Embedded Systems

Srikanth

CVR College of Engineering

Ibrahimpatnam, R.R. Dist
 Page No: 2
Problem Statement 1

Write a program to toggle the LEDs (all at once) with some delay. Write the code both in
Assembly language and Embedded C.

Aim

To toggle the LEDs all at once with some delay

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller - 1
 Light Emitting Diodes - 8

Procedure

1) 8 LEDs are interfaced to memory location FFC0H.

2) Move the address location of LEDs (FFC0H) into DPTR
3) Initialize A with the data to be moved to external address location. Here the data is eight 1s or
FFH.
4) Move the data in A to address pointed by DPTR and call the delay subroutine.
5) Complement the data in A.
6) Repeat steps 4 and 5 infinitely to toggle the LEDs continuously.

Assembly Language Program

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

1 $ MOD51
2 ORG 00H
3 MOV DPTR,#0FFC0H ;move LEDs addr into DPTR

4 MOV A,#0FFH ;move all 1s to A

5 TOGGLE: MOVX @DPTR,A ;move data in A to LEDs via

DPTR
6 ACALL DELAY ;call DELAY subroutine

7 CPL A ;complement data in A

8 SJMP TOGGLE ;jump to TOGGLE

9
10 DELAY: MOV R0,#02H ;move some data to R0

11 L0: MOV R1,#0FFH ;move some data to R1

12 L1: MOV R2,#0FFH ;move some data to R2

13 L2: DJNZ R2,L2 ;decrement R2 and jump to L2

if not 0
14 DJNZ R1,L1 ;decrement R1 and jump to L1
if not 0
15 DJNZ R0,L0 ;decrement R0 and jump to L0
if not 0
16 RET ;return

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 Page No: 3
C Program

#include <8051.h>
__xdata __at (0xffc0) unsigned char ledptr;

void delay();
void main()
{
while (1)
{
ledptr = 255;
delay();
ledptr = 0;
delay();
}
}
void delay()
{
unsigned int i,j;
for (i=0;i<0x002f;i++)
for (j=0;j<0x0fff;j++);
}

Result

The LEDs will toggle continuously with some delay. A pictorial representation is shown below

●●●●●●●●

○○○○○○○○

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 Page No: 4
Problem Statement 2

Write a program to read status of switches and display on LEDs. Write the code both in
Assembly language and Embedded C.

Aim

To read the status of switches and display it on LEDs.

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller - 1
 Seven segment displays - 2

Procedure

1) 8 LEDs are interfaced to memory location FFC0H and 8 toggle switches are interfaced to
FFC1H.
2) Move the address location of switches (FFC1H) into DPTR.
3) Read the data from address location in DPTR to A.
4) Move the address location of LEDs (FFC0H) into DPTR.
5) Move the contents of A into the address location pointed by DPTR.
6) Repeat steps 2 through 5 in an infinite loop to continuously monitor the switches.

Assembly Language Program

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

1 $ MOD51
2 ORG 00H
;move the address of
3 MONITOR: MOV DPTR,#0FFC1H switches onto DPTR
;read the data from switches
4 MOVX A,@DPTR into A
;move the address of LEDs
5 MOV DPTR,#0FFC0H into DPTR
;move the data present in A
6 MOVX @DPTR,A onto the LEDs via DPTR
7 SJMP MONITOR ;jump to MONITOR

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 Page No: 5
C Program

#include <8051.h>
__xdata __at(0xffc0) unsigned char ledptr;
__xdata __at(0xffc1) unsigned char swtptr;
void main()
{
while(1)
{
ledptr=swtptr;
}
}

Result

The switches are continuously monitored and the status of LEDs shows the status of switches.

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 Page No: 6
Problem Statement 3

Write a program to display numbers 0 to 9 on a 7 segment display. First do it on the left 7

segment display then on the right one and then on both the displays. Write the code both in Assembly
language and Embedded C.

Aim

To display numbers 0 to 9 on a seven segment display – first on left side then on the right and
then on both.

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller
 Development software : RIDE, Eclipse (SDCC)
 Deployment software : Flash magic

Procedure

1) Two 7 segment displays are interfaced to the address location FFC2. Data sent to FFC2 is
latched onto either one or both the displays depending on the bits 2 and 3 in FFC3. If both are 0
then both are selected. If bit 2 is low then left display is selected and if bit 3 is low then right
display is selected.
2) Store the 7 segment codes of numbers 0 to 9 in any address location.
3) Set bits 2 and 3 of FFC3 to select any one of the displays.
4) Move the data from the starting address location onto A. Move the data in A to FFC2.
5) Increment the address location pointer and repeat step 4. Repeat this step until all digits are
displayed. Give a delay between display of each digit.
6) Repeat steps 4 and 5 by changing bits 2 and 3 of FFC3 to all possible and permitted
combinations..

Assembly Language Program

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

1 $ MOD51
2 ORG 95H
3 digits DB 3FH,06H,5BH,4FH, ;defining a table of digits
66H,6DH,7DH,07H,
7FH,6FH
4 ORG 00H
5 SEG7: MOV DPTR,#0FFC3H ;move address of 7 segment
configuration
6 MOV A,#04H ;move data to A to select
the left 7 segment display
7 MOVX @DPTR,A ;move data in A to DPTR

8 ACALL DISPDIG ;call the DISPDIG subroutine

9 MOV DPTR,#0FFC3H
10 MOV A,#08H ;move data to select right 7
segment display
11 MOVX @DPTR,A

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 Page No: 7
S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

12 ACALL DISPDIG
13 MOV DPTR,#0FFC3H
14 MOV A,#00H ;move data to select both 7
segment displays
15 MOVX @DPTR,A
16 ACALL DISPDIG
17 SJMP SEG7 ;loop through all the steps

18
19 DISPDIG: MOV R3,#0AH ;initialize with no of
digits
20 MOV DPTR,digits ;move the initial location
of digits table
21 DIGLOOP: MOVC A,@DPTR ;move the data at DPTR
location into A
22 MOV DPTR,#0FFC2 ;move address of seven
segment display into DPTR
23 MOVX @DPTR,A ;move data in A to DPTR

24 ACALL DELAY ;call DELAY subroutine

25 INC DPTR ;increment DPTR

26 DJNZ R3,DIGLOOP ;loop through all digits

27 RET ;return

28
29 DELAY: MOV R0,#02H ;move some data to R0

30 L0: MOV R1,#0FFH ;move some data to R1

31 L1: MOV R2,#0FFH ;move some data to R2

32 L2: DJNZ R2,L2 ;decrement R2 and jump to L2

if not 0
33 DJNZ R1,L1 ;decrement R1 and jump to L1
if not 0
34 DJNZ R0,L0 ;decrement R0 and jump to L0
if not 0
35 RET ;return

C Program

#include <8051.h>
void disp09();
void delay();
void main() {
__xdata __at (0xFFC3) char ledconf;
while (1) {
ledconf = 0x004;
disp09();
ledconf = 0x008;
disp09();
ledconf = 0x000;
disp09();
}
}

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 Page No: 8
void disp09() {
char dig[10] = {0x3F, 0x06, 0x5B, 0x4F, 0x66, 0x6D, 0x7D, 0x07, 0x7F,
0x6F};
__xdata __at (0xFFC2) char ledptr;
unsigned short i;

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

ledptr = dig[i];
delay();
}
}
void delay() {
unsigned int i,j;
for (i = 0; i < 0x001F; i++){
for (j = 0; j < 0x0FFF; j++);
}
}

Result

The numbers 0 to 9 are displayed first on the left seven segment display then on the right one
and then on both the displays. A snapshot of the numbers is shown below.

01234
56789

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 Page No: 9
Problem Statement 4

Write a program to transmit characters (infinitely) via Serial Communication. Write the code both
in Assembly language and Embedded C.

Aim

To transmit a character (to PC com port) via Serial Communication.

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller - 1
 RS-232 connection cable - 1

Procedure

1) Configure Timer 1 as 8 bit auto-reload timer by moving appropriate data (20H) into TMOD.
2) Load TH1 with the time required to transmit a character serially. This is calculated using the
formula given below.
2
1 = 256 + ×
32d 12 ×
3) Configure SCON to indicate mode 1 is in use.
4) Clear the TI bit so as to start a new transmission.
5) Start timer 1 by setting the TR1 bit.
6) Move the data to be transmitted into SBUF.
7) Monitor the TI bit until it is set. When set the transmission is done.
8) To send another character repeat steps 4 through 7.

Assembly Language Program

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

$ MOD51
ORG 00H
MOV TMOD,#20H ;set timer 1 to autoreload
mode (mode 2)
MOV TH1,#0FDH ;initialize TH1 with the
baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;configure the serial
transmit to mode 1
MAIN: MOV A,#’C’ ;move the desired char to be
transmitted into A
ACALL TRANSMIT ;call the TRANSMIT
subroutine
MOV A,#’V’
ACALL TRANSMIT
MOV A,#’R’
ACALL TRANSMIT
SJMP MAIN ;infinite loop

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 Page No: 10

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

TRANSMIT: CLR TI ;clear Transmit Interrupt

SETB TR1 ;set the Timer 1 run bit

MOV SBUF,A ;load data in A onto SBUF

TWAIT: JNB TI,TWAIT ;wait until TI is set

RET ;return

C Program

#include <8051.h>
#include <serial_io.h>

void transmit(unsigned char);

void main() {
char str[] = "CVR";
unsigned short i;

TMOD = 0x20;
TH1 = 0xFD;
SCON = 0x50;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
transmit(str[i]);
}
void transmit(unsigned char ch) {
TI = 0;
TR1 = 1;
SBUF = ch;
while (!TI);
}

Result

The characters C, V, R are transmitted to the com port of the PC and can be viewed on the
Hyper Terminal..

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 Page No: 11
Problem Statement 5

Write a program to receive characters via Serial Communication and display on 7 segment
display. Write the code both in Assembly language and Embedded C.

Aim

To receive characters via serial communication and display on 7 segment display.

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller - 1
 RS-232 connection cable - 1

Procedure

1) Configure Timer 1 as 8 bit auto-reload timer by moving appropriate data (20H) into TMOD.
2) Load TH1 with the time required to transmit a character serially. This is calculated using the
formula given below.
2
1 = 256 + ×
32d 12 ×
3) Configure SCON to indicate mode 1 is in use.
4) Clear the RI bit so as to start a new reception of data.
5) Start timer 1 by setting the TR1 bit.
6) Monitor the RI bit until it is set. Once set the received data is in SBUF.
7) Move the data in SBUF to A. Convert it into 7 segment form and send to any of the 7 segment
displays.
8) Repeat steps 4 through 7 to receive data continuously.

Assembly Language Program

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

1 $ MOD51
2 ORG 00H
3 MOV TMOD,#20H ;set timer 1 to autoreload
mode (mode 2)
4 MOV TH1,#0FDH ;initialize TH1 with the
baud rate
5 MOV SCON,#50H ;configure the serial
transmit to mode 1
6 MAIN: ACALL RECEIVE ;call the RECEIVE subroutine

7 MOV R0,A ;store the received data in

R0
8 SJMP MAIN ;infinite receive

9
10 RECEIVE: CLR RI ;clear Receive Interrupt

11 SETB TR1 ;set the Timer 1 run bit

12 RWAIT: JNB RI,RWAIT ;wait until RI is set

13 MOV A,SBUF ;move received data into A

14 RET ;return

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 Page No: 12
C Program

#include <8051.h>
#include <serial_io.h>
unsigned char receive();
void dispdig(unsigned char);
void main() {
unsigned char ch;
TMOD = 0x20;
TH1 = 0xFD;
SCON = 0x50;

while (1) {
ch = receive();
dispdig(ch);
}
}

unsigned char receive() {

unsigned char ch;
RI = 0;
TR1 = 1;
while (!RI);
ch = SBUF;
return ch;
}

void dispdig(unsigned char ch){

char dig[11] = {0x3F, 0x06, 0x5B, 0x4F, 0x66, 0x6D, 0x7D, 0x07, 0x7F,
0x6F, 0x79};
__xdata __at (0xFFC2)char ledptr;
__xdata __at (0xFFC3) char ledconf;

if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')

ch -= 48;
else
ch = 10;
ledconf = 0x04;
ledptr = dig[ch];
}
Result

The digits 0 to 9 entered via the Hyper terminal are displayed on the 7 segment display. Any
other character is displayed as E.

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 Page No: 13
Problem Statement 6

Write a program to display a string in two rows on the LCD display. Write the code both in
Assembly language and Embedded C.

Aim

To display a string in two rows on the LCD display.

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller - 1
 LCD display - 1

Procedure

1) The data lines of the LCD display are interfaced to the address location FFC4H and command
mode/data mode can be chosen by resetting/setting bit 0 of FFC3H.
2) Configure the LCD display in command mode and send commands to set the display to 2 rows
and 5x7 matrix, move the cursor to starting of first row, display on and cursor blinking and clear
the display. Give sufficient delay in between the issuing of commands.
3) Move the character to be transmitted into A.
4) Configure the LCD in data mode. Move the data in A onto the LCD. Give sufficient delay for the
data to be latched and displayed.
5) Configure the LCD in command mode and issue the command to move the increment the cursor.
6) Repeat steps 3 to 5 to display another character.
7) Whenever a line break is required, configure the LCD in command mode and issue the command
to move the cursor to next line.

Assembly Language Program

S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

1 $ MOD51
2 ORG 00H
3 MOV A,#38H ;set display to 2 rows and
5x7 matrix mode
4 ACALL GIVE_CMD
5 MOV A,#80H ;force cursor to beginning
of first line
6 ACALL GIVE_CMD
7 MOV A,#0EH ;display on and cursor blink

8 ACALL GIVE_CMD
9 MOV A,#01H ;clear the display

10 ACALL GIVE_CMD
11 MOV A,#’C’ ;display character C

12 ACALL MOVE_DAT
13 MOV A,#06H ;increment cursor

14 ACALL GIVE_CMD

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 Page No: 14
S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

15 MOV A,#’V’
16 ACALL MOVE_DAT
17 MOV A,#06H
18 ACALL GIVE_CMD
19 MOV A,#’R’
20 ACALL MOVE_DAT
21 MOV A,#0C0H ;force cursor to beginning
of second line
22 ACALL GIVE_CMD
23 MOV A,#’C’
24 ACALL MOVE_DAT
25 MOV A,#06H
26 ACALL GIVE_CMD
27 MOV A,#’E’
26 ACALL MOVE_DAT
29 END: SJMP END ;infinite loop

30 GIVE_CMD: MOV B,A ;save cmd in A to B

31 MOV DPTR,#0FFC3H ;point to lcd configuration

32 MOV A,00H ;data to set command mode

33 MOVX @DPTR,A
34 MOV DPTR,#0FFC4H ;point to data lines

35 MOV A,B ;get back the command

36 MOVX @DPTR,A ;move the command to LCD

37 ACALL DELAY ;call DELAY subroutine

38 RET ;return

39
40 MOVE_DAT: MOV B,A ;save data in A to B

41 MOV DPTR,#0FFC3H ;point to lcd configuration

42 MOV A,00H ;data to set command mode

43 MOVX @DPTR,A
44 MOV DPTR,#0FFC4H ;point to data lines

45 MOV A,B ;get back the data

46 MOV @DPTR,A ;move the data to LCD

47 ACALL DELAY ;call DELAY subroutine

48 RET ;return

49
50 DELAY: MOV R0,#02H ;move some data to R0

51 L0: MOV R1,#0FFH ;move some data to R1

52 L1: MOV R2,#0FFH ;move some data to R2

53 L2: DJNZ R2,L2 ;decrement R2 and jump to L2

if not 0

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 Page No: 15
S.No Label Mnemonic Operands / Labels Comments

54 DJNZ R1,L1 ;decrement R1 and jump to L1

if not 0
55 DJNZ R0,L0 ;decrement R0 and jump to L0
if not 0
56 RET ;return

C Program

#include <8051.h>
void delay();
void main() {
__xdata __at (0xffc3) unsigned char lcdconf;
__xdata __at (0xffc4) unsigned char lcddata;
char str[] = "CVRCE";
int i;
lcdconf = 0x00;
lcddata = 0x38;
delay();
lcddata = 0x80;
delay();
lcddata = 0x0E;
delsy();
lcddata = 0x01;
delay();
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
lcdconf = 0x01;
lcddata = str[i];
delay();
if (i == 2) {
lcdconf = 0x00;
lcddata = 0x0C0;
delay();
}
lcdconf = 0x00;
lcddata = 0x06;
delay();
}
}
void delay() {
unsigned short i,j;
for (i = 0; i < 0xff; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 0xff; j++);
}

Result

The characters CVR-CE are displayed in two rows of the LCD display after the execution of the
program.

CVR
CE

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 Page No: 16
Problem Statement 7

Write a C program to read a string via serial communication and apply simple encryption and
decryption operations on it.

Aim

To perform simple encryption and decryption operations on a string read via serial
communication.

Components

 89C51RD2 microcontroller
 Development software - Eclipse (SDCC)
 Deployment software - Flash magic

Procedure

1) Read a string by following steps required for serial communication.

2) Perform a simple encryption function C = M + n (n is some number) on each character and save
it on to another string.
3) Perform the decryption function P = C – n (same number used in encryption) on all the
characters in the encrypted string.
4) Display the original message, encrypted and decrypted messages on the screen by transmitting
the strings to the PC via Serial transmission.

C Program

#include <8051.h>
#include <serial_io.h>
void transmit(char* str) {
unsigned short i=0;
while (str[i] != '\0') {
TI = 0;
TR1 = 1;
SBUF = str[i];
while (!TI);

i++;
}
}
char* receive() {
char str[10], ch;
unsigned short i=0;
while (i < 9 && ch != ' ') {
RI = 0;
TR1 = 1;

while (!RI);
ch = SBUF;

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 Page No: 17

if (ch != ' ')

str[i] = ch;
i++;
}
str[i] = '\0';

return str;
}

main() {
char msg[10], enc[10], dec[10];
unsigned short i;
TMOD = 0x20;
TH1 = 0xFD;
SMOD = 0x50;
transmit("Enter a message ");
msg = receive();
transmit("Original Message : ");
transmit(msg);
i = 0;
while (msg[i] != '\0') {
enc[i] = msg[i] + 7;
i++;
}
enc[i] = '\0';

transmit("Encrypted Message : ");

transmit(enc);

i = 0;
while (enc[i] != '\0') {
dec[i] = enc[i] - 7;
i++;
}
dec[i] = '\0';
transmit("Decrypted Message : ");
transmit(dec);
}

Result

The user is prompted to enter a message. After entering the message, the original message,
encrypted message and decrypted message are displayed on the screen.

Enter a message Original Message : AbcDeFg Encrypted message :

HijKlMn Decrypted Message : AbcDeFg

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 Page No: 18
Problem Statement 8

Write a C program to glow the LEDs interfaced to an Atmel 89C51ED2 microcontroller

Aim

To glow the LEDs connected to an Atmel 89C51ED2 microcontroller

Components

 Atmel 89C51ED2 microcontroller

 Development software - Keil
 Deployment software - Flip

Procedure

1) 8 active low LEDs are interfaced to the microcontroller port pin 2.7 via a shift register. Data on
P2.7 is latched onto the shift register whenever a high-low-high transition is received on P2.6.
2) To glow the first LED, 0 is sent to P2.7 and then 1-0-1 is sent to P2.6. The 0 at P2.7 is then
latched to the shift register and the first LED starts glowing.
3) Repeat step 2 8 times to glow all the 8 LEDs.

C Program

# include <at89c51xd2.h>

void set_clk();
sbit clk = P2^6;
sbit led = P2^7;
main() {
int I;
for (I = 0; I < 8; i++) {
led = 0;
set_clk();
}
while(1);
}
void set_clk() {
clk = 1;
clk = 0;
clk = 1;
}

Result

The LEDs interfaced to the microcontroller start glowing.

●●●●
●●●●

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 Page No: 19
Problem Statement 9

Write a C program to transmit a string via serial communication on an Atmel 89C51ED2

microcontroller.

Aim

To transmit a string via serial communication

Components

 Atmel 89C51ED2 microcontroller

 Development software - Keil
 Deployment software - Flip

Procedure

1) Configure Timer 1 as 8 bit auto-reload timer by moving appropriate data (20H) into TMOD.
2) Load TH1 with the time required to transmit a character serially. This is calculated using the
formula given below.
2
1 = 256 + ×
32d 12 ×
3) Configure SCON to indicate mode 1 is in use.
4) Clear the TI bit so as to start a new transmission.
5) Start timer 1 by setting the TR1 bit.
6) Move the data to be transmitted into SBUF.
7) Monitor the TI bit until it is set. When set the transmission is done.
8) To send another character repeat steps 4 through 7.

C Program

#include <at89c51xd2.h>
#include <serial_io.h>

void transmit(unsigned char);

void main() {
char str[] = "CVR";
unsigned short i;

TMOD = 0x20;
TH1 = 0xFD;
SCON = 0x50;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
transmit(str[i]);
}
void transmit(unsigned char ch) {
TI = 0;
TR1 = 1;
SBUF = ch;
while (!TI);
}
..
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 Page No: 20
Result

The characters C, V, R are transmitted to the com port of the PC and can be viewed on the
Hyper Terminal.

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