A

Project Report
on

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH
SPEED BRAKERS

Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
by
RAJNISH KUMAR SINGH(Roll no. 1064140036)
INDRABHAN MAURYA (Roll no. 1064140021)
VARUN KUMAR(Roll no. 1164140904)
ANIL SHARMA (Roll no. 1064140005)

Under the Supervision of

Mr.Manish Kumar Singh
Ashoka Institute of Technology & Management, Varanasi
Department of Mechanical Engineering


UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
June, 2014



CANDIDATE DECLARATION


We, Rajnish Kumar Singh, IndrabhanMaurya, Varun Kumar and Anil Sharma, here by declared
that the work presented in this report titled Generation of ElectricityThough Speed
Brakers,submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of
technology in Mechanical Engineering, to the Mechanical Department,Ashoka Institute of
Technology and Management,Varanasi, under the supervision of Mr.ManishSingh.We have not
plagiarized or submitted the same work for award of any other degree college.In case this
undertaking is found incorrect, We accept that our degree may be unconditionally withdrawn.




June,2014Rajnish Kumar singh

(1064140036)

Varanasi IndrabhanMaurya

(1064140021)

Varun Kumar

(1164140904)

Anil Sharma

(1064140005)










CERTIFICATE


certified thatRajnish Kumar Singh (1064140036), IndrabhanMaurya (1064140021), Varun
Kumar (1164140904) and Anil Sharma(106414005) has carried out the research work presented
in this report entitled Generation of Electricity Through Speed Brakers for the award
ofBachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineeringfrom Uttar Pradesh Technical
University, Lucknow under our supervision. The project report embodies results of works and
studies are carried out by the students themself and the contents of the report do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other
University/Institution.











Mr.MohanLalMr.Manish Kumar Singh

Head of Department Assistant Proffesor

Department of Mechanical Engineering.Department of Mechanical Engineering.

AITM Varanasi AITM,Varanasi








ABSTRACT

This project is presenting the study of electricity generation through the speed breaker
mechanism. For obtaining the electricity through the speed breaker mechanism a prototype
model is developed and studied. Findings from this research work is discussed in this project ,
The generator used here is permanent magnet D.C. generator. The generator voltage is 12 Volt
D.C. This D.C. voltage is stored to the lead 12-volt battery. The battery is connected to the
inverter. The inverter is used to convert 12 volt D.C. to the 230 volt A.C. voltage is used to
activate the light fan etc. By increasing the capacity of the battery and the invertercircuit the
power rating is increased.
Man in his lifetime, uses energy in one form or the other. In fact whatever happens in nature,
results, out of the conversion of energy in one form or the other? The extensive usage of energy
has resulted in an energy crisis, and there is a need to develop methods of optimal utilization,
which will not only ease the crisis but also preserve the environment.
Energy conservation is the cheapest new source of energy. This project attempts to show how
energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used system, the road-speed breakers.
The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in roads is increasing day by day. There
is possibility of tapping the energy and generating power by making the speed breaker as a
power generation unit. The generated power can be used for
the lamps near the speed breakers and this will be a great boon for the rural villages too.





i


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
None of the activities in the world can go forward without the permission of all mighty God. So
very fast, we are heartily thankful to God, who allows us to complete this project and helps us in
each stage of this project. We are thankful of his blessing hands on us. Obviously,this report is
the fruitful effect of blessing of our parents and our good wishers.
We want to express our sincere gratitude to our project supervisor Mr.Manish Kumarsingh
(Assistant professor,MED,AITM) for the encouragement & guidance we were able to
successfully complete this project.We are also very much thankful to our respected faculties who
supported us in complete our project.
Last but not the least,We feel indebted to all those person,who provided their direct or indirect
support in completion of our project.


Rajnish Kumar Singh
IndrabhanMaurya
Varun Kumar
Anil Sharma



ii


TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACTi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii-iv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE VIEW 3
CHAPTER 3: PRINCIPAL OF WORKING
3.1 Principal of Working 4
3.2 Block Diagram 5
3.3 Components Used 6
CHAPTER 4: PARTS DESCRIPTION
4.1 Shaft 7
4.2 Bearing 8
4.2.1 Classification of Bearing 9
4.2.2 Sliding contact Bearing 9
4.2.3 Rolling contact Bearing 9
4.2.4 Types of Bearing 9
4.2.5 Standards Dimensions &Designation 10
4.3 Dynamo
4.3.1 Faradays principal 11
4.3.2 Gamme Dynamo 12
4.3.3 Terminology 12
4.3.3.1 Mechanical Parts 13
iii

4.3.3.2 Electrical Parts 13
4.3.4 Description 14
4.3.5 Commutation 14
4.3.6 Excitation 15
4.3.7 Historical Milestones15
4.3.7.1 Jedliks dynamo 16
4.3.7.2 pixiis Dynamo 16
4.3.7.3 pacinotti Dynamo 17
4.3.7.4 Siemens and Wheatstone Dynamo 17
4.3.8 Dynamo as commutated Generator 18
4.3.9 Rotory Converted Development 18-19
4.4 Pulley 20
4.4.1 Rope and Pulley System 21-23
CHAPTER 5: POWER CALCULATION 24
CHAPTER 6: ADVANTAGES 25
CHAPTER 7: APPLICATION 26
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 27
CHAPTER 8: SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK 28
REFERENCES 29



iv


GENERATION OF ELECTRICITYTHROUGH
SPEED BRAKERS



v



CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of works by human beings and
nature. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its
forms. Most people use the word energy for input to their bodies or to the machines and thus
think about crude fuels and electric power.
Energy in the form of electricity plays a very important role in the life of a normal man.
Electricity is one of the greatest wonders of science. Next to man, it is the most important and
revolutionary creation in this world of ours .It has practically revolutionized the world .The
gradual but excessive use of electricity has come to bring about a stupendous changes in
industry. With it our modern gigantic tools are worked. Computers as also calculators sum up
totals and make other calculations with the utmost accuracy. Newspapers and books are printed
in millions overnight.
.There is not a single phase of human life that is not indebted to electricity for its progress .The
modern age has, therefore, been truly called the age of electricity.
We do many things with electricity nowadays. We warm our homes, we drive the machines in
factories, we run our trains and buses. Electricity has completely revolutionized the methods of
travel and transport .It has enabled us to
travel in aeroplanes and fly into cold atmosphere of the sky. We also have electric trains in our
country.
So today our whole life style is dependent on electricity with the increasing population the use of
electric power is also increasing. But we know that the resources to generate electricity are
limited, and this has lead to the energy.



1

During this scenario we need to generate electricity from things used in day-to-day life.
In this project we have tried to generate electricity through speed breakers present on roads. As
we know that vehicles on road are increasing day by day which will help us to generate
electricity as these vehicles pass through the speed brakers.

This electricity generated can be used for different purpose such as lighting of signals and
streetlights on road etc. This set up requires very basic mechanical components such as gear shaft
bearing. There are also some electrical
components such battery, inverter etc.














2

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW




The energy crisis is a bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. The studies to
sort out the energy crisis led to the idea of generating power using speed breaker. First to make
use were South African people, their electrical crisis has made them to implement this method to
light up small villages of the highway. The idea of basic physics to convert the kinetic energy
into electrical energy that goes waste when the vehicle runs over the speed-break was used. Since
then a lot has been done in this field. The idea caught our working team and we have decided to
develop such a project that will produce more power and store it for use at night time as it proves
to be a boon to the economy of the country.

















3

CHAPTER 3
3.1 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
The principle of the electric power generation using speed breaker mechanism is very simple. It
is based on the same principle as in the case of electricity generation in case of hydroelectric
power plant, thermal electric power plant,
nuclear power plant, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy etc. In all of the above power
plant mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. In this setup also mechanical energy
is converted into electrical power using a D.C. generator. Here the motion of Shaft of the speed
braker is converted into the rotational motion, which in turn rotates the generator and generates
electricity.







4


3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM














5
SPEED BRAKERS
ARRANGEMENT
ROTATING SHAFT DYNAMO BATTERY

3.3 COMPONENTS USED IN ARRANGEMENT

(1)Shaft
(2) Pully drive
(3) Bearing
(4) Belt
(6) D.C. Dynomo
(7) Battery












6

CHAPTER 4
PARTS DESCRIPTION

4.1 SHAFT
A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft is a
mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other
components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to
allow for relative movementbetween them.
Drive shafts are carriers of torque: they are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the
difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear
the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia.
To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven
components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints, jaw couplings, or
rag joints, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint.

Fig. 1. Shaft

7

4.2 BEARING
"Bearing" is a term used (for example) in navigation, although it can also be used to refer to
simply our direction of motion. Bearings can be measured in mils or degrees. In navigational
terms, "bearing" is perhaps more usually the angle between our forward direction, and the
direction from us to another object. It typically refers to the direction of, some object, as seen by
us, compared to our current heading. In other words, it's simply the angle between our forward
direction, and a line towards the object in question. The term can also be used to mean the
"absolute" compass direction of an object, as seen by us.
In aerial terms, "bearing" means the actual compass direction of the forward course of our
aircraft. In land navigation, bearing means the angle between a line connecting us and another
object, and a north-south line. (i.e. a meridian.)

Fig. Bearing

8

A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine element (known as
journal) .Its permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while
carrying the load.
4.2.1Classification of bearing
Though the bearing may be classified in many ways, yet the following are:
1. Depending upon the direction of load to be supported
The bearing under this group are classified as:
(a) Radial bearings
(b) Thrust bearing
2. Depending upon the nature of contact
The bearings under this group are classified as
(a) Sliding contact bearings
(b) Rolling contact bearings

4.2.2 Sliding contact bearing
In sliding contact bearing the sliding takes place along the surfaces of contact between the
moving element and the fixed element. The sliding contact bearing are also known as plain
bearings.
4.2.3 Rolling contactbearing
In rolling contact bearing the steel balls or rollers, are interposed between the moving and fixed
elements. The balls offer rolling friction at two points for each ball or roller.These are also
called antifriction bearing.

4.2.4 Types of Rolling contact Bearing
1. Roller Bearing
2. Ball Bearing
9

4.2.5 Standard Dimensions and Designation of Ball Bearing
The bearing are designated by a number. In general, the number consists of at least three digits.
Additional digits or letters are used to indicate special features e.g. deep groove, filling notches
etc. The last three digits give the series and the bore of bearing. The last two digits from 04
onwards, when multiply by 5, give the bore diameter in millimeters. The third form the last digit
designates the series of the bearing. The most common ball bearings are available in four series
as follows:
1. Extra light (100)
2. Light (200)
3. Medium(300)
4. Heavy(400)












10

4.3 DYNAMO
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator.
Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the
foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including
the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler
alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A
dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to
direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is
effective and usually economic.
The word dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power) was originally another name
for an electrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word
generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is
called a hub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices and are actually magnetos.
4.3.1Faradays Principle
In 1831-1832 Michael Faraday discovered that a Potential difference is generated between the
ends of an electrical conductor that moves perpendicular to a magnetic field . He also built the
first electromagnetic generator called the Faraday disc, a type of homopolar generator, using a
copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage,
and large amount of current. The first dynamo based on the principle was built in 1832 by
Hippolytepixii, a French instrument marker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a
crank. Furthermore, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite
directions.By adding a commutator, pixii was able to convert the alternating current to direct
current. The relationship between mechanical rotation and electric current in a dynamo is
reversible, the principles of the electric motor were discovered when it was found that one
dynamo could cause a second interconnected dynamo to rotate if current was fed through it.
11


4.3.2 Gramme dynamo
Both of these designs suffered from a similar problem: they induced spikes of current followed
by none at all.AntonioPacinotti, an Italian scientist, fixed this by replacing the spinning coil with
a torodialone ,which he created by wrapping an iron ring. This meant that some paret of the coil
was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out of current. ZenodeGramme reinvented
this design a few year later when designing the first commercial power plants, which operated in
paris in the 1870s. His design is known as the gramme dynamo. Various versions and
improvement have been made since then ,butthe basic concepts of a spinning endless loop of
wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.
Others types of electrical generator exist, based on the electrical phenomenon such as
piezoelectricity, and magneto hydro-dynamics. The construction of a dynamo is similar to that of
an electric motor,and all common types of dynamos could work as motors.

4.3.3Terminology
The parts of a dynamo or related equipment can be expressed in either mechanical terms or
electrical terms. Although distinctly separate ,these two sets of terminology are frequently used
interchangeably or in combinations that include one mechanical trem and electrical term.This
causes great confusion when working with compound machines such as brushless alternator or
when conversing with people who are used to working on a machine that is configured
differently thn the machines that the speaker is used to.





12

4.3.3.1 Mechanical parts
1.Rotor: The rotating part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.
2.Stator: The stationary part of an alternator , generator, dynamo or motor.
4.3.3.2 Electrical parts
1.The power- producing component of an alternator ,generator,dynamo or motor. The
armaturecan be on either the rotor or the stator.
2.Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator ,generator, dynamo or motor. The field
can be on either the robot or the stator and can be either an electromagnet or a permanent
magnet.

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator.
Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the
foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including
the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler
alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A
dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to
direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is
effective and usually economic.
The word dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power) was originally another name
for an electrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word
generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is
called a hub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices, and are actually magnetos.
13

4.3.4 Description
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a
pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of
a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of
rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within
the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric
current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or
more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or
more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.The commutator is needed to produce
direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses
with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric
experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity,
such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were
invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists
of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary
contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The
commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential
reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.
4.3.5Commutation
The commutator is needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic
field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current.
However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no
known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by
messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is
essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft,
combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such
fixed contacts were metal brushes.
14

4.3.6Excitation
The earliest dynamos used permanent magnets to create the magnetic field. These were referred
to as "magneto-electric machines" or magnetos. However, researchers found that stronger
magnetic fields, and so more power, could be produced by using electromagnets (field coils) on
the stator. These were called "dynamo-electric machines" or dynamos. The field coils of the
stator were originally separately excited by a separate, smaller, dynamo or magneto. An
important development by Wilde and Siemens was the discovery that a dynamo could also
bootstrap itself to be self-excited, using current generated by the dynamo itself. This allowed the
growth of a much more powerful field, thus far greater output power.The earliest dynamos used
permanent magnets to create the magnetic field. These were referred to as "magneto-electric
machines" or magnetos. However, researchers found that stronger magnetic fields, and so more
power, could be produced by using electromagnets (field coils) on the stator.
[2]
These were called
"dynamo-electric machines" or dynamos. The field coils of the stator were originally separately
excited by a separate, smaller, dynamo or magneto. An important development by Wilde and
Siemens was the discovery that a dynamo could also bootstrap itself to be self-excited, using
current generated by the dynamo itself. This allowed the growth of a much more powerful field,
thus far greateroutput power.

4.3.7 Historical milestones


The first electric generator was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831, a copper disk that rotated
between the poles of a magnet. This was not a dynamo because it did not use a commutator.

However, Faraday's disk generated very low voltage because of its single current path through
the magnetic field. Faraday and others found that higher, more useful voltages could be produced
by winding multiple turns of wire into a coil. Wire windings can conveniently produce any
voltage desired by changing the number of turns, so they have been a feature of all subsequent
generator designs, requiring the invention of the commutator to produce direct current.
4.3.7.1 Jedlik's dynamo





In 1827, Hungarian AnyosJedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices
which he called electromagnetic self-rotors. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter,
both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. He formulated the concept of
the dynamo about six years before Siemens and Wheatstone but did not patent it as he thought he
was not the first to realize this. His dynamo used, instead of permanent magnets, two
electromagnets placed opposite to each other to induce the magnetic field around the rotor. It was
also the discovery of the principle of dynamo self-excitation.
4.3.7.2 Pixii's dynamo
The first dynamo based on Faraday's principles was built in 1832 by HippolytePixii, a French
instrument maker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a crank. The spinning
magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with
insulated wire. Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the wire each

time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents in
opposite directions. To convert the alternating current to DC, Pixii invented a commutator, a split
metal cylinder on the shaft, with two springy metal contacts that pressed against it.
4.3.7.3 Pacinotti dynamo


These early designs had a problem: the electric current they produced consisted of a series of
"spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at all, resulting in a low average power output. As
with electric motors of the period, the designers did not fully realize the seriously detrimental
effects of large air gaps in the magnetic circuit. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor,
solved this problem around 1860 by replacing the spinning two-pole axial coil with a multi-pole
toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous winding, connected to
the commutator at many equally spaced points around the ring; the commutator being divided
into many segments. This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the
magnets, smoothing out the current.
4.3.7.4 Siemens and Wheatstone dynamo (1867)
The first practical designs for a dynamo were announced independently and simultaneously by
Dr. Werner Siemens and Charles Wheatstone. On January 17, 1867, Siemens announced to the
Berlin academy a "dynamo-electric machine" (first use of the term) which employed self-
powering electromagnetic field coils rather than permanent magnets to create the stator field. On
the same day that this invention was announced to the Royal Society Charles Wheatstone read a
paper describing a similar design with the difference that in the Siemens design the stator
electromagnets were in series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's design they were in parallel.
The use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets greatly increases the power output of a

dynamo and enabled high power generation for the first time. This invention led directly to the
first major industrial uses of electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used electromagnetic
dynamos to power electric arc furnaces for the production of metals and other materials.
4.3.8Dynamo as commutated DC generator
After the discovery of the AC Generator and that alternating current can in fact be useful for
something, the word dynamo became associated exclusively with the commutated DC electric
generator, while an AC electrical generator using either slip rings or rotor magnets would
become known as an alternator.
An AC electric motor using either slip rings or rotor magnets was referred to as a synchronous
motor, and a commutated DC motor could also be called an electric motor though with the
understanding that it could in principle operate as a generator.

4.3.9 Rotary converter development
After dynamos and motors were found to allow easy conversion back and forth between
mechanical or electrical power, they were combined in devices called rotary converters, rotating
machines whose purpose was not to provide mechanical power to loads but to convert one type
of electric current into another, for example DC into AC. They were multi-field single-rotor
devices with two or more sets of rotating contacts (either commutators or sliprings, as required),
one to provide power to one set of armature windings to turn the device, and one or more
attached to other windings to produce the output current.
The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any type of electric power into any other.
This includes converting between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), three phase
and single phase power, 25 Hz AC and 60 Hz AC, or many different output voltages at the same
time. The size and mass of the rotor was made large so that the rotor would act as a flywheel to
help smooth out any sudden surges or dropouts in the applied.
18

The technology of rotary converters was replaced in the early 20th century by mercury-vapor
rectifiers, which were smaller, did not produce vibration and noise, and required less
maintenance. The same conversion tasks are now performed by solid statepower semiconductor
devices. Rotary converters were still used for the West Side IRT subway in Manhattan into the
late 1960s, and possibly some years later. They were powered by 25 Hz AC, and provided DC at
600 volts for the trains






19

4.4 Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a
cable or belt along its circumference.
[1]
Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply
forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and supporting
shell is referred to as a "block."
A pulley is also called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between two flanges around its
circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs
over the pulley inside the groove.
Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift weights.
Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical advantage to
apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in order to transmit
power from one rotating shaft to another
A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle form a block. Two
blocks with a rope attached to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets of pulleys
form a block and tackle.
A block and tackle is assembled so one block is attached to fixed mounting point and the other is
attached to the moving load. The mechanical advantage of the block and tackle is equal to the
number of parts of the rope that support the moving block.
In the diagram on the right the mechanical advantage of each of the block and tackle assemblies
shown is as follows:
Gun Tackle: 2
Luff Tackle: 3
20


4.4.1Rope and pulley systems








21


A hoist using the compound pulley system yielding an advantage of 4. The single fixed pulley is
installed on the hoist (device). The two movable pulleys (joined together) are attached to the
hook. One end of the rope is attached to the crane frame, another to the winch.
A rope and pulley system -- that is, a block and tackle -- is characterised by the use of a single
continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load
the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple
machines identified by Renaissance scientists.
If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical advantage is
the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. This can be shown as follows.
Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the parts of the rope that support this
block. If there arep of these parts of the rope supporting the load W, then a force balance on the
moving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must be W/p. This means the
input force on the rope is T=W/p. Thus, the block and tackle reduces the input force by the factor
p.

A gun tackle has a single pulley in both the fixed and moving blocks with
two rope parts supporting the load W.
22

Separation of the pulleys in the gun tackle show the force balance that results in a rope
tension of W/2.

A double tackle has two pulleys in both the fixed and moving blocks with four rope parts
supporting the load W.


Separation of the pulleys in the double tackle show the force balance that results in a rope
tension of W/4






23

CHAPTER 5
POWER CALCULATIONS

Let us consider,
The mass of any vehicle travelling over the speed breaker= 10Kg (Approximately)
Height of speed brake = 5 cm
Work done = weight of the body x distance travelled by the vehicle
Here, Weight of the Body = 10 Kg x 9.81 = 98.1 N
Distance traveled by the body = Height of the speed breaker = 5cm
Power = Work done/Second = (98.1 x 0.05)/60 = 0.8175 watts
Output Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the speed
Breaker arrangement for one minute = 0.8175watts
Power developed for 60 minutes (1 hr) = 49.5 watts
Power developed for 24 hours = 1.1772 Kw
This power generated by vehicles is more than sufficient to run four street lights in the night
time.











24

CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES

Power generation with low cost and using non-conventional energy sources which will
help us to conserve the conventional energy sources to meet the future demand.
By using this method, electricity will be generated throughout the year without
depending on other factors.
Easy for maintenance and no fuel transportation problem.
Pollution free power generation.
Less floor area required and no obstruction to traffic.
No need of manpower during power generation.
















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CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS


Power generation using speed breaker system can be used in most of the places such as:

This technique can be used in all highways.
This technique can be used in all roadways Speed brake.This mechanism of generating
of electricity can be placed on the actual speed breaker of the roads. The power
isgenerated when the vehicles pass through it. Which in can be stored in the battery. This
power can be used in manyplaces after using the inverter, which enhances in the voltage
from 12 volts to 230 volts. This power can be used inthe following:
Street Lights.
Road Signals.
Sign boards on the roads.
Lighting Of the bus stops.
Lighting of the check post on the highways etc











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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

"Electricity plays a very important role in our life. Due to population explosion, the current
power generation has become insufficient to fulfill our requirements. In this project we discover
technology to generate electricity from speed breakers in which the system used is reliable and
this technique will help conserve our natural resources. In coming days, this will prove a great
boon to the world, since it will save a lot of electricity of power plants that gets wasted in
illuminating the street lights. As the conventional sources are depleting very fast, its high time
to think of alternative resources. We got to save the power gained from the conventional sources
for efficient use. So this idea not only provides alternative but also adds to the economy of the
country.















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CHAPTER 9
SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

This Generation of Electricity Through Speed brakers has been made by using rotating shaft
mechanism.As we know that everything in this world is not perfect, so this machine can also be
modified in future to increase its performance. The following works can be done on it in future:
1.The mechanism of the existing model may be improved to increaseits working performance.
2.The existing machine has some problemof vibration,so can be improved in future.
3.The capacity of dynamo can be increased to increase the power output.

















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REFERENCES

[1]. Sharma.P.C ,Principle of renewable energy systems (Public printing service, New Delhi,
2003).
[2]. Sharma.P.C, Non-Conventional power plants (Public printing service, New Delhi, 2003).
[3]. Mukherjee.DChakrabarti.S, Non-conventional power plants (Public printing service, New
Delhi, 2005).
[4]. Ankita, MeenuBala, Power Generation From Speed Breakers, International Journal Of
Advance Research In Science and Engineering, 2(2), 2013.
[5]. Miller R, Power System Operation, (McGraw- Hill, New York, 1970).










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