the case as within a reasonable period of time or shall be
considered as immediately thereafter. With respect to the place where Fingsley
'o was found, the Supreme 'ourt did not discuss that anymore. What happened
is that with those reasoning of the S', +barca was convicted of death, under
exceptional circumstances, sentenced to destierro and with respect to the two
usyuseros, two witnesses, the S' said +barca, you should have been careful in
firing the armalite rifle. >ou committed rec!less imprudence and that you are
hereby sentenced to 1 months of imprisonment for the compound crime of serious
physical in*uries or rec!less imprudence resulting to serious physical in*uries.
Two months imprisonment. Then after that he was released because he had been
in *ail for the last / years and he has already passed the bar exams. :e was not
recommended to be charged of illegal possession of firearms, he was not. >ou
!now for a fact that destierro do not have any accessory penalty. It has none. The
same is true with rec!less imprudence resulting to serious physical in*uries. No
accessory penalty. So all that he has to do is leave Tacloban 'ity for another
place not more than 100 !m away from Tacloban 'ity nor less than 1G !m from
Tacloban 'ity. I was made to understand that he became a prosecutor. :e was
allowed to ta!e his oath. -ut you see more than an hour has passed in that
particular case. 4ore than an hour, hmph.. that is the case of 9eople v +barca.
There is another case but then it is almost the same as the other cases. -ut the
most intriguing case is the case of 9eople v. +barca. 9robably the S' has ta!en
into consideration the fact that +barca was trying to improve their life and yet
the wife, instead of being appreciative of what +barca was doing for the family,
even had the temerity of being unfaithful to +barca. That is why the S'
considered even a period of more than an hour as immediately thereafter. >ou
!now the S' can extend all these because they are the S'. -ut that is the case of
9eople v +barca under +rt. 1=? of 89'.
4urder, no problemA +ctually, there is no problem about murder
because if you are going to loo! at murder under +rt. 1=3, what was changed
only is the penalty because the previous penalty under the old law is reclusion
temporal in its max period to death. Now, no more, reclusion perpetua to death.
They removed the reclusion temporal portion. 6!, there are still / but actually
there are so many if you are going to loo! at it and enumerate them one by one.
-ut they only lump them into / .ualifying aggravating circumstances. Now,
supposing that it is the purpose of the offenders to !ill the victim but then they
cannot *ust !ill the victim, so they !idnapped him first and !illed the victim. What
crime is committed? 4urder? NoA +ccording to the S', it is !idnapping with
murder. That is the case of 9eople v. 8amos, 1@? S'8+ /23,/=0,/=2 2@@3 citing
the case of 9arulan.
HuestionI In +rt. 1=?, it says engaged in sexual intercourse, what if they are *ust
undressing?
There is a dissenting opinion of $ustice 7aurel. That he is not in favor
that the law should not extend to those circumstances which will prove actually
that they had sexual intercourse, that it is not only during the act that the spouse
must surprise the other. That is the dissenting opinion of $ustice 7aurel. +ctually
there are some smart +lex who will say oh what are they going to do when they
are on bed, both na!ed? 8ead the bible? 6r tell stories to each other? That is not
what they are going to do so what should we have in mind then? (ither they have
done it or they are going to do it and do you have to wait? (h, supposing the one
who is going to wait is suffering from hypertension, heart disease, mauna pang
mamatay yun. :e will not even be able to exercise his right under +rt. 1=?
because actually it is a right eh, the penalty of destierro there is not a penalty. It
is to prevent the relatives of the victim, the friends of the victim from retaliating
or committing acts of vengeance or revenge against the spouse. That is the idea
there. 6!.
:omicide, there is no problem except when you have to correlate with
8+ 31@= conviction of illegal possession of firearms is not allowed under 31@= if
the crime committed is homicide or murder because illegal possession of
firearms is absorbed in the crime of homicide or murder with illegal possession
of firearms being only a special aggravating circumstance. Is there a crime of
rape with murder? NoA there is none. It is 9eople v. Nestorio Fwatson.&son!s
like -watson/ &st searc1 2or t1e real case name) There is such a crime which is
special complex crime of rape with homicide but there is no such crime as rape
with murder. There is none. Well according to the S', in criminal cases, the
entire case is always open for review and giving the appellate court an
opportunity to evaluate once more the totality of all the evidence including the
proper designation of the offense. +nd the proper designation of the offense is
rape with homicide and homicide should be interpreted in its generic sense. That
would be even including murder and there is no such crime as rape with murder.
6!?
Well penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide, there is no
problem here. Now, the next article is death due to tumultuous affray. >ou !now
tumultuous, it must be composed of four or more armed persons provided with
means of violence and there must be at least two groups who were not organi%ed
for purposes of assaulting or attac!ing each other. The penalty is higher if a
person dies on occasion or during the tumultuous affray, if the person who
actually inflicted the fatal in*ury can be identified. The penalty is lesser in the
event that the person who actually inflicted the fatal in*ury cannot be identified
and only those who inflicted serious in*uries can be identified and they are all
liable in death due to tumultuous affray. When you say tumultuous here, there is
no direction etc. there are two groups of four or more ha because when you say
tumultuous, apat yan pataas provided with means of violence. Its not gangs, its
not whatever basta any means of violence and that is what the law re.uires only.
9hysical in*uries, well the same application. If the person who inflicted
the serious physical in*uries can be identified, the penalty is prision mayor or
even lesser than that if they cannot be identified but definitely those persons who
inflicted the in*uries maybe identified. Well there is no such crime as slight
physical in*uries due to tumultuous affray because there is no penalty that can be
imposed. That is an absolutory cause. >ou !now this is what we call in the street
language. 8umble. Two groups they *ust meet each other, they are not organi%ed
for purposes of attac!ing each other and then suddenly, a tumultuous affray
erupts, ah, that is when there is tumultuous affray. It is most common in Tondo,
Sampaloc, 9asay, in other areas etc where there are so many gangs. This is their
preoccupation.
Who wants to give assistance to another to commit suicide and who
wants to commit suicide? +lright. +nyone who shall assist another to commit
suicide shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor if such person lends his
assistance. :is assistance must be active and invaluable in the commission of
suicide. So if it is not active, it is not invaluable to the commission of suicide, the
person who lends the assistance shall not be held criminally liable. If he did the
!illing himself, the offender is liable for the crime of homicide or the penalty of
homicide shall be imposed upon him. Now, let me see, supposing you have a
roommate. >our roommate told you, uy, pa!ibili mo nga a!o ng nylon rope sa
hardware pag;uwi mo. -a!it, anong gagawin mo? 4ag;su;suicide a!o. 7o!o to.
7ets humor this fellow. This guy bought a rope made of nylon. In the morning
when he wo!e up, patay. Is he liable? The roommate is already hanging in the
beam of their house. >ou must have to remember, lending his assistance in the
commission of suicide. Is buying a rope lending assistance, NoA because he can
buy also a rope of his own if he wants. :e can also as! somebody. -ut supposing
9are, pa!itali mo nga yun rope na yan, mag;sui;suicide a!o. 6 cge, bahala !a.
9are pa!ilagyan mo nga ng stool dyan sa ibaba, I will have to step on the stool
and when the stool is already there and I am already on top of the stool, !ic! the
stool. :is participation therefore is active, invaluable, then he is lending his
assistance. Well, if say for example, pare I am going to commit suicide, will you
pull the trigger because I cannot pull the trigger, I am nervous, I dont want to
hear the sound of the gun. >ou pull the trigger, ah as if you did the !illing
yourself"

Tape ends.
+ept3 1E/ 2003
B0A %il!5
"what is important in infanticide is that the child was born alive whether the
child is premature or whatever as long as the child is alive, that is whats
important to constitute infanticide. It is not correct to say that if "o"here is 4r.
Sia and 4s. Salva"I told you I am going to announce their entrance so Sia is
actually angry at you because probably you were the one who suggested that
their entrance be announced. The only modifying circumstances in infanticide is
actually when the !illing of the child is to conceal the honor of the mother and it
was the mother who !illed the child or when it is the maternal grandparents in
order to conceal the honor of the daughter of the maternal grandparents. -ut
the paternal grandparents, there is no way that they can be given any modifying
circumstances that is mitigating when I say modify. They were saying that if a
child is born alive but it has no chance of living, if the child is !illed, it is
actually infanticide. That was the decision of the supreme court way bac! in the
early 10s"as a matter of fact it was still a decision of the supreme court when it
was still being published in the 9hilippine reports. -ut there is another opinion
that was floated wherein even if the child has no chance of living, as long as the
child is born alive and the child is !illed, then it is infanticide. What would then
be the crime that will be committed if somebody !illed a child who has no chance
of living for about maybe 10 or =0 hours or =3 hours. There is no difference.
What is actually not infanticide is when the child is born dead. +bortions"well
there are how many !inds of abortions? We have intentional abortion,
unintentional abortion"we have actually the abortion practiced by the woman
herself and then the abortion practiced by a physician, by a midwife, and of
course the dispensing of abortives by pharmacies. When you say intentional
abortion, that is the employment of force or violence or intimidation upon a
woman whom the offender !nows to be pregnant and the purpose in employing
such violence is actually to cause an abortion. If that is not the purpose and
there is an abortion, that is unintentional abortion. The determination of
whether intentional or unintentional abortion is actually the acts prior to or
simultaneous with the employment of force or violence upon the woman. There
could also be intentional abortion in the event that the abortion was employed
without any violence upon the woman"hmph, maybe abortives or some other
!ind of means were employed upon the woman that is considered as an abortion
without force or violence or intimidation being employed upon the woman but it
is still intentional. It may not be with the consent of the woman. Now, if it is with
the consent of the woman, it may be with force or violence or it may be without
force or violence but the woman consented in the abortion. The law on abortion
is actually a very tic!lish issue at this point because there are those who believe
that the mother has the right to consider an abortion if it will be warranted under
the circumstances. -ut there are those who are pro;life saying that the mother
has no choice but to bear the child considering that it is not the fault of the child
that the child became a fetus and therefore that child has the right to live. The
right to be born. Well it is a long running debate of which I do not believe that it
can be settled even at this point, as long as we have the 'atholic religion among
our midst, they will ob*ect. Naturally, it is the teaching of the 'atholic religion
that an unborn child has the right to live, on the other hand, there are even
'atholics who thin! that their very persons would probably demand an abortion
in case where it is necessary. -ut up to the present, we cannot settle the issue and
the only issue that has been settled is that there is a law on abortion and that it is
against the law to perform an abortion, whether it is intentional or whether it is
unintentional. The unintentional abortion may actually be with employment of
force, violence or intimidation upon a person without !nowing either that the
woman is pregnant or if even if the woman is pregnant, the person does not have
an intention to cause her abortion. There is even abortion which may be
committed through rec!less imprudence and that is rec!less imprudence
resulting to unintentional abortion. >ou remember the case, as cited in your
boo!, about the operator of a calesa or caritella or whatever they want to call it,
when the horse went wild and there was a woman who was crossing the street
and the calesa, the wheel of the calesa hit the woman causing her to have an
abortion, the operator of the calesa was charged with rec!less imprudence
resulting to unintentional abortion and he was convicted, but loo!, there is a
debate there, who is at fault, is it the operator of the calesa or the horse? Well,
maybe it is the fault of the operator of the calesa but then even if you are very
!ind to your animals etc. there are times when they wont be !ind to you and you
would not be able to control them. Would that be considered as an insuperable
cause? 4aybe. We do not !now. -ut it is included among those who may be held
criminally liable for the crime of intentional abortion thru negligence or even
imprudence.
<1en a woman practices a6ortion pon 1ersel2 or even consents t1at t1e
same 6e per2orme! pon 1er/ s1e s1all 6e 1el! criminall0 lia6le 2or sc1 act o2
1ers an! t1e penalt0 is onl0 prision correccional in its me! an! ma7 perio!3 In t1e
event t1at t1is woman commits t1is o22ense to conceal 1er !is1onor/ s1e will
s22er t1e penalt0 o2 prision correccional in its min an! me! perio!s3 #1 well t1e
penalt0 is not actall0 t1e same to t1e maternal "ran!parents 6t t1en t1e penalt0
s1ol! 6e prision correccional in its me! an! ma7 perio!3 Jst like w1en t1e
a6ortion was practice! 60 t1e woman 1ersel23 .ow/ remem6er t1at t1e a6ortion
1ere mst 6e committe! to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e mot1er o2 t1e c1il! not to
conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e 2amil0/ not to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e
"ran!parents/ noJ to conceal t1e !is1onor o2 t1e woman w1o "ot pre"nant3 +ome
1ave t1e impression t1at it is t1e !is1onor o2 t1e 2amil0 t1at was 6ro"1t 60 t1e
pre"nanc0 o2 t1e woman an! t1at t1ere is a nee! 2or a6ortion an! t1e maternal
"ran!parents were t1e one w1o practice! t1e same/ it wol! 2all n!er intentional
a6ortion an! not a6ortion practice! 60 t1e woman 1ersel2 or 60 "ran!parents3
In a6ortion/ w1en !o we consi!er a woman to 6e pre"nant= T1at is t1e
pro6lem t1at 1as 6een a le"al isse to most o2 t1ose w1o are in t1e corts 6ecase
even t1e p10sicians at times !o not know w1en a woman is pre"nant3 <1en is
t1ere pre"nanc0 to speak o2= <1o is a !octor= <1o is a nrse= @o 0o know
w1en is t1ere pre"nanc0= @o 0o know= Bes/ -ana1as1i/ 8 a woman is sai! to 6e
pre"nant w1en a 2ertili5e! ovm is alrea!0 !eposite! insi!e t1e ters o2 t1e
mot1er3N T1at is accor!in" to t1e me!ical terms 6t wol! it 6e consi!ere! 2or all
le"al intents an! prposes as pre"nanc0= <1en I aske! a !octor/ 1e sai! well/
w1o is a law0er= :e sai! t1at m0 6elie2/ le"all0/ t1at is not 0et pre"nanc0
6ecase to 1im pre"nanc0 is t1e presence o2 t1e 2ets3 Is t1at alrea!0 a 2ets= .o/
so t1at is t1e pro6lem3 T1e law s1ol! !e2ine w1en a woman is pre"nant3 T1ere is
no !e2inition o2 pre"nanc03 .one w1atsoever3
In cases o2 concealment o2 !is1onor/ t1e woman actall0 mst 1ave a
"oo! reptation onl03 It is not necessar0 t1at t1e woman is actall0 o2 an
nsllie! reptation3 'll t1at is re4ire! is t1at s1e mst 1ave a "oo! reptation3
%a06e s1e is a "oo! woman 6t s1e 1as 6a! 1a6its3 T1at is w1at t1e0 are sa0in"/
6t it is t1e reptation o2 t1e woman t1at conts w1et1er s1e ma06e entitle! to
conceal 1er !is1onor or not3 .ow/ a6ortion practice! 60 a p10sician or 60 a
mi!wi2e/ t1ere is no pro6lem wit1 t1at 6ecase t1ese people are sppose! to 1elp
in t1e !eliver0 o2 6a6ies an! instea! t1e0 are t1e ones w1o are killin" t1e 6a6ies3
In ot1er wor!s/ t1ese people are sppose! to 6e pnis1e! wit1 a more severe
penalt0 t1an t1at o2 t1e ot1ers3 Bt t1en as 0o will note 2rom t1e provisions o2
t1e law/ t1e penalt0 wol! 6e 6ase! n!er 'rt3 2,I o2 R$C3 T1at wol! 6e
actall0 a ver0/ ver0 serios penalt0 consi!erin" t1at 'rt3 2,I is a serios
o22ense3 T1e !ispensation o2 a6ortives wit1ot an0 prescription 60 a competent
p10sician an! it is a p1armacist w1o !ispense! t1e same/ it is also a crime 6t t1e
penalt0 is simpl0 arresto ma0or3 .ow/ or pro6lem is spposin" t1e person w1o
!ispense! t1e a6ortives is not a p1armacist3 <ell/ i2 it is wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e
woman it will 2all n!er t1e intentional a6ortion wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e woman3
I2 it is wit1ot 1er consent/ it is intentional a6ortion wit1ot t1e consent o2 t1e
woman an! wit1ot 2orce or violence3 :ow a6ot t1ose w1o are sppose! to 6e
known to almost ever0one= :ow a6ot t1ose practicin" t1eir tra!e at t1e si!e o2
t1e Fiapo c1rc1= :ave 0o 6een t1ere= :ave 0o 1a! t1e occasion o2 &st
takin" a walk near Fiapo c1rc1= T1e0 will even ask 0o/ o anon" kailan"an
mo 6oss= $ampala"la" or w1atever3 # pa11la ka3 .an!n la1at n" racket e13
<ell/ I !o not know w10 t1e c1rc1 is actall0 toleratin" all t1ese people w1en
t1e0 are a"ainst a6ortion 0et t1e people t1ere 6esi!e t1e c1rc1 are t1e ones w1o
are practicin" a6ortion or "ivin" a6ortives3 'ctall0/ t1e a6ortives are ma!e o2
eit1er 1er6s or 1er6 or w1atever/ roots/ plants/ or w1at 1as 6een !iscovere! 60 t1e
ol! 2olks !rin" t1eir times an! it is still e22ective as it is proven 60 people
t1ereat3
Is t1ere a !i22erence 6etween a p1armacolo"ist an! a p1armacist= T1ere
is3 <1at I n!erstan! o2 a p1armacist is actall0 t1e ol! p1armacists are t1e ones
w1o are mi7in" !r"s in or!er t1at it ma0 6e !ispense! wit1 to an0 patient 6t
t1e p1armacolo"ists are t1ose w1o &st rea! t1e prescription o2 t1e !octor3 I !o
not know w1et1er it is t1e reverse 6t it is m0 n!erstan!in" t1at t1e two are not
t1e same3 's o2 now/ are t1ere still !r"s t1at 1ave to 6e mi7e! in or!er t1at t1e0
ma06e "iven to a patient= @istille! <ater= .ot onl0 t1at/ I t1ink t1ere are still
!r"s/ at least two or t1ree !r"s t1at are 6ein" mi7e! 6e2ore t1e0 are
a!ministere! an! we !o not know 1ow t1e0 are !oin" it 6t still t1ere are3 $ero sa
mercr0 wala ata e13 .o/ t1ere is/ t1ere is one 6t t1en it is 4ite e7pensive
6ecase it will take 0o 1ow man0 1ors= Be2ore 0o can "et it=
Ra220A J!"e it !epen!s on t1e me!icine t1at 0o will "et3 Topical applications
ma!ali 0an 0n pero 0n me!icines na i6a/ mata"al 0n3
Bes 6ecase we "ot one an! it took s two !a0s or 4L 1ors to "et it3
T1at is t1eir &o63
@el/ t1is is a 2ormal com6at 6etween two persons wit1 all t1e
2ormalities o2 an0 com6at as !one !rin" t1e ol!en !a0s3 <1en 0o sa0 !el/
t1ere mst 6e an a"reement 6etween two parties an! t1at it is a concerte! com6at
6etween two persons in t1e presence o2 at least two persons w1o are sppose! to
6e t1e secon!s3 T1ere ma0 6e ot1ers like a !octor an! t1en t1ese people w1o are
present mst 6e o2 law2l a"e3 I2 t1e0 are not o2 law2l a"e/ it is not a !el/ an!
t1en t1ere is a selection o2 arms/ t1ere is a 2i7in" o2 time3 T1ere are t1e 2i7in" o2
weapons an! sc1 ot1er a"reements t1at t1e com6atants ma0 a"ree on3 T1e0 ma0
a"ree t1at i2 t1ere is alrea!0 a mortal won! s22ere! 60 one t1en t1e !el s1ol!
6e stoppe!3 I2 t1e0 a"ree! t1at it is a !el to t1e !eat1/ ok/ !el to !eat1 no
pro6lem3 )se o2 pistols/ se o2 sa6ers/ se o2 swor!s/ well/ it is se o2 knives/ &st
t1e same as lon" as t1e 2ormalities o2 a concerte! com6at is present wit1 all t1e
con!itions t1at ma06e set 2ort1 in t1e a"reement 6etween t1e two3
In t1e event t1at no person s22ers an0 in&r0/ actall0 t1e parties w1o
participate! in t1e !el are still lia6le3 <10 are t1e0 lia6le= It is 6ecase o2 t1e
social !an"er t1at t1e0 poses as t1e same wol! 6e i2 tolerate!/ 6e committe!
a"ain 60 ot1er persons3 %ere c1allen"in" to a 2i"1t or a 2i"1t to t1e !eat1/ w1ic1
is ma!e a"ainst anot1er person is not c1allen"in" to a !el3 T1e c1allen"e mst
6e t1at it is actall0 a 2ormal one eit1er t1r interme!iar0 or t1r letters etc an!
actall0 t1e c1allen"e mst contain all t1e con!itions set 2ort1 in an actal
com6at3
Can an insti"ator in c1allen"in" to a !el 6e also pnis1e!= Bes3 (ven
t1e insti"ators are lia6le in c1allen"in" to a !el3 #kJ
<e "o to p10sical in&ries3 T1ere is no pro6lem wit1 respect to
mtilation3 <1en 0o sa0 mtilation t1at is actall0 t1e removal or i2 not
removal/ w1o s1all intentionall0 mtilate anot1er person 60 !eprivin" 1im o2 a
part or t1e w1ole o2 an essential or"an o2 repro!ction3 <e 1ave 1a! t1e occasion
o2 1avin" to rea! ever0!a0/ almost ever0!a0 mtilations in t1e newspapers3 It all
starte! wit1 Lorena Bo66it3 Jst like t1e 94 1ere/ ever06o!0 is talkin" a6ot 943
'2ter a mont1 or two/ wala na 0an" 94 na 0an3 It is simpl0 a/ s1all we call it/ it is
like t1e rain0 season or 0es/ t1at is a 2act t1at we 1ave to conten! wit13 <ell/ it is
mtilation/ actall0 even i2 t1e essential or"an o2 repro!ction is not totall0
!ama"e! or mtilate!/ 6t as lon" as it is partiall0 !ama"e!/ t1en t1ere is
mtilation3 I tol! 0o t1at 9ilipinos are 2on! o2 imitatin" ot1er people in t1e
worl! w1en t1at Lorena Bo66it case was p6lis1e! in t1e newspapers almost
ever0 week/ 0o will see in t1e newspapers/ t1e wi2e "ot a ra5or/ "ot a scissor/
"ot a kni2e etc 6t w1at is worse is w1at 1appene! in Batan"as3 <1en t1e
1s6an! 6ecame &ealos an! sspecte! t1at 1is wi2e is 1avin" an a22air wit1 a
ver0 0on" man/ w1o is even less t1an 1L 0ears o2 a"e/ so w1at 1e !i! was to
a6!ct t1e 0on" man/ 6rin" t1e 0on" man to t1eir 1ose/ "ot a c1oppin" 6oar!
an! a 6olo an! ct t1e or"an o2 t1e 0on" man an! t1e worst part o2 it is t1at 1e
"ot a 6ottle/ 2ill it wit1 2ormalin an! place! t1e portion t1at 1e ct in t1e 2ormalin
an! !ispla0e! it in t1e sala3 <ell/ t1e cort actall0 was ver0 nice to 1im 6ecase
t1e cort sentence! 1im to reclsion perpeta/ 6ecase t1e0 consi!ere! i"nomin0
t1ere3 I"nomin0/ t1e !ispla0 o2 t1e part t1at was ct in t1e sala o2 t1e o22en!er is
i"nominios to t1e victim/ 1e was sentence! to reclsion perpeta3 I !on>t know
i2 0o can !o it 6t let>s see3
Let s &st take p10sical in&ries as a rle 6ecase p10sical in&ries/
t1ere are so man0 kin!s o2 p10sical in&ries3 T1e wa0 o2 committin" p10sical
in&ries is 60 assaltin"/ 6eatin"/ won!in" anot1er3 It !epen!s pon w1at kin!
o2 in&r0 is s22ere! 60 t1e o22en!e! part03 I2 t1e o22en!e! part0 6ecame insane/
6ecame an im6ecile/ or impotent or 6lin!/ or n!er similar circmstances/ it is t1e
2irst kin! o2 serios p10sical in&ries an! t1e penalt0 t1ere is prision ma0or3 .ow/
i2 t1ere is onl0 a loss o2 one e0e/ or t1e person 6ecame !ea2 or 1e lost t1e sense o2
smell/ 1e cannot an0more smell t1e scent o2 2lowers/ t1en t1at is t1e secon! kin!3
.ow/ w1en it comes to !eterminin" w1et1er a person s22ere! p10sical in&ries
w1ic1 is serios or not serios/ t1is is t1e rle3 I2 t1e person 1as an occpation/ a
le"al occpation/ to !etermine w1et1er t1e in&r0 t1at 1e s22ere! is serios or
not/ asi!e 2rom 1is 1ospitali5ation or atten!ance 60 a p10sician 0o s1ol! also
consi!er t1e perio! wit1in w1ic1 1e 2aile! to en"a"e 1imsel2 to 1is sal
occpation3 T1at is i2 1e 1as an occpation3 I2 1e 1as no occpation/ t1e perio!
t1at will !eci!e w1et1er t1e in&r0 is serios/ less serios or sli"1t/ is onl0 t1e
me!ical atten!ance or t1e perio! o2 1is 1ospitali5ation t1at is all3 Bo will sa0 sir/
t1at is ver0 n2air3 <ell/ t1at is not n2air 6ecase 1e !oes not want to !evote
1imsel2 to a law2l occpation3 +o/ i2 t1at person w1o is not !evotin" 1imsel2 to a
law2l callin" is in&re! 60 ot1ers/ 6ein" 6eaten/ won!e!/ assalte!/ etc/ it is
onl0 t1e perio! o2 me!ical atten!ance or 1ospitali5ation t1at s1ol! 6e t1e 6asis
o2 w1et1er t1e p10sical in&ries s1ol! 6e sli"1t/ less serios or serios3 Bt i2 1e
is workin"/ a1/ 0o incl!e 1is incapacit0 to en"a"e 1imsel2 to 1is law2l
occpation to"et1er wit1 t1e actal 1ospitali5ation or me!ical atten!ance3 T1at is
t1e rle3 It is !i22erent wit1 permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 6ecase permanent
p10sical !isa6ilit0 is !i22erent3 Bo won!e! a person in an0 visi6le part o2 1is
6o!0 w1ic1 wol! s1ow permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 or permanent in&r0 t1en
it is actall0 serios p10sical in&ries/ like won!in" a person on 1is 2ace w1ic1
will leave a scar 2orever3 T1at is serios p10sical in&ries even i2 1e sta0e! in t1e
1ospital 2or onl0 two or t1ree !a0s3 I2 0o 1it a person on 1is mot1 6t 1e lost
two o2 1is 2ront teet1/ t1at is serios p10sical in&ries even i2 1e 1as to 6e
atten!e! 60 a !entist 2or onl0 one !a03 Bt i2 t1e teet1 is locate! in an area w1ic1
it is not visi6le to t1e p6lic/ i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 opens 1is mot1/ t1en it is not
serios p10sical in&ries 6ecase it is not/ t1e permanent p10sical !isa6ilit0 is not
evi!ent to t1e "eneral p6lic3 T1at is t1e wa0 1ow to !etermine w1et1er an in&r0
is serios/ less serios or sli"1t3
I2 t1e victim is a minor/ t1e o22en!er s1all 6e prosecte! n!er R' ED103
In sli"1t p10sical in&ries/ t1e same penalt0 as t1at w1ic1 is provi!e! 2or n!er
'rt3 2DD o2 R$C3 I2 it is serios p10sical in&ries/ t1e same penalt0/ t1ere is no
c1an"e3 T1e onl0 c1an"e is actall0 t1e 2act t1at t1e case s1all 6ecome wit1in t1e
&ris!iction o2 t1e 9amil0 cort3 <ell/ p10sical in&ries ma0 also 6e committe!
t1r reckless impr!ence or t1e case wol! 6e reckless impr!ence resltin" to
serios/ less serios or sli"1t p10sical in&ries3 .ow/ spposin" a person was
sta66e! 60 an ice peak on 1is c1in/ a2ter 1is c1in "ot well/ 1e looks like %ic1ael
@o"las alrea!0/ it improve! 1is appearance3 .ow/ are 0o "oin" to consi!er t1at
as serios p10sical in&ries= Is t1at a !e2ormit0= T1at is w1at I am tr0in" to ask3
.o/ it is not a !e2ormit0 6ecase it !i! not c1an"e 1is appearance to one t1at is
!isa"reea6le3 .o/ m0 statement is correct 6ecase w1en 0o sa0 !e2ormit0/ it
mst 6e a !isa"reea6le appearance to t1e one w1o possesses t1at appearance3 (1
kn" "mwapo lalo/ e1 ok to3 :e will not complain an0more pro6a6l0 or i2 1e
complains t1at wol! 6e onl0 p to t1e e7tent o2 eit1er t1e perio! o2 me!ical
atten!ance or 1ospitali5ation or actall0 t1e perio! wit1 w1ic1 t1e same 1eale!
6t i2 sa0 2or e7ample/ 1e !oes not want 1is appearance/ 1e will sa0/ a1 no/ I
!on>t like t1is3 Bt well/ t1ere are t1ose w1o even wante! to 1ave a scar on t1eir
c1eeks3 %ac1o !aw an" !atin"3 <ell/ I !on>t know it !epen!s pon 1ow 0o
look at 0orsel23
'!ministration o2 in&rios s6stances re2ers to actal takin" or i2 not
takin" o2 t1e s6stances/ t1e intro!ction o2 t1e s6stance in t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e
o22en!e! part03 T1rowin" an aci! to t1e 2ace o2 t1e victim or to t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e
victim is not serios p10sical in&ries n!er 'rt3 2D4/ it will 6e serios p10sical
in&ries n!er t1e prece!in" articles/ eit1er 2D2 or 2D13 +o t1e a!ministration o2
in&rios s6stance is t1e in&ection/ a!ministration/ t1e takin" as lon" as it is
in"este! to t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e victim/ t1at is/ well/ a!ministration o2 in&rios
s6stances3 I2 t1ere is intent to kill/ attempte! or 2rstrate! mr!er or 1omici!e3 I2
it is poison/ it is mr!er3 I2 t1ere is an ine22ectal or ine22ective means/ or
ina!e4ate means/ t1en t1at is impossi6le crime3
<ell/ we 1ave !iscsse! less serios p10sical in&ries/ t1ere is no
pro6lem3 +li"1t p10sical in&ries w1ic1 incl!es maltreatment/ 0es3
FestionA <1at a6ot &!"e t1ose people w1o in2lict ot1er people wit1 ai!s= +a
m"a movie1oses/ contaminate! wit1 ai!s=
'1/ w1at !o 0o t1ink= T1at is attempte! mr!er3 :in!i naman
conta"ion o2 cattle 0n e13 Bo are not sprea!in" an0 !isease o2 a cattle/ 0o are
sprea!in" a !ea!l0 !isease o2 1mans3 T1at is attempte! mr!er at t1e start w1en
t1e virs actall0 was transmitte!/ t1at is w1en it 6ecomes 2rstrate! mr!er3 Bt
t1en !rin" t1e pen!enc0 o2 t1e case an! t1e person !ies/ 0o are "oin" to amen!
t1e in2ormation to mr!er 6ecase o2 spervenin" event3 Bes3 '""ravatin" pati
0n 1a/ tantamont to se o2 poison3
FestionA J!"e/ w1at i2 2or e7ample t1e patient was still alive w1en t1e trial
en!e!/ an! t1en s6se4entl0 1e !ies , 0ears a2ter t1e &!"ment=
'1/ tapos na3 wala na/ no reme!03 Becase t1e criminal lia6ilit0 is onl0
availa6le w1en it comes to attempte! an! 2rstrate! p to t1e time t1at t1e person
is alive an! t1at t1e spervenin" event cannot srpass a2ter t1e !eat1 o2 t1e
victim/ i2 t1ere is alrea!0 a &!"ment3 +o t1e &!"ment mst come prior to t1e
!eat1 an! t1e &!"ment mst not 0et 1ave 6een 2inal an! e7ector0 6ecase i2 it
alrea!0 2inal an! e7ector0 an! t1ere is alrea!0 a lon" perio! o2 time t1at 1a!
lapse!/ t1en 0o cannot an0more consi!er an0 spervenin" event3 T1e reason
t1ere is t1at t1e spervenin" event mst 6e closel0 relate! to t1e events t1at
transpire!/ i2 not/ 0o cannot consi!er it3
<ell/ actall0 spposin" t1at a person was a victim o2 sc1 a sitation/
a2ter t1e accse! was sentence! 60 t1e corts o2 2rstrate! mr!er/ i2 t1e accse!
!ies wit1in 1, !a0s/ t1at t1e &!"ment 1as not 0et 6ecome 2inal an! e7ector0/ it
ma06e amen!e!3 I mean not t1e accse! 6t i2 t1e victim !ies3 Bt i2 t1e victim
!ies a2ter t1e &!"ment 1as 6ecome 2inal/ no more3 It ma0 appear to 6e n&st 6t
t1e0 s1ol! amen! t1e law an! t1e0 s1ol! amen! t1e &rispr!ence3 T1e0
s1ol!3 %e/ I wol! rat1er t1at it 6e incl!e! an! consi!ere! as a spervenin"
event !espite t1e 2act t1at t1e &!"ment 1as alrea!0 6ecome 2inal an! e7ector0
!e to t1e 2act t1at t1e !evelopment o2 'i!s comes in 0ears an! not in mont1s or
a 0ear3 It !evelops in a6ot , or 10 0ears3 T1at is w10 I !o not like t1e provision
in R' L3,3 t1at i2 t1e o22en!er in rape cases is a22licte! wit1 ai!s an! knowin"
t1at 1e is t1s in2licte!/ 1e rape! a woman/ it is still necessar0 t1at 1e transmits
t1e virs to t1e woman in or!er t1at t1e same ma0 6e consi!ere! 4ali2ie! rape3
I2 I ma0 sa0 so/ t1at provision o2 t1e law is n2air to women3 Is it
necessar0 to consi!er t1e transmittal as an element= I !on>t t1ink so 6ecase t1e
!etection o2 w1et1er t1ere is a transmittal o2 t1e virs or not to t1e woman wol!
natrall0 6e in a6ot 1ow man0 0ears3 2 or 33 I !o not know now/ ma06e wit1
mo!ern me!icine/ 6t it se! to 6e , 0ears3 T1e0 sai! t1at inc6ation perio! o2
t1e virs o2 ai!s?
+i!e B
?I 1ave not st!ie! t1e s6&ect matter3 Bt we !o not know e13 @o we 1ave an0
mac1ine t1at wol! pro6a6l0 6e o2 se to t1e 9ilipinos in connection wit1
!etection o2 ai!s at an earl0 sta"e= <ala 0ata no1/ 6ecase it is ver0 e7pensive3
FestionA <1at i2 t1e woman rape! an! t1e 6a60 "ets ai!s as well/ wol! it 6e
consi!ere! as two crimes=
.o/ onl0 one crime3 Becase it is a continos e1/ a sin"le act3 It is not
even a comple7 crime e1/ it is onl0 a sin"le act3 Becase t1e ai!s o2 t1e 6a60
came 2rom t1e mot1er/ ! 6a= 'lri"1t/ rape3 <e are alrea!0 in rape3 Is t1ere an0
pro6lem in rape= (ver06o!0 1as rea! rape3 I2 0o 1ave rea! t1e case o2 $eople v
Camp1an an! i2 0o 1ave rea! t1e case in connection wit1 w1at we call t1e lim6
s0n!rome case/ t1en 0o know alrea!0 1ow to !etermine w1et1er t1e rape is
attempte! an! consmmate! an! o2 corse i2 0o 1ave rea! t1e ot1er cases in
connection wit1 w1at is 4ali2ie! rape t1en 0o are ok3 T1e onl0 pro6lem is
actall0 1ow to !etermine w1et1er rape was committe! t1r 2ra!lent
mac1ination or a6se o2 at1orit0 an! a6ot se7al assalt 6ecase we 1ave a
!i22erent view in connection wit1 se7al assalt3 T1ere are 1ow man0 kin!s o2
rape at present= Fali2ie! rape is t1e most serios3 :in!i ssno! pa !n/
stattor0/ t1en or!inar0 rape an! 0o 1ave t1e marital rape an! 0o 1ave t1e
se7al assalt3 T1e0 are all terme! as rape alt1o"1 it is actall0 se7al assalt3
T1e 4ali2ie! rape are sppose! to 6e compose! o2 10 enmerations3 Bt 0o
know t1at rape ma06e committe! 60 an0 person/ actall0 it is not 60 an0 person/
60 a man/ 6t it s1ol! 6e 60 an0 person e1 6ecase a woman also ma06e a co-
conspirator also e13 T1at is w10 I 1ave 6een sa0in" all alon" t1at 60 a man onl03
.o1J (1 spposin" it was a woman w1o in!ce! a man to rape a woman/ so s1e
will 6e e7empte! 6ecase t1e law !i! not sa0 an0 person3 +o/ it col! 6e an0
person 6t in t1e law/ an0 man w1o s1all 1ave carnal knowle!"e o2 a woman/
tala"an" woman 1a/ not an arti2icial one3 -asi meron e13 #nl0 recentl0/ an
arti2icial woman was tr0in" to "et a marria"e license in %akati/ s1e was re2se!
60 t1e local civil re"istrar3 +1e went to t1e prosector>s o22ice an! aske! 2or a
le"al opinion3 T1e prosector sai! I !o not know an0t1in" a6ot it3 I 1ave 1a! no
e7perience re"ar!in" t1at matter3 +o/ 1e sai!/ 0o can ask some o2 t1e &!"es an!
most o2 t1e &!"es pointe! to me/ m0 "oll0 I sai!/ I onl0 aske! 1er/ ok/ w1at are
0o= +1e sai!/ I am a woman3 're 0o sre= <ell/ I 1ave 1a! a se7 c1an"e3 '1
0o are a man3 .o pro6lem3 Bo>re still a man3 (ven i2 0o can "et/ I sai!/ a
!eclaration 2rom t1e Cort t1at 0o are a woman/ 2or all le"al intents an!
prposes/ 0o are still a man/ an! 0o cannot "et marrie!3 (1/ s1e sai!/
some6o!0 allowe! t1e marria"e 6etween a man w1o 1a! a se7 c1an"e an! a man
at Fe5on Cit03 T1at is t1ere pro6lem t1ere/ 1ere noJ Bo "o t1ere/ I sai!3 T1e
prpose o2 marria"e actall0/ n!er or 2amil0 co!e is to raise a 2amil03 Can t1e0
raise a 2amil0= ' 2amil0 o2 t1eir own/ comin" 2rom t1em= .o wa0/ t1e0 can raise
onl0 an arti2icial 2amil0 so ever0t1in" is arti2icial3 T1e0 s1ol! also raise
arti2icial 2lowers an! trees3
FestionA J!"e/ meron !aw ! 6an" ano/ pina0a"an sa 6irt1 certi2icate/ c1i-nan"e
0n se7 n0a e1 someone w1o 1a! a se7 c1an"e/ tapos c1i-nan"e 0n sa 6irt1
certi2icate n0a an! it was allowe! 2rom male to 2emale3
<ell t1e &!"e in anot1er station allowe! t1at3 Bt i2 I am "oin" to 6e
t1e &!"e/ I will not allow t1at3 T1at is t1e se7 t1at "o! "ave 0o an! 0o 1ave no
ri"1t to alter it3 .ow/ i2 0o want to alter it/ !on>t ask me to stamp m0 approval in
t1at alteration3 Bo ask ma06e some6o!0 else>s approval 6t not me3 Becase
w1at I know o2 a woman is a natral woman an! t1at is it3 .ak/ e1 na"-6i6iran
n"a e13 <e were 3 &!"es/ we were &okin"3 +a6i nn" isan" &!"eA (1 san mo
itina"o 0n" 6inawas sa0o= -asi/ si"ra!o ma0 6inawas sa0o san mo !inala 0n=
(wan ko/ 1in!i ko alam3 I was not intereste! in t1e answer3 (1e was la"1in"
"i""l0)
(1/ kn" 6i"lan" 6ma6a 0n3 'no na naman 0n" man"0a0ari !n=
:mp1/ e1 !i malakin" sapin na naman 0n3 :e1e1e3 I will not 6e a part0 to t1at3
#k3
<ell/ w1en a man 1a! carnal knowle!"e o2 a woman n!er t1e
2ollowin" circmstances 1ere/ well/ t1r 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation w1en t1e
woman is nconscios or ot1erwise !eprive! o2 reason/ an! 60 means o2
2ra!lent mac1ination or a6se o2 at1orit03 *rave a6se o2 at1orit0 or w1en
t1e o22en!e! part0 is n!er 12 0ears o2 a"e or is !emente! even t1o"1 none o2
t1e circmstances mentione! a6ove are present3 B0 an0 person w1o n!er an0 o2
t1e circmstances are mentione! a6ove/ para"rap1 one/ s1all commit an act o2
se7al assalt 60 insertin" 1is penis into t1e mot1 o2 anot1er person or in t1e
anal ori2ice o2 anot1er or 60 insertin" an instrment or o6&ect33eto an"
pina"tatalnan e1/ is a 2in"er an instrment= Bes/ it is an instrment 2or a "itar/
2or a piano3 Bt/ look/ 1e1/ o6&ect/ o6&ect means it is not part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e
o22en!er3 I2 it is part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e o22en!er/ it is not an o6&ect an0more3 It is
a part o2 1man 6o!03 $tlin mo ok are"la!o3 +o/ alt1o"1 t1e opinion o2
Jstice :ilarion '4ino/ t1e one w1o is teac1in" at t1e $J'/ t1e 2at1er o2 9r3
Rannie/ t1e J@/ w1o is not a law0er an! w1o teac1es at t1e $1ilippine J!icial
'ca!em0 in relation to 'r6itration incl!in" .e"otia6le Instrments3 .o o22ense
meant 1a3 .a"taka ako !n3 <10 is it t1at t1e +preme Cort is allowin" a non-
law0er to teac1 &!"es o2 e7istin" laws an! e7istin" rles3 %a6ti kn"
practitioner/ ako papa0a"3 $ero &!"es/ mk1a 0atan" mali e13 %ali3
T1ere opinion is t1at a 2in"er is to 6e interprete! as an o6&ect3 <1ile I was
atten!in" a seminar at t1e $J'/ I sai! I will a"ree wit1 0o &stice an! 2r3 Rannie
i2 we ct t1e 2in"er o2 t1e man or an06o!0 else an! t1en se it3 T1at is alrea!0 an
o6&ect3 Bt i2 it is still a part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e person/ it is still/ it is not an o6&ect
or instrment as re2erre! to n!er t1e law3 'n0wa0/ t1ere was a !ecision o2 +C/ I
!o not know w1et1er it is crrent3 T1ere was a case 1ere w1ic1 we !i"este!
w1erein it was state! t1at t1e se o2 a 2in"er is an act o2 lasciviosness3 I cannot
onl0 2in! it ri"1t now/ 6ecase I 1ave not 0et arran"e! all t1is e13
+tatementA J!"e 0o sai! it was people v3 @03
'n! it was actall0 a2ter t1e passa"e o2 L3,33 <e trie! to veri20 it3
FestionA J!"e/ can 0o se also t1at ar"ment to cover ot1er parts o2 t1e 6o!0=
(1/ ikaw naman o1/ 0o are askin" 2or so man0 t1in"s3 (1 spposin"/
0o are $inocc1io/ 1a1a1a1a/ 0o want to me to e7plain 2rt1er3
("i""les 2rom t1e class)
(1/ kinakain sa C1inese restarant 0n e1/ c1icken 2eet3 :a=
.evermin!3 Becase some6o!0 mi"1t rn a2ter me i2 I sa0/ w1o 1as t1e 1ar!est
ton"e in t1e $1ilippines3 +o some6o!0 mi"1t rn a2ter me/ nevermin!3 <1en
t1ere is a relations1ip 6etween t1e o22en!er an! t1e o22en!e! part0 an! t1at t1e
o22en!e! part0 is a minor/ t1e moral ascen!anc0 takes place over intimi!ation3
+o/ even i2 t1ere is no actal intimi!ation/ w1en t1ere is a relations1ip 6etween
t1e o22en!er an! t1e o22en!e! part0 w1ic1 is so close like an ascen!ant an! a
!escen!ant/ a common-law 2at1er to common-law !a"1ter/ a step2at1er to a
step!a"1ter etc t1en t1at moral ascen!anc0 s6stittes 2or intimi!ation3 Bo
!on>t 1ave to prove intimi!ation3 'll t1at 0o 1ave to prove is moral ascen!anc0
an! t1at t1ere was no consent3 T1at is all t1at 0o 1ave to esta6lis1 an! t1en t1ere
will 6e rape3 #2 corse/ we are e7pan!in" t1e same too mc1 6t t1at is t1e
rlin" o2 t1e +C3 Bt sometimes t1ere was even a case o2 w1ic1 I was srprise!
t1at t1e cort consi!ere!/ t1e statement o2 a !a"1ter to 6e a statement t1at wol!
actall0 e7cse t1e 2at1er 2rom criminal lia6ilit0 in a case o2 rape3 .ow/ t1is
!a"1ter w1ile s1e was still 0on" was alrea!0 t1e s6&ect o2 se7al assalt 2rom
t1e 2at1er3 <1en s1e reac1e! t1e a"e o2 1E/ etc an! 1L/ t1en t1e same contine!3
<1en s1e testi2ie! in cort/ 1er testimon0 is to t1e e22ect t1at s1e learne! to love
1er 2at1er as a lover3 's 1er lover3 Bo know 60 t1at simple statement o2 t1e
!a"1ter/ t1e +C ac4itte! t1e 2at1er3 It was not a sweet1eart !e2ense 1a3 In ot1er
wor!s/ accor!in" to t1e +C t1ere/ even i2 t1ere is a relations1ip t1at is illicit/
ille"itimate an! incestos/ i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 consente! an! s1e is alrea!0 o2
a"e to "ive 1er consent/ t1en t1ere is no rape3 .ow/ t1e prosection is ar"in"/ as
t1e +C 1as ennciate! in several cases t1at moral ascen!anc0 s6stittes 2or
intimi!ation 6t t1en accor!in" to t1e ar"ment o2 t1e accse!/ t1at was w1en
t1e woman sai!/ s1e !i! not consent3 Bt 1ere t1e woman a!mitte! t1at 1er 2at1er
is 1er lover3 +o/ +C sai!/ no wa0 we cannot 2in! t1e accse! "ilt0 an! natrall0/
1e 1as to 6e ac4itte!3 T1at>s a case an! it>s in m0 6ook/ it is in t1e 6ook t1at I
am preparin"3
FestionA +ince a crime was committe! w1en s1e was still a minor/ col!n>t t1e
2at1er 6e lia6le o2 rape=
'lri"1t/ t1is is w1at 1as 1appene! in anot1er case3 ' case a"ain o2 2at1er
an! !a"1ter3 T1e "irl was rape!/ actall0 rape!3 'n! s1e was 1D3 '2ter 1avin"
6een rape!/ s1e !i!n>t 2ile a complain?s1e tol! 1er 2at1er t1at i2 0o rape me
a"ain/ I am "oin" to 2ile a case a"ainst 0o?3w1en s1e reac1e! t1e a"e o2 more
t1an 1L/ s1e was a"ain rape! 60 1er 2at1er?so s1e 2ile! two cases o2 rape a"ainst
t1e 2at1er?natrall0 trial ense! etc3 #ne 4estion t1ere t1at was ver0
interestin" in t1e transcript t1at was 4ote! 60 t1e +C is 8w1en 0o reac1 t1e a"e
o2 1L/ was t1e par!on "iven 60 0o to 0or 2at1er still e22ective=N +1e sai!
80esN3 T1e par!on stoppe! onl0 a2ter 0or 2at1er rape! 0o a"ain3 BesJ #nl0 t1at
is t1e en!3 Bo know t1e +C ac4itte! t1e 2at1er 2or t1e rape w1en s1e was 1D
0ears ol!/ 6t convicte! t1e 2at1er 2or t1e rape w1en s1e was alrea!0 past 1L 0rs
ol!/ consi!erin" t1at w1en t1e par!on "iven w1en s1e was still a minor at t1at
time contine! wit1 t1e e22ectivit0 o2 t1e par!on p to t1e time w1en s1e was
past 1L 0rs ol! an! t1at was vali! accor!in" to t1e +C3 <ell 0o know t1e +c
sometimes !o not want penalties w1ic1 wol! sall0 6e !eat1 in cases o2 rape3
T1e0 will 2in! wa0s an! means not to impose t1e !eat1 penalt0 w1en it comes to
rape3 T1e0 are so strict in t1e implementation o2 t1e rles o2 proce!re an! rles
on evi!ence in connection wit1 crimes o2 rape3 +ir t1at is consi!ere! w1en rape
was still a crime a"ainst c1astit0= # 0es/ t1at is correct3 +ir i2 t1at case 1appens
now= I !on>t t1ink so 6t t1en i2 s1e sa0s t1at sa0 2or e7ample/ s1e 1as alrea!0
consi!ere! t1e same as an e7perience an! s1e !i!n>t sa0 t1at s1e neit1er
consente! nor !i! s1e re2se or !i! s1e protest etc?t1at wol! 6e a t1in" to work
on in connection wit1 t1e ac4ittal o2 t1e accse! 6ecase t1e i!ea now is
actall0 to case ac4ittals3 'n! i2 ever t1e accse! will 6e sentence!/ it onl0 is
onl0 p to reclsion perpeta3 Co5 0o know w10= It is t1e 2act/ t1at i2 it is an
atomatic review it takes so lon" an! t1ere are 1ow man0 cases o2 rape w1ic1
were pnis1e! 60 !eat1 n!er atomatic review 6e2ore t1e +C?more t1an L00
cases3 @o 0o t1ink t1at t1e +C wol! 6e a6le to !eci!e t1at in 30ears= .o/
1in!i ano= Her0/ ver0 !i22iclt e1 wit1 all t1e transcripts an! ever0t1in" 0o are
"oin" to look at it now it will 6e ver0 !i22iclt3 #k/ 0n" ot1erwise nconscios
it wol! even incl!e w1ile t1e woman is asleep pa3 T1ere are instances w1en
t1e woman w1en s1e lives in t1e 6r"0 2ar 2rom a 1ospital an! s1e was not
assiste! 60 a p10sician w1en s1e "ave 6irt1 etc?an! t1at o2 corse 6ecase o2
t1eir work in t1e 2iel!s t1e0 are too tire! etc an! t1e0 wol! not know even w1o
was t1e person w1o 1a! se7 wit1 1er t1e ni"1t 6e2ore/ t1en t1at wol! 6e
consi!ere! t1at t1e woman is nconscios3 Bt t1ere are ot1er cases o2 w1ic1 t1e
+C !i!n>t 6elieve t1e woman w1en o2 corse t1e woman a!mitte! t1at t1e
woman alrea!0 1a! a sspicion t1at t1e person on top o2 1er is not 1er 1s6an!3
'n! still s1e contine!3 T1e man was ac4itte!3 'n! t1en 0o 1ave o2 corse
2ra!lent mac1inations an! t1ese are simple/ a twin i!entical/ one is marrie!/ t1e
ot1er one is not?t1e ot1er one is 0o know a son o2 a somet1in"/ w1en 1is
6rot1er le2t 2or 1on"kon" ma06e or 2or a near60 contr0/ 1e went to t1e 1ose o2
1is 6rot1er an! slept wit1 t1e wi2e o2 1is 6rot1er3 T1at is 2ra!lent mac1ination3
'n! 2or t1e e7ample o2 Roco w1en 1e was a senator w1en t1e0 were !iscssin"
t1is is a6ot t1e practice o2 some ps0c1iatrist an! ps0c1olo"ist in t1e nite! states
tellin" t1eir patients t1at i2 t1e patient will 1ave se7 wit1 tem/ t1e ailments o2
t1ose patients will 6e cre! etc/ etc?an! t1is "lli6le patient sall0 acce!es to
t1e opportnist o2 t1is p10sicians t1s se7al intercorse occrs an! t1at is
consi!ere! rape3 B0 means o2 2ra!lent mac1ination3 Bt a mere a Xpromise to
marr0 is not a 2ra!lent mac1ination?even i2 0o are promise! marria"e 60 a
person are 0o "oin" to s6mit 0orsel2 to t1e one w1o promise! 0o marria"e=
T1at !oes not 2ollow e1?it stan!s a"ainst reason so it cant 6e consi!ere! as
sc13 .ow a6se o2 at1orit0/ t1is were t1e cases o2 Jalos&os/ 'lonte/ @avi!es o2
Fe5on/ +anc1e5/ ma0ors/ etc?6ecase t1e0 actall0 se t1eir at1orit0 an!
a6se it in or!er to commit rape3 T1at is w10 even i2 t1e "irls consent/ it is still
consi!ere! as rape3 Like 2or e7ample/ I will not mention t1e name?t1is
politician recrits 0on" "irls 2rom t1e 6r"0s to 6e 1is sc1olars in !i22 sc1ools in
t1eir province etc?6t t1en well o2 corse 1e is convincin" t1em t1at t1e0 will
still contine to 6e protecte! 60 me/ 0o will contine to st!0 in colle"e i2 0o
are "oin" to s6mit 0orsel2 to me3 +o t1is people actall0 6ecase o2 t1erir
!esire to improve t1eir lives as t1e0 came 2rom poor 2amilies s6mits t1emselves
t1at is acc!" to t1e !iscssion in t1e passa"e o2 R' L3,3 is a6se o2 at1orit0
even i2 t1ere is consent t1at is consi!ere! as rape3
# 12 0rs ol!/ less t1an 12 0rs ol!/ no pro6lem 6t t1en t1e !ecision in
t1te Jalos&os case/ I was rea!in" it/ an! t1e !ecision in anot1er case ma06e
st!ie! wit1 minte scrtin03 Becase in t1e case o2 Jalos&os t1e +C !espite t1e
2act t1at t1e certi2icate o2 live 6irt1 o2 t1e "irl was isse! one 0r a2ter 1er 6irt1
alle"e!l0 60 9a6ella 1ospital t1e0 6elieve! in t1e a"e o2 t1e "irl t1at s1e is less
t1an 123 @espite t1e 2ace t1at s1e is almost ,>3N ,>4N at t1e time w1en t1e
alle"e! intercorse took place3 'n! t1e0 sai! t1at s1e was 123 6t t1en in
anot1er case w1ere t1e +C 1as to !eci!e on t1e a"e o2 t1e "irl 6ecase t1ere is no
6irt1 certi2icate/ t1en its onl0 t1e testimon0 o2 t1e mot1er an! later on t1ere was a
late re"istration/ t1e +C sai! t1e 2act t1at t1ere is a late re"istration an! t1e 2act
t1at even t1e mot1er col! not 6e presente! to testi20 as to a"e o2 t1e "irl/ t1ere is
a !o6t as to 1er e7act a"e an! t1e !o6t s1ol! 6e resolve! in 2avor o2 t1e
accse!3 I2 s1e "ave 1er consent an! s1e is past 12/ t1ere is no rape3 +o t1e
accse was ac4itte!3 +o it !epen!s pon time ma06e/ i2 Jalos&os wol! 1ave
6een trie! in times w1en t1e0 are not actall0 so poplar/ w1en t1e people w1o
are tr0in" to 1ave 1im convicte! are not so active/ ma06e t1e !ecision wol!
1ave 6een a !i22 one3 Bt 2rom t1e ver0 6e"innin" 1e 1a! no c1ance e1/
ever06o!0 was a"ainst 1im3 'n! it is at t1at time more poplar to convict rat1er
t1an to ac4it3 Jst like even in !r"s cases/ t1ere was a time w1en it was more
poplar to convict t1an to ac4it3 I2 0o ac4itte! at t1at time t1e perception is
t1at 0o were 6o"1t/ i2 not 6o"1t 0o were t1reatene!3 T1e0 cant n!erstan!
sometimes t1at a person knows 1is law an! 1is rles3 T1at t1e0 cant n!erstan!3/
even now t1e0 will not assi"n 0o in t1e !r"s cort nless 0or perception o2
!r"s is t1at it is a 1einos crime an! t1at t1e person w1o ma0 1ave 6een c1ar"e!
o2 violation t1ereo2 s1ol! 6e convicte!3 'n! t1at i2 it is onl0 6latant t1at t1e
person cant 6e convicte! t1at 0o 1ave to ac4it/ t1en 0o 1ave to3 'n! in case
o2 reasona6le !o6t/ convict3 T1at is in case o2 reasona6le !o6t convict 1a?
t1at is t1e practice now w1ic1 to m0 min! is !isservice to t1e &!iciar03 .ow t1e
Camp1an case an! t1e Lim6 +0n!rome/ 0o know all t1at?0o know t1at=
T1en t1ere is no pro6lem wit1 t1at3 T1at all a""ravatin" circmstances w1et1er a
4ali2ie! 4ali20in" or or!inar0 a""ravatin" circmstances s1ol! 6e alle"e! in
t1e in2ormation3 I2 not alle"e! in t1e in2o t1e0 cant 6e proven an! even i2 t1e0
are proven t1e0 cant a22ect t1e penalt0 t1at is to 6e impose! pon t1e accse!?
so it can neit1er mo!i20 t1e circmstance/ it col!n>t mo!i20 t1e penalt0 t1at is to
6e impose! pon t1e accse!3 Remem6er/ 1a! t1e case o2 (c1e"ara0 6een
!eci!e! later 6ecase w1at was !iscovere! !rin" t1e trial o2 (c1e"ara0 is t1at 1e
is not t1e step 2at1er 6t t1e actal 2at1er o2 Ba60?6t t1e alle"ation in t1e
in2ormation is t1at 1e was t1e step2at1er?ec1e"ara0 wol! 1ave 6een alive
to!a0?1e wol! 6e servin" onl0 t1e penalt0 o2 reclsion perpeta3 Bes/ t1at is
t1e t1in" t1at actall0 1appene! in t1e case o2 ec1e"ara03 I !on>t t1ink t1at we
1ave to "o over all t1e 4ali2ie! rapes?nless 0o 1ave some 4estions on
4ali2ie! rapes3
<1at were t1e c1an"es t1ere= T1e 2irst c1an"e is a6ot t1e rape o2 a
reli"ios3 In t1e ol! law n!er R' ED,I it is eno"1 t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 is a
reli"ios3 Bt w1en L3,3 came alon" t1e0 a!!e! two con!itions/ t1at t1e
o22en!er knew t1at t1e woman is a reli"ios an! t1at t1e woman is actall0
en"a"e! in 1er occpation as a reli"ios at t1e time w1en t1e rape occrre!?so
t1ere are a!!itional?t1e same is tre to t1ose t1at are a22licte! wit1 ai!s an!
ot1er venereal !iseases an! even in ot1er cases3 '6ot t1ose in t1e csto!0 o2
t1e militar0/ no pro6lem wit1 t1at3 T1ose w1ere t1e o22en!ers are t1e mem6er o2
t1e militar0/ police or an0 law en2orcement a"enc0 etc?t1ere mst 6e an a6se
o2 p6lic position in or!er t1at t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 ma06e impose!33an! 0o
know w1en t1ere is an a6se o2 p6lic position or w1en t1e crime is committe!
60 an or"ani5e! crime "rop or a s0n!icate compose! o2 two/ t1e0 are all special
a""ravatin" circmstances3 Irrespective o2 w1et1er t1ere is a miti"atin"
circmstance/ it is still t1e ma7imm o2 t1e penalt0 t1at s1ol! 6e impose! so
t1ere is no wa0 t1at t1e0 can "et ot o2 t1e !eat1 penalt03 (ven i2 t1e0 plea!e!
"ilt0/ volntaril0 srren!ere!/ t1row t1emselves at t1e merc0 o2 t1e cort/ still
!eat1 penalt0 s1all 6e impose! i2 t1ere is a6se o2 p6lic position or i2 t1e crime
is committe! 60 a s0n!icate or an or"ani5e! crime "rop3 Remem6er an
or"ani5e! crime "rop starte! n!er t1e R$C as onl0 two persons colla6oratin"
an! con2e!eratin"3 T1en in t1e la6or co!e it was raise! to t1ree t1en in ot1er
laws etc it was raise! to 4/ an! t1en in R' 1D,I t1at is in s0n!icate! esta2a it was
raise! to ,3 <ell in cases o2 rape w1at are t1e principles a6ot rape?a1 t1is t1e
easiest crime to concoct an! to c1ar"e 6t t1e 1ar!est crime to prove3 T1is is t1e
crime o2 rape3 Is t1ere a nee! 2or an o22en!e! part0 to 1ave anot1er witness to
corro6orate 1er testimon0= .o3 is t1ere a nee! 2or p10sical e7amination in or!er
t1at an o22en!e! ma06e a6le to esta6lis1 t1at s1e was rape!= .#3 t1ese are
simple principles t1at were lai! !own 60 t1e +C an! t1e0 are still e22ective ntil
to!a03 T1e 4estion now is re"ar!in" comple7 crimes in re"ar! to rape?we
1ave o2 corse t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 rape/ ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 In
ro66er0 wit1 rape/ it mst 6e remem6ere! t1at t1e ori"inal intention o2 t1e
o22en!er is to commit ro66er0 an! t1at rape was committe! a2ter t1e ro66er0 or
!rin" t1e ro66er03 I2 t1e ori"inal prpose o2 t1e o22en!ers are to ro6/ an! rape
onl0 6ecame an a2tert1o"1t/ w1at crime is committe!= It is still ro66er0 wit1
rape3 Bt spposin" t1e ori"inal prpose o2 t1e o22en!ers is to rape an! later on
as an a2tert1o"1t/ t1e0 ro66e! t1e victim or took t1e propert0 o2 t1e victim/ a1
two separate crimes are committe!3 T1e crime o2 rape an! eit1er t1e crime o2
ro66er0 or t1e2t3 Becase t1e0 are consi!ere! onl0 as an a2tert1o"1t3 In cases
o2 ro66er0 wit1 rape/ 0o 1ave to remem6er t1at sometimes t1ere is a conspirac0
amon" persons to commit t1e crime o2 ro66er033t1ere will 6e a lookot/ t1ere will
6e some6o!0 w1o not participate in t1e actal takin" o2 t1e propert0?t1ose w1o
1ave no knowle!"e o2 t1e commission o2 crime o2 rape cant 6e 1el! criminall0
lia6le 2or ro66er0 wit1 rape?its onl0 t1ose persons w1o 1ave personal
knowle!"e an! i2 t1e0 1ave personal knowle!"e t1e0 !i!n>t prevent t1e
commission o2 t1e rape t1en t1e0 are e4all0 lia6le wit1 t1e one w1o actall0
rape! t1e victim3 '6ot rape wit1 1omici!e?an0 1omici!e t1at is committe!
a2ter rape33w1et1er it is an a2tert1o"1t w1atever it is as a reslt o2 t1e rape/ it is
rape wit1 1omici!e3 :ow a6ot i2 t1e crime committe! or t1e inci!ent reslte! to
ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! rape= <1at wol! 1appen to t1e crime o2 rape=
)n!er t1e ol! &rispr!ence/ rape will 6e consi!ere! onl0 as an a""ravatin"
circmstance3 T1at is correct?6t in a new !ecision o2 t1e +C/ t1e rape can>t 6e
consi!ere! as an a""ravatin" circmstance 6ecase its not incl!e! in article 14
o2 R$C3 It s1all 6e a separate crime to 6e institte! 60 t1e prosector so t1ere
will 6e two crimes t1at wol! 6e 2ile! in cort3 'ctall0 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e
an! t1en rape3 .ot an0more t1at rape s1all 6e consi!ere! as an a""ravatin"
circmstance3
@ama"es/ wala na 0an3 $ar!on33wala na 0an?marria"e 6etween t1e
o22en!er an! t1e o22en!e! part0 an! o2 corse 2or"iveness 60 t1e wi2e on t1e
o22en!in" 1s6an!3 $resmption/ is actall0 in 2avor o2 rape3 <1en a woman
cries rape/ t1en t1ere is rape3
-i!nappin" an! serios ille"al !etention?w1en 0o talk o2 ki!nappin"/
natrall0 t1ere will 6e a !eprivation o2 li6ert03 To 6e !istin"is1e! 2rom
coercion/ 6ecase in coercion it is simpl0 a crime w1ere anot1er pro1i6its t1e
o22en!e! part0 2rom per2ormin" an act or compellin" t1e o22en!e! part0 to
per2orm an act a"ainst t1e will o2 t1e o22en!e! part03 <1ile in ki!nappin"/ t1ere
is a total intention to !eprive anot1er o2 1is or 1er li6ert03 I2 t1e prpose o2
!eprivation o2 t1e li6ert0 o2 a woman is 6ecase t1e man 1as a lew! !esi"n it
6ecomes an a6!ction wit1 rape or an a6!ction it !oes not 6ecome ki!nappin"3
-asi t1e prpose t1ere is to en&o0 1is lew! !esi"n/ not to !eprive t1e woman o2
1er li6ert0/ so it 6ecomes an a6!ction?t1e simple !eprivation o2 li6ert0 is
ki!nappin"3 Bt i2 t1e prpose o2 t1e o22en!er is to enslave t1e victim/ even i2
t1e o22en!er ki!naps t1e victim/ 60s t1e victim/ or??(.@ #9 T'$(?3
+ept3 22/ 2003
B0A '5e
+eptem6er 22 Crim Lectre
#k/ w1ere are we now= 'rt3 2DD Rape= Tapos na ta0o sa $10sical
in&ries= <ell/ I will repeat no1 t1at in $10sical in&ries/ particlarl0 serios an!
less serios/ w1at is !eterminative t1ere in t1e even t1at t1e person wol! claim
t1at 1e was incapacitate! to per2orm 1is sal occpation/ is t1at 1e 1as a le"al
occpation at t1e time? I2 1e 2aile! to per2orm 1is work 60 reason o2 t1e in&ries
sstaine!/ t1e perio! w1ic1 1e 2aile! to per2orm 1is !t0 s1all 6e incl!e!33 +o/ i2
1e was 1ospitali5e! onl0 2or 10 !a0s 6t t1en 1e was 1ospitali5e! 2or a perio! o2
30 or more !a0s t1en t1at wol! 6e serios p10sical in&ries 6t t1en i2 1e is not
en"a"e in an0 le"al occpation/ t1e perio! o2 1is 1ospitali5ation or t1e perio! in
w1ic1 1e was atten!e! to 60 t1e p10sician/ t1at wol! 6e t1e 6asis 2or
!eterminin" w1et1er it is sli"1t or serios p10sical in&ries3
'n! !e2ormit033 t1e one t1at cases !is2i"rement3 +o t1ere was a
4estion/ spposin" it en1ance! 1is 2i"re= $reviosl0 women are not even
lookin" at 1im 6t w1en 1e "ot t1at in&r0/ a lot o2 women are alrea!0 2allin" in
love wit1 1im/ wol! 0o consi!er t1at p10sical in&r0= #ne at1or sai! no/
6ecase it is not a !e2ormit0/ it even en1ances t1e appearance o2 t1e person3 9or
e7ample/ sta66in" t1e person at 1is c1in/ previosl0 1e !oes not 1ave an0 cle2t
c1in/ a2ter 1e was sta66e! an! t1e won! 1eale!/ an! it le2t a cle2t c1in an! it
even en1ance! 1is appearance3 #ne at1or sai! it is not p10sical in&ries/ it
s1ol! 6e one t1at !e2orms 1is appearance t1at is w10 it is calle! !e2ormit0/ it
reslte! to "liness3 <ell/ I s6scri6e! to t1at33
Bn" a!ministration o2 in&rios s6stance/ it mst 6e in&ecte!/
swallowe!/ not sper2icial like t1rowin" aci! at t1e 2ace o2 t1e victim/ t1at is not
w1at it means3
'lri"1t/ art3 2DD/ Rape33 <ell/ rape/ ma06e a 4ali2ie! one/ it ma0 6e a
stattor0 rape/ it ma0 6e an or!inar0 rape/ it ma0 6e se7al assalt an! marital
rape3 +o/ t1ese are t1e rapes t1at are now pnis1a6le n!er t1e revise! penal
co!e amen!e! 60 R3'3 L3,33 <1en 0o sa0 4ali2ie! rape/ t1e0 are liste! n!er
t1ose 10 circmstances o2 w1ic1 t1e rape ma0 6e committe! 60 an o22en!er3
<1ere t1e victim is less t1an E/ w1ere t1e victim is a reli"ios an! t1e o22en!er
knows t1at 1e is a reli"ios an! t1at 1e is in t1e actal per2ormance o2 1is
vocation/ previosl0 t1ere was no mention in t1e R3'3 ED,I t1at it mst 6e
known to t1e o22en!er an! neit1er !i! it mention t1at t1e victim mst 6e in t1e
actal per2ormance o2 1is vocation3 $ro6a6l0 it came to t1eir knowle!"e t1at
t1ere were t1ose reli"ios w1o at some times are not wearin" t1eir sal
cstomar0 ni2orms or w1atever 0o ma0 call it/ or t1e0 are not an0more in t1e
stream o2 t1e societ0 w1ere t1e0 6elon"/ t1e0 alrea!0 1ave "one to t1e montains
or w1atever to 6ecome a part o2 revoltionar0 2orces/ t1e0 are not in t1e actal
per2ormance o2 t1eir vocation w1en t1e0 are alrea!0 wit1 t1e re6els3
#k/ well t1ose s22erin" 2rom ai!s or ot1er st!s/ t1at t1e o22en!er
knowin" t1at 1e 1as sc1 !isease an! 1e rapes a woman/ an! transmitte! t1e
virs to t1e woman3 T1ose are t1e circmstances 6t I !isa"ree 6ecase I sai!
t1at t1e transmission o2 t1e virs to t1e woman is not essential3 It is t1e 2act t1at
t1e person knows t1at 1e is a22licte! wit t1ose !iseases an! 1e rapes a woman/ t1e
transmission s1ol! not an0more 6e an element3 Bt t1e0 ma!e it an element/
w1at can we !o3
'n! t1en i2 t1e victim is n!er t1e csto!0 o2 t1e militar0/ police or
ot1er law en2orcement a"enc0 an! i2 t1e victim is rape! 60 an0 o2 t1ose I
mentione! wit1 a6se o2 t1eir o22icial position3 'n! t1en we 1ave t1ose rapes
t1at are committe! a"ainst victims w1o are s22erin" 2rom !isa6ilities/ etc t1en it
is also 4ali2ie! rape3
T1ere are 10 4ali2ie! rapes3 .ow 0o 1ave t1e stattor0 rape w1en t1e
woman is less t1an 12/ less t1an 12 1a33 t1e rationale t1ere is t1at a "irl w1o is
alrea!0 12 0ears ol! can "ive 1er consent to se7al intercorse3 Bes/ 6ecase a
woman less t1an 12 0ears ol!/ w1et1er s1e "ave 1er consent or not/ an! t1ere was
se7al intercorse/ it is consi!ere! stattor0 rape-- $eople v3 Jalos&os3
'n! we 1ave t1e or!inar0 rape/ t1ose t1at were committe! 60 person/
w1o 60 means o2 2orce/ t1reat/ violence or intimi!ation/ or w1ile t1e woman is
insane or nconscios/ t1en it is alrea!0 rape3 'n! rape now ma0 also 6e
committe! 60 means o2 2ra!lent mac1ination an! a6se o2 p6lic at1orit03
Bo ma0 actall0 6e srprise! t1at 2ra!lent mac1ination is incl!e!3 Bt it
!oesn>t mean t1at i2 a man promises to marr0 a woman an! t1en t1e man sai!
t1at 8i2 0o will not 1ave se7 wit1 me/ I will not marr0 0oN an! t1en t1e woman
acce!e! an! t1en later on t1e man !i! not marr0 t1e woman/ t1e0 were sa0in"
t1at it was rape 6ecase t1ere was 2ra!lent mac1ination33 I sai! .#/ it was
volntar03 <ell/ s1e knows t1at s1e s1ol! not "ive 1ersel2 to a man w1o is &st
tr0in" to 1ave se7 wit1 1er on t1at kin! o2 prete7t3 +o/ it is not rape3 <ell/ s1e
can 2ile a claim o2 !ama"es a"ainst t1e man 6t not t1e criminal o22ense o2 rape3
T1en/ t1ere are one note! pro2 sai! t1at i2 a man went to a prostittion
1ose an! 1ire t1e services o2 t1e prostitte/ an! t1en 1e !i! not pa0 t1e
prostitte3 T1e prostitte 2ile! a case o2 rape33 Is t1ere a crime o2 rape= <ill t1e
case sccee!= .#/ 6ecase prior to t1e se7al intercorse/ t1ere was consent3
'n! it is a vali! consent on t1e part o2 t1e woman3 +1e was not intimi!ate!/ nor
2orce!/ nor violence se! a"ainst 1er/ t1ere was no 2ra!lent mac1ination
6ecase s1e was a prostitte33 T1at is 1er 6siness3 T1e onl0 crime I see t1ere is
esta2a 60 means o2 2alse pretenses3 <1en t1e man preten!e! to possess propert0
or mone0/ w1en in 2act 1e !oes not 1ave an0 mone0/ t1en 1e en&o0e! 1imsel2
wit1 t1e woman33 t1at is esta2a3
#k/ t1e 2ra!lent mac1ination t1at were !iscsse! in Con"ress is a6ot
twins/ i!entical twins/ one is marrie!/ a 6sinessman an! w1en one went to
anot1er contr0 w1o !i! not tell 1is wi2e a6ot it/ an! it came to t1e knowle!"e
o2 t1e i!entical twin an! 1e came to t1e 1ose o2 1is i!entical twin an! o2 corse
1e slept t1ere an! 0o know w1at 1appene! ne7t33 'n! onl0 a2ter t1e twin 6rot1er
!iscovere! t1at actall0 t1e man w1o was not t1ere t1e ni"1t 6e2ore was t1e
1s6an! an! t1e man s1e slept wit1 was t1e 6rot1er3 T1at was 2ra!lent
mac1ination3 'n! accor!in" to t1e e7ample o2 +en3 Rocco w1ile t1e act was
6ein" !iscsse! t1at t1e act o2 certain ps0c1olo"ist or ps0c1iatrist w1o tell t1eir
clients t1at i2 t1e0 are "oin" to 1ave se7 wit1 t1em/ all t1eir ailments an! all t1eir
pro6lems will 6e "one an! t1ese clients w1o are "lli6le an! 6elievin" t1at sc1
will reall0 cre t1em an! sccee!e! to t1ese p10sicians/ ps0c1olo"ists/ etc/ t1at
is accor!in" to t1e e7ample t1ere in t1e mintes/ is 2ra!lent mac1ination3
'6se o2 p6lic at1orit0 is simple 6ecase t1is is t1e case o2/ well?
$eople v3 +anc1e5/ accor!in" to t1e +preme Cort/ t1ere is a6se o2 p6lic
at1orit0 6ecase t1e takin" o2 t1e woman was wit1 t1e 1elp o2 t1e police
at1orit03 Bt I !o6t i2 t1ere reall0 is a6se o2 p6lic at1orit0 t1ere/ I wol!
sa0 t1at t1ere was 2orce/ violence 6ecase t1e woman was a6!cte! to"et1er wit1
1er 6o02rien!/ an! t1e0 were 6ot1 kille!3 T1e evi!ence was pointin" to t1at t1ere
was t1e se o2 2orce 6t not a6se o2 at1orit03 T1e a6se o2 at1orit0 t1at I
know was t1e case o2 $eople v3 La6i!es(=) in 4e5on province3 Bt I !o not
know i2 it reac1e! t1e +preme Cort33 La6i!es is a con"ressman in 4e5on
province an! 1e wol! take in 0on" "irls w1o 6elon" to poor 2amilies in some
6aran"a0s in 4e5on province to sen! t1em to sc1ool/ 6t 0o know/ 1is prpose
is !i22erent 2rom we 6elieve w1at 1e is "oin" to !o3 :e 1as some ot1er prpose
an! t1at is to en&o0 1imsel2 wit1 se7al intercorse wit1 t1ese 0on" la!ies an!
alt1o"1 t1ese 0on" la!ies are "ivin" in to 1im/ t1ere is alwa0s t1at t1reat t1at
t1e0 will not 6e a6le to contine t1eir st!ies i2 t1e0 re2se!3 It wol! 6e an
a6se o2 at1orit03
<1en 0o sa0 an nconscios/ it involves a woman w1o is asleep or
actall0 nconscios/ t1ere are women w1o 60 reason o2 tire!ness/ as t1e
+preme Cort sai! t1at t1eir va"inal openin"s are wi!e 6ecase t1e0 were not
assiste! 60 !octors w1en t1e0 "ave 6irt1 an! sometimes t1e0 wol! not even 2eel
t1e entr0 o2 t1e male>s or"ans in t1eir va"inas even in t1eir sleep/ t1at wol! 6e
consi!ere! as nconsciosness3
T1ere is not1in" mc1 a6ot rape/ e7cept o2 se7al assalt w1ic1 is
!escri6es as t1e insertion o2 t1e male or"an in t1e oral ori2ice or anal ori2ice o2
anot1er or t1e insertion o2 an o6&ect in t1e va"ina o2 a woman or in t1e anal
ori2ice o2 anot1er is consi!ere! also as se7al assalt3 T1e onl0 isse t1ere is
w1at o6&ect= %st it 6e a 2orei"n o6&ect or mst it 6e part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 a
person= T1e opinion o2 retire! Jstice '4ino is to t1e e22ect t1at even a 2in"er
o2 a person can 6e consi!ere! as an o6&ect3 T1at is 1is opinion/ t1at was written
in one o2 1is papers t1at were !istri6te! to s w1ile we were atten!in" a seminar
at t1e $1ilippine J!icial 'ca!em03 <ell/ I m0sel2 o6&ecte! 6ecase t1e i!ea o2
t1e wor! 8instrmentN an! t1e prpose o2 t1e Con"ress in statin" t1at t1ere mst
6e an instrment inserte! is premise! pon t1e 2in!in"s o2 Con"ress t1en t1at
t1ere were inci!ents involvin" se7al perversions sc1 as t1e insertion o2 a 6arrel
o2 a "n/ t1e insertion o2 a 6ottle an! o2 corse pieces o2 woo!s an! ot1er t1in"s3
#ne particlar crime w1ic1 was classi2ie! as a 1einos crime 6ecase it reslte!
to t1e !eat1 o2 a 0on" "irl w1o was a6ot 13 0ears ol!/ t1at 1appene! in t1e
'n"eles cit0/ $ampan"a/ an! t1ere was an insertion o2 a vi6rator 60 t1e 2orei"ner
on t1e va"ina o2 t1e "irl w1ic1 reslte! to t1e !eat1 o2 t1e 0on" "irl even i2 s1e
was treate! in t1e 1ospital3
+o/ I sai! it mst 6e a 2orei"n o6&ect3 It mst not 6e a part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2
a 1man 6ein"3 Becase i2 it is not part o2 t1e 6o!0 o2 t1e 1man 6ein"/ it is
consi!ere! an instrment or o6&ect3 'n! well/ I sai! &okin"l0/ a 2in"er o2 a
person ma0 6e consi!ere! a 2orei"n o6&ect33 &st ct t1e 2in"er o2 t1e person an!
insert it3 It is alrea!0 a 2orei"n o6&ect 6ecase it !oes not an0more 6elon" to t1e
6o!0 o2 t1e person3 I was &okin" onl0 6t it col! 6e tre3
's a matter o2 2act/ in t1e case !eci!e! 60 t1e +preme Cort in $eople
v3 @0/ it was mentione! t1ere t1at it was onl0 act o2 lasciviosness3 +o/ I still
maintain t1at it mst 6e a 2orei"n o6&ect3
T1e crime o2 rape/ marital rape/ is not speci2icall0 !e2ine! in art 2DD3
It>s onl0 t1e 2act o2 par!on 60 t1e o22en!e! woman or t1e mere 2or"iveness will
6e consi!ere! as an instance o2 e7tin"is1in" t1e crime itsel2 at an0 sta"e/ &st
like t1e marria"e o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 wit1 t1e o22en!er3
'lri"1t/ 0o will know t1e sta"es o2 t1e crime o2 rape33 t1at it is onl0
attempte! an! consmmate!3 'n! i2 0o rea! t1e cases/ 0o will know t1at it is
not onl0 t1e toc1in" o2 t1e man>s or"an o2 t1e la6ia ma&ora o2 t1e woman t1at
consmmates t1e rape3 'ccor!in" to t1e +preme Cort/ t1ere mst 6e atleast
t1e sli"1test penetration o2 t1e male or"an/ an erect male or"an w1ic1 is capa6le
o2 penetration3 I2 well/ in case w1ere t1e man is s22erin" 2rom erectile
!0s2nction an! t1e woman testi2ie! t1at t1e man/ no matter w1at 1e !i!/ col!
not ac1ieve an erection3 'lt1o"1 t1e male>s or"an keeps on toc1in" t1e la6ia
o2 t1e woman/ t1e +preme Cort ac4itte! t1e man3 :e was not even convicte!
o2 t1e crime o2 acts o2 lasciviosness 6ecase t1e intention o2 t1e man was to
1ave carnal knowle!"e wit1 t1e woman3 <1ile in act o2 lasciviosness/ t1e
intention o2 t1e man was to satis20 1is lew! !esi"n3 +o t1ere are !i22erent
elements in t1e crime o2 attempte! rape an! act o2 lasciviosness3 I2 t1e0 ask
0o to !istin"is1 t1e crime o2 attempte! rape an! acts o2 lasciviosness/ in t1e
crime o2 act o2 lasciviosness/ t1e intention o2 t1e man is onl0 to satis20 1is lew!
!esi"n3 Bt in attempte! rape/ t1at is w1en t1e accse! 1as t1e intention o2
1avin" carnal knowle!"e wit1 t1e woman3 T1ose are t1e !istinctions3
<ell/ it is poetic &stice t1at t1e man was ac4itte! actall0 6ecase 1is
name will 6e sprea! all over t1e volme o2 t1e scra t1at 1e cannot !o it an0more
an! in 1is won town/ t1e women will alwa0s invite 1im 6ecase 1e will 6e a sa2e
compan0 to t1em3 Si 9edro, wala na yan.. hali!a sama !a sa amin"
'lri"1t/ I !on>t know o2 an0 pro6lem 0o will 1ave in t1e crime o2 rape
e7cept pro6a6l0 in rape wit1 1omici!e/ ro66er0 wit1 rape/ ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e
an! t1en rape3 :ave I not !iscsse! to 0o t1ose in comple7 crimes= I2 t1e
intention o2 t1e man is to rape a victim/ 6t t1en 1e kille! t1e victim later/ t1at is
rape wit1 1omici!e3 (ven i2 t1e rape is onl0 an a2ter t1o"1t/ t1at is still rape
wit1 1omici!e3
Bt it is !i22erent 2rom ro66er0 wit1 rape 6ecase in ro66er0 wit1 rape/
t1e ori"inal intention o2 t1e o22en!er is to ro63 'n! i2 t1ere was a rape t1at was
committe! later/ t1en t1at wol! 6e ro66er0 wit1 rape3
.ow/ in relation to rape33 I2 t1e ori"inal intention o2 t1e o22en!er is rape
an! t1en as an a2ter t1o"1t 1e !eci!e! to ro6 t1e woman or 1e !eci!e! to steal
t1en two cases mst 6e 2ile!3 Rape an! ro66er0 or rape an! t1e2t3
Is rape an a""ravatin" circmstance= +pposin" t1ere is ro66er0 wit1
rape/ an! t1ere is anot1er rape committe!3 <ill t1e ot1er rape 6e consi!ere! as
an a""ravatin" circmstance= .#/ 6ecase t1e rape 1as never 6een incl!e! in
art3 14 as an a""ravatin" circmstance3 +ame is tre wit1 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e
an! rape/ t1e rape t1ere will 1ave to 6e a separate crime3 It se! to 6e t1at t1e
+preme Cort treate! t1e ot1er crime o2 rape as an a""ravatin" circmstance3
Bt later on/ t1e0 c1an"e! t1eir min!/ it is not an0more correct3 T1e crime o2
rape s1ol! 1ave to 6e a separate crime/ 2or eac1 an! ever0 act o2 rape/ t1ere is
one crime o2 rape3 @o 0o 1ave an0 4estion a6ot rape or se7al assalt=
Crimes a"ainst persons na ito 1a?
%s3 '"ilaA J!"e/ since t1e insertion o2 t1e 2in"er into a va"ina is not
consi!ere! rape/ t1en 1ow a6ot oral se7=
J!"eA 'ctall0 t1at is a pro6lem3 %0 own opinion is t1at it is not
se7al assalt3 It is a se7al perversion/ i2 not perversion it is actall0 an act o2
lasciviosness i2 it is wit1ot t1e consent o2 t1e woman3
Look/ I was sa0in" t1en t1at spposin" w1at was inserte! was t1e nose/
not t1e 2in"er/ wol! t1at 6e a se7al assalt= +o/ I wol! sa0 t1at it is onl0 an
act o2 lasciviosness3 T1e +preme Cort mst 1ave to !eci!e one wa0 or t1e
ot1er3 T1e latest !ecision t1at we 1ave is t1e case o2 $eople v3 @0/ t1at t1e
"ran!son or son o2 t1e "overnor o2 Isa6ela/ I !o not know i2 1e is in %ntinlpa33
Bt t1en/ 1e was sentence!33
#k/ we "o to? well/ in or!er to constitte 4ali2ie! rape an! t1e
accse! 6e convicte! an! t1e 6e sentence! to !eat1/ all t1e a""ravatin"
circmstances/ w1et1er it is a""ravatin" or it is or!inar0/ mst 6e alle"e! in t1e
in2ormation3 (ven in ot1er crimes alrea!0 an! not onl0 in t1e crime o2 rape3
In crimes o2 rape/ w1at is pecliar t1ere is t1e relations1ip 6etween t1e
parties/ t1e o22en!e! part0 an! t1e o22en!er3 I2 t1e relations1ip is an ascen!ant-
!escen!ant or actall0 t1e relations1ip t1at was mentione! is step-2at1er to step-
!a"1ter an! ot1ers33 t1e e7act relations1ip mst 6e alle"e! to"et1er wit1 t1e a"e
o2 t1e victim3 .ot e7actl0 t1e e7act a"e like 0ears/ mont1s 6t onl0 in 0ears t1at
is eno"13 9ailre to alle"e 0o cannot o6tain t1e !eat1 penalt0/ it will onl0 6e
consi!ere! as or!inar0 rape w1ic1 will 1ave t1e penalt0 o2 reclsion perpeta3
'lri"1t/ we will 1ave a 6reak o2 , mintes?
-i!nappin" wit1 serios ille"al !etention3 T1e wor! an0 private
in!ivi!al w1o s1all ki!nap anot1er 2or t1e prpose o2 !eprivin" t1e person o2 1is
or 1er li6ert0 s1all 6e pnis1e! wit1 reclsion perpeta to !eat13 T1e wor!
8private in!ivi!alN t1ere is actall0 a !escription onl0 o2 person w1o is actin" as
a private in!ivi!al3 :e ma0 6e a p6lic o22icer 6t i2 1e is not actin" in 1is
o22icial capacit0/ 1e s1ol! 6e consi!ere! as a private in!ivi!al3 ' policeman/ a
militar0 man/ t1e0 s1ol! not 6e consi!ere! as p6lic o22icial i2 t1e0 are not in
actal per2ormance o2 t1eir !ties an! 2or prposes o2 ki!nappin"/ t1e0 s1all 6e
!eeme! as private in!ivi!als3 -i!nappin" an! serios ille"al !etention s1ol!
6e !istin"is1e! 2rom eac1 ot1er3 In ki!nappin"/ t1ere mst 6e an actal takin" o2
t1e victim/ eit1er 60 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation3 'n! t1e takin" is a"ainst t1e
will o2 t1e victim3 In serios ille"al !etention/ t1e onl0 important t1in" to
remem6er t1ere is lockin" p3 Bo ma0 not 1ave emplo0e! violence/
intimi!ation etc/ 6t 0o ma0 1ave emplo0e! 2ra!/ 6t i2 t1e person is alrea!0 in
t1e room/ 1as volntar0 "one into t1e room an! 0o lock 1er p an! !eprive 1er
o2 li6ert0 t1en t1at is ille"al !etention3 Bo !on>t 1ave to point a "n at 1er 2or
1er to enter t1e room/ s1e ma0 1ave volntaril0 went insi!e 6t once insi!e/ t1en
0o lock 1er p t1en t1at is ille"al !etention3 Bor prpose is to !eprive 1im;1er
o2 1is li6ert0 t1en t1at is w1at it means3
It 6ecomes onl0 a serios ki!nappin" or serios ille"al !etention in t1e
event t1at t1e !eprivation o2 li6ert0 laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s3 <1en t1e law
sa0s w1en t1e ki!nappin" or t1e ille"al !etention/ eh may !idnapping bang
nagla;last for < days? Literall0 speakin" 1a= I2 t1e ki!nappin" lasts 2or more
t1an 3 !a0s/ hindi yata, mu!hang hindi tama ano? well siguro naghahabulan pa
yun, < araw, etc..
+o/ I t1ink t1e proper wor! is t1e !etention laste! 2or more t1an or t1e
!eprivation o2 li6ert0 laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s33 <ell/ it 6ein" t1e wor!in" o2
t1e law/ 0o 2ollow t1e wor!in" o2 t1e law3 Bt it is also correct to sa0 t1at i2 t1e
!eprivation o2 li6ert0 or t1e !etention laste! 2or more t1an 3 !a0s/ t1at wol! 6e
a serios ki!nappin"3 It se! to 6e n!er t1e ol! Co!e t1at it is , !a0s/ t1e0
s1orten it to 3 !a0s33I !on>t know t1e reason p to now33 <ell/ ma0 6e 6ecase
ki!nappin" 1as 6ecome an in!str0 in t1e provinces an! even 1ere in metro
manila/ it 1as 6ecome actall0 t1e or!er o2 t1e !a03 (ver0!a0 now/ t1ere is
alwa0s ki!nappin"33 I !on>t know33 it is not 6ein" reporte!3
.ow/ one 4estion was aske! o2 me? +pposin" t1e person or persons
t1at took anot1er an! !eprive t1at person o2 1is li6ert0/ at t1e time o2 t1e takin"
t1ese people are wearin" camo2la"e ni2orms/ is t1at simlation o2 p6lic
at1orit0= Bes/ 6ecase onl0 t1e militar0 are at1ori5e! to wear sc1 ni2orm3
T1ere is t1ere2ore a simlation o2 t1e p6lic at1orit0 an! it is serios ki!nappin"
an! serios ille"al !etention3
<ell/ i2 serios p10sical in&ries are in2licte! pon t1e persons
ki!nappe! or !etaine! or i2 t1reats to kill 1im s1all 1ave 6een ma!e/ e1 sall0
t1ere are t1reats ma!e33 T1ese people will not "o volntaril0 "o wit1 0o nless
0o tell 1im t1at 0o will kill 1im so t1at is alrea!0 serios3 In cases o2 c1il!ren/
t1e0 !o not 1ave to t1reaten t1e c1il!ren/ t1e0 &st 1ave to a6!ct t1e c1il!ren/
carr0 t1e c1il!ren to a waitin" car an! "o3 'n! t1en i2 t1e person !etaine! or
ki!nappe! is a 2emale/ a minor or a p6lic o22icer/ an! it is onl0 miti"atin" i2 t1e
o22en!er is t1e parents3 Bt t1e wor!in"s o2 t1e law wol! leave 0o con2se!3
I2 0o rea! t1e law/ 0o will commit a mistake pro6a6l03 T1at i2 t1e person
!etaine! is a minor/ 2emale/ or a p6lic o22icer 6t t1en t1ere is no wor! t1ere/
t1e new law is !i22erent/ i2 t1e person !etaine! is a minor/ e7cept w1en t1e
o22en!er are t1eir parents/ it is miti"atin"/ a 2emale or a p6lic o22icer3 +o 0n"
e7ceptions kasama 2emale an! p6lic o22icer/ 1in!i isinama !n sa minor e1/ t1e
wor!in" o2 t1e law is 6etter in t1e ol! law t1an in t1e new law3
'lri"1t/ t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 s1all 6e impose! pon a person w1o s1all
ki!nappe! or seriosl0 !etaine! a person/ i2 t1e prpose o2 ki!nappin" is to e7tort
ransom/ i2 t1e victim is kille!/ i2 t1e victim !ies on occasion or 60 reason o2 t1e
ki!nappin" an! i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is s6&ect to tortre/ etc an! ot1er
!e1mani5in" acts t1en it is consi!ere! as 4ali2ie! ki!nappin"3 Remem6er/
ki!nappin" ma0 6e serios/ 4ali2ie!/ or or!inar0 ki!nappin" or we call it
or!inar0 an! sli"1t ille"al !etention3
T1e !i22erence 6etween ki!nappin" an! coercion is ver0 mc1 clear/ i2
t1e 2acts an! circmstances o2 t1e case wol! not reveal t1e real prpose o2 t1e
o22en!er/ alwa0s "o to coercion3 Becase in t1e coercion/ it is eit1er compellin"
t1e person to per2orm an! act a"ainst 1is will or preventin" a person 2rom
per2ormin" an act a"ainst 1is will3
+o/ 0o "o to coercion i2 t1e prpose is not clear3 I2 t1e prpose is not
clear t1at t1e person inten!e! to !eprive t1e person o2 li6ert0 t1en t1at is
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,0
coercion/ &st like t1e case t1at took place in %aco/ @avao !el .orte t1at a man
invite! a "irl to "o wit1 1im an! w1en t1e0 are alrea!0 in %aco/ t1e minor was
alrea!0 cr0in" an! askin" t1at s1e 6e 6ro"1t 1ome 6ecase it is alrea!0 !ark3
'n! s1e was seen to"et1er wit1 t1e o22en!er 60 a woman w1o was a resi!ent o2
t1e place w1ere t1e0 6o"1t resi!e/ t1e woman went to t1e police station an! t1e
man was arreste!3 T1e man was c1ar"e! wit1 4ali2ie! ki!nappin" 6ec t1e
victim was a minor/ it was serios 1a an! 4ali2ie! at t1at 6ec t1e victim was a
minor3
It was a2ter D 0ears t1at t1e +C 1an!e! !own its !ecision/ onl0 2in!in"
t1at t1e accse! is "ilt0 o2 "rave coercion an! sentencin" t1e accse! o2 D
mont1s o2 imprisonment3 T1e "0 s22ere! 2or more t1an , 0ears33 I t1ink t1at is
not 2air33
'lri"1t/ 1ow a6ot i2 t1e person volntar0 releases t1e person 2rom
!etention 6e2ore 3 !a0s o2 con2inement/ t1en t1at is sli"1t ille"al !etention3 I2
t1e0 1ave not attaine! t1e prpose 2or w1ic1 t1e0 inten!e! an! a22or! t1e
instittion o2 t1e criminal procee!in"s/ t1is is sli"1t ille"al !etention3
.ow/ article 2DI is a6ot nlaw2l arrest an! I 1ave tol! 0o a lon" time
a"o t1at 0o 1ave to "o to t1e case o2 *o v3 C' so t1at 0o will 6e a6le to
n!erstan! clearl0 w1at is nlaw2l arrest3 'lt1o"1/ *o was not arreste! t1ere/
t1e +C !escri6e! w1at is nlaw2l arrest w1en no le"al "ron! to arrest a person
wit1ot a warrant3 'ctall0/ nlaw2l arrest even incl!e !etention/ wit1ot
arrestin" t1e accse!/ t1at is t1e case o2 *o v3 C'/ it wol! constitte ille"al
arrest3 Bo !etaine! a person wit1ot an0 le"al "ron!3
<1en will it 6ecome ar6itrar0 !etention= It will 6ecome ar6itrar0
!etention w1en t1ere is ar6itrar0 arrest an! t1e !etention is nlaw2l an! t1at t1e
1ors are actall0 violate!3
'lri"1t/ ki!nappin" o2 minors3 'ctall0/ it is not a ki!nappin"3
Becase t1ere was a volntar0 !eliver0 o2 minors to anot1er person w1o is
sppose! to 6e in c1ar"e o2 t1e csto!0 o2 minors 6t w1en t1ere is a !eman! 2or
t1e retrn o2 t1e minor/ t1e one in csto!0 re2ses3 I t1ink t1e penalt0 1ere is
e7cessive an! crel/ 6ec it is simpl0 t1e re2sal to !eliver t1e minor3 T1is col!
1ave 6een a s6&ect o2 t1e le"islation 6ecase to me prision correcional in its
%a7imm perio! to prision ma0or in its me!im perio!/ t1at s1ol! 6e t1e
penalt03 Bt s1ol! not 6e reclsion perpeta3 Becase t1e person 1as le"al
csto!0/ t1e onl0 pro6lem is t1at 1e re2ses to !eliver t1e minor w1en t1ere is
!eman! to retrn t1e minor3 T1at is not a serios crime to me 6ecase 0o can
"o to cort an! appl0 2or 1a6eas corps/ t1e corts are open even +atr!a0 an!
can isse writ o2 1a6eas corps3 <ell/ t1ere are corts t1at are open !rin"
+atr!a0s33
'lri"1t/ in!cin" t1e minor to a6an!on 1is 1ome3 T1e prpose o2 t1e
o22en!er 1ere is to !istr6 t1e tran4ilit0 o2 t1e 1ome o2 t1e minor3 I2 0o
in!ce! a minor in or!er 2or 1im to en&o0 t1e li"1ts o2 manila/ t1at is not
in!cin" a minor to a6an!on 1is 1ome33 It mst 6e t1e permanent a6an!onment
o2 t1e minor o2 1is 1ome/ to !istr6 t1e tran4ilit0 or !istr6 t1e 1armon0 in
one>s 1ome an! t1at is one pnis1a6le 60 law3 Bt i2 0o onl0 in!ce t1e minor
to 6rin" 1im to watc1 a movie or to starcit0/ 1in!i 0n?
#k/ 0o want to 1ave a "oo! !e2ense in ki!nappin"= Invoke slaver0/ art
2E23 Bo will not ac4it t1e accse! 6t look at t1e provision o2 t1e R$C/
arresto ma0or an! a 2ine not e7cee!in" 10/000 to an0one w1o s1all sell/ ki!nap/
or !etain a 1man 6ein" 2or t1e prpose o2 enslavin" 1im3 +a6i1in mo lan!/ I
ki!nappe! 1im para ma"karoon ako n" alipin" sa"i"ili!33 'no pa 0n" isan"
alipin= .amama1a0? o a0n/ !epensa 0an? # sinon" makakaalam=
$ina"tratra6a1o mo sa 6a1a0/ tell 1im 8alipin kita 1aN? t1at is a ver0 "oo!
!e2ense3 # pa" man"in"i!nap ka0o/ 0an lan" 8alipin kita 1aJN 1e1e1e
Bt actall0/ it col! 6e a !e2ense 1a33 I &st !o not know i2 t1e cort
will 6elieve 0o33 6t i2 0o 1ave no ot1er !e2ense/ 0o can make se o2 t1at3
T1e ot1er is e7ploitation o2 c1il! la6or/ t1is is alrea!0 in R3'3 ED10/ 6t
t1is is still e22ective/ 6ecase an0one w1o n!er t1e prete7t o2 reim6rsin"
1imsel2 wit1 t1e !e6t incrre! 60 an ascen!ant o2 t1e person entrste! wit1 t1e
csto!0 o2 t1e minor s1all retain 1im in 1is service/ t1at is a crime3 'n! one
t1in" more/ i2 t1at is a minor 1a33 I2 1e is not a minor/ t1at is art 2E4 6ecase 0o
are compellin" t1e person to pa0 t1e !e6t 60 makin" 1im a !omestic servant or a
2arm la6orer3 $ara makaiwas ka/ ma0 ma!alin" paraan !n33 <a" mon" "awin
!omestic servant/ "awin mon" "ar!enerJ33 +a 2arm la6orer/ "awin mon"
constrction la6orer33
<ell/ we 1ave a6an!onment o2 1elpless persons an! e7ploitation o2
minors33 pa"!atin" sa minors/ ED10 tala"a3 'lt1o"1 t1e provisions o2 t1e R$C
ma0 still 6e t1e s6&ect o2 an in2ormation 2ile!3 'll minor victims 2all n!er R3'3
ED10 w1et1er it is p10sical a6se/ ps0c1olo"ical a6se/ etc/ etc3
T1at is w10 I tol! 0o t1at prostittes are e7empte! 2rom criminal
lia6ilit03 I was watc1in" a television pro"ram an! t1ere was a rai! a"ainst a 6ar
an! t1e0 were c1ar"in" t1e minors 2or workin" wit1ot permit etc33 I sai! no/
c1ar"e t1e 6ar ownerJ Becase t1e minors are e7empte! 2rom criminal lia6ilit03
'rt3 2E,/ i2 0o were t1e one w1o acci!entall0 in&re! anot1er an! 0o
2aile! to "ive 1im assistance t1en 0o are lia6le3 Bt 2or e7ample/ nakaaksi!ente
ka sa ton!o/ na6n!ol mo an" 6ata/ ano are 0o "oin" to "ive an assistance=
Ba6a6a ka= (1 makikita mo e1 an" !amin" anacon!a sa katawan3 Bo ma0 not
"ive an0 assistance an! t1at is a le"al e7cse3 It is onl0 i2 0o can "ive assistance
wit1ot !etriment to 0orsel2 or wit1ot pttin" 0or li2e in !an"er3
'6an!onin" a minor/ e1 nakita ka n" c1il! w1o is less t1an E 0ears o2
a"e/ e1 a6an!one! or 0o 1ave in 0or csto!0 a c1il! less t1an E 0ears ol!/ 6t
0o a6an!on t1e c1il! an! t1e a6an!onment o2 t1e c1il! reslte! to t1e !eat1 o2
t1e c1il! t1en 0o are lia6le 2or a6an!onment o2 t1e c1il! an! t1e penalt0 is
prision ma0or/ nless it will 6e prove! t1at 0o a6an!one! t1e c1il! wit1 evi!ent
preme!itation wit1 intent reall0 to kill t1e c1il!/ i2 it !oes not reslt to t1e !eat1
o2 t1e c1il!/ prision correcional lan"3
<ell/ art 2EE/ t1e parents o2 t1e c1il! 1ave a !t0 to take care o2 t1eir
c1il!ren as it is provi!e! in art 2EE t1at an0one w1o is in c1ar"e o2 t1e rearin" or
e!cation o2 t1e minor an! t1en 1e !elivers c1il! to an0 instittion wit1ot t1e
consent o2 t1e one w1o entrste! t1e c1il! to 1im/ or in t1e a6sence o2 t1e latter/
t1e consent o2 t1e proper at1orit0 s1all 6e "ilt0 o2 a6an!onment o2 t1e minor3
T1e same penalt0 s1all 6e impose! to t1e parents w1o s1all ne"lect t1eir
c1il!ren/ 60 not "ivin" t1em e!cation w1ic1 t1eir station in li2e re4ires an!
t1eir 2inancial con!ition permits3 <ell/ w1o is a 9ilipino w1o !oes not !ream o2
"ivin" t1eir c1il! "et an e!cation33
<ell/ I remem6er t1e stor0 o2 Jose $i!al/ t1e one w1o ri!e a 6ike "oin"
to 'l6a0/ I t1ink? :e !i! not sen! 1is onl0 c1il! to sc1ool 6t 1e !oes not 1ave
an0 occpation in manila 6t 0o cannot c1ar"e 1im 6ecase 1is 2inancial
capa6ilit0 !oes not permit 1im3 Bt/ w1o amon" s/ w1o wol! not !o almost
an0t1in" &st to sen! t1eir c1il!ren to sc1ool3 T1at is w10 sometimes 0o people/
w1enever 0o "o 1ome/ an! 0o tell 0or parents 0o 1ave "oo! "ra!es t1en t1e0
are also 1app03 'n! t1e0 are as sa! as 0o are also w1en 0o tell t1em t1at 0o
1ave a pro6lem wit1 0or st!ies3 T1at is 1ow t1e parents 2eel3 I am also a
parent t1at>s w10 I know3 T1at is w10 t1ere is actall0 a provision in t1e R$C
t1at encora"es parents to sen! t1eir c1il!ren to sc1ool3 <ell/ most o2 0o are
over 22 0ears ol! an! 0or parents !o not 1ave an0more o6li"ation to sen! 0o to
sc1ool an! 0et 0or parents are sen!in" 0o to sc1ool3 T1at is 1ow 9ilipinos
t1ink? T1at is w10 we are ver0 2ortnate we 1ave t1is cltre an! we 1ave t1at
kin! o2 attit!e wit1 or c1il!ren3 )nlike in 'merica/ i2 t1e c1il!ren want to
st!0 2rt1er/ t1e0 1ave to work3 <e are lck0 in!ee! to 1ave a cltre t1at
encora"es c1il!ren to st!033 so or cltre is still t1e 6est in t1e worl!3
+o/ I see 0o on <e!nes!a0 so we can 2inis1 ntil art?3
+ept3 24/ 2003
B0A %ane
?w1o is n!er 1D 0ears o2 a"e to per2orm an0 !an"eros 2eat o2 6alancin" o2
e71i6ition o2 p10sical stren"t1 - t1at is e71i6ition o2 p10sical stren"t1/ not onl0
o2 p10sical stren"t1 an! contortion or an0 person w1o 6ein" an acro6at/ "0mnast/
rope walker/ !iver/ wil! animal tamer/ or en"a"e in similar callin" s1all emplo0
in e71i6itions o2 t1is kin! c1il!ren n!er 1D 0ears o2 a"e w1o are not 1is c1il!ren
or !escen!ants3 FestionA spposin" t1at a person 1as a c1il!3 T1e person is
en"a"e! in t1is kin! o2 occpation3 :e aske! 1is c1il! to swallow swor!s/
6roken 6ottles an! ever0t1in"3 Is t1at in violation= .oJ 'ccor!in" to t1e law it
is not i2 1e is 0or c1il!/ 6t i2 1e is not 0or c1il! t1en t1at is w1en 0o are
lia6le3 T1e law is 4ite weir! sometimes/ 6t t1en n!er R' ED10 t1at is
consi!ere! as c1il! a6se3 +o it can 6e prosecte! n!er R' ED10 an! not n!er
t1e provisions o2 'rticle 2EL3 I2 1e will also emplo0 an0 !escen!ant o2 1is w1o
is n!er 12 0ears o2 a"e/ t1en t1at is in violation o2 t1is article3 Take note t1at
an0 ascen!ant/ "ar!ian or teac1er or an0 person entrste! in an0 capacit0 wit1
t1e care an! csto!0 o2 c1il!ren n!er 1D 0ears o2 a"e an! w1o s1all !eliver sc1
c1il! "ratitosl0 to an0 person 2ollowin" an0 o2 t1e callin"s enmerate! in
para"rap1 2 1ereo2 or to an0 1a6ital va"rant or a 6e""ar/ alt1o"1 we ma0
c1ar"e 1im n!er c1il! a6se law/ can also 6e n!er ki!nappin" o2 a minor3 T1is
is 6ecase t1e person is in c1ar"e o2 t1e csto!0 an! 1e !elivers sc1 person to
an0one not at1ori5e! 60 law to accept sc1 c1il!3 It ma0 even constitte a
"raver o22ense o2 ki!nappin" a minor in t1e event t1at sc1 minor is taken 2rom
anot1er an! t1ere is violence/ 2orce or intimi!ation3 In t1e event t1at t1ese laws
are violate! t1en t1e parents ma06e !eprive! o2 t1eir parental at1orit0 over t1eir
c1il!ren3 In re"ar! to a6an!onment o2 one>s 1ome or in!cin" a minor to
a6an!on one>s 1ome t1e prpose t1ere/ as I state! previosl0/ is to case some
tro6le or to !estro0 t1e tran4ilit0 o2 one>s 1ome3 I2 a c1il! is in!ce! to
a6an!on 1is 1ome or 1is> parents or crators to 2ollow an0 person en"a"e! in t1is
kin! o2 callin" it will 2all n!er article 2EL3 T1at is t1e !istinction 6etween t1e
two3
<e now "o to 4ali2ie! trespass to !wellin"3 It is 4ali2ie! onl0 i2 t1ere
is 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation emplo0e! 60 t1e o22en!er an! w1en t1e
o22en!er enters t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er a"ainst t1e will o2 t1e le"al occpant o2
t1e !wellin"3 It s1all 6e an or!inar0 trespass to !wellin" i2 no 2orce/ violence or
intimi!ation is emplo0e! pon t1e owner or le"al occpant o2 t1e !wellin"3 I2
t1e prpose o2 t1e person w1o is tr0in" to enter t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er is not
clear/ it is not clear w1et1er 1e inten!e! to ro6/ kill or w1atever t1ose w1o were
insi!e/ t1en t1e crime is alwa0s trespass to !wellin"3 It is 4ali2ie! i2 t1ere is
2orce or violence emplo0e!3 Bo will note t1at in 4ali2ie! trespass to !wellin"
it !oes not onl0 re2er to violence or 2orce t1at is 6ein" emplo0e! to a person3 T1e
law is clear t1at w1en t1e o22ense is committe! 60 means o2 violence or
intimi!ation/ t1e violence ma0 re2er to violence pon t1in"s or 2orce pon t1in"s3
+ome le"al sc1olars/ 1owever/ sa0s t1at t1e violence 6ein" re2erre! to t1ere is
violence pon persons 6ecase it is accompanie! 60 t1e wor! 8intimi!ationN3
#t1ers/ 1owever/ sa0s t1at it is even violence or e4ivalent to 2orce pon t1in"s3
%0 interpretation o2 t1is is t1at t1is 6ein" 4ali2ie! trespass to !wellin"/ I wol!
"o wit1 t1e last opinion t1at it s1ol! 6e pon persons3 <1en 0o enter t1e
!wellin" o2 anot1er it is in1erent t1at 0o se picklocks or 0o !estro0 a wall or
0o enter t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er w1en t1e !oor is open3 +o it is sall0
a6sor6e!3 <1at is not a6sor6e! is t1e violence or 2orce or intimi!ation pon
persons3 'n! t1is is not applica6le to a person w1o enters t1e !wellin" o2
anot1er to prevent an0 serios 1arm to 1imsel23 T1e wor! 8seriosN mst alwa0s
6e t1ere3 I2 0o answer a 4estion 8to prevent an0 1arm to 1imsel2N - t1at is not
correctJ T1e correct statement wol! 6e to prevent an0 +(RI#)+ 1arm to
1imsel2 or to t1e occpants o2 t1e 1ose or t1e !wellin" or a t1ir! person3
.eit1er s1all it 6e applica6le to an0 person w1o s1all enter t1e !wellin" o2
anot1er 2or t1e prpose o2 ren!erin" some service to 1manit0 or &stice nor
an0one w1o s1all enter taverns an! ot1er p6lic 1oses w1en t1e0 are open3 #ne
4estion t1at is sall0 6ein" aske! 60 some pro2essors in criminal law relates to
a pro6lem w1ic1 rns t1is wa0A a person was ca"1t !estro0in" t1e wall o2 a
1ose3 :e was a6ot to enter w1en 1e was appre1en!e! 60 t1e police3 It is t1e
testimon0 o2 a nei"16or t1at 6e2ore t1at man 6roke t1e wall w1ere 1e inten!s to
enter 1e was 1ear! sa0in" t1at 8I am "oin" to ro6 t1e 1oseN3 <1at crime !i! t1e
o22en!er commit= Is it attempte! trespass or attempte! ro66er0= 'ccor!in" to
t1e nei"16or 1e over1ear! t1e man sa0in" 8I inten! to ro6 t1e 1oseN3 %0
answer wol! still 6e trespass to !wellin"3 <10= <ell/ "rantin" 2or t1e sake o2
ar"ment t1at 1e inten!e! to ro6 t1e 1ose/ t1at is onl0 in t1e min! o2 t1e person3
:e ma0 even !esist !rin" or prior to t1e entr0 to t1e 1ose to ro6 t1e 1ose3 :e
ma0 1ave entere! t1e 1ose 2or prposes ma06e o2 killin" some6o!0 or &st
ma06e !istr6in" t1e tran4ilit0 o2 t1e 1ome o2 a person3 I am 2or attempte!
trespass to !wellin" in t1e same manner as w1en it cannot 6e !etermine! w1at is
t1e intention o2 t1e person w1en 1e enters t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er3 I2 0o cannot
!etermine 1is intention in enterin" t1e !wellin" o2 anot1er/ t1en t1e crime
committe! is onl0 trespass to !wellin" as t1ere is no clear s1owin" o2 t1e !e2inite
intention o2 t1e o22en!er3
*rave t1reatsJ Jst remem6er t1is? an0 person w1o s1all t1reaten
anot1er wit1 1arm or in2liction o2 an0 in&r0 pon t1e person or pon t1e
propert0 o2 anot1er or t1at o2 1is 2amil0 o2 an0 wron" amontin" to a crime
s1ol! s22er a penalt0 o2 ===3 T1is is i2 t1e t1reat is s6&ect to a con!ition an!
t1at con!ition is ma!e s6&ect to a !eman! 2or mone0 or t1ere is a !eman! 2or
mone0 or it is s6&ect to a con!ition an! t1e !eman! 2or mone0 or t1e con!ition
was accomplis1e! or was o6taine! 60 t1e o22en!er3 T1e penalt0 wol! 6e one
!e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 o2 t1e crime w1ic1 t1e accse! t1reatene! to
commit3 9or e7ampleA I2 0o !on>t "ive me mone0 I am "oin" to kill 0o3 Is t1at
a t1reat or is t1at ro66er0= In ro66er0/ sall0 t1e ro66er will sa0 8"ive me
mone0 ot1erwise I will kill 0oN3 In t1reat/ 8I will kill 0o i2 0o !o not "ive me
mone0N3 In or!inar0 ro66er0 t1e0 will sa0 8"ive me mone0 ot1erwise I will kill
0oN3 In t1reat/ 8I will kill 0o i2 0o !o not "ive me mone0N3 +o t1e t1reat is
a1ea! o2 t1e !eman!3 (7ampleA 8I will kill 0o an! so t1at I will not kill 0o
"ive me mone0N3 T1at is w1en it is consi!ere! as a t1reat or w1en it is s6&ect to
a con!ition3 I am "oin" to 6rn 0or 1ose i2 0o !o not "ive me mone03 T1ere
is t1ere2ore a t1reat o2 arson3 T1e con!ition is t1at i2 0o will "ive me mone0 I
will not 6rn 0or 1ose3 I2 I was a6le to o6tain mone0 2rom 0o it is a case o2
"rave t1reat an! t1e penalt0 wol! 6e one !e"ree lower 2rom t1e penalt0 2or t1e
crime 1e inten!e! to commit 6ecase it was accomplis1e!3 I2 t1e con!ition is not
accomplis1e!/ t1en t1e penalt0 two !e"rees lower will 6e impose!3 In case o2
1omici!e/ t1e penalt0 6ein" reclsion temporal i2 t1e t1reat is to kill an! is
s6&ect to a con!ition or t1ere is a !eman! 2or mone03 T1e penalt0 will 6e
lowere! 60 one !e"ree onl0 an! so it is prision ma0or3 I2 t1e con!ition is not
reali5e! t1en t1e penalt0 s1all 6e lowere! 60 two !e"rees3 I2 t1ere is no
con!ition it is simple arresto ma0or3 +a0/ 2or e7ample/ 0o went to t1e 1ose o2
anot1er person3 Bo 1ave 6een actall0 t1inkin" o2 t1e t1in"s t1at t1e person 1as
!one to 0o an! so 0o !eci!e! to kill 1im3 In a ver0 cool manner 0o sai!
8pa!re/ I am "oin" to kill 0oN - t1at will 6e consi!ere! as "rave t1reat even i2
t1ere is no !eman! 2or mone0 an! t1ere is no con!ition attac1e! to t1e t1reat so
t1e penalt0 will 6e onl0 arresto ma0or3 T1at is t1e mistake o2 some prosectors3
T1e0 alwa0s sa0 t1at i2 it is a case o2 "rave t1reat/ t1en t1e penalt0 lower 60 two
!e"rees s1all 6e impose! or lower 60 one !e"ree3 .#J I2 t1e t1reat is wit1ot
con!ition at all or wit1ot an0 !eman! 2or mone0/ t1e penalt0 is onl0 arresto
ma0or3 I2 it is !one in t1e 1eat o2 an"er it is onl0 li"1t t1reats3 Jst like !rawin"
a weapon !rin" a 4arrel3 T1e ot1er t1reat t1at is actall0 a mc1 "raver one
t1an ot1er li"1t t1reats is t1e t1reat to commit a wron" not amontin" to or
constittin" a crime ma!e in an0 manner e7presse! in t1e 1
st
para"rap1 o2 'rt3
2L23 <1at col! 6e a t1reat w1ic1 is wron" 6t !oes not amont to a crime=
Let>s "o to recent eventsA <1at !i! -ris '4ino tol! Joe0? 1a1a1aJ <1at -ris
'4ino sai! is t1at 8I am "oin" to !estro0 0or political careerN3 Is !estro0in"
one>s political career a wron"= Bes/ 6t it !oes not amont to crime3 +o it
6elon"s to li"1t t1reats onl03 $imentelA 8I am not "oin" to allow 0o to
"ra!ateN3 :e1e1eJ T1at is li"1t t1reats 6ecase t1at !oes not amont to a
crime3 It is wron" 6t it is not a crime3 'rt 2L2 an! 2L3 are t1e onl0 t1reats
w1erein t1e cort ma0 or!er t1e person w1o t1reatene! anot1er to post a 6on! 2or
"oo! 6e1avior an! 2ailre to !o so ma0 6e a "ron! to sentence t1e o22en!er to
!estierro3 Bt t1e person mst 2irst violate t1e con!ition o2 t1e 6on!3 T1e
con!ition in t1e 6on! is t1at 1e s1ol! not molest? I2 0o t1reaten anot1er wit1
a "n t1at is "rave t1reats 6t t1e penalt0 is onl0 arresto ma0or3 Bt i2 ever 0o
!raw a weapon !o not point 0or weapon to a person3 Jst !raw a weapon
6ecase once 0o point it to a person t1at is alrea!0 "rave t1reats 6t t1e penalt0
is arresto ma0or onl03 T1ere was/ 1owever/ a !ecision o2 t1e +C w1ic1 sai! t1at
i2 0o !raw a weapon to t1reaten anot1er it is onl0 ot1er li"1t t1reats3 'ctall0/
t1ere is reall0 con2lictin" versions wit1 respect to "rave t1reats wit1 respect to t1e
3r! para"rap1 or t1e 3
r!
kin! o2 "rave t1reats an! ot1er li"1t t1reats3 In ot1er
li"1t t1reats/ i2 0o are "oin" to look at t1e article it sa0s t1at an0 person w1o
wit1ot 6ein" incl!e! in t1e provisions o2 t1e ne7t prece!in" article? +o it is
not li"1t t1reats n!er 'rt3 2L3 an! it is not a "rave t1reats n!er 'rt 2L23 %0
interpretation o2 t1is ot1er li"1t t1reats is t1at i2 sa0 2or e7ample 0o !raw a
weapon an! 0o point it to anot1er in t1e 1eat o2 an"er t1en it is a simple ot1er
li"1t t1reats3 It is 6est t1at 0o interpret it in 2avor o2 t1e accse!3
I 1ave alrea!0 !istin"is1e! "rave coercion wit1 ki!nappin"3 In "rave
coercion/ t1e person w1o committe! sc1 act is wit1ot at1orit0 2rom t1e law3
'n! 60 means o2 violence or intimi!ation (actall0 it mst 6e a"ainst violence
onl0) prevent anot1er 2rom !oin" somet1in" not pro1i6ite! 60 law or to compel
1im to !o somet1in" a"ainst 1is will w1et1er it 6e ri"1t or wron"3 In ot1er
wor!s/ 0o can actall0 pro1i6it some6o!0 2rom !oin" somet1in" even wit1ot
at1orit0 2rom t1e law i2 1e is committin" a crime or i2 1e is committin" an
immoral act/ 6t 0o cannot compel a person to per2orm an act w1et1er it 6e
ri"1t or wron"3 It is onl0/ 1owever/ in connection wit1 t1e p10sical activit0 o2
w1ic1 a person ma0 per2orm3 +a0 2or e7ampleA can 0o compel a person to pa0 a
ta7= BesJ Can 0o compel a person to report 2or work= Bes/ i2 1e is not sick/
s22erin" 2rom an0 ailment/ an! especiall0 i2 1e is emplo0e! in t1at particlar
place3 I2 t1e coercion is committe! 2or t1e prpose o2 compellin" anot1er to
per2orm an0 reli"ios act or prevent 1im 2rom !oin" so t1e penalt0 ne7t 1i"1er in
!e"ree s1all 6e impose!3 (7ampleA 0o compel a person to "o to mass w1en 1e
is not a cat1olic3 T1at is also "rave coercion3 I2 0o prevent t1at person 2rom
"oin" to mass t1at is also "rave coercion i2 1e is a cat1olic3 I2 1e is not an! 0o
prevent 1im 2rom "oin" to mass t1at is not coercion 6ecase t1at person mst
1ave a reli"ios 6elie2 in re"ar! to t1e activit0 t1at 1e is "oin" to per2orm3 It will
amont to t1e 1
st
para"rap1 o2 'rt3 2LD3 (ven t1o"1 0o compel a sevent1 !a0
a!ventist mem6er to eat pork t1at !oes not 6elon" to para"rap1 23 T1at 6elon"s
to para"rap1 13 @i! 0o ask 1im to per2orm a reli"ios act= .oJ @i! 0o
prevent 1im 2rom per2ormin" a reli"ios act= .o !inJ +o it will 2all n!er
para"rap1 1 o2 'rt3 2LD3
Li"1t coercionsJ (7ampleA mas0a!on" mainit ton" cre!itor3 :e cannot
wait 2or t1e !e6tor to pa0 1im3 +o 1e sei5e! t1e propert0 o2 t1e !e6tor 2or
prposes o2 appl0in" it to t1e !e6t3 T1at is li"1t coercion3 :ow a6ot t1e
practice o2 some mone0 len!ers or t1ese people w1o are alwa0s "oin" aron!
etc3= InstallmentJ InstallmentJ T1e item is 0ors etc3 <e will &st collect 2rom
0o 1 peso per !a03 'n! i2 0o are not a6le to pa0 t1e amont 2or some time an!
t1e0 sei5e 0or propert0 is t1at li"1t coercion= In 0or sales/ is t1e sale
consmmate! t1e moment t1e propert0 is !elivere! an! t1e pa0ment/ w1et1er it
is not eno"1/ is "iven= Consmmate! na 0on !i 6a= Can 0o sei5e t1e propert0
to appl0 it to t1e vale o2 t1e in!e6te!ness= :in!i e1J T1ere mst 6e a cort
or!er to seek 2or t1e reme!0 o2 replevin in or!er t1at 0o ma0 6e "iven t1e
propert03 I2 0o !o it on 0or own/ it is consi!ere! li"1t coercion3 'll ot1er
n&st ve7ations or ot1er coercions are consi!ere! li"1t coercions3
In 'rt3 2LL/ ot1er similar coercions/ t1is is w1ere t1e owner o2
esta6lis1ments ask t1eir emplo0ees to 60 or prc1ase t1e merc1an!ise 2rom
t1em in a complsor0 manner or t1at t1e0 are 6ein" ps1e! to receive as t1eir
wa"es tokens3 Bt spposin" t1ese people a"ree t1at t1e0 receive token an!
small pieces o2 paper an! t1e0 will se t1at to 60 merc1an!ise 2rom t1e store3
T1at a"reement is vali!J It is onl0 applica6le w1en 0o compel t1em a"ainst
t1eir will3 I2 t1ere is no complsion an! t1e0 a"ree!/ t1ere is no crime3 It ma0
appear as n2air la6or practice/ 6t it is not a crime n!er t1e R$C3
+o t1e parents/ t1e csto!ians or even t1e spose wit1 respect to anot1er
w1o sei5es t1e correspon!ents o2 anot1er in or!er to !iscover t1e secrets o2
anot1er is lia6le 2or coverin" secrets t1ro"1 sei5re o2 correspon!ents3 I2 t1e
o22en!er !oes not reveal t1e secrets t1en 1e will 6e pnis1e! 60 a lower penalt03
' wi2e w1o sei5es t1e correspon!ents o2 1er 1s6an! is not committin" a crime/
6t i2 s1e inten!s to se t1e correspon!ents t1at s1e sei5e! 2rom 1er 1s6an! as
evi!ence in cort t1e +C 1el! t1at s1e cannot !o so 6ecase t1at is t1e propert0 o2
t1e 1s6an!3 'si!e 2rom t1at/ t1ere is an ille"al searc1 an! sei5re3
Revealin" secrets wit1 a6se o2 o22ice3 T1is concerns mana"ers/
emplo0ees/ servants w1o in t1eir capacit0 s1all learn t1e secrets o2 t1eir master
an! reveal t1e same3 Let>s take t1e case o2 %a1sa03 I2 it is tre t1at 1e is t1e
messen"er an! con2i!ante o2 %r3 'rro0o an! 1e s!!enl0 went on a rampa"e an!
reveale! t1in"s t1at are sppose! to 6e con2i!ential in natre/ col! 1e 6e 1el!
lia6le 2or revealin" t1e secrets o2 1is emplo0er= Bes 6ecase 1e is an emplo0ee
an! 1e learne! t1e secrets o2 1is master in t1e per2ormance o2 1is 2nctions3 'n!
t1ose are all t1e elements t1at are sppose! to 6e in 'rt3 2I13 :e is !e2initel0
lia6le3 I am !e2inite a6ot t1at3
T1ere are 2 acts t1at ma0 constitte t1e act o2 ro66er03 #ne is 60 means
o2 violence or intimi!ation pon persons or 2orce pon t1in"s3 I2 it is 60 2orce or
violence or intimi!ation pon persons it is covere! n!er 'rt3 2I43 T1e
!i22erence 6etween ro66er0 an! t1e2t is t1at in t1e2t/ t1ere is no 2orce/ violence or
intimi!ation pon persons3 .eit1er is t1ere 2orce pon t1in"s3 In 6ot1 crimes/
t1ere is t1e takin" o2 personal propert0 o2 anot1er wit1 intent to "ain wit1ot t1e
consent o2 t1e owner3 T1e crime o2 ro66er0 n!er 'rt3 2I4 speaks even o2
special comple7 crimes in para"rap1 13 T1e law sa0s t1at t1e penalt0 o2
reclsion perpeta to !eat1 s1all 6e impose! pon an0 person w1o 60 reason or
on occasion commits an0 o2 t1e acts o2 ro66er0 an! on occasion or 60 reason o2
ro66er0 t1e crime o2 1omici!e s1all 1ave 6een committe! or w1en t1e ro66er0
s1all 1ave 6een accompanie! 60 rape or intentional mtilation or arson3 In ot1er
wor!s/ in cases o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e at an0 sta"e prior or a2ter it is alwa0s
ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 In cases o2 ro66er0 wit1 rape or wit1 intentional
mtilation or arson3 .ote t1e wor! 8or w1en t1e ro66er0 s1all 1ave 6een
accompanie!N meanin" t1e mtilation or t1e rape or t1e arson mst come a2ter
t1e ro66er03 It is actall0 &st common sense 6ecase i2 0o rape a woman a2ter
0o 1ave 6rne! t1e 1ose/ w1at will 0o steal= T1e rle is/ in t1ese comple7
crimes/ w1enever t1ere is 1omici!e committe! prior to/ simltaneosl0 wit1/ or
a2ter t1e ro66er0/ it is alwa0s ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 T1ere will 6e onl0 ro66er0
wit1 rape i2 t1e ro66er0 1as 6een committe! an! t1erea2ter/ t1e rape was
committe! re"ar!less i2 even t1e same is a mere a2tert1o"1t3 T1e same is tre
wit1 mtilation or arson3 It is !i22erent w1en rape is t1e prpose o2 t1e o22en!er3
I2 t1e prpose o2 t1e o22en!er is to rape t1e victim an! as an a2tert1o"1t 1e
committe! ro66er0 or t1e2t/ t1ere are 2 crimes t1at are committe!3 #ne ro66er0
an! a separate crime o2 rape or t1e2t - t1at is rape an! ro66er0 or t1e2t3 T1e0 are
separate crimes3 T1e pro6lem wit1 respect to ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e an! a rape
is committe! likewise 1as 6een alrea!0 settle! !own 60 t1e +C3 T1e +C/ in
!eci!in" sc1 a case/ rle! t1at t1e crime o2 rape s1all 6e separatel0 prosecte!
2rom t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e3 'n! it stan!s to reason t1at sc1
s1ol! 6e t1e &rispr!ence3 <10= It was correctl0 state! 60 t1e +C t1at rape
1as never 6een an a""ravatin" circmstance n!er 'rt3 14 or in an0 special law
an! t1ere2ore it can never a6sor6e! in t1e crime o2 rape wit1 1omici!e as an
a""ravatin" circmstance3 T1e ot1er kin!s o2 ro66er0 are in connection wit1
ro66er0 wit1 p10sical in&ries/ etc3 T1e more serios t1e p10sical in&ries is/ t1e
1i"1er t1e penalt03 Bo will note t1at in t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 2orce/
violence or intimi!ation/ t1e amont involve! is never a 2actor in t1e imposition
o2 t1e penalt03 Look at t1e provision o2 'rt3 2I4/ para"rap1 ,/ w1erein t1e law
sa0s t1at t1e penalt0 o2 prision correccional in its ma7imm perio! to prision
ma0or in its me!im perio! s1all 6e impose! pon an0 person w1o commits
ro66er0 in ot1er cases3 In ot1er wor!s/ i2 0o onl0 se t1reat or intimi!ation to
commit t1e crime o2 ro66er0/ irrespective o2 t1e amont involve! in t1e ro66er0/
t1e penalt0 is onl0 prision correcional in its ma7imm perio! to prision ma0or in
its me!im perio!3 T1is is amen!e! alrea!0 60 R3'3 ED,I3 'ctall0/ I was
won!erin" w10 t1e0 !i! not still increase t1e penalt03 (7ampleA Bo ro6 a
person carr0in" 1 million pesos an! 0o 1ave a kni2e wit1 0o3 Bo onl0
t1reaten 1im t1at i2 0o !on>t "ive me t1at 6a" I will sta6 0o3 Is t1e t1reat o2
sta66in" t1e victim an a""ravatin" circmstance= .#J +o i2 t1e accse! plea!s
"ilt0 1e ma0 still 6e place! on pro6ation i2 t1ere are no a""ravatin"
circmstance3 T1is is 6ecase t1e penalt0 wol! 6e in t1e minimm o2 t1e
penalt0 provi!e! 60 t1e law3 'n! t1e minimm is prision correccional in its
ma7imm perio! !espite t1e 2act t1at t1e amont involve! is 1 million pesos3 I
cannot n!erstan! it3 In t1e2t/ i2 0o steal more t1an $22/000 t1e penalt0 alrea!0
is prision ma0or in its ma7imm perio! an! 2or ever0 $10/000 in e7cess o2
$22/000/ an a!!itional penalt0 o2 1 0ear s1all 6e impose!3 :owever/ t1e
ma7imm o2 w1ic1 s1all not e7cee! 20 0ears3 T1is is reall0 somet1in" 2or s to
look into an! it appears to me t1at in!ee! ro66er0 is more tramatic t1an t1e
crime o2 t1e2t3 %eanin" t1e victim in a ro66er0 s22ers more trama t1an one
w1o is a victim o2 simple t1e2t an! 0et i2 t1e amont involve! in simple t1e2t is a
6i" amont t1e accse! ma0 6e sentence! wit1 20 0ears in imprisonment/
w1ereas in ro66er0 t1at is not t1e case3 In ro66er0/ t1ere 1as to 6e serios
p10sical in&ries an! ot1er kin! o2 in&ries n!er 'rt3 2D33 .ow/ t1e lia6ilit0 o2
t1e participants in t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e ma0 !epen! pon
circmstances o2 eac1 case3 Let s sa0 a "rop o2 4 men !eci!e! to ro6 a 1ose3
Bt t1e0 know t1at t1e 1ose is in1a6ite!3 +o one was assi"ne! as a lookot an!
anot1er to "ar! t1e "ate3 'n! t1e two entere! t1e 6il!in" an! imme!iatel0
sta66e! t1e mai!/ t1e 6o03 <1at will 6e t1e lia6ilit0 o2 eac1 an! ever0
participant to t1e commission o2 t1e crime= 'll o2 t1em s1all 6e e4all0 lia6le as
principal3 T1e act o2 one is t1e act o2 all3 Let s c1an"e t1e scenario3 T1e
o22en!ers !eci!e! to ro6 a 1ose w1erein t1e owners 1ave alrea!0 le2t 2or over a
0ear an! t1ere is no assrance o2 t1eir retrn in t1e 2tre3 +o it is alrea!0
consi!ere! an nin1a6ite! 1ose3 T1e same 2acts3 's 0o know/ as in most
nin1a6ite! 1oses 1ere in %etro %anila/ t1e va"rants sall0 are sin" t1em as
t1eir s1elter3 :owever/ t1is is not known to t1e ro66ers3 <1ile t1e0 are
ransackin" t1e 1ose o2 vala6les/ t1e0 saw t1e va"rant3 9earin" t1e0 will 6e
remem6ere! 60 t1e va"rant in case t1e0 are ca"1t/ t1e0 kille! t1e va"rant3 In
point o2 lia6ilit0/ is t1e lia6ilit0 o2 t1ose w1o kille! t1e victim meanin" t1ose w1o
are insi!e an! t1ose w1o are otsi!e w1o !oes not know o2 t1e killin" lia6le 2or
t1e same penalt0= .oJ #nl0 t1ose w1o participate! in t1e killin" or i2 ever 1e is
present an! 1e !i! not prevent t1e killin" s1all s22er t1e penalt0 o2 ro66er0 wit1
1omici!e3 Bt t1en t1ose w1o !i! not 1ave knowle!"e/ 6ecase t1eir a"reement
is to ro6 a 1ose w1ic1 is not in1a6ite!/ will onl0 6e "ilt0 o2 t1e crime o2
ro66er03
.ow/ w1at is t1e !i22erence 6etween 1i"1wa0 ro66er0 an! ro66er0 an!
6ri"an!a"e= T1e ro66er0 t1at is covere! 60 'rt3 2I4 is ver0 ver0 e7plicit3
Ro66er0 wit1 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation pon persons an! ro66er0 wit1
2orce pon t1in"s3 'n! t1at irrespective o2 w1et1er t1e0 1ave !etermine! t1eir
victim or not or t1e0 1ave alrea!0 !etermine! t1e place or t1e person t1at will 6e
t1eir victim t1at is or!inar0 ro66er0 6t it will not necessaril0 6e committe! in
t1e 1i"1wa03 In ro66er0 in t1e 1i"1wa0 w1ic1 is still e7istin" in $@ ,323 's in
$@ ,32/ t1e law on pirac0 incl!e! t1erein 1as alrea!0 6een repeale!3 T1e
victim is alwa0s i!enti2ie! 60 t1e o22en!ers3 In 6ri"an!a"e/ it is !i22erent3
Irrespective o2 w1et1er t1e persons are in 6ses or known or not known to t1em/
in ot1er wor!s/ t1e0 will commit ro66er0 or ki!nappin" o2 persons 2or prposes
o2 e7tortin" ransom 2rom t1em in!iscriminatel0 in t1e 1i"1wa03 'n0 person w1o
passes in t1e 1i"1wa0 t1e0 will ro63 .ot necessaril0 passen"ers 6t an0 person3
T1at is an in!iscriminate ro66er0 in t1e 1i"1wa03 .ow/ is t1ere a crime to e7tort
mone0= T1at is e7tortion3 (7tortion is also consi!ere! as ro66er0 6t t1e0 are
!i22erent in t1at in ro66er0 t1e intimi!ation is actal an! imme!iate3 %eanin" t1e
t1reat is present imme!iatel03 <1ereas in t1reats to e7tort mone0/ t1e t1reats
ma0 not 6e imme!iatel0 present3 'ctall0/ sometimes t1e same is con!itional in
natre an! it ma0 take place in t1e 2tre3 In ro66er0/ t1e intimi!ation is personal
to t1e o22en!e! part03 In e7tortion t1ro"1 t1reats/ it ma0 6e t1ro"1 an
interme!iar0 or t1ro"1 letters3 Likewise/ in t1reats t1e intimi!ation ma0 re2er to
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,,
a person or 1onor or propert0 o2 anot1er3 In ro66er0/ t1e same is !irecte! to t1e
person o2 t1e victim/ not to 1is 1onor/ not to 1is propert0 an! not to an0 mem6er
o2 1is 2amil03 In ro66er0/ t1e "ain o2 t1e clprit is imme!iate3 In e7tortion/ t1e
"ain ma06e later3 I2 0o ro6 anot1er passen"er in a s1ip t1at is not pirac03 T1at
is onl0 simple ro66er03 I2 0o steal somet1in" 2rom t1e s1ip even its car"o an!
0o are a passen"er t1at is not pirac0 or mtin0 6t onl0 simple ro66er03 'rt 2ID
is t1e !e2inition o2 a 6an!3 %st 6e 4 or more male2actors3 T1e0 sall0 take
part in t1e crimes o2 ro66er03 <1en t1e arms se! 60 t1e 6an! in t1e
commission o2 a crime are nlicense! 2irearms t1e penalt0 t1at s1all 6e impose!
pon t1e mem6ers o2 t1e 6an! s1all 6e in t1e ma7imm perio! wit1ot pre&!ice
to t1e criminal lia6ilit0 o2 t1e o22en!ers 2or t1e crime o2 ille"al possession o2
2irearms3 +o t1e law is ver0 clear t1at in cases o2 ro66er0 60 a 6an! t1e crime o2
ille"al possession o2 2irearms is not a6sor6e! 6t in t1e event 1owever t1at t1e
ro66er0 60 a 6an! reslte! to t1e killin" o2 a victim so it 6ecomes ro66er0 wit1
1omici!e3 Is t1e o22ense o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms a6sor6e!= T1at is a
"oo! 4estion in t1e 6ar3 T1e answer is no 6ecase t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1
1omici!e is a crime a"ainst propert03 It is not a crime a"ainst persons3 'n!
ille"al possession o2 2irearms is onl0 a6sor6e! in 2 crimes a"ainst persons3 T1at
is 1omici!e an! mr!er3 T1e ot1er are crimes a"ainst national secrit0 t1at is
treason/ re6ellion or insrrection/ cop ! Metat an! se!ition3 'ctall0/ it is
a6sor6e! even wit1ot t1e same 6ein" even an a""ravatin" circmstance3 I2 t1e
6an! or an0 ro66er0 is committe! wit1 1omici!e an! it is wit1 t1e se o2 an!
ille"all0 possesse! 2irearms t1e crime o2 ille"al possession o2 2irearms is not
a6sor6e! in t1e crime o2 ro66er0 wit1 1omici!e 6ecase t1e crime o2 ro66er0
wit1 1omici!e is not a crime a"ainst persons 6t a crime a"ainst propert03 I2 I
will 6e an e7aminer I will ask t1at 4estion or I will tell some6o!0 to ask t1at
4estion3 :a1a1aJ 'n0 mem6er o2 an0 6an! even i2 1e !i! not participate in an0
overt act as lon" as 1is presence is esta6lis1e! 1e will 6e e4all0 lia6le wit1 t1e
ot1er mem6ers o2 t1e 6an!3 T1ere is no nee! to !iscss conspirac0 6ecase t1e
6an! itsel2 is in itsel2 likewise a conspirac03 Ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s
s1ol! onl0 take place in a p6lic 6il!in" or e!i2ice !evote! to reli"ios
wors1ip/ ro66er0 in an in1a6ite! place/ ro66er0 in a private 6il!in"/ or
nin1a6ite! 1ose3 +o t1ese are t1e onl0 t1in"s t1at ma0 6e t1e s6&ect o2
ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s3 'ctall0/ 0o cannot 2in! an0more an0 kin! o2
ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s nless it 6e a 6il!in"3 (ven t1e takin" o2 a
receptacle t1at is close! it mst 6e taken 2rom a 6il!in" or an e!i2ice3 T1e
commission o2 ro66er0 wit1 2orce pon t1in"s like w1en 0o enter t1e 6il!in"
in an entrance not !evote! 2or sc13 I aske! t1is 4estionA spposin" I sai!/ t1ere
are 2 !oors in a room an! one is marke! e7it an! t1e ot1er one is marke!
entrance3 Bo entere! in t1e !oor marke! as e7it an! 0o took somet1in" 2rom
insi!e is t1at ro66er0= .oJ Becase t1e !oor is alwa0s 2or t1e prpose o2 in"ress
an! e"ress irrespective o2 w1et1er 0o mark it as e7it3 It is pro1i6ite! to 1ave a
one wa0 !oor3
+ept3 2I/ 2003
B0A Ria
)n!er Common <ealt1 'ct .o3 41E/ in relation to t1ose t1at are speci2ie! in
articles in 2I4/ 2I,/ 2IE/ 2II/ 300 an! 302 o2 t1e Revise! $enal Co!e (R$C)A
w1en t1e propert0 taken is mail matter or lar"e cattle/ t1e o22en!ers 1ave s22ere!
t1e penalt0 ne7t 1i"1er in !e"ree t1an t1ose provi!e! in sai! articles3 T1at is t1e
4ali2ie! ro66er03 :ence/ even i2 t1e penalt0 is alrea!0 reclsion temporal/ i2
w1at was taken is mail matter or lar"e cattle/ t1e penalt0 in t1at particlar kin! o2
ro66er0/ even i2/ it is wit1ot 2alse violence or intimi!ation pon persons/ t1e
penalt0 o2 reclsion perpeta ma0 6e impose!3 Let s see i2 it is correct3 In
'rticle 2I4/ t1at is/ actall0 ro66er0 wit1 violence or intimi!ation o2 persons/
natrall0/ on occasion o2 t1e ro66er0/ an0 o2 t1e p10sical in&ries n!er 'rticle
2D3 s1all 1ave 6een in2licte!/ t1e penalt0 ma0 6e p to reclsion temporal
especiall0 i2 t1e ro66er0 is n!er o2 s6!ivision 1 an! s6!ivision 2 o2 'rticle
2I43 +o i2 it is reclsion temporal/ t1e ne7t penalt0 1i"1er 60 1 !e"ree col! 6e
reclsion perpetaP w1ic1 0o wol! never t1ink o2 6ecase 1ere t1ere is no sc1
line o2 a penalt0 even on ro66er0 wit1ot 2orce/ violence or intimi!ation3
Let s sppose t1at t1ere is ro66er0 6t t1ere is no 2orce/ violence or
intimi!ation3 <1at t1en wol! t1e penalt0 6e impose!= I2 t1ere is a 6reakin" o2
!oors/ wallsP w1at penalt0 ma0 6e impose! in sai! crime=
I2 t1e ro66er0 is committe! 60 arme! persons in an in1a6ite! 1ose or p6lic
6il!in" or e!i2ice !evote! to reli"ios wors1ip/ t1e0 s1all 6e pnis1e! 60
reclsion temporal i2 t1e vale o2 t1e propert0 taken e7cee!s $2,03 (/ 1ow mc1
is $2,0 nowa!a0s= (ven 0or watc1 t1at !o not even 1ave a 6atter0 wol! 6e
wort1 more t1an $2,0 alt1o"1 0o cannot "o to Ce6ana to pawn it/ 0o can
still sell it to some6o!0 2or more t1an $2,03
In t1e event t1at is taken 2rom a 1ose w1ic1 is in1a6ite! or in a place o2
reli"ios wors1ip or w1atever/ t1e penalt0 is alrea!0 reclsion temporal3 I2 w1at
was taken 2rom a p6lic 6il!in" is a mail matter or a cattle w1ic1 is tie! in one
o2 t1e !epen!encies o2 t1e 1ose (in t1e province t1ere are !epen!encies w1erein
t1e cattles are 6ein" kept t1ere)3 :ave 0o seen sc1 arran"ement in t1e
provinces= In or!er t1at t1e0 ma0 6e a6le to protect t1eir live cattles/ most o2
t1eir live cattles are place! in !epen!encies w1ic1 are part o2 t1eir livin"
4arters3 +o/ t1e penalt0 wol! 6e reclsion temporal3 'n! i2/ mail matter or
lar"e cattle are taken in sc1 kin! o2 ro66eries/ t1e penalt0 wol! reac1 p to
reclsion perpeta3
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,D
It is now even in 4ali2ie! t1e2t/ even i2 t1e penalt0 ma0 6e 2 !e"rees 1i"1er/ 0o
cannot impose t1e penalt0 o2 !eat13 Bo can onl0 impose t1e penalt0 o2 p to
reclsion perpeta 6ecase it is not incl!e! amon" t1e 1einos crimes n!er
Rep6lic 'ct SED,I3 Bt w1at I was sa0in" t1en p to now/ in cases o2 4ali2ie!
t1e2t/ it s1ol! onl0 6e 1 !e"ree 1i"1er --- &st like in 4ali2ie! ro66er03 +o t1ere
is sc1 a t1in" as 4ali2ie! ro66er03 I2 0o were aske! in t1e 6ar e7ams/ i2 t1ere
is a 4ali2ie! ro66er0/ 0o cite t1at i2 t1e ro66er0 is wit1 2orce/ violence or
intimi!ations/ etc3 committe! in an in1a6ite! 1ose/ place o2 reli"ios wors1ip/
etc or in p6lic 6il!in" an! w1at was taken was mail matter or lar"e scatter/ t1e
same s1all 6e consi!ere! a 4ali2ie! ro66er0 an! t1e penalt0 s1all 6e raise! 1
!e"ree 1i"1er t1an t1at w1ic1 was impose! 60 law3
.o ot1er 6ook mentions sc1 t1in" as 4ali2ie! ro66er0J
<e 1ave also taken ro66er0 in an in1a6ite! place 60 a 6an! an! t1e ro66er0 o2
places w1ic1 are consi!ere! nin1a6ite!3
<1at we 1ave to remem6er is t1at !epen!encies are still consi!ere! as part o2 an
e!i2ice o2 a 6il!in" so lon" as t1ere is an in"ress an! e"ress 2rom t1at
!epen!encies "oin" to t1e main 1ose or e!i2ice an! vice versa3 Bt t1en/ t1e
6il!in"s mst 6e conti"os to eac1 ot1er/ i2 not/ t1ere col! 6e no !epen!enc03
Ro66er0 o2 cereals or 2rits or 2irewoo!3 T1ere col! 6e a misconception
re"ar!in" ro66er0 o2 cereals or 2rits or 2irewoo! 6ecase o2 t1e conception t1at
i2 2rits or cereals are taken wit1 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation pon persons/ it
is onl0 plain simple ro66er03 Bt w1at is reall0 contemplate! 1ere is t1at t1e
2rits or t1e cereals are in a 6arn;e!i2ice;enclosre;place w1ere t1e0 are 6ein"
kept an! t1e walls;2loors;!oors o2 so are !estro0e! in connection wit1 t1e
ro66er03 's re"ar!s t1e 2irewoo!/ t1ere col! onl0 6e ro66er0 i2 t1e place is
nin1a6ite!3
T1e possession o2 picklocks an! ot1er similar tools/ it is onl0 pnis1a6le i2 sc1
possession is wit1 t1e intention to se t1e same in t1e commission o2 t1e crime o2
ro66er03 T1e se o2 picklocks or similar tools is akin to t1e se o2 2orce pon
t1in"s3 (ven a real ke0 ma0 6e consi!ere! as a similar tool 6ecase t1e ser is
not t1e owner or possessor o2 t1e same3
T1ose w1o are makers o2 t1ese tools are also lia6le3 I2 t1e o22en!er is a
locksmit1/ 1e s1all s22er t1e penalt0 o2 prision correccional3 <1en t1e law sa0s
locksmit1/ 1e mst 6e at1ori5e! 60 t1e mnicipal "overnment or is license! to
make sc1 tools3 I2 1e is not at1ori5e!/ 1e is not consi!ere! 2or t1is prpose as a
locksmit13
9alse ke0s K an0 ke0s stolen 2rom t1e owner/ or lost an! 2on! 60 anot1er person
w1o !i! not retrne! to t1e owner;at1orities3 'n0 ke0 not inten!e! 60 t1e
owner to open sc1 t1in"s are consi!ere! as 2alse ke0s3
Bri"an!a"e K t1e onl0 t1in" 0o 1ave to remem6er is t1at t1ere are at least 2or
or more arme! male2actors w1ose prpose is to ro6;ki!nap people in t1e 1i"1wa0
2or t1e prpose o2 e7tortin" ransom 2rom t1em3 T1e 1i"1wa0 is not e7clsivel0
t1ose 6ein" se! 60 6ses/ &eepne0s/ etc3 T1e0 ma0 6e provincial or mnicipal
roa!3 In t1e case o2 $eople vs3 @csin/ t1ose 2or or more w1o roam aron! t1e
contr0 in or!er to ro6;ki!nap people 2or t1e prpose o2 e7tortin" 2rom t1em are
consi!ere! as 6ri"an!s3 +o/ even i2 t1e0 are not ro66in" people/ 6t t1e0 roam
aron! t1e contr0/ t1e0 commit t1is crime3 I !on>t know w10 t1e +preme
Cort rle! t1at wa03 In t1e $1ilippines/ 0o cannot reall0 walk all over t1e
contr03
:ere is also a sitation w1ere a person w1o carries an nlicense! 2irearm makes
t1e penalt0 imposa6le in its ma7imm perio!3 Bt in 6ri"an!a"e/ t1e crime o2
ille"al possession o2 2irearms is never a6sor6e!3
T1ose w1o ai! or a6et a 6an! o2 6ri"an!s 60 "ivin" in2ormation to t1em a6ot
t1e movement o2 t1e policeP or t1ose w1o are receivin" or ac4irin" sc1
propert0 taken 60 sc1 6ri"an!s3 T1e penalt0 ma0 6e p to prision ma0or in its
minimm perio! (a22lictive alrea!0)3 T1ose w1o ai! or a6et a 6an! o2 6ri"an!s
cannot 6e consi!ere! as accessories n!er 'rticle 1I o2 t1e R$C 6ecase t1ere is
a special provision an! speci2ic penalt0 2or t1em3 Bt can t1e0 6e consi!ere! as
violatin" $3@3 S1D12= Bes/ t1e0 are lia6le n!er 'nti-9encin" Law3
<e "o to t1e2t3 T1e2t is t1e takin" o2 personall0 propert0 6elon"in" to anot1er
wit1ot t1e consent o2 t1e owner an! wit1 intent to "ain3 T1e wor! Manot1er>
!oes not necessaril0 mean t1e owner3 +o a t1ie2 ma0 commit t1e2t i2 1e took
propert0 also stolen 60 anot1er t1ie23 Bot1 o2 t1e t1ieves are lia6le in t1e
separate crimes t1e0 are committe!3
'n0 person w1o 2on! an0 lost propert0 an! !i! not retrn t1e same to t1e owner
s1all 6e "ilt0 o2 t1e2t3 'n0one w1o 1as maliciosl0 !ama"e t1e propert0 o2
anot1er an! s1all remove t1e 2rits o2 t1e !ama"e case! 60 1im/ t1e mere 2act
t1at it was remove! 60 t1e o22en!er 2rom t1e place 1e !ama"e!/ t1e same s1all 6e
consi!ere! t1e2t3
T1ese 1ave to 6e !i22erentiate! wit1 t1e2t o2 transmission lines3 T1e latter is in
n!er T1e2t o2 (lectricit03 In t1e2t o2 transmission lines/ t1ere is no element o2
intent to "ain3 T1e mere sawin";cttin";!istraction or electrical transmission
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,E
lines s1all 6e consi!ere! t1e2t an! t1e penalt0 is 1eavier t1at t1at w1ic1 is
provi!e! 2or in or!inar0 t1e2t3
<1o are still lia6le 2or t1e crime o2 t1e2t= T1ose w1o enter enclose! estate or
2iel! w1ere trespass is 2or6i!!en/ wit1ot t1e consent o2 t1e owner/ an! 2is1 or
"at1er 2rits;cereals;2orest;2arm pro!cts3 (7cept i2 t1e 2orest pro!ct stolen is a
tree alrea!0 capa6le o2 6ein" trne! to lm6er --- t1is is alrea!0 n!er t1e
9orestr0 Co!e o2 t1e $1ilippines an! t1e penalt0 is t1at o2 4ali2ie! t1e2t n!er
'rticle 310 o2 t1e R$C3 :owever/ even t1e owner ma0 6e 1el! lia6le n!er t1e
9orestr0 Co!eJ Bo can ct tress &st as lon" as t1e0 are se! insi!e 0or
propert03 I2 0o transport t1e lm6er/ t1en t1ere is violation o2 t1e 9orestr0
Co!e3 J!"e talks a6ot kin!s o2 woo!s an! see!lin"s;treesP comptation per
c6ic meter o2 6oar!s3
@istin"is1 t1e2t 2rom esta2a or swin!lin"3 T1e point o2 !istinction is t1e
possession o2 t1e propert03 I2 t1e possession is onl0 temporar0/ alt1o"1 "iven
60 t1e owner/ wit1 an o6li"ation to retrn imme!iatel0/ i2 t1e person to w1om t1e
propert0 was "iven a6scon!s wit1 t1e propert0/ t1at is simple t1e2t3 Bt i2 1e
alrea!0 1as &ri!ical possession an! can raise a !e2ense as a"ainst a t1ir! part0 in
relation to t1e propert0 1e is 1ol!in" at t1e time an! 1e misappropriates it or 1e
actall0 appropriates is/ it is alrea!0 esta2a3 In 6ot1 instances/ t1ere is partin" o2
t1e propert0 wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e owner3 In t1e2t/ t1e partin" is temporar03
T1e 1ol!er o2 t1e propert0 cannot raise an0 !e2ense to a t1ir! part0 in connection
wit1 t1e possession o2 t1e propert03 Bo remem6er t1e I"orot case w1o "ave t1e
"ol! 6ar;2orei"n crrencies to @eHera wit1 t1e instrction to 1ave t1em c1an"e!/
i2 not/ t1en retrn t1e same= T1e latter !isappeare!3 +C sai! t1e crime involve!
is t1e2t3 T1e consent "iven 60 t1e I"orot is temporar0 an! onl0 2or a speci2ic
perio!3 '2ter t1e lapse o2 t1at speci2ic perio! o2 time/ possession 60 @eHera is
alrea!0 ille"al3 In esta2a/ t1ere is actall0 no speci2ic perio! o2 time ()3+3 vs3
@eHera)3
Jo-anne raises a 4estion 6t m22le! e13
(ric raises a 4estion 6t m22le!3
I2 one took a car 2rom t1e owner wit1ot 1is consent --- t1at is alrea!0
carnappin"3 <e take in consi!eration t1e natre o2 t1e propert0 --- t1e person
entrste! s1ol! eit1er !o as instrcte! or imme!iatel0 retrn it3 T1e latter is an
important con!ition3
(sta2a involves trst an! con2i!ence e7istin" 6etween t1e o22en!e! an! t1e
o22en!er3
T1e2t !oes not involve trst3 It is so i2 a person w1o receives a propert0
temporaril0 to convert t1e same/ a6scon!s wit1 t1e sai! propert03
In Fali2ie! T1e2t/ in2ormation 1as to alle"e t1at t1ere is "rave a6se o2
con2i!ence3 In (sta2a/ a simple alle"ation o2 a6se o2 con2i!ence is alrea!0
eno"1J
+imple t1e2t is necessaril0 incl!e! in 4ali2ie! t1e2t3 I2 it is not alle"e! t1at t1e
t1e2t was wit1 "rave a6se o2 con2i!ence/ t1en onl0 t1e 2ormer s1all 6e impose!3
*ra!ation is also applie!A
'ttempte! K 2 !e"rees lower
9rstrate! K 1 !e"ree lower
%inor kin!s o2 t1e2t incl!eA 1ntin"/ 2is1in"/ "at1erin" o2 pro!cts in an
enclose! estate wit1ot t1e consent o2 t1e owner (e7cept trees)/ t1e penalt0 to 6e
impose! is arresto ma0or in minimm or a 2ine o2 not more t1an $,0 w1en t1e
o22en!er is motivate! 60 1n"er or lack o2 opportnit0 to earn a livin" (6t t1e
latter is not applica6le in t1e provinces an0wa0J)
T1e2t o2 *ol! pnis1e! n!er $3@3 S,L13 J!"e talks a6ot w1ere "ol! can 6e
2on! wit1in t1e $1ilippines3
$enalties 2or t1e2t n!er 'rticle 30IA
I2 t1e amont involve! is more t1an $22/000?Total penalt0 to 6e impose! 60
t1e corts s1all not e7cee! 20 0ears3 Bo ma0 compte t1e penalt0 ntil D00
0ears/ 6t t1e accse! s1all onl0 serve t1e ma7imm penalt0 o2 20 0ears3 T1e
most t1at 0o can impose! pon a person in cases o2 or!inar0 t1e2t is
in!eterminate prison term 2rom 12 0ears o2 prision ma0or as minimm to 20
0ears o2 reclsion temporal as ma7imm3
9o7 e7ample/ t1e amont involve! is $D%3 :ow man0 $10/000 are t1ere in a
million= +o t1is will 0iel! to D00 0ears3 (ven si7 "enerations will not 6e eno"1
to serve sc1 penalt0J
'rticle 310/ Fali2ie! T1e2tA
T1e penalt0 t1at will 6e impose! will 6e two !e"rees 1i"1er i2 t1e accse! takes
t1e propert0 6elon"in" to anot1er wit1ot t1e latter>s consent an! wit1 intent to
"ain --- an! sc1 propert0 is a mail matter/ a cocont in a cocont plantation/ 2is1
in a 2is1 pon!/ or i2 t1e o22en!er is a !omestic servant/ or i2 t1e o22en!er "ravel0
a6se! t1e con2i!ence o2 t1e owner3
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,L
I2 t1e amont o2 t1e propert0 is over $22/000/ accor!in" to t1e case o2 $eople vs3
Re0es/ t1e penalt0 t1at s1ol! 6e impose! pon t1e accse! is Reclsion
$erpeta an! it is not 6aila6le3 T1is !ecision was later con2irme! in t1e case o2
$eople vs3 Ba"o (330 +CR')3
@o not 6elieve in t1e recommen!ation o2 t1e @#J t1at it is 6aila6le 60 $L0/000 to
$100/0003 @#J commits i"norance o2 t1e lawJ I 1ave a pen!in" case wit1 t1e
+preme Cort re"ar!in" t1is matter/ 4ali2ie! t1e2t/ 6ecase I !i! not 2i7 t1e
6ail3 C' sai! it is 6aila6le3 T1e pro6lem wit1 t1e +ol*en/ t1e0 !i! not e7ecte a
certi2ication o2 non-2orm s1oppin"J <1at is 2rt1er interestin" in t1at case is/
t1e accse! is not in t1e $1ilippinesJ :ow t1en can 1e ask an0 relie2=J :e can>t/
6ecase t1e cort 1as no &ris!iction over 1is person?an! 0et t1e C' entertaine!
1is appeal an! reverse! m0 rlin"3 #k lan"/ it is t1e +ol*en w1o is 1avin" a
1ea!ac1e3
#22 topic !iscssion re"ar!in" !omestic servants as &!"e sa0s i-lower na lan"
penalt0 2or t1em kasi kawawa naman sila an! kailan"an naman tala"a sila in t1e
1ose3
<ala na 0n" carnappin" an! cattle-rstlin" !0an 1a3
In ro66er0/ 0o consi!er t1e cattle as t1e s6&ect t1at will raise t1e penalt0 to one
!e"ree 1i"1er3 Bt in cattle-rstlin"/ it is 4ite !i22erent 6ecase it is a special
law3 In carnappin"/ it is also !i22erent 6ecase penalties are not t1e same3 I2
t1ere is no 2orce/ violence/ an! intimi!ation pon persons in carnappin"/ t1e
penalt0 is onl0 14 0ears L mont1s an! 1 !a0 to 1E 0ears an! 4 mont1s3 I2 t1ere is
2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation pon persons/ t1en t1e penalt0 will 6e 1E 0ears 4
mont1s an! 1 !a0 to 30 0ears3 'n! i2 t1e owner/ passen"er/ or !river is;are
kille!/ t1e penalt0 o2 !eat1 s1all 6e impose!3 +o it is a 1einos crime (R3'3
SED,I)3
'rticle 311/ T1e2t o2 $ropert0 o2 t1e .ational Li6rar0/ (tc3
+o 0o can steal t1e 2amos paintin"s in t1e .ational Li6rar0P 6t not t1e ones in
*+I+ as t1at is not a .ational Li6rar0 or .ational %semP so it wol! !epen!
on t1e vale o2 t1e propert03 :owever/ i2 0o steal somet1in" at .ational
Li6rar0 or .ational %sem/ even i2 it is a pri5e! paintin"/ t1e penalt0 onl0 is
arresto ma0or or a 2ine ran"in" 2rom $200-$,00J It is mc1 6etter to steal 2rom
.ational Li6rar0 or .ational %sem t1an t1e *+I+3
'rticle 312/ #ccpation o2 Real $ropert0 or )srpation o2 Real Ri"1ts
'n0 person w1o ses 2orce/ violence/ or intimi!ation in occp0in" real properties
or srpin" real ri"1ts s1all 6e "ilt0 o2 t1is article3 +pposin" 0o are an owner
o2 a real propert0 w1ic1 is a!&acent to a river/ t1ere is alwa0s an easement (p to
30 meters) w1ic1 t1e owner en&o0s 2or prposes o2 access to t1e river3 +a0 2or
e7ample/ a person 2orces 1is wa0 to t1e river sa0in" t1e wa0 6elon"s to t1e
"overnment3 Is 1e correct= .o/ easement is a real ri"1tJ T1at person w1o 2orce!
an! t1reatene! 0o can 6e c1ar"e! n!er 'rticle 3123 T1is is poplar in t1e
provincesP 1ere in %anila/ wala nan" m"a easements3 Take note t1at t1is article
is compose! o2 two t1in"sA 13 #ccpation o2 Real $ropert0 23 )srpation o2 Real
Ri"1ts3 T1is was aske! in t1e Bar 4-, 0ears a"o/ to !i22erentiate t1e two3
'rticle 313/ 'lterin" Bon!aries
T1is is t1e case o2 +atan an! +t3 $eter --- re"ar!in" 6on!aries o2 1eaven an!
1ell3 T1is is t1e case w1ere people remove t1e mo1ones;markers or ct t1e trees
w1ic1 are se! as 6on!aries3 T1ose people w1o remove! so are "ilt0 o2 t1is
article3 (ven i2 t1e Titles o2 t1e propert0 sa0s/ 86on!e! 60 a 6i" narra tree/N t1e
sai! tree is consi!ere! a 6on!ar03 Bt now/ t1e0 are sin" permanent markers3
'rticle 314/ 9ra!lent Insolvenc0
T1ese are t1e people w1o a6scon!s wit1 t1eir propert0 in or!er to !e2ra!
cre!itors3 I2 1e is a merc1ant/ t1e penalt0 is prision ma0or an! i2 1e is not a
merc1ant/ t1e penalt0 is prision correctional in its ma7imm perio! to prision
ma0or in its me!im perio!3 <1en 0o appl0 2or t1e provisional reme!0 o2 writ
o2 attac1ment/ it is alwa0s alle"e! t1at t1e !e2en!ant is a6scon!in" or is a6ot to
a6scon! to !e2ra! cre!itors an! 1e;s1e 1as no s22icient propert0 w1ic1 can
answer 2or 1is;1er o6li"ation an! t1ere is 2ra! in contractin" or in pa0ment o2
t1e o6li"ation3
'rticle 31,/ +win!lin" or (sta2a
'n0 person w1o s1all !e2ra! anot1er 60 an0 means 1ere 6elow s1all 6e "ilt0 o2
swin!lin"3 T1ere are t1ree wa0s o2 committin" swin!lin"3 T1e 2irst kin! or
mo!e is wit1 n2ait12lness or a6se o2 con2i!ence3 Look at t1e provision o2 t1is
law/ t1e 2irst is 60 alterin" t1e s6stance or 4antit0 or 4alit0 o2 vale w1ic1 t1e
o22en!er s1all !eliver 60 virte o2 a le"al;ille"al o6li"ationP t1e secon! is 60
misappropriation or conversion to t1e pre&!ice o2 anot1er an0 mone0 or personal
"oo!s or propert0 receive! 60 t1e o22en!er in trst (w1et1er totall0 or partiall0
"arantee! 60 a 6on!)3 :in!i kasama !ito an" real propert0 1a3 'n! 60 takin"
n!e a!vanta"e o2 si"natre o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 in 6lank3 'n! 60 writin" an0
!ocment a6ove sc1 si"natre in 6lank to t1e pre&!ice o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 or
60 an0 t1ir! person3 ' an! C !o not re4ire !eman!3 In misappropriation or
conversion/ 6e2ore an0 person can 6e prosecte! 2or esta2a or swin!lin"/ t1ere
mst 2irst 6e a !eman! 2rom t1e o22en!e! part0 2rom t1e o22en!er eit1er to pa0
t1e vale o2 t1e t1in" "iven in trst or "iven 60 wa0 o2
commission;a!ministration3 I2 t1ere is no sc1 !eman!/ t1ere is no esta2a 0et
committe!3 T1e !eman! mst 6e 2ormal/ not &st ver6al3 In connection wit1 t1e
alterin" o2 s6stances/ &st remem6er t1at t1e o22en!er 1ere 1as t1e o6li"ation to
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) ,I
!eliver 2or w1atever consi!eration (t1s/ !i22erentiate! 2rom 2B/ 60 alterin" t1e
4alit0 or wei"1t o2 an0t1in" pertainin" to 1is art or 6sinessP no o6li"ation to
!eliver)3 Bo will note also t1at in 1'/ alterin" s6stance K 4alit0 an! 4antit03
In 2B/ onl0 t1e 4alit0 is involve! 1ere3
T1ere are so man0 acts o2 esta2a n!er para"rap1 S2/ t1is is actall0 60 means o2
an0 o2 t1e 2alse pretenses or 2ra!lent acts e7ecte! prior or simltaneos to t1e
commission o2 t1e 2ra!3 )sin" 2ictitios names or 2alsel0 preten!in" to posses
power/ in2lence/ propert0/ a"enc0/ 6siness/ 4ali2ication/ cre!it/ or ima"inar0
transaction3
Letter ' o2 'rticle 31, 1as to 6e !i22erentiate! also wit1 'rticle 31D 6ecase in
t1e latter/ preten!in" to 6e t1e owner o2 t1e propert0/ w1ile t1e 2ormer preten!in"
to possess propert03 In 'rticle 31,/ personal propert0 an! possession are
involve!3 In 'rticle 31D/ pretension to 6e t1e owner o2 a real propert0 an! t1e
conve0ance;sale;mort"a"e o2 t1e same to anot1er are involve!3
$0rami!in" +c1emes K preten!in" to 1ave a 6siness or ima"inar0 transaction3 I2
people onl0 will stop 6ein" "lli6le an! "ree!0/ scams involvin" t1ese won>t
1appen3 J!"e "oes on an! on a6ot t1is an! talke! a6ot proce!re an! t1e
!ela0in" tactics o2 "ilt0 people involve! in t1ese scams3 Brs1 p on 0or
Crimpro 2or t1is3
$ara"rap1 2@ in relation to $3@3 SL1L --- issance o2 a post !ate! c1eck in
pa0ment o2 an o6li"ation w1ic1 was incrre! simltaneosl0 wit1 t1e issance o2
t1e c1eck3 It mst not 6e a post !ate! c1eck to pa0 2or an o6li"ation alrea!0
incrre!3 I2 t1e c1eck is isse! in pa0ment o2 an e7istin" or a pre-e7istin"
o6li"ation/ t1en no esta2a is incrre!3 It is onl0 w1en t1e c1eck is pai! an! it is
post !ate! w1en t1e o6li"ation is incrre!P t1en it wol! 6e in violation o2 $3@3
SL1L3
Re4isites n!er $3@3 SL1LA
13 notice 60 t1e 6ank or t1e 1ol!er o2 t1e c1eck t1at it was !is1onore! 60
reason o2 close! accont/ @'I9/ @')@
23 2ormal !eman! to t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck t1at 1e ma!e "oo! o2 t1e
vale o2 t1e c1eck 2or t1ree !a0s (not 6ankin" !a0s)3 Bt i2 0o want
t1e person lia6le n!er B3$3 S22/ make it 2ive 6ankin" !a0s3 Bt i2 0o
want to s4is1 t1e person w1o !e2ra!e! 0o/ make it onl0 t1ree !a0sJ
.ow/ in relation to letter (?
T1ere is a case 2ile! in m0 sala/ t1e #akwoo! case3 ' retire! sea captain lease! a
room in #akwoo! 2or so an! so amont3 :e onl0 pai! t1e !own pa0ment an!
not1in" t1erea2ter3 Bt 1e kept on or!erin" 2oo! etc3 :e was c1ar"e! onl0 2or
non-pa0ment o2 1is room3 Is t1at esta2a= .o/ it is onl0 a civil case 6ecase t1ere
was a lease contract3 #akwoo! s1ol! not 1ave let 1im si"n a lease contract/ 6t
rat1er a car! o2 occpanc03 :e onl0 committe! (sta2a re"ar!in" t1e 2oo!s an!
!rinks 1e !i! not pa0 2or as no contract "overns 1im !oin" so3 #/ remem6er t1at
1a/ lease contracts mean civil o6li"ation onl03
In para"rap1 2/ !eman! is necessar0 1a
T1e t1ir! is 8t1ro"1 an0 2ra!lent means to in!ce anot1er to si"n an0
!ocment3N ( napaka!ali naman nn3
8Resortin" to some 2ra!lent practice to ensre sccess in a "am6lin" "ame3N
Bn" !ala-!alawa an" alas/ pa"-sap t1ro"1 si"ns/ 2i7in" o2 t1e
lotto;cock2i"1tin" etc3 T1at is esta2aJ J!"e talke! len"t1il0 a6ot sa6on" an!
sa0s we s1ol! know all t1ese t1in"s3
Remove/ conceal/ !estro0 (in w1ole an! in part) an0 cort recor!/ o22ice 2iles/ or
an0 ot1er !ocments;papers3 T1is nee!s !ama"e3
<e will !iscss ma0 6e B3$3 S22 an! t1e ot1er articles ne7t time?
#cto6er 1/ 2003
B0A 9a0e
'aveatI I am not sure if $udge was consistently accurate with regard to the
+rticle numbers so !indly chec! it during your review.
(sta2a3
$ara"rap1 2 is ver0 simple3 an! we>ll e7plain para"rap1 2(!) an! I tol! 0o t1at it
is connecte! wit1 B$ 22 an! I !on>t 1ave to !iscss B$ 22 wit1 0o3 e7cept 2or
t1e 2act t1at in $B L1L t1e !eman! mst onl0 6e 2or t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck/
make "oo! t1e vale o2 t1e c1eck wit1in 3 !a0s not , 6ankin" !a0s3 'n!
remem6er w1en a 4estion is aske! o2 0o w1et1er a !eman! 2or t1e !rawer o2
t1e c1eck to !eposit t1e vale o2 t1e c1eck in t1e 6ank 6t t1e c1eck was
!is1onore! !e to close! accont/ w1at is t1e e22ect o2 t1at !eman!= It is not a
!eman! at all 6ecase it is impossi6le o2 accomplis1ment3 Bo cannot !eposit
an0more an0 amont in a close! accont3 It is alrea!0 close! an! it cannot 6e
reopene! 60 t1e 6ank3 I was once aske! 60 a prosector 6ecase t1e complainant
claims t1at 1e ma!e a !eman!3 9or t1e accse! to !eposit t1e amont in t1e 6ank3
Bt t1en w1en t1e c1eck was s1own to t1e prosector it is a close! accont3 t1e
prosector aske! me/ is t1is !eman! proper= It is improper 6ecase s1e is askin"
2or t1e impossi6le3 :ow can 0o !eposit t1e mone0 in t1e 6ank wit1in 3 !a0s or
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) D0
wit1in , 6ankin" !a0s w1en t1e accont o2 t1e !rawer is alrea!0 close!= T1at is
an impossi6ilit03 'n! t1ere2ore it is not a !eman! at all3
T1ere are onl03 acts committe! in esta2a t1ro"1 an0 2ra!lent means an! t1e
2irst is in!cin" anot1er to si"n an0 !ocment 60 means o2 !eceit an! t1e ot1er
one is to resort to an0 2ra!lent or sc1eme in or!er to assre t1e sccess in a
"am6lin" "ame3 'n! likewise t1e removal or t1e concealment o2 t1e !estrction
o2 cort recor!s to t1e pre&!ice o2 anot1er3 T1ose are t1e onl0 33 t1ere is no
pro6lem on t1e ot1er esta2a nless 0o want to ask me 4estions a6ot esta2a I>m
willin" to answer t1em3 :ow a6ot esta2a n!er t1e trst receipt law an! n!er
$@ 1DLI= In 1DLI/ t1at is t1e s0n!icate! esta2a/ t1at is t1e p0rami!in" sc1eme3
Bt t1e o22en!ers mst 6e at least , an! t1e0 are actin" eit1er as corporations/ etc
or some associations an! t1eir sal means o2 !eceivin" t1e people is to ask
contri6tions 2rom t1e p6lic or !eposits 2rom t1e p6lic on t1e promise t1at t1e
mone0 t1at t1e0 will 6e receivin" will 6e investe! in some 6siness w1en in 2act
t1e0 are not !oin" it3 T1at is known as t1e 9on5i +c1eme3 9on5i is an Italian w1o
went to t1e )nite! +tates !rin" t1e present time an! 1e was t1e one w1o
actall0? 1e !i! not invent t1is3 :e &st per2ecte! t1is an! t1e 9ilipinos went
a1ea! to even more t1an per2ect it as t1e0 can c1eat actall0 even *enerals an!
even J!"es3 In t1e case t1at I am 1an!lin"/ t1ere are J!"es t1at are investors 6t
onl0 in small amonts 6t t1e "enerals in millions3 @o we 1ave to !iscss B$ 22=
T1e onl0 recent !evelopment in B$ 22 is a6ot t1e penalt0 t1at ma0 6e impose!/
w1ic1 accor!in" to t1e 2 cases !eci!e! 60 t1e +C/ t1is is a penalt0 or 2ine
e4ivalent to t1e vale o2 t1e c1eck or t1e amont state! in t1e 2ace o2 t1e c1eck3
It is simpl0 a recommen!ation on t1e part o2 t1e +C not an0more a !irective3
'ccor!in" to t1e +C/ t1e !iscretion still rest pon t1e Trial J!"e/ 6t i2 it is t1e
+C t1at recommen!s/ 0o mst 2ollow it3 <1en t1e accse! appears 6e2ore t1e
+C/ t1at will 6e t1e !ecision o2 t1e +C so w10 waste 0or time an! make t1at
person s22er w1en 1e will "et w1at 1e wants w1en 1e "oes to t1e +C= T1e
pro6lem now is in connection wit1 t1e prosection o2 B$ 22 cases3 I2 0o 2ile a
case 2or violation o2 B$ 22/ 0o mst 6e rea!0 to pa0 !ocket 2ees accor!in" to
t1e sc1eme prescri6e! 60 t1e +C3 I2 0o 2ail to pa0 !ocket 2ees wit1in 1, !a0s
2rom learnin" o2 t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation/ even i2 t1ere is alrea!0 a 2in!in"
t1at pro6a6le case e7ist 2or t1e issance o2 a warrant an! t1e warrant 1as 6een
isse!/ t1at warrant will never 6e implemente!3 'n! w1at will 1appen to 0or
case= It will 6e arc1ive!3 'n! it will 6e revive! onl0 i2 0o can pa0 alrea!0 t1e
!ocket 2ees3 .ow no6o!0 1as 0et 4estione! t1e circlar o2 t1e +C 6ecase to m0
min! t1at is preventin" a person to 1avin" a 2ree access to t1e corts as
"arantee! 60 t1e Constittion3 Bo can &st ima"ine t1at even t1e criminal
aspect o2 t1e case 1as to 6e sspen!e!3 I will a"ree i2 it is onl0 t1e civil aspect
t1at 1as to 6e sspen!e!3 Bt t1e criminal aspect/ I !on>t 6elieve t1at t1at is
!en0in" a person 2ree access to t1e cort an! even i2 it is a criminal action?
(4ga sis, confused din a!o dito sa statement na to ni $udge" both sides na
naman yung agree nya")
J!"e tipA In t1e 6ar e7ams/ w1en t1e 4estion asks w1at is 0or opinion/ it is a
"iven/ 0o &st 1ave to write ver0 well an! !o not write too lon" an answer3 It
onl0 tests 0or a6ilit0 to write3
In connection wit1 esta2a/ t1ere is a new +C circlar w1erein in all cases o2
esta2a/ t1e complainant/ mst wit1in 1, !a0s mst pa0 also t1e !ocket 2ees pon
learnin" t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e in2ormation3 I2 t1e !ocket 2ees are not pai!/ t1e criminal
action s1all contine 6t t1e private o22en!e! part0 cannot prove t1e civil aspect
o2 t1e case3 <1at a waste o2 time/ no1= Bo 1ave to 6rin" anot1er action3 <1at
t1e0 1ave 6een !oin" is well to 2ine a motion to liti"ate as a paper3 Becase
accor!in" to t1em/ t1e0 1ave alrea!0 6een !pe! o2 several millions o2 pesos/
t1e0 are alrea!0 papers3 Bo know w1at I am !oin"= 'n! I !on>t know i2 t1at
will 6e alri"1t wit1 t1e +C/ I am consi!erin" t1at t1e !ocket 2ees are a 2irst lien in
t1e event o2 t1e recover0 o2 t1e civil lia6ilit0 60 t1e o22en!e! part03 Becase t1e
o22en!e! part0 ma0 onl0 recover t1e civil lia6ilit0 60 e7ection3 +o t1e s1eri22
mst see to it t1at t1e amont o2 !ocket 2ees/ etc/ mst 6e satis2ie! 2irst 6e2ore 1e
"ives t1e s1are o2 t1e private complainant3 T1at wa0/ 0o also serve t1e
"overnment in t1e collection o2 w1at>s !e to it3 t1at is w1at I !i!3 I !on>t know i2
t1at is accepta6le3 Bt I t1ink t1at t1e0 will accept it rat1er t1an to !en0 t1e
o22en!e! part0 2ree access to t1e corts3
In t1e violation o2 t1e anti-trst receipts law w1ic1 is also esta2a/ t1is is w1ere t1e
person opens a letter o2 cre!it in a 6ank an! sin" t1e letter o2 cre!it 1e prc1ases
"oo!s 2rom a6roa! w1ic1 1e se 2or man2actre "oo!s t1at are 2or sale 1ere or
2or e7port o2 t1e t1in"s man2actre! an! t1e "oo!s are !elivere! to t1e owner o2
t1e one w1o aske! 2or a loan covere! 60 t1e LC3 )pon arrival o2 t1e "oo!s to t1e
$1ilippines/ t1e same is sppose! to 6e !elivere! to t1e owners an! i2 t1ere
wol! 6e esta2a/ pon !eliver0 o2 "oo!s to t1e owner/ t1e owner mst at t1e same
time or simltaneosl0 wit1 t1e !eliver0 si"n t1e trst receipt 6ecase t1e
con!ition in t1e trst receipt is t1at i2 t1e "oo!s are sol!/ t1e person w1o opens
t1e LC o2 t1e !e6tor s1all pa0 t1e 6ank or !eliver t1e procee!s o2 sale to t1e 6ank
i2 t1e "oo!s are not sol! t1en t1e propert0 s1all 6e retrne! to t1e 6ank3 T1at is
t1e essence o2 t1e trst receipt law3 T1e trst receipt mst 6e si"ne! 60 t1e !e6tor
simltaneos wit1 t1e !eliver0 o2 t1e "oo!s3 I2 t1e trst receipt is si"ne! a2ter t1e
!eliver0 o2 t1e "oo!s/ it 6ecomes a civil o6li"ation an! it is not esta2a3 T1at is t1e
case o2 $$L v3 C)LI.'R(+3 T1ose are t1e onl0 t1in"s t1at are important in
esta2a3
IanA wit1 0or last e7ample sir/ pa" tmal6o" an! c1eke/ B$ 22 na 0n a"a!/ sir=
J!"eA .oJ not 0etJ I2 t1e c1eck 6once!/ t1ere are still re4irements t1at 0o
1ave to compl0 wit13 9irst/ make a !eman! i2 0o are t1e 1ol!er o2 t1e c1eck or
t1e 6ank will noti20 t1e !rawer o2 t1e c1eck eit1er 60 !epositin"/ etc/ !epen!in"
pon w1at was t1e reason "iven in t1e !is1onor o2 t1e c1eck3 .ow/ t1at !eman!
is a necessar0 element3 'si!e 2rom t1e !eman!/ 0o mst "ive t1e ot1er part0
s22icient time3 In B$ 22/ it>s , 6ankin" !a0s3 In $@ L1L/ it is onl0 3 !a0s3 It is
not even 6ankin" !a0s3 +o in esta2a n!er par 2! o2 'rt 31,/ t1e perio! wit1in
w1ic1 0o ma0 allow a person to make "oo! t1e vale o2 t1e c1eck or !eposit t1e
vale o2 t1e c1eck i2 it is 2easi6le or to make arran"ements so t1at t1e c1eck will
6e consi!ere! as pai! is onl0 3 !a0s3 Irrespective o2 1oli!a0s/ w1atever3 T1at is
t1e rle3 In B$ 22/ it is , 6ankin" !a0s3 'n! t1at 0o mst see to it t1at t1e
!eman! was "iven to t1e person w1o is sppose! to answer to t1e violation o2 B$
223 nless 1e 1as le2t 1is resi!ence/ 0or !eman! mst 6e !irecte! to 1is last
known a!!ress an! t1at is alrea!0 a s6stantial compliance in re"ar! to p to a
receipt o2 t1e !eman!3
In corporate c1ecks/ make sre t1at t1e person at1ori5e! 60 t1e corporation in a
6oar! resoltion 1as t1e power to 2n! t1e c1eck3 Becase i2 t1e person
at1ori5e! to si"n t1e c1eck w1o mst 6e a respon!ent in t1e violation o2 B$ 22
cannot 2n! t1e c1eck/ 6ecase o2 1is or 1er position in t1e compan0 6ecase o2
1is or 1er position in t1e compan0 like a mere secretar0 or &anitor/ t1at person
cannot 6e 1el! lia6le 2or violation o2 B$ 223 t1at is t1e case o2 $$L v3 Rosa
Limlao or Limlaw3 IanA in t1at case sir/ w1o will 6e lia6le= J!"eA it is onl0 t1e
Boar! o2 @irectors w1o "ave t1e at1orit0 to a &anitor or a secretar0 will 6e lia6le
not 2or B$ 22 6t 2or esta2a t1ro"1 2ra!lent means3
(!celA J!"e?(asks a 4estion) J!"eA It mst 6e t1e prosector w1o mst prove
t1at t1e accse! is a secon!-time o22en!er3 It is not 2or t1e accse! to prove t1at
1e is a 2irst-time o22en!er3 Becase i2 t1e prosector can prove t1at 1e is a
secon!-time o22en!er/ t1e penalt0 is alrea!0 imprisonment or !o6le t1e amont
o2 t1e 2ine or 6ot13
'rt 31D3 t1e 2irst in 31D is a6ot a person preten!in" to 6e an owner o2 a real
propert0 sells or encm6ers or mort"a"es or conve0 t1e same to anot1er3 T1is is
!i22erent 2rom esta2a 60 preten!in" to possess propert03 In esta2a 60 preten!in" to
possess propert0 n!er 'rt 31, par 2a/ t1e propert0 t1at is sppose! to 6e
possesse! 60 t1e o22en!er in t1at 'rt is a personal propert0 an! 0o rel0 on 1is
pretensions t1at 1e possess personal propert0 w1ic1 incl!es mone03 T1is all
involve real propert0/ 'rt 31D3 0o encm6er propert0 t1at are alrea!0
encm6ere! an! !ispose o2 t1e same/ even i2 t1e encm6rance is not recor!er/
even i2 t1e mort"a"e is not recor!e!3 Likewise in t1e ot1er para"rap1 it re2ers
now to a personal propert0 w1en t1e o22en!er actall0 wron"2ll0 take a propert0
2rom t1e law2l possessor o2 t1e propert0 t1s pre&!icin" t1e possessor3 T1is is
to 6e !i22erentiate! 2rom li"1t coercions3 Bo remem6er in li"1t coercions w1en
t1e !e6tor w1o is in possession o2 a personal propert0 6ecomes t1e victim o2 t1e
cre!itor w1o sei5es personal propert0 o2 t1e !e6tor an! applies t1e personal
propert0 o2 t1e !e6tor to t1e satis2action o2 t1e !e6tor= T1at is li"1t coercion3
:ere it is !i22erent3 T1e person to w1om t1e propert0 6elon"s mst not 6e a
!e6tor3 :e is simpl0 a law2l possessor w1et1er t1e possession is "ratitos or
w1atever as lon" as 1e is a law2l possessor an! not a !e6tor an! it was wron"
2ll0 sei5e! 60 anot1er/ 60 t1e o22en!er/ t1at is esta2a n!er article 31D i2 t1ere is
a pre&!ice t1at was case! to t1e law2l possessor3
In no3 4/ t1e e7ection o2 2ictitios contract/ an! it will case !ama"e to anot1er
t1en it will 6ecome esta2a n!er 31D3 t1ose w1o accept compensations "iven to
t1em n!er t1e 6elie2 t1at t1e0 are entitle! to it 6t t1e0 !i! not work 2or it/ t1ese
are lia6le 2or esta2a3 T1is is w1at is known in t1e "overnment as R' 1,30/ w1o
"oes onl0 to t1eir emplo0ers to collect t1eir salaries ever0 1,-30 an! t1e0 !i! not
per2orm an0 work in t1e 6elie2 t1at t1e0 are entitle! to it 6ecase t1e0 were
appointe! K t1at is esta2a3 In t1e or!inar0 cases/ t1ese are la6orers w1o receive
salaries 2rom t1eir emplo0ers in t1e 6elie2 t1at t1e0 are entitle! to it 6t in 2act
t1e0 !i! not work 2or it/ t1at is esta2a3 I2 t1ere is no 6elie2/ t1at ma0 amont to
t1e2t/ !epen!in" pon t1e circmstances3
T1ose w1o are si"natories to sreties in a 6ank involvin" real properties K 0o
know at present w1en 0o post t1at a real propert0 1as a sret0 in an0 criminal or
civil case/ it mst 6e re"istere! wit1 t1e re"ister o2 !ee!s3 'n! i2 0o sell t1em or
encm6er t1em/ wit1ot t1e cort 1avin" 2irst 1avin" t1e release o2 t1ose
properties t1en 0o are lia6le even i2 t1e case 1as alrea!0 6een terminate!3 T1ere
is a pro6lem 1ere t1at I can see3 +pposin" t1e sposes 1as 6ecame a sret0 in a
criminal case an! one o2 t1e sposes !ie!/ so sret0 is personal in natre so
t1ere2ore t1e personal lia6ilit0 o2 t1at sret0 is e7tin"is1e!3 Bt 6ecase it is
&oint an! several/ t1e onl0 sret0 remainin" ma0 6e 1el! lia6le in t1e event t1at
t1e accse! cannot an0more 6e locate! an! 1as &mpe! 6ail3 In t1e 2or2eitre o2
t1e 6on!/ wit1 respect to t1e one w1o !ie!/ 0o cannot 2or2eit t1eir s1are3 Bt
0o can 2or2eit t1e entire amont comin" 2rom t1e ot1er sret03 Bt t1en
spposin" t1at is a piece o2 lan!/ t1ere 1as to 6e a settlement o2 estate/ !i 6a= 'n!
no writ o2 e7ection can 6e isse! an0 estate o2 a !ecease! person3 Bo 1ave to
pt t1e same as a claim onl03 In spec pro !o 0o remem6er t1at= .o writ o2
e7ection can 6e en2orce! in a pen!in" intestate or testate procee!in"s3 Becase
t1e claim ma0 6e satis2ie! !rin" t1e !istri6tion o2 t1e s1ares a2ter pa0in" all t1e
o6li"ations3 T1at is simple3
Bn" m"a 2ictitios contracts/ it is sal wit1 6sinessmen3 T1e0 e7ecte
2ictitios !ee!s o2 sales o2 t1eir properties in 2avor o2 anot1er person so t1at t1e
cre!itor will not 6e a6le to rn a2ter t1eir properties or t1e cre!itors cannot toc1
t1em3 Bt i2 0o ask me/ can 0o attac1 a propert0 t1at was sol! 60 a !e6tor an!
t1e !e6tor is also actall0 t1e !e2en!ant in a case= Bes3 's lon" as t1e sale is so
close to eit1er prior to t1e 2ilin" o2 t1e complaint or t1e sale was !one !rin" t1e
pen!enc0 o2 t1e o6li"ation3 Bo can 1ave it attac1e!3 Bo will 6e practicin"
ma06e a 0ear 2rom now an! i2 0o were aske! to 2ile a complaint 2or sm o2
mone0 wit1 a writ o2 preliminar0 attac1ment an! t1en 0o were a6le to 2in! t1at
t1e !e6tor 1as alrea!0 trans2erre! all 1is properties/ i2 t1e trans2er occrre!
!rin" t1e pen!enc0 o2 t1e in!e6te!ness/ 1ave t1ose properties attac1e! an! let
t1e person w1o 6o"1t it prove t1at 1e 6o"1t it in "oo! 2ait1 an! 2or vale3 's
0o will know/ most o2 t1e sales are n!ervale!3 I2 its n!ervale!/ t1ere is
alrea!0 a prima 2acie evi!ence t1at it was to !e2ra! t1e cre!itors3
@epen!in" pon t1e time K t1e sale in or!er to !e2ra! t1e cre!itors mst 6e !one
a2ter t1e !eman! 1as 6een ma!e3 T1at is w1ere t1ere is 2ra! pon cre!itors3 T1e
ot1er one t1at I was tellin" 0o is 2or prposes o2 attac1ment also or 2ictitios
contract3 Jo-anneA so sir/ i2 t1e sale 1appene! !rin" t1e e7istence o2 t1e contract
6t 6e2ore t1e !eman!/ esta2a= J!"eA $asok sa esta2a3 I2 t1e sale is a2ter t1e
!eman!/ 'rt 3143
+win!lin" a minor3 Bo take a!vanta"e o2 t1e emotions/ ine7perience an!
2eelin"s o2 a minor3 Bo ask 1im to assme an o6li"ation3 <ell/ t1ere mi"1t 6e
an o6li"ation 6t 0o ask 1im to assme or 0o ask 1im to release t1e properties
etc3 even i2 it is tre t1at t1ere are encm6rances in t1e propert0 6t 0o ask 1im
to release3 )sall0/ its 6ecase o2 8tan" na loo6N to cancel t1e !e6t3 .atrall0/
t1at is esta2a3
'rt 31L/ ot1er !eceits3 +ome ot1er !eceits t1at ma0 not 6e enmerate! in t1is
article3 9or e7ample/ t1ose t1at ma0 not 2all n!er $@ 1DLI or in trst receipts or
an0 ot1er kin! o2 esta2a sc1 as makin" t1e person 6elieve t1at 0o 1ave t1e
capacit0 to trn somet1in" into "ol!3- t1at is ot1er !eceits3 T1ose w1o 2or pro2it
or "ain s1all interprete! !reams or make 2orecasts3 T1ose w1o tell 2ortnes 2or
pro2it an! t1ose t1at take a!vanta"e o2 t1e cre!lit0 o2 t1e p6lic in a similar
manner3 T1at is esta2a3 (7cept t1ose w1o are in t1e weat1er 6rea are e7empte!3
I2 %a!am 'rin" is "oin" to ask 0o to "ive 1er mone0/ t1at is esta2a3 (ven 2en"
si/ i2 t1e0 will ask 2or mone0/ t1at is makin" 2orecasts an! tellin" 2ortnes3
Removal or sale o2 mort"a"e! propert03 T1is involves personal propert0 w1ic1
was mort"a"e! n!er t1e c1attel mort"a"e law3 Bt it s1ol! 6e t1e natre o2 t1e
propert0 t1at 0o s1ol! look into3 T1ose t1at are 60 natre o2 t1eir c1aracter
t1e0 are mova6le/ like ve1icles/ 0o cannot sa0 t1at t1is propert0 can onl0 6e
con2ine! in t1at town an! it s1ol! not live t1ere3 Bo can even "o to %in!anao
sin" t1e R#R#3 Bt t1en it is actall0 pro1i6ite! 2or an0 mort"a"or in an0
c1attel mort"a"e to remove t1e propert0 an! trans2er it to anot1er town3 T1e
ple!"in"/ t1e sellin"/ t1e encm6erin" o2 t1e mort"a"e! propert0 is also
pro1i6ite! n!er t1is article3
@estrctive arson3 T1is 1as 6een !iscsse! in R' ED,I3 T1e onl0 law on arson
now e7istin" is t1e one consoli!ate! wit1 R' ED,I3 no more3 T1e 1D13 law on
arson/ no more3 +o &st remem6er t1ese principles in arsonA t1ere is no 2rstrate!
arson3 T1ere are onl0 2 sta"es in arsonA attempte! an! consmmate!3 T1e
moment a part o2 t1e 6il!in" s22ers 2rom scorc1in"/ even 1ow small/ t1at is
alrea!0 consmmate! arson3 Likewise in arson/ t1e moment t1at a person !ies 60
reason o2 t1e arson/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e !eat13 Bt t1en i2 2ire is se! in t1e
commission o2 anot1er crime/ e7ample mr!er/ 0o will note t1at t1e law on
arson is relate! to sc13 I will s1ow 0o w103 T1e law sa0s now/ irrespective o2
t1e application o2 t1e a6ove enmerate! 4ali20in" circmstances/ t1e penalt0 o2
reclsion perpeta to !eat1 likewise s1all 6e impose! i2 t1e arson is committe! or
perpetate! 60 2 or more persons or 60 "rop3 Re"ar!less o2 w1et1er t1e prpose
is merel0 to 6rn or to !estro0 t1e 6il!in" or t1e 6rnin" merel0 constitte an
overt act in t1e commission o2 an0 violation o2 law3 +o in case o2 mr!er/
6ecase t1at is anot1er violation o2 law/ t1e penalt0 is still reclsion perpeta to
!eat13 .ot man!ator0 !eat13 +o it wol! appear to me/ i2 0o are "oin" to look at
it in sc1 a wa0/ t1at even i2 t1e o22en!er !oes not know t1e e7istence o2 t1e
person in t1e 6il!in" 1e 6rne!/ an! t1at person !ies/ t1e penalt0 s1all 6e !eat13
+o it will 6e 6etter i2 0o pt p t1e !e2ense t1at in!ee! 0o want to kill t1e
person/ t1at is mr!er wit1 t1e se o2 2ire an! t1e penalt0 s1all 6e reclsion
perpeta to !eat1 as 0o will see in t1e ver0 provisions o2 t1e law3 Bo 1ave a
c1ance t1ere2ore to live 60 plea!in" "ilt03 I2 0o plea! "ilt0/ t1e penalt0 s1all
6e reclsion perpeta3
Bo will note t1at in !estrctive arson/ t1ere are so man0 principles t1at 0o 1ave
to learn3 In !estrctive arson/ w1et1er 0o onl0 6rn once a 6il!in" or on
several occasions or 0o 6rn it once/ twice or several times/ as lon" as 0or
intention is to 6rn 6il!in"s or a "rop o2 6il!in"s/ t1en it s1all 6e consi!ere!
as !estrctive arson3 I2 t1e 6il!in" 6rne! is !evote! to p6lic 2nctions or even
i2 it is o2 private owners1ip 6t it is !evote! to t1e p6lic in "eneral an! it is
6rne!/ it is consi!ere! as !estrctive arson3 T1is will incl!e works1ops 2or
6siness3 It is consi!ere! !estrctive3 'll t1ose arsons t1at are committe! to
1otels/ motels/ transient !wellin"s/ p6lic conve0ances3 $6lic conve0ances K
terminals3 Its not t1e 6s its not t1e &eepne0/ it is t1e place w1ere 0o are
sppose! to take 0or ri!e3 It is also !estrctive arson3 Train locomotive/ s1ip/
airs1ip/ it is also !estrctive arson3 Bt not a 6s 6ecase it is not mentione!
1ere3 .ot also a &eepne03 I2 0o 6rn a 2actor0 or a ware1ose an0 apprtenances
t1ereto !evote! 2or t1e service o2 p6lic tilities t1en it is !estrctive arson3 I2
0o 6rn a 6il!in" in or!er to conceal 6ankrptc0 or to !e2ra! cre!itors an! to
collect 2rom t1em insrance/ t1en t1at is !estrctive arson3 T1e same is tre wit1
arsenals3 T1e penalt0 1ere is reclsion perpeta/ 6rnin" o2 arsenals or store1ose
or 2actories in an0 in1a6ite! place is !estrctive arson3 T1e ot1er kin!s o2
!estrctive arson is t1e 6rnin" o2 2arm1oses etc an! 0o will note t1at i2?
T'$( <'+ C)T?
+I@( B
? not incl!e! in 'rt 331 i2 t1e propert0 !o not e7cee! ,0 pesos3 Bt t1ese are
natrall0 6il!in"s/ e!i2ice/ etc?
T1e arson o2 properties o2 small vale t1e0 are t1e nin1a6ite! 1ts/ store1ose/
6arns/ s1e!s/ etc3 t1e vale o2 w1ic1 !oes not e7cee! 2, pesos3 Can 0o 6il! a
1t wort1 2, pesos3 T1is is alrea!0 passY3
'rt 324 is crimes involvin" !estrction3 <ell i2 0o want to !estro0 somet1in"/
se e7plosives or !isc1ar"e o2 an electric crrent/ sinkin" or inn!ation or
stran!in" o2 a vessel3 Jo-anneA J!"e/ w1at i2 t1e 6rnin" was committe! to
conceal t1e crime= J!"eA t1ose are two crimes K mr!er an! arson3 Becase it is
not necessar0 to commit mr!er or 6rn t1e 1ose in or!er t1at one or t1e ot1er
ma0 6e committe!3 T1e two are !i22erent acts an! t1e0 are 2 !i22erent crimes3 Jo-
anneA Bt J!"e/ in $ar ,/ 2or t1e prpose o2 !estro0in" or concealin" evi!ence
J!"eA t1at is evi!ence onl0 not t1e crime3 Jo-anneA 6t J!"e i2 t1e prpose o2
6rnin" t1e w1ole 1ose is to 6rn an! conceal t1e 6o!0/ !oesn>t it 2all n!er t1is
para"rap1= J!"eA .o3 it is still3 I2 t1e t1in" 6rne! is a 6il!in" or an e!i2ice/ it
will still 2all n!er 'rt 3203 Bo can 6rn t1e 6o!0 wit1ot 6rnin" t1e 6il!in"3
Jo-anneA w1at i2 0o 6rn t1e 6il!in" to remove t1e traces= J!"eA t1en t1at is
still arson an! mr!er3 2 crimes3 Jo-anneA 6t w1at a6ot par ,/ &!"e= T1e
concealin" o2 evi!ence= J!"eA actall0 it is t1e evi!ence/ not t1e 2act o2 t1e
crime t1at is 6ein" conceale!3 It is t1e 2act o2 evi!ence3 +a0 2or e7ample t1e
clot1es/ t1e weapon t1at were se!/ t1ose were t1e evi!ence3 T1e 6o!0 ma0 6e
consi!ere! an evi!ence 6ecase t1e person is alrea!0 !ea!3 Bt i2 it is to conceal
t1e crime/ it is !i22erent3
+o 6rnin" one>s own propert0 to commit arson/ t1ere is no pro6lem 1ere3 T1e
penalt0 will 6e as provi!e! 2or an! state! in t1is c1apter3 I2 0o want to 6rn 0or
own propert0/ 6e sre t1at it is in an nin1a6ite! place 6ecase i2 it is !one/ t1en
an! 0or prpose is to !e2ra! or case !ama"e to anot1er/ an! t1e pre&!ice is
actall0 case!/ t1e penalt0 is onl0 arresto ma0or in its ma7imm perio! to
prision correccional in its minimm perio! s1all 6e impose!3
'rt 32D-'/ t1is is i2 !eat1 reslte! as a conse4ence o2 arson committe! on an0
o2 t1e properties n!er an0 o2 t1e circmstances mentione! !rin" ? t1e penalt0
s1all 6e !eat13
$rima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson K too mc1 insrance3 T1ere are 2lamma6le
materials in e7cess o2 w1at is nee!e! in t1e stora"e3 Bo 2on! mec1anical or
electrical !evice or containers o2 2lamma6le materials in t1e place w1ere it was
6rne!3 T1ose are prima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson3 +o 0o can !evice wa0s an!
means in or!er to answer an0 4estion re"ar!in" arson3
$@ 1D13= #r 1D30= 's I state! amen!in" t1e law on arson is not an0more in
e22ect3
In 'rt 32D-B/ prima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson/ t1ese are also actall0 containe! in
R' ED,I3 T1ere is w1at we call a plantin" o2 evi!ence 1ere it was a!opte! 2rom
R' ED,I3 'si!e 2rom plantin" o2 evi!ence it was ma!e 2or prposes o2 e7tortion
or coercion3 .ow/ t1e penalt0 natrall0 is !i22erent 2rom t1ose t1at are
mentione!3 T1ose prima 2acie evi!ence o2 arson/ t1e evi!ence t1ere/ i2 0o plant
t1em/ t1at is w1en it is pnis1a6le as plantin" o2 evi!ence or 0o place t1em 2or
t1e prposes o2 e7tortion or coercion t1en t1e penalt0 is onl0 p to prision
correccional3
<e "o to malicios misc1ie23 T1is is onl0 t1e !estrction o2 personal propert0 60
anot1er person an! it !oes not 2all n!er t1e ne7t prece!in" c1apter3 I2 0o
!estro0 a c1air/ a !oor/ a television/ t1at is malicios misc1ie23 I2 0o spra0 paint
on t1e walls an! walls are incl!e! 6ecase walls are owne! 60 t1e owner o2 t1e
lot3 +o i2 t1ose t1at spra0 paint are ca"1t/ asi!e 2rom t1e penalt0/ t1e0 are civill0
lia6le an! t1e0 ma0 6e aske! to pa0 2or it especiall0 t1e minors/ 1aJ %inors/ w1o
are lia6le= T1e parents i2 t1e0 allow t1eir c1il!ren to roam aron! 6e0on! t1e
cr2ew 1ors3 '6solte lia6ilit0 0on3 spposin" a 4estion is aske!/ a 14-0ear ol!
6o0 was ca"1t at 12 mn spra0 paintin" t1e walls/ t1en w1o s1all 6e 1el! civill0
lia6le= $rimaril0 are t1e parents3 Becase t1e0 are ne"li"ent It is onl0 w1en t1e0
can prove t1at t1e0 are not ne"li"ent t1at t1e propert0 o2 t1e minor natrall0 1as
to answer nless o2 corse t1e minor !oes not 1ave an0 propert0 t1en t1e
s6si!iar0 lia6ilit0 !evolves now to t1e parents3 +o t1e parents 1ave t1e primar0
lia6ilit0 an! not t1e propert0 o2 t1e minor 6ecase t1ere is a presmption o2
lia6ilit0 especiall0 w1en !one !oin" cr2ew 1ors3 T1e0 s1ol! strictl0 en2orce
t1at3
(special kin!s o2 malicios misc1ie2 K i2 0o !estro0 somet1in" to !isrpt p6lic
2nctions/ sprea! t1e conta"ion o2 cattle/ to se poisonos or corrosive
s6stances/ t1ese are special kin!s o2 malicios misc1ie23 #t1er misc1ie2s K t1ese
are t1e misc1ie2s not incl!e! in t1e prece!in" articles3
@ama"e an! o6strction to means o2 commnication K !o 0o remem6er t1e
sprea!in" o2 virs in t1e compters= +o it !estro0s also telep1one lines 6ecase a
compter operates incases w1ere 0o 1ave a we6site t1ro"1 t1e se o2
telep1one3 T1is was t1e law t1at s1ol! 1ave 6een applie! to 1ackers w1en t1e
anti-1ackin" law 1as not 0et 6een passe!3 T1ere is alrea!0 an anti-1ackin" law so
it will not 2all an0more n!er t1is/ t1is is t1e !estrction o2 telep1one lines/ etc3
1ow a6ot t1ose we6sites= @ito papatak/ article 3303 6ecase t1e0 are not
electrical transmission lines3
@estro0in" or !ama"in" stattes/ p6lic monments or paintin"s3 <1en 0o "et
t1e "lok or 6olo o2 'n!res Boni2acio/ is it t1e2t or article 331= .o it>s not t1e2t3
Is t1ere a vale to t1e "lok= It 2alls n!er 331= Is it a personal propert0= It>s not
6ecase it>s attac1e! to a real propert03 T1at is t1e reason w10 t1e 6olo o2
Boni2acio is not consi!ere! personal propert0 an! cannot 6e t1e s6&ect o2 t1e
crime o2 t1e2t3 It is !estrction o2 stattes or p6lic monments3 Tinan""al mo
0n" "lok e1 !i 1in!i na si Boni2acio/ 0on/ i6a nan" tao 0onJ remem6er w1at I
sai! 1aJ Remem6er t1e ar"ment t1at I "ave3 It is not a personal propert0 it is
alrea!0 a real propert0/ it is a monment attac1e! alrea!0 to t1e real propert0 an!
it cannot 6e remove!3
T1ose w1o are e7empt 2rom criminal lia6ilit0 K we 1ave alrea!0 !iscsses article
3323 kasama lan" naman !ito/ swin!lin"/ t1e2t/ malicios misc1ie2/ ascen!ants/
!escen!ants/ 6rot1ers or sisters livin" to"et1er/ t1at>s all3 Bt stran"ers w1oa re
participatin" in t1e crime are not e7empte! 1aJ
'!lter0 an! conc6ina"e/ si Joe0? 6t i2 0o 1ave alrea!0 2or"iven t1e
o22en!in" spose/ t1at wol! incl!e 2or"iveness to t1e ot1er o22en!in" part03
$rior to t1e instittion o2 t1e criminal action i2 0o 1ave o22ere! 0or 2or"iveness
or 0or par!on/ t1at is t1e en! o2 ever0t1in" t1e civil an! criminal/ t1at is t1e en!
o2 it3 +o %s3 'lma %oreno is onl0 tr0in" to sa0 somet1in" t1at wol! make some
people t1ink3 Bt s1e alrea!0 sai! t1in"s on television t1at s1e 2or"ives t1em or
par!ons t1em3
(this is the culmination of Fris and $oey episode" so $udge stated his opinion on
the = charges filed against $oey" which is now history because of the public
apology... personal noteI I can hear my voice in the bac!ground. +!o ang !a;
chismisan ni $udge ditoA and ta!e note, ang daming murmurs sa bac!ground
bigla haA ,pdated lahat at nabuhay ang =-A)
(+ng tagal ng discussion na to haA)
T1ere col! 6e no selective prosection in t1e case o2 a!lter0 even in
conc6ina"e 2or t1at matter 6ecase even i2 t1e person !oes not know t1at t1e
ot1er person is marrie!/ t1at is onl0 a matter o2 !e2ense3 T1e person w1o is
innocent mst still 6e c1ar"e! an! s1e mst pt p 1er !e2ense onl0 a2ter s1e is
calle! to pt p 1er !e2ense3 T1e onl0 time w1en 0o can c1ar"e a person eit1er
o2 a!lter0 or conc6ina"e alone is w1en t1e ot1er part0 is !ea!3 '!lter0/ t1is is
w1en a marrie! woman s1all 1ave se7al intercorse wit1 a man not 1er 1s6an!
an! t1e person knows 1er to 6e marrie!/ 6ot1 o2 t1em s1ol! 6e c1ar"e! o2
conc6ina"e3 Conc6ina"e/ it is all-encompassin" e1? keepin" a mistress in t1e
con&"al !wellin"/ 1avin" se7al intercorse n!er scan!alos circmstances/ or
in an0 ot1er place ka1it sa 6wan3 It is all encompassin" e1? ka1it saan?
Conc6ine/ !estierro lan" 0an3 Rape/ we 1ave alrea!0 !iscsse!3 'cts o2
lasciviosness/ i2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is less t1an 1L 0ears ol!/ R' ED103 I2 t1e
o22en!e! part0 is 1L an! a6ove/ it is n!er t1e R$C3 +o 0o 1ave to c1op-c1op it3
see to it t1at 0o !ivi!e it to 23
Fali2ie! se!ction K a "irl w1o is more t1an 12 6t less t1an 1L/ a vir"in 2or t1at
matter/ t1en it was committe! 60 a person a person in at1orit03 T1ere mst 6e a
person in at1orit0 6t t1is is wit1 consent3 I2 t1e one w1o committe! is a person
o2 at1orit0 6t t1ere is no consent/ it is rape3 :ere/ t1ere is consent3 #2 corse
0o 1ave t1e priest/ 1ose servant/ !omestic/ "ar!ian/ teac1er or an0 ot1er
person w1o in an0 capacit0 is involve! in t1e care an! e!cation o2 t1e c1il! or
t1e minor/ t1en t1is is 4ali2ie! se!ction3 Remem6er t1at t1is is a crime
pnis1a6le onl0 60 a correccional penalt0 an! not even an a22lictive penalt03
Its onl0 w1en t1e o22en!er is a 6rot1er o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 or an ascen!ant t1en
w1et1er or not t1e victim is a vir"in or not/ t1e penalt0 is one !e"ree 1i"1er3
Remem6er t1at in se!ction/ t1ere s1ol! 6e carnal knowle!"e3 I2 t1ere is no
carnal knowle!"e t1ere can 6e no se!ction3 T1e consi!eration 1ere is vir"init03
T1e reptation is not taken into consi!eration3
+imple se!ction/ never min! t1e wi!ow t1at is less t1an 1L 0ears o2 a"e/ wala na
0an/ remove t1at3 #nl0 t1e wi!ow w1o is 1L 0ears o2 a"e t1at is o2 "oo!
reptation3 #2 "oo! reptation/ 1aJ In simple se!ction t1ere is alwa0s !eceit an!
so wit1 4ali2ie! se!ction3 It is t1e sin"le t1at is o2 "oo! reptation in simple
se!ction w1ic1 is t1e element3
'cts o2 lasciviosness wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e o22en!e! part0 t1is is alrea!0
committe! over a minor so t1is is also covere! 60 R' ED103 T1is are t1e acts o2
lasciviosness wit1 t1e consent o2 t1e o22en!e! part03 Bt a"ain/ no wi!ow 1a/
sin"le lan" n!er 1L 0ears o2 a"e/ or a sister or a !escen!ant re"ar!less o2 t1e
reptation or a"e3 $a" sister or !escen!ant/ it is re"ar!less o2 t1eir reptation3
Reptation K p6lic perception o2 a woman3
Corrption o2 minor/ w1ite slave tra!e/ it is alrea!0 covere! 60 R' ED103 <1ite
slave tra!e/ reclsion perpeta an" penalt0 in R' ED103
Criminal Law Review Transcript 2003-2004 (Book II) D,
9orci6le a6!ction/ t1is is t1e simple a6!ction o2 a woman 60 a man a"ainst 1er
will an! wit1 lew! !esi"n3 Remem6er alt1o"1 it is not mentione! 1ere t1at t1e
a6!ction mst 6e !one 60 a man/ 1ow col! t1ere 6e lew! !esi"ns= T1ere can
6e lew! !esi"n even i2 t1e o22en!er is a woman so t1ere is anot1er sc1ool o2
t1o"1t t1at a woman can commit 2orci6le a6!ction3 <ell ma06e t1e0 are ri"1t
6ecase t1e law !i! not speci20 t1at t1e o22en!er mst 6e a man 6t w10 is it t1at
t1e law !istin"is1es t1at t1e o22en!e! part0 mst 6e a woman= In ot1er wor!s/
t1e0 re2er to t1e o22en!er as a man3 I2 t1e0 re2er to an0 part0 it s1ol! 6e an0
person3 In a6!ction/ t1ere is no se7al intercorse3 It is simpl0 t1e takin" o2 a
woman a"ainst 1er will wit1 lew! !esi"n an! t1at>s all t1ere is to it3 t1at is
2orci6le a6!ction3 I2 t1ere wol! 6e intercorse/ t1at wol! 6e rape3 T1s t1e
crime committe! is a6!ction wit1 rape3 +pecial comple7 crime3
Consente! a6!ction K t1ose w1o are over 12 6t n!er 1L w1o a"rees to 6e
taken 60 some6o!0 else t1en t1ere is lew! !esi"n/ t1at is consente!3 'rticle 344
0o remove onl0 rape t1en t1ere is no more pro6lem3 Becase t1is is prosection
o2 crimes o2 a!lter0/ conc6ina"e/ se!ction/ a6!ction/ an! acts o2
lasciviosness o2 over 1L 0ears o2 a"e3
T1e civil lia6ilit0 in crimes o2 rape an! crimes a"ainst c1astit0 o2 a6!ction/
se!ction/ t1e same pa !in 0an/ in!emni20 t1e o22en!e! woman/ acknowle!"e t1e
o22sprin"/ an! in ever0 case spport t1e o22sprin"3 Lia6ilit0 o2 ascen!ants/
!escen!ants/ "ar!ians etc/ well/ t1ese are onl0 wit1 re"ar! to accessor0
penalties3 @is4ali2ication 2rom 2illin" t1e o22ice o2 t1e "ar!ian3
'rticle 34E/ simlation an! s6stittion o2 one c1il! 2or anot1er an! concealment
or a6an!onment o2 a le"itimate c1il!3 +imlation/ 0o ma!e it appear t1at t1e
woman is t1e mot1er/ 1ave it re"istere!/ t1at is simlation o2 6irt13 T1at is
!i22erent 2rom s6stittion o2 one c1il!3 Bo can "o to 9a6ella :ospital an! ask
some o2 t1e ai!s t1ere to s6stitte 0or c1il! 2or anot1er c1il!/ 6t 0o !on>t
know w1at will 1appen to 0o in t1e 2tre?
:ow a6ot concealment or a6an!onment o2 le"itimate c1il!= +ometimes t1ese
are t1e nwante! c1il! w1om t1e parents wol! like to lose t1eir civil stats 6t
t1e0 are le"itimate3 +ome/ t1e0 1ave a 2avorite c1il! or &st 2or t1e 1eck o2 it/
t1e0 want t1e c1il! to lose 1is or 1er i!entit0 an! o2 corse t1e le"al stats o2 t1e
c1il! as a le"itimate c1il! ma0 a6an!on t1e c1il! or conceal 1er or 1im3
)srpation o2 civil stats/ well 0o preten! to 6ecome t1e c1il! o2 anot1er or 0o
preten! t1at 0o are t1e 2at1er w1en in 2act 0o are not3 Bo onl0 see t1is in
telenovelas3 In real li2e/ t1ere are some3 (speciall0 in in1eritance3 <1en t1e
owners o2 t1e lan! 1as !ie!/ especiall0 wit1ot an0 isse 6t t1e0 1ave nep1ews
an! nieces/ s!!enl0 1ere comes a person w1o will claim t1at 1e is t1e
ille"itimate c1il! o2 t1e one w1o !ie!3 :ow can 0o prove= I know 6ecase m0
mot1er tol! me3 T1en 1ere comes a woman w1o will claim t1at s1e 1a! an
alle"e! liaison wit1 t1e !ecease!3 T1e onl0 pro6lem is i2 t1e man 1as 6een
proven to 6e sterile/ pata0 kaJ #r impotent or col! not 6ear an0 c1il!ren3 T1at is
w10 t1ere are people w1o tr0 to srp t1e civil stats an! t1at is alrea!0
consmmate!/ srpation t1e civil stats o2 anot1er3
Bi"am0= (ven 10 times t1at a person "ets marrie!/ 6i"am03 T1ere is no crime o2
pol0"am0 1ere in t1e $1ilippines3 Bt t1en i2 a person 1as 6een !eclare!
presmptivel0 !ea!/ t1en t1e ot1er person ma0 "et marrie! a"ain wit1ot
incrrin" criminal lia6ilit0 6ecase t1at is wit1 approval o2 t1e cort3 %arria"e
contracte! a"ainst provisions o2 t1e laws/ i2 t1e le"al impe!iments are still t1ere
an! it was !isre"ar!e! an! 6ot1 were marrie! t1en t1e crime was marria"e
contracte! a"ainst provisions o2 t1e laws3 .o consent or was o6tain t1ro"1
violence or intimi!ation/ t1en t1e same3 T1e prematre marria"e is still 301 !a0s
2rom t1e !eat1 it was not amen!e! 60 t1e 2amil0 Co!e 6ecase t1e 9amil0 Co!e
!i! not e7pressl0 amen! t1e provisions o2 t1e R$C3
$er2ormance o2 an ille"al marria"e ceremon0 K wit1ot marria"e license3 Bt 0o
can cre it 60 sa0in" , 0ears livin" to"et1er as 1s6an! an! wi2e/ wit1 witnesses/
an! t1en t1e solemni5in" o22icer e7ectes an a22i!avit to t1at e22ect/ especiall0 o2
t1e persons are more t1an 2E 0ears o2 a"e3 #r even 23 or 2,3 6t i2 t1e persons
are less t1an 23 0ears o2 a"e/ !o not e7ecte an a22i!avit i2 0o are t1e
solemni5in" o22icer an! !o not even solemni5e t1e marria"e wit1ot a license3
Talo ka !on 6ecase 0o are lia6le3 Becase t1e 2 cannot live to"et1er as
1s6an! an! wi2e i2 t1e0 are 6elow 1L 0ears o2 a"e 6ecase t1e0 cannot "et
marrie!3
Li6el3 Li6el is t1e imptation o2 an0t1in" wron"/ or to 6lacken t1e memor0 o2
one w1o>s !ea!3 Jst remem6er t1isA i2 t1e person/ t1e o22en!e! part0 is a private
person/ t1ere is alwa0s a presmption o2 malice3 T1ere is alrea!0 a prima 2acie
evi!ence o2 malice3 I2 t1e o22en!e! part0 is a p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee/ t1ere is
no presmption o2 malice3 It is on t1e part o2 t1e p6lic o22icer or emplo0ee to
esta6lis1 malice3 Becase malice is t1e 1eart an! sol o2 li6el3 T1at is t1e
!e2ense3 'not1er !e2ense in li6el is proo2 o2 trt13
T'$( <'+ C)T3
TTT (.@ #9 CRI% L'< R(HI(<TTT
*oo!lck to sJJJJ

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