MEC 1401 Mechanics of Material

Dr. Ing. Zdenka SANT

Email: zdenka.sant@um.edu.mt
Tel.: 2340-3056
MEC 1401 Mechanics of Material
Textbooks and resources:
Mechanics of Engineering Materials, P.P.Benham,
R.J.Crawford,
C.G.Armstrong
Mechanics of Materials, E.P.Popov - out of print (available in the library)
Mechanics of Materials, Hibbeler
MEC 1401 Mechanics of Material
Syllabus
Introduction to Mechanics of Materials
Investigation of stress resultants
Simple Tension/Compression
Pure shear theory
Torsion
Bending of beams , Continuous beams
Shear stress distribution in beams
Slope and deflection of beams
Combined loads & complex stress analysis
Eulers theory of elastic buckling
Introduction
Statics: rigid body in equilibrium
movement of the whole rigid body
investigating the external & reaction forces
Mechanics of Material:
elastic body in equilibrium
movement of the elastic body (displacement& deformation)
investigating stresses or strains

Mechanical Properties of Material
A
C
D
E

n

A
B
D
E
A - the proportional limit
B - the yield point
C - strain hardening point
D - the ultimate point
E failure point
Hookes law
E =
Linear stress analysis
Material of the body displays linearly elastic
behaviour
Deformation of the body is small
All boundary conditions are linear
Mathematical model
Mathematical model includes:
Important geometric properties of the structure
Load characteristics
Boundary conditions
!! All at the corresponding affordable level. !!
Stress resultants
The stress distribution on the cross-section
is represented by statically equivalent force
system on that particular area.
Stress resultants
Directly - the equations of equilibrium are written directly for a set of
internal and external forces acting on the element
Indirectly - instead of distributed forces acting on the cross-section we
assume their statically equivalent forces acting in the centre of the cross-
section.
To calculate the stress resultants F
v
and M
v
we can assume non-deformed central
line if changes of F
v
and M
v
are negligible while considering a deformed central
line.
After deformations are computed the assumption must be checked.
Stress resultants
1
1
: 0
: 0
: ( ) 0
x C
y C
C L y L
x A N
y A F V
z M F x a A x
+ =
=
+ =
2
2
2
: 0
: 0
: ( ) 0
C x
y y C
C y R y R
x N F
y B F V
z M F x b B x
=
+ =
+ =
Shear Force Bending Moment Diagram
2 2
2 2
0
0...
0...
b b
N
V F V F
M F x M F x
=
+ = =
+ = =
0 <x <a
a <x <L
1 1
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
0...
0...
( ) 0... ( )
x x
y y
b y b y
N F N F
V F F V F F
M F x F x a M F x a F x
+ = =
+ = =
+ = =
Mechanical movement
Movement of the whole body
Movement of the material
Deformation
Stress
Definition:
In continuum mechanics, stress is a measure of the intensity of the
total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal
surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces. In
general, stress is expressed as
0
lim
A
F
A

The SI unit for stress is the Pascal

(symbol Pa), which is a shorthand
name for one Newton (force) per
square metre (unit area). Engineering
quantities are usually measured in
MegaPascals (MPa) or GigaPascals
(GPa).
Stress
Definition:
In continuum mechanics, stress is a measure of the intensity of the
total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal
surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces. In
general, stress is expressed as
0
lim
A
F
A

Stress is a second order tensor quantity.

The stress at any point in an object,
assumed to be a continuum, is completely
defined by the nine components forming
stress tensor.
Strain
Strain represents the elongation per unit original length.
The increase in the length is a cumulative result of stretching of all
elements of the material.
If the bar is in tension the strain is called tensile strain
If the bar is in compression, the strain is called compressive strain
The strain is called a normal strain since it is associated with
normal stress acting perpendicularly to the cross-section.
The strain is called a shear strain since it is associated with shear
stress acting in plane of the cross-section.
Thermal strain

results from the change of temperature and

depends on the coefficient of linear thermal expansion .
Model geometry
1. The mass of the real structure and model structure is the same.
2. The centre of gravity of the real structure and model structure
has the same position in the same coordinate system.
3. The moment of inertia towards any axis perpendicular to the
plane of motion is the same for real and model system.
Model of the body is an abstract object with following properties:
cohesive, impenetrable region in the space where characteristics of
the force field are assigned to all points of the model and
characteristics of the contact are assigned to all points on the
surface of the model
Model body - beam
The geometrical model of a beam must satisfy following
assumptions:
1. The curvature and the cross section describe the geometrical
properties of the beam.
2. The plane normal to the curvature is intersecting it at the
centroid of the beam cross- section.
3. The curvature is initially straight and unstressed with limited
length
4. The length of the beam is at least the same as the largest
dimension of the cross section
5. The cross section is a continuous area limited with the outline
Load characteristics
Load
The model load must observe principle of equivalence so the
behaviour of the model body would be equivalent to the behaviour
of the real body.
Load could be represented by a force system, moment, or the
deformation of the body.
Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions are describing behaviour of the mathematical model
created. All boundary conditions are applied to the curvature together with all
loads.