SDH Principle (Chapter1 4)

SDH Principle Issue 3.
0 Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 SDH Overview...........................................................................................................1
1.1 Technical Background of SDH !h" did SDH trans#ission s"ste# e#erge$.......................1
1.% &d'antages of SDH o'er PDH......................................................................................................(
1.3 Disad'antages of SDH..................................................................................................................)
Su##ar"............................................................................................................................................10
*+ercises............................................................................................................................................10
Chapter 2 The Frame Structure and Multiplein! Method of SDH Si!nals................................1
%.1 ST,- .ra#e Structure................................................................................................................1
%.% ,ultiple+ing Structure and Procedures of SDH...........................................................................(
%.%.1 ,ultiple+ing of 1/0,b0s signals into ST,- signals......................................................1
%.%.%,ultiple+ing of 3/,b0s signals into ST,- signals.......................................................11
%.%.3,ultiple+ing of %,b0s signals into ST,- signals.........................................................13
%.3 Concepts of ,apping2 &ligning and ,ultiple+ing.....................................................................1)
Su##ar"............................................................................................................................................%0
*+ercises............................................................................................................................................%0
Chapter " Overhead and #ointer................................................................................................1
3.1 3'erhead........................................................................................................................................1
3.1.1 Section 3'erhead...............................................................................................................1
3.1.% Path 3'erhead..................................................................................................................1/
3.% Pointers........................................................................................................................................%%
3.%.1 &d#inistrati'e 4nit Pointer&4PT5...........................................................................%3
3.%.% &4/ concatenation..........................................................................................................%6
3.%.3 Tributar" 4nit Pointer T4PT5..................................................................................%7
Su##ar"............................................................................................................................................3(
*+ercises............................................................................................................................................3(
Chapter $ %o!ic Composition of SDH &'uipment......................................................................1
/.1 Co##on -* of SDH net8ork......................................................................................................1
/.% 9ogic functional block of SDH e:uip#ent.................................................................................../
Su##ar"............................................................................................................................................%(
*+ercises............................................................................................................................................%(
i
SDH Principle Issue 3.0 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 SDH Overview
Objectives:
To understand the background of SDH!h" did SDH trans#ission s"ste#
e#erge$
To understand the ad'antages and disad'antages of SDH s"ste#.
To understand the general concept of SDH for future further stud".
1.1 Technical (ac)!round of SDH **** +h, did SDH transmission
s,stem emer!e-
Before learning SDH trans#ission s"ste#2 8e #ust understand the concept of
SDH. !hat is SDH$ SDH is the abbre'iation of S"nchronous Digital Hierarch".
9ike PDH plesiochronous digital hierarch"2 SDH is a trans#ission s"ste#
;protocol< 8hich defines the characteristic of digital signals2 including fra#e
structure2 #ultiple+ing #ethod2 digital rates hierarch"2 and interface code pattern2
and so on.
!hat is the technical background for the e#ergence of SDH$
&s 8e kno82 this is a societ" of infor#aton. & highl" de'eloped infor#ation
societ" de#ands a teleco##unication net8ork 8hich can pro'ide a 'ariet" of
teleco##unication ser'ices. The infor#ation trans#itted2 s8itched and processed
'ia the teleco##unication net8ork 8ill steadil" increase. This re:uires #odern
teleco##unication net8orks to be digital2 integrate2 intelligent and personal.
&s an i#portant part of the teleco##unication net8ork2 the trans#ission s"ste#
directl" affects the de'elop#ent of the net8ork. Countries all o'er the 8orld are
no8 #aking great efforts in building infor#ation high8a"s. 3ne of the ke"
pro=ects of the infor#ation high8a" is to establish highcapacit" optical fiber
trans#ission net8orks and to broaden the band8idth so as to increase signal rates
in the trans#ission lines. This like e+panding high8a"s for large traffic flo8s.
,ean8hile2 subscribers e+pect a uni'ersal interface standard for
teleco##unication net8orks so that each subscriber in our >global 'illage> can
easil" co##unicate at an" ti#e and an" place.
&s the #ultiple+ing #ethod of the trans#ission net8ork established on the
traditional PDH s"ste# can not satisf" the re:uire#ents of highcapacit"
transi#ission and regional standards of the PDH s"ste# #ake it difficult for
net8orks interconnection2 PDH s"ste# is beco#ing a #ore and #ore serious
>bottleneck> of #odern teleco##unication net8ork 8hich restrains the rapid
1
de'elop#ent of the net8ork to8ards large capacit" and standardi?ation.
The disad'antages of traditional PDH trans#ission s"ste# are as follo8s@
1. .nterface
1< There are onl" so#e regional pro'isions2 instead of uni'ersal standards for
electrical interface. The present PDH digital signal hierarch" has three rate
le'els@ *uropean Series2 -orth &#erican Series and Aapanese Series. *ach of
the# has different electrical interface rate le'els2 fra#e structures and
#ultiple+ing #ethods. This #akes it difficult for international interconnection
and is far behind the de'elop#ent trend of con'enient co##unication at an"
ti#e and place. The rate le'els of electrical interface of these three signals are
sho8n in .igure 11.
/0/Mb1s
1"2Mb1s
"$Mb1s
3Mb1s
2Mb1s
1.04b1s
$55Mb1s
155Mb1s
"2Mb1s
0."Mb1s
1./Mb1s
26$Mb1s
$/Mb1s
0."Mb1s
$
$
$
$
"
&uropean Series 7apanese Series 8orth 9merican Series
:
/
.igure 11 the rate hierarch" diagra# of electrical interfaces
%< -o uni'ersal standards for optical interfaces. &ll PDH e:uip#ent
#anufacturers use their o8n line codes to #onitor the trans#ission
perfor#ance in the optical links. & t"pical e+a#ple is #BnB code2 of 8hich
#B is the infor#ation code and nB is the redundanc" code. The function of the
redundanc" code is to reali?e the #onitoring function of the e:uip#ent o'er
the trans#ission perfor#ances of the links. Due to the insertion of redundanc"
codes2 the signal rate of optical interface is higher than the standard signal rate
of electrical interface of the sa#e rate le'el. This not onl" increases the po8er
penalt" of the trans#itter2 but also results in inco#patibilit" of e:uip#ent
pro'ided b" different 'endors. Because #anufactures add different redundanc"
codes ne+t to the infor#ation codes during line coding in order to achie'e line
#onitoring functions2 the optical interface code patterns and rates of the sa#e
rate le'els e#plo"ed b" different #anufactures are different. So e:uip#ent at
%
the t8o ends of a trans#ission link #ust be pro'ided b" the sa#e 'endor. This
causes #an" difficulties for net8ork structuring2 #anage#ent and net8ork
interconnection.
2. Multiplein! method
In the present PDH s"ste#2 onl" 1.(,b0s and %,b0s rate signals ;including
Aapanese Series 1.3,b0s rate signal< are s"nchronous. &ll other signals are
as"nchronous and re:uire code rate =ustification for #atching and accepting clock
difference. &s PDH adopts as"nchronous #ultiple+ing #ethod2 the locations of the
lo8rate signals are not regular nor fi+ed 8hen the" are #ultiple+ed into higher
rate signals. That is to sa"2 the locations of the lo8er signals are unable to be
identified fro# the higher speed signals. But this is the ke" to directl" add0drop
lo8er speed signals fro# the higher speed signals. This is the sa#e 8hen looking
for a stranger in a cro8d. Bou can easil" find hi# if "ou kno8 8hich line and
8hich ro8 he sta"s in 8hen the cro8d is arranged in an specific order. But if the
cro8d is in a #ess2 "ou ha'e to co#pare each person 8ith the photo to locate the
#an.
Since PDH adopts as"nchronous #ultiple+ing #ethod2 lo8rate signals can not be
directl" added0dropped fro# PDH highrate signals. .or e+a#ple2 %,b0s signals
can not be directl" added0droped fro# 1/0,b0s signals. Here arise t8o proble#s@
1< &dding0dropping lo8rate signals fro# highrate signals #ust be conducted
le'el b" le'el. .or e+a#ple2 to add0drop %,b0s lo8rate signals fro# 1/0,b0s
signals2 the follo8ing procedures #ust be conducted. ;.igure 1%<@
1$5Mb1s
"$Mb1s "$Mb1s
3Mb1s
3Mb1s
2Mb1s
1$5Mb1s
de*multipleer
de*multipleer
de*multipleer multipleer
multipleer
multipileer
.igure 1% &dd0drop %,b0s signals fro# 1/0,b0s signals
&s sho8n in the figure2 lots of >backtoback> e:uip#ent is used during the process
of adding0dropping %,b0s signals fro# 1/0,b0s signals. Three stages of de
#ultiple+ing e:uip#ent are used to drop %,b0s lo8rate signals fro# 1/0,b0s
signals and then three stages of #ultiple+ing e:uip#ent are used to add %,b0s lo8
rate signals into 1/0,b0s signals. 3ne 1/0,b0s signal can be #ultiple+ed into 1/
%,b0s lo8rate signals. ,ultiple+ing and de#ultiple+ing e:uip#ent in all three
stages are re:uired to add0drop e'en one %,b0s signal fro# 1/0,b0s signals. This
not onl" enlarges the si?e and increases cost2 po8er consu#ption and co#ple+it"
3
of e:uip#ent2 but also decreases the reliabilit" of the e:uip#ent.
%< Since adding0dropping lo8rate signals to highrate ones #ust go through
#an" stages of #ultiple+ing and de#ultiple+ing2 i#pair#ent to the signals
during #ultiple+ing0de#ultiple+ing processes 8ill increase and trans#ission
perfor#ance 8ill deteriorate. This is unbearable in large capacit" trans#ission.
ThatCs the reason 8h" the trans#ission rate of PDH s"ste# has not being
i#pro'ed further.
". Operation maintenance
In the fra#e structure of PDH signals2 there are fe8 o'erhead b"tes used for
operation2 ad#inistration and #aintenance ;3&,<. This is the reason 8h"
redundanc" codes #ust be added during optical line coding for the e:uip#ent so as
to fulfill the #onitoring function o'er line perfor#ance. The fact that fe8 o'erhead
b"tes are used for the 3&, of PDH signals is also a disad'antage for la"ered
#anage#ent2 perfor#ance #onitoring2 realti#e ser'ice dispatching2 band8idth
control2 and alar# anal"?ing and locating of the trans#ission net8ork.
$. 8o universal networ) mana!ement interface
!hen bu"ing a set of e:uip#ent fro# a 'endor2 "ou ha'e to bu" its net8ork
#anage#ent s"ste#. So different parts of the net8ork #a" use different net8ork
#anage#ent s"ste#s2 8hich are obstacles in for#ing an integrated
teleco##unication #anage#ent s"ste# ;T,-<.
Because of the abo'e#entioned disad'antages2 the PDH trans#ission s"ste#
increasingl" i#pedes the de'elop#ent of trans#ission net8ork. Therefore2 Bell
Teleco##unication 5esearch Institute in the 4.S. first proposed the s"nchronous
optical net8ork ;S3-*T< hierarch" cosisting of a co#plete set of standard digital
transfer structures di'ided into different le'els. The concept of S3-*T 8as
accepted b" CCITT in 17))2 and rena#ed as s"nchronous digital hierarch" ;SDH<.
SDH is a general techni:ue s"ste# both for optical fiber trans#ission and for
#icro8a'e and satellite trans#ission. This course focuses on the applications of
the SDH s"ste# on optical fiber trans#ission net8orks.
$ Questions:
,a"be "ouC'e alread" learned fro# so#e #aterials that for SDH signals lo8rate
signals can be directl" dropped fro# highrate signals2 e. g.2 %,b0s signals can be
directl" dropped fro# %.(D signals. !h"$ This characteristic is related to the
special s"nchronous #ultiple+ing #ethod of SDH. Since SDH adopts s"nchronous
#ultiple+ing #ethod2 the location of the lo8rate signals in the highrate signal
fra#e can be predicted. So it is eas" to directl" drop lo8rate signals fro# high
rate ones.
/
1.2 9dvanta!es of SDH over #DH
Since SDH trans#ission s"ste# e'ol'es fro# PDH2 it has unparalleled ad'antages
o'er PDH. Co#pared 8ith PDH2 it is a ne8 trans#ission s"ste# that has #ade
radical re'olution in technical s"ste#.
.irst2 8e 8ill discuss the basic concept of SDH. The core of this concept is2 in 'ie8
of an integrated national teleco##unication net8ork and international
interco##unication2 to establish digital teleco##unication net8orks2 and to #ake
up i#portant parts of integrated ser'ices digital net8orks ;ISD-<2 especiall" broad
band integrated ser'ices digital net8ork ;BISD-<. Ho8 to undstand this concept$
Different fro# traditional PDH2 the net8ork based on SDH s"ste# is a highl"
unifor#2 standardi?ed and intelligent net8ork. It uses uni'ersal interfaces to
achie'e co#patibilit" 8ith different e:uip#ent fro# different 'endors. It also
boasts of highl" efficient and coordinated #anage#ent and operation through out
the 8hole net8ork and trans#ission process2 fle+ible net8orking and traffic
dispatching2 and net8ork selfhealing function. It greatl" enhances the utili?ation
ratio of net8ork resources and reduces the 3&, costs due to the enhanced
#aintenance function.
-o8 8e 8ill gi'e detail ad'antages of SDH ;the" can be regarded as the features
of SDH< in se'eral aspects. Please #ake co#parison 8ith PDH s"ste# 8hen
reading.
1. .nterface
1< *lectrical Interface
Standardi?ation of interfaces deter#ines the possibilit" of interconnection a#ong
different e:uip#ent fro# different 'edors. SDH s"ste# pro'ides uni'ersal
standards for net8ork node interfaces ;--I<2 including sdandards on digital signal
rate le'el2 fra#e structure2 #ultiple+ing #ethod2 line interface2 #onitoring and
#anage#ent2 etc. So SDH e:uip#ent of diffenrent 'endors can be easil"
interconnected2 i.e. e:uip#ent fro# different 'endors can be installed on the sa#e
line2 8hich full" de#onstrates the s"ste# co#patibilit".
SDH s"ste# pro'ides a set of standard infor#ation structure le'els2 i.e. a set of
standard rate le'els. The basic signal trans#ission structure le'el is a s"nchronous
transport #odule ST,1 at a rate of 1((,b0s. Digital signal hierarchies of
higher le'els such as 1%%,b0s ;ST,/< and %.(Db0s ;ST,11< can be for#ed b"
lo8rate infor#ation #odules ;e.g. ST,1< 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing. The
nu#ber of #odules to be #ultiple+ed is a #ultiple of /. .or e+a#ple2 ST,
/E/ST,1 and ST,11E/ST,/.
(
Technical details:
!hat is b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing #ethod$
!e can e+plain it b" the follo8ing e+a#ple. There are three signals 8ith the fra#e
structure of 3 b"tes in each fra#e.
9
91 92 9"
(1 (2 (" C1 C2 C"
(
C
If signal D is for#ed b" b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing #ethod2 it 8ill ha'e a fra#e
structure of 7 b"tes in each fra#e and these 7 b"tes are arranged in the order as
sho8n in the follo8ing figure@
91(1 (2 C1 C2 C" ("
D
92 9"
This #ultiple+ing #ethod is called b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing #ethod.
%< 3ptical Interface
9ine interfaces ;here refers to optical interface< adopt uni'ersal standards. 9ine
coding of SDH signals is onl" scra#bling2 insteand of inserting redundanc" codes.
The standard for scra#bling is uni'ersal. Therefore the oppositeter#inal
e:uip#ent can be interconnected 8ith SDH e:uip#ent of different 'endors 'ia
standard descra#bler alone. The purpose of scra#bling is to #ake the probabilit"
of >1> bits and >0> bits occurence gets close to (0F so as to e+tract clock signals
fro# line signals. &s line signals are scra#bled onl"2 the line signal rates of SDH
are the sa#e 8ith the standard signal rates of the SDH electrical interface. This 8ill
not add e+tra optical po8er penalt" to the trans#itting laser2
2. Multiplein! method
&s lo8rate SDH signals are #ultiple+ed into the fra#e structure of highrate SDH
signals 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing #ethod2 their locations in the fra#e of
highrate SDH signal are fi+ed and regular2 or sa"2 predictable. Therefore2 lo8rate
SDH signals2 e.g. 1((,b0s2 ;ST,1 <2 can be directl" added to or dropped fro#
highrate signals2 e.g.2 %.(Db0s ;ST,11 <. This si#plifies the #ultiple+ing and de
#ultiple+ing processes of signals and #akes SDH hierarch" especiall" suitable for
high rate and large capacit" optical fiber trans#ission s"ste#s.
&s s"nchronous #ultiple+ing #ethod and fle+ible #apping structure are e#plo"ed2
PDH lo8rate tributar" signals ;e.g.2 %,b0s < can also be #ultiple+ed into SDH
signal fra#e ;ST,-<. Their locations in ST,- fra#e are also predictable. So
lo8rate tributar" signals can be directl" added to or dropped fro# ST,- signals.
1
-ote that this is different fro# the abo'e process of directl" adding0dropping lo8
rate SDH signals to0fro# highrate SDH signals. Here it refers to direct
adding0dropping of lo8rate tributar" signals2 such as %,b0s2 3/,b0s2 and
1/0,b0s2 to0fro# SDH signals. This sa'es lots of #ultiple+ing0de#ultiple+ing
e:uip#ent ;backtoback e:uip#ent<2 enhances reliabilit"2 and reduces signal
i#pair#ent2 and the cost2 po8er consu#ption and co#ple+it" of the e:uip#ent.
&dding0dropping of ser'ices is futher s"#plified.
This #ultiple+ing #ethod of SDH helps to fulfill the funciton of digital cross
connection ;DGC<2 and pro'ides the net8ork 8ith po8erful selfhealing function.
Subscribers can d"na#icall" i#ple#ent net8orking according to needs and
perfor# realti#e traffic dispatching.
Technical details:
!hat is the net8ork selfhealing function$
-et8ork selfhealing refers to the auto#atic protection s8itching of the net8ork.
!hen ser'ice is interrupted due to traffic channel da#age2 the net8ork 8ill
auto#aticall" s8itch to standb" traffic channel so that the ser'ice can be restored
to nor#al trans#ission state in a short ti#e ;less than (0#s as defined b" IT4T <.
Please note that selfhealing #erel" restores the ser'ices. The fault e:uip#ent and
channel #ust be repaired #anuall".
To achie'e net8ork selfhealing function2 the SDH e:uip#ent shall possess not
onl" the DGC function ; for s8itching the ser'ice fro# the acti'e channel to the
standb" channel<2 but also redundanc" channels ;standb" channels< and
redundanc" e:uip#ent ;standb" e:uip#ent<. The follo8ing is a si#ple e+a#ple of
a trans#ission net8ork 8ith selfhealing function.
". Operation; administration and maintenance
&bundant o'erhead bits for operation2 ad#inistration and #aintenance ;3&,<
functions are arranged in the fra#e structures of SDH signals. This greatl" enforces
the net8ork #onitoring function2 i.e. auto#atic #aintenance. So#e redundanc"
bits #ust be added during line coding for line perfor#ance #onitoring because fe8
o'erhead b"tes are arranged in PDH signals. .or e+a#ple2 in the fra#e structure of
PC,3003% signals2 onl" the bits in TS0 and TS11 ti#e slots are used for 3&,
function.
6
The abundant o'erheads in SDH signals account for 10%0 of the total b"tes in a
fra#e. It greatl" enhances the 3&, function and reduces the cost of s"ste#
#aintenance that occupies #ost of the o'erall cost of teleco##unication
e:uip#ents. The o'erall cost of SDH s"ste# is less than that of PDH s"ste# and
esti#ated to be onl" 1(.)F of that of the later.
$. Compatibilit,
SDH has high co#patibilit"2 8hich #eans that the SDH trans#ission net8ork and
the e+isting PDH trans#ission net8ork can 8ork together 8hile establishing SDH
transi#ission net8ork. SDH net8ork can be used for trans#itting PDH ser'ices2 as
8ell as signals of other hierarchies2 such as as"nchronous transfer #ode ;&T,<
signals and .DDI signals.
Ho8 does the SDH trans#ission net8ork achie'e such co#patibilit"$ The basic
transport #odule ;ST,1< of SDH signals in SDH net8ork can acco##odate three
PDH digital signal hierarchies and other hierarchies such as &T,2 .DDI and
DHDB. This reflects the for8ard and back8ard co#patibilit" of SDH and
guarantees s#ooth transitions fro# PDH to SDH net8ork and fro# SDH to &T,.
Ho8 does SDH acco##odate signals of these hierarchies$ It si#pl" #ultiple+es
the lo8rate signals of different hierarchies into the fra#e structure of the ST,1
signals at the boundar" of the net8ork ;e.g. SDH0PDH start point< and then de
#ultiple+es the# at the boundar" of the net8ork ;end point<. In this 8a"2 digital
signals of different hierarchies can be trans#itted in the SDH trans#ission
net8ork.
Tips:
In SDH net8ork2 the SDH signal functions as a transport truck. It packs the signals
of different hierarchies ;refering to PDH signals in this course< into packages of
different si?es ;rate le'els< like packing cargoes2 and then loads the# onto the truck
;ST,- fra#e< for trans#ission on SDH #ain trunk ;fiber<. &t the recei'ing end2
it unloads the packed cargoes ;signals of other hierarchies< fro# the truck2 unpacks
and restores the# to the signals of original hierarchies. This describes the 8hole
process of #ultiple+ing lo8rate signals of different hierarchies into SDH signals
;ST,-<2 trans#itting on the SDH net8ork and disasse#bling into signals of their
original hierarchies.
1." Disadvanta!es of SDH
3ne gain2 one loss. The abo'e ad'antages of SDH are achie'ed at the cost of
)
certain aspects.
1. %ow bandwidth utili<ation ratio
&s 8e kno82 effecti'eness usuall" contradicts 8ith reliabilit". *ffecti'eness
increases at the cost of reliabilit"2 and 'ice 'ersa. .or instance2 as selecti'it" of a
radio increases2 the a'ailable channels increase either. But the reliabilit" 8ill
decrease because the passband beco#es narro8er and tone :ualit" deteriorates as a
result. 3ne significant ad'antage of SDH is that s"ste# reliabilit" is greatl"
enhanced ;highl" auto#atic 3&,< since #an" o'erhead b"tes for 3&, function
are e#plo"ed in SDH signals ST,- fra#e. To trans#it the sa#e a#ount of
'alid infor#ation2 PDH signals occup" less fre:uenc" band8idth ;trans#ission
rate< than SDH signals2 i.e. PDH signals use lo8er rate. .or e+a#ple2 SDH ST,1
signals can be #ultiple+ed into 13 %,b0s or 3 3/,b0s ;e:ual to /)%,b0s< or 1
1/0,b0s ;e:uals to 1/%,b0s< PDH signals. 3nl" 8hen #ultiple+ing PDH signals
into ST,1 signal fra#e 8ith 1/0,b0s signals can the ST,1 signal acco##odate
the infor#ation content of 1/%,b0s. Its rate2 up to 1((,b0s2 is higher than PDH */
signal ;1/0,b0s< containing the sa#e a#ount of infor#ation. In other 8ords2
ST,1 occupies a fre:uenc" band8idth larger than that needed b" PDH */ signals
;the" ha'e the sa#e a#ount of infor#ation<.
2. Comple mechanism of pointer =ustification
B" directl" dropping lo8rate signals ;e.g. %,b0s< fro# highrate signals ;e.g.
ST,1<2 SDH s"ste# eli#inates the co#ple+ procedures of #ultile'el
#ultiple+ing0de#ultiple+ing. Such a function is achie'ed 'ia pointer =ustification
The pointer constantl" indicates the location of lo8rate signals so that specific
lo8rate signals can be properl" de#ultiple+ed in ti#e of >unpacking>.
Ho8e'er2 the pointer function increases the co#ple+it" of the s"ste#. ,ost of all2
it generates a kind of special =itter in SDH s"ste# a co#bined =itter caused b"
pointer =ustification. Such =itter usuall" occurs on the boundar" of net8orks
;SDH0PDH<. Due to its lo8 fre:uenc" and high a#plitude2 this =itter 8ill
deteriorate the perfor#ance of lo8rate signals being de#ultiple+ed. &nd such
=itter is difficult to be filtered.
". .nfluence of ecessive use of software on s,stem securit,
3ne of the features of SDH is its highl" auto#atic 3&,2 8hich #eans that
soft8are constitutes a large proportiong in the s"ste#. &s a result2 SDH s"ste# is
'ulnerable to co#puter 'iruses 8hich are ra#pant in #odern 8orld. In addition2
#anual #isoperation and soft8are fault on net8ork la"er are also fatal to the
s"ste#. Securit" beco#es a #ain consideration of the s"ste#.
SDH hierarch" is a ne8 thing. In spite of suchandsuch disad'antages2 SDH has
7
sho8n po8erful 'italit" in the de'elop#ent of trans#ission net8orks. The
transition of the trans#ission net8orkds fro# PDH to SDH is definitel" ine'itable.
Questions:
!hat ha'e "ou learned fro# this section$
1. !hat is SDH$
%. !h" did the SDH trans#ission s"ste# e#erge$
3. !hat are the ad'antages of SDH2 co#pared 8ith PDH$
/. !hat are the disad'antages of SDH$
(. Ha'e "ou got a general concept of SDH in #ind$
Summar,
This section gi'es the technical background of the e#argence of SDH s"ste# and
the characteristics of SDH s"ste#. Its #ain purpose is to help readers to establish a
general concept of SDH
&ercises
1. !h" is the SDH s"ste# suitable for large capacit" trans#ission$
10
SDH Principle Issue 3.0 Chapter % The .ra#e
Structure and ,ulltiple+ing ,ethod of SDH Signals
Chapter 2 The Frame Structure and Multiplexing
Method of SDH Signals
Objectives:
To understand the fra#e structure of ST,- signals.
To understand the basic functions of different parts of the ST,- signal fra#e.
To understand the entire procedures of #ultiple+ing %,b0s2 3/,b0s and 1/0,b0s
signals into ST,- signals.
To understand the concepts of #apping2 align#ent and #ultiple+ing.
2.1 STM*8 Frame Structure
!hat kind of fra#e structure do SDH signals need$
The arrange#ent of the fra#e structure shall ensure that the lo8rate tributar"
signals are allocated as e'enl" and regularl" in the fra#e as possible. Because this
#akes it easier to i#ple#ent s"nchronous #ultiple+ing2 crossconnect ;GC<2
add0drop2 and s8itching of tributaries. In a 8ord2 this arrange#ent facilitates direct
adding0dropping of lo8rate tributar" signals to0fro# highrate signals. Therefore2
IT4T defines the fra#es of ST,- as rectangle block fra#e structure in unit of
b"te ;)bit<2 as illustrated in .igure %1.
T1/13555*2/
$
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2
/
265 N columns >b,tes?
2 N 201 N
STM*8 pa,load
2 rows
Section overhead
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Section overhead
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9dministrative unit pointer>s?
.igure %1 ST,- fra#e structure
1
Notes:
!hat is a block fra#e$
.or the con'enience of signal anal"sis2 the fra#e structures of the signals are often
illustrated as block fra#e structures. This is not the uni:ue structure of SDH
signals. The fra#e structures of PDH signals2 &T, signals and data packets of
packet s8itching are also block fra#es. .or e+a#ple2 the fra#e of *1 signals is a
block fra#e of 1 ro83% colu#ns consisting of 3% b"tes. &T, signals ha'e a block
fra#e structure of (3 b"tes. To illustrate fra#e structures of signals as block fra#es
is #erel" for the con'enience of anal"sis.
&s sho8n in the abo'e figure2 the fra#e structure of ST,- signals is 7 ro8s
%60- colu#ns. The - here is e:ual to the - in ST,-2 ranging fro# 12 /2 112 1/2
and %(1. The - indicates that this signal is #ultiple+ed b" - ST,1 signals 'ia
b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing. This e+plains that the fra#e structure of ST,1
signals is a block structure of 7 ro8s %60 colu#ns. !hen - ST,1 signals are
#ultiple+ed into ST,- signal 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing2 onl" the colu#ns
of ST,1 signals are #ultiple+ed 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing. !hile the
nu#ber of ro8s re#ains constantl" to be 7.
It is kno8n that signals are trans#itted bitb"bit in lines. But ho8 is the block
fra#e trans#itted in the line$ Is the entire block trans#itted si#ultaneousl"$ 3f
course not. ST,- signals are also trans#itted bitb"bit. Then 8hat is the
se:uence of trans#ission$ !hich bits are trans#itted first and 8hich later$ The
principle for SDH signal fra#e trans#ission is@ the b"tes ;)bit< 8ithin the fra#e
structure is trans#itted bitb"bit fro# left to right and fro# top to botto#. &fter
one ro8 is trans#itted2 the ne+t ro8 8ill follo8. &fter one fra#e is co#pleted2 the
ne+t fra#e 8ill start.
!hat is the fra#e fre:uenc" ;i.e. the nu#ber of fra#es trans#itted per second< for
ST,- signals$ IT4T defines the fre:uenc" to be )000 fra#es per second for all
le'els in ST, hierarch". That #eans the fra#e length or fra#e period is a constant
'alue of 1%(us. ,a"be the fact that there are )000 fra#es in one second is fa#iliar
to "ou2 because *1 signals of PDH also ha'e the fre:uenc" of )000 fra#es per
second.
-ote that all fra#e fre:uencies of an" ST, hierarchical le'els are )000 fra#es per
second. Constant fra#e period is a #a=or characteristic of SDH signals. &re the
fra#e periods of signals of different PDH hierarchical le'els also the sa#e$ The
constant fra#e period #akes the rates of ST,- signals regular. .or e+a#ple2 the
data rate of ST,/ trans#ission is constantl" / ti#es as that of ST,12 and ST,
11 is / ti#es of ST,/ and 11 ti#es of ST,1. But the rate of *% signals of PDH
is not / ti#es as that of *1 signals. Such regularit" of SDH signals #akes it
possible to directl" add0drop lo8rate SDH signals to0fro# highrate SDH signals2
%
especiall" for highcapacit" trans#ission.
Questions:
!hat is the bit trans#ission rate of a single b"te of ST,- fra#es$
The fra#e fre:uenc" of ST,- is )000 fra#es per second2 i.e. a gi'en b"te in the
signal fra#es is trans#itted )000 ti#es per second2 so the bit rate of this b"te is
)000)bit1/kb0s. This is also a fa#iliar nu#ber 8hich is e:ual to the trans#ission
rate of one digital telephone line2 i.e. the band8idth occupied b" one digital
telephone line.
&s illustrated in the figure2 the fra#e of ST,- consists of three parts@ Section
3'erhead ;including 5egenerator Section 3'erhead 5S3H and ,ultiple+
Section 3'erhead ,S3H<2 &d#inistrati'e 4nit Pointer &4PT5 and
Infor#ation Pa"load. -e+t2 8e 8ill describe the functions of these three parts.
1< The Infor#ation Pa"load is a place in the ST,- fra#e structure to store
'arious infor#ation code blocks to be trans#itted b" ST,-. It functions as
the >8agon bo+> of the truckST,-. !ithin the bo+ are packed lo8rate
signals cargoes to be shipped. To #onitor the possible i#pair#ent to the
cargoes ;the packed lo8rate signals< on a realti#e basis during trans#ission2
super'isor" o'erhead b"tes Path 3'erhead ;P3H< b"tes are added into the
signals 8hen the lo8rate signals are packed. &s one part of pa"load2 the P3H2
together 8ith the infor#ation code blocks2 is loaded onto ST,- and
trans#itted on the SDH net8ork. The P3H is in charge of #onitoring2
ad#inistrating and controlling ;so#e8hat si#ilar to a sensor< the path
perfor#ances for the packed cargoes ;the lo8rate signals<.
Technical details:
!hat is a path$ 9etCs take the follo8ing e+a#ple. ST,1 signals can be
de#ultiple+ed into 13 %,b0s signals. In other 8ords2 ST,1 can be regarded as a
trans#ission path di'ided into 13 b"paths. *ach b"path2 8hich is e:ual to a lo8
rate signal path2 trans#its corresponding lo8rate signals. The function of the Path
3'erhead is to #onitor the trans#ission condition of these b"paths. The 13 %,b0s
paths #ultiple+ and for# the path of ST,1 signals that can be regarded as a
>section> here. -o8 do "ou understand$ Paths refer to corrresponding lo8rate
tributar" signals. The function of P3H is to #onitor the perfor#ance of these lo8
rate signals trans#itted 'ia the ST,- on the SDH net8ork.
This is consistent 8ith the analog" in 8hich the ST,- signal is regarded as a
truck and the lo8rate signals are packed and loaded onto the truck for
trans#ission.
3
Notes:
The Infor#ation Pa"load is not e:ual to effecti'e load lo8rate tributar"
signals2 as the signals loaded in the Infor#ation Pa"load are packed lo8rate
signals2 i.e. lo8rate signal plus corresponding P3H.
%< The Section 3'erhead ;S3H< refers to the au+iliar" b"tes 8hich is necessar" for
net8ork operation2 ad#inistration and #aintenance ;3&,< to guarantee nor#al
and fle+ible trans#ission of Infor#ation Pa"load. .or e+a#ple2 the Section
3'erhead can #onitor the i#pair#ent condition of all >cargoes> in ST,- during
trans#ission. The function of P3H is to locate the certain i#paired cargo in case
i#pair#ents occurred. S3H i#ple#ents the o'erall #onitoring of cargoes 8hile
the P3H #onitors a specific cargo. S3H and P3H also ha'e so#e ad#inistration
functions
The Section 3'erhead is further classified into 5egenerator Section 3'erhead
;5S3H< and ,ultiple+ Section 3'erhead ;,S3H<. The" respecti'el" #onitor
their corresponding sections and la"ers. &s #entioned abo'e2 section can be
regarded as a large trans#ission path. The function of 5S3H and ,S3H is to
#onitor this trans#ission path.
Then2 8hatCs the difference bet8een 5S3H and ,S3H$ In fact2 the" ha'e different
#onitoring do#ains. .or e+a#ple2 if ST,11 signals are trans#itted in the fiber2
the 5S3H #onitors the o'erall trans#ission perfor#ance of ST,11 8hile the
,S3H #onitors the perfor#ances of each ST,1 of the ST,11 signals.
Technical details:
5S3H2 ,S3H and P3H pro'ide SDH signals 8ith #onitoring functions for
different la"ers. .or a ST,11 s"ste#2 the 5S3H #onitors the o'erall
trans#ission perfor#ance of the ST,11 signalI the ,S3H #onitors the
trans#ission perfor#ances of each ST,1 signalI and the P3H #onitors the
trans#ission perfor#ances of each packaged lo8rate tributar" signal ;e.g. %,b0s<
in ST,1. Through these co#plete #onitoring and #anage#ent functions for all
le'els2 "ou can con'enientl" conduct #acro ;o'erall< and #icro ;indi'idual<
super'ission o'er the trans#ission status of the signal and easil" locate and anal"?e
faults.
The 5egenerator Section 3'erhead b"tes in a ST,- fra#e are located 8ithin ro8
13 of colu#n 1 to 7-2 3 7 - b"tes in total .The ,ultiple+ Section 3'erhead b"tes
in a ST,- fra#e are located 8ithin ro8 (7 of colu#n 1 to 7 -2 ( 7 - b"tes in
total. Co#pared 8ith the fra#e structure of PDH signals2 the abundant section
o'erhead is a significant characteristic of the fra#e structures of SDH signals.
3< &d#inistrati'e 4nit Pointer &4PT5
/
The &d#inistrati'e 4nit Pointer 8ithin colu#n 7 - of ro8 / of the ST,- fra#e
is 7 - b"tes in total. !hatCs the function of &4PT5$ !e ha'e #entioned before
those lo8rate tributaries ;e.g. %,b0s< could be added0dropped directl" fro# high
rate SDH signals. Because the locations of lo8rate signals 8ithin a highrate SDH
fra#e structure are predictable2 i.e. regular. The predictabilit" can be achie'ed 'ia
the pointer o'erhead b"tes function in the SDH fra#e structure. The &4PT5
indicates the e+act location of the first b"te of the infor#ation pa"load 8ithin the
ST,- fra#e so that the infor#ation pa"load can be properl" e+tracted at the
recei'ing end according to the 'alue of this location indicator ;the 'alue of the
pointer<. 9etCs #ake it easier. Suppose that there are #an" goods stored in a
8arehouse in unit of pile. Doods ;lo8rate signals< of each pile are regularl"
arranged ;'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing<. !e can locate a piece of goods 8ithin
the 8arehouse b" onl" locating the pile this piece of goods belongs to. That is to
sa"2 as long as the location of the first piece of goods is kno8n2 the precise location
of an" piece 8ithin the pile can be directl" located according to the regularit" of
their arrange#ent. In this 8a" "ou can directl" carr" ;directl" add0drop< a gi'en
piece of goods ;lo8rate tributar"< fro# the 8arehouse. The function of &4PT5 is
to indicate the location of the first piece of goods 8ithin a gi'en pile.
In fact2 the pointer is further classified into higher order pointer and lo8 order
pointer. The higher order pointer is &4PT5 8hile the lo8er order pointer is T4
PT5 ;Tributar" 4nit Pointer<. The function of T4PT5 is si#ilar to that of &4
PT5 e+cept that the for#er indicates s#aller >piles of goods>.
2.2 Multiplein! Structure and #rocedures of SDH
SDH #ultiple+ing includes t8o t"pes@ #ultiple+ing of lo8erorder SDH signals
into higherorder SDH signals and #ultiple+ing of lo8rate tributar" signals ;e.g.
%,b0s2 3/,b0s and 1/0,b0s< into SDH signals ST,-.
The first t"pe of #ultiple+ing #entioned before is conducted #ainl" 'ia b"te
interlea'ed #ultiple+ing b" #ultiple+ing four into one2 e.g. /ST,1-->ST,/
and /ST,/-->ST,11. During the #ultiple+ing2 the fra#e fre:uenc" re#ains
unchanged ;)000fra#e per second<2 8hich #eans that the rate of the higherle'el
ST,- signals is / ti#es that of the ne+t lo8erle'el ST,- signals. During the
b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing2 the infor#ation pa"load and pointer b"tes of each
fra#e are #ultiple+ed 'ia interlea'ed #ultiple+ing based on their original 'alues
8hile so#e S3H 8ill be accepted or re=ected. In a #ultiple+ed ST,- fra#e2 the
S3H is not effected 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing 8ith the S3Hs of all the
lo8erorder SDH fra#es. So#e S3Hs of the lo8erorder fra#e are re=ected. The
detailed #ultiple+ing #ethod 8ill be described in the ne+t section.
The second t"pe of #ultiple+ing is #ostl" used for #ultiple+ing of PDH signals
into the ST,- signals.
IT4T defined a co#plete #ultiple+ing structure ;i.e. #ultiple+ing routes<.
(
Through these routes2 digital signals of three PDH hierarchies can be #ultiple+ed
into ST,- signals 'ia a 'ariet" of #ethods. The routes defined b" IT4T are
illustrated in .igure %%.
STM*8 9@4
9@*$
AC*$
9@*" AC*"
T@4*"
T@4*2
T@*"
T@*2
T@*12
T@*11
AC*"
AC*2
AC*12
AC*11
C*$
C*"
C*2
C*12
C*11
8 1
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#ointer
processin!
Multiplein!
9li!nin! ad=ustment
Mappin!

.igure %% the #ultiple+ing #apping structure defined in 5ec. D.607
&s illustrated in .igure %%2 this #ultiple+ing structure includes so#e basic
#ultiple+ing units@ C Container2 JC Jirtual Container2 T4 Tributar" 4nit2
T4D Tributar" 4nit Droup2 &4 &d#inistrati'e 4nit2 and &4D &d#inistrati'e
4nit Droup. The suffi+es of these #ultiple+ing units denote their corresponding
signal le'els. &s illustrated in the figure2 there are se'eral routes ;se'eral
#ultiple+ing #ethods< through 8hich a 'alid pa"load can be #ultiple+ed into
ST,- signals. .or e+a#ple2 there are t8o #ultiple+ing routes for %,b0s signals2
i.e. t8o #ethods for #ultiple+ing %,b0s signals into ST,- signals. Bou #a"
ha'e noted that ),b0s PDH signals canCt be #ultiple+ed into ST,- signals.
&lthough there are se'eral routes for a kind of signals to be #ultiple+ed into SDH
ST,- signals2 the #ultiple+ing route used in a countr" or an area #ust be uni:ue.
In China2 the SDH optical trans#ission net8ork technological s"ste# stipulates
that PDH signals based on %,b0s signals shall be regarded as the 'alid pa"load of
SDH and the #ultiple+ing route of &4/ shall be e#plo"ed. This #ultiple+ing
route structure is illustrated in .igure %3.
STM*8 9@4 9@*$ AC*$
T@4*"
T@4*2
T@*"
T@*12
AC*"
AC*12
C*$
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processin!
Multiplein!
9li!nin! =ustification
Mappin!
.igure %3 basic #ultiple+ing #apping structure e#plo"ed in China and so#e other countries
2.2.1 Multiplein! of 1$5Mb1s si!nals into STM8 si!nals
1< .irst2 the 1/0,b0s PDH signals are adapted 'ia bit rate =ustification ;bit
1
stuffing #ethod< into C/2 8hich is a standard infor#ation structure used to
acco##odate 1/0,b0s PDH signals. &fter being processed 'ia bit rate
=ustification techni:ues2 ser'ice signals of 'arious rates in'ol'ed in SDH
#ultiple+ing #ust be loaded into a standard container corresponding to the rate
le'el of the signal@ %,b0sC1%2 3/,b0sC3 and 1/0,b0sC/. The #ain
function of a container is for bit rate =ustification. Putting 1/0,b0s signals into
C/ is si#ilar to signal packing. The rate of 1/0,b0s signals thus is ad=usted to
standard C/ rate. This is also si#ilar to the packing of */ signals in a si?e
e:ual to standard C/. The fra#e structure of C/ is block fra#e in unit of
b"tes2 8ith the fra#e fre:uenc" of )000fra#e per second. That is to sa"2 the
1/0,b0s signals are s"nchroni?ed to SDH trans#ission net8ork after being
adapted into C/ signals. This process is =ust like loading C/ to as"nchronous
1/0,b0s signals. The fra#e structure of C/ is illustrated in .igure %/.
1"2.20$Mb1s
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2
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1$2.60Mb1s
3555*frame1second
.igure %/ C/ fra#e structure
The fra#e of C/ signals has %10 colu#ns 7 ro8s ;the block fra#e of PDH signals
re#ains constantl" to be 7 ro8s 8hile #ultiple+ing into ST,-<. The rate of */
signal after adaptation ;i.e. the rate of C/ signals< is@ )000 fra#e0second 7 ro8s
%10 colu#ns ) bits E 1/7.610,b0s. 5ate adaptation of as"nchronous signals #eans
that the rate of as"nchronous signals can be changed into standard rate through bit
rate =ustification 8hen the" 'ar" 8ithin a certain range. Here2 the rate range of the
*/ signals is@ 137.%1/,b0s1(pp# 5ec. D.603 definition ;137.%11
137.%11< ,b0s. Through rate adaptation2 the */ signals 8ithin this rate range can
be ad=usted into standard C/ rate of 1/7.610,b0s2 8hich #eans that the" can be
acco##odated into C/ containers.
3< & colu#n of path o'erhead b"tes ;higherorder path o'erhead JC/P3H<
shall be added in front of the C/ block fra#e during #ultiple+ing in order to
#onitor the 1/0,b0s path signals. Then the signals beco#e a JC/
infor#ation structure2 as illustrated in figure %(.
1
1
2
201
1$2.60Mb1s
#
O
H
AC$
C$ 1/5.""0Mb1s
.igure %( JC/ structure
6
JC/ is a standard 'irtual container corresponding to 1/0,b0s PDH signals. This
process is =ust like en'eloping the C/ signals for the second ti#e2 so as to enclose
the o'erheadP3H for path #onitoring and #anage#ent into the en'elope. The
o'erheadP3H i#ple#ents realti#e #onitoring o'er path signals.
The en'eloping rate of the 'irtual container ;JC< is also s"nchronous 8ith the
SDH net8ork. Different JCs ;e.g. JC1% for %,b0s and JC3 for 3/,b0s< are
s"nchronous 8ith each other. &s"nchronous pa"loads fro# different containers are
allo8ed to load 8ithin the 'irtual containers. The 'irtual container2 a kind of
infor#ation structure 8hose integrit" is al8a"s #aintained during trans#ission on
the SDH net8ork2 can be regarded as an independent unit ;cargo package<. It can
be fle+ibl" and con'enientl" added0dropped at an" point of the path for
s"nchronous #ultiple+ing and crossconnection processing.
In fact2 it is the JC packet of corresponding signals that is located and
added0dropped directl" fro# the highrate signal. The lo8rate tributar" signals are
added0dropped b" packing0unpacking.
!hen packing C/ into JC/2 7 o'erhead b"tes #ust be added in the first colu#n
of the JC/ fra#e. Then JC/ has a fra#e structure of 7 ro8s %11 colu#ns.
!ithin ST,- fra#e structure2 the infor#ation pa"load is 7 ro8s %11 - colu#ns.
.or ST,12 it is 7 ro8s %11 colu#ns. -o8 "ou #ight get the idea that JC/ is in
fact the infor#ation pa"load of the ST,1 fra#e. The process of packing PDH
signals into C and adding the corresponding path o'erhead to for# the infor#ation
structure of JC is called #apping.
/< Ha'ing been packed into standard packages2 the cargoes are no8 read" to be
loaded onto the truckST,-. The loading place is the infor#ation pa"load
area. 3n loading the cargoes ;JC< such a proble# #a" be encountered that the
locations for the cargoes 8ithin the carriage #a" >float> if the loading speed of
cargoes does not #atch the 8aitforloading ti#e ;1%(us2 the fra#e period of
ST,-< of the truck. Then ho8 can cargoes be disasse#bled correctl" at the
recei'ing end$ SDH sol'es this proble# b" adding an &d#inistrati'e 4nit
Pointer &4PT5 before the JC/. Thus the signal is changed fro# JC/
into another infor#ation structure &d#inistrati'e 4nit &4/2 as illustrated
in figure %1@
1
1
2
9@*#TC
26
.igure %1 &4/ structure
The infor#ation structure &4/ takes the basic for# of ST,1 signals 7 ro8s
)
%60 colu#ns2 onl" 8ithout S3H. In fact2 this infor#ation structure can be regarded
as an en'elope of &4/ JC/ packet is en'eloped once #ore ;&4PT5
added<.
The &d#inistrati'e 4nit2 consisting of higher order JC and &4 pointer2 pro'ides
adaptation functions for the higher order path la"er and the #ultiple+ section la"er.
The function of &4PT5 is to indicate the location of the higher order JC 8ithin
the ST, fra#e2 i.e. the specific location of the JC package 8ithin the ST,-.
4nder the pointer function2 the higher order JC is allo8ed to >float> 8ithin the
ST, fra#e2 i.e. the fre:uenc" offsets and phase differences to a certain degree
bet8een JC/ and &4/ are tolerable. 3r in other 8ords2 certain ti#e difference
bet8een the loading speed of the cargo and the 8aiting ti#e of the truck is allo8ed2
i.e. certain difference bet8een the rate of JC/ and the packing rate ;loading
speed< of &4/ is allo8ed. This difference 8ill not affect the correct locating and
disasse#bling of JC/ at the recei'ing end. &lthough the package #a" >float> in
the co#part#ent ;the infor#ation pa"load area<2 the location of &4PT5 in the
ST, fra#e is fi+ed. Because the &4PT5 is outside of the pa"load area and co
located 8ith the section o'erhead instead. This guarantees that the &4PT5 can be
accuratel" found in the corresponding location. Then the JC/ can be locali?ed b"
the &4 pointer and disasse#bled fro# ST,- signals.
3ne or #ore &4s 8ith fi+ed locations 8ithin the ST, fra#e for# an &4D
&d#inistrati'e 4nit Droup.
The #ultiple+ing arrange#ent of a single &4/ 'ia the &4D is depicted in
.igure %6. The 7 b"tes at the beginning of ro8 / are allocated to the &4/ pointer.
The re#aining 7 ro8s b" %11 colu#ns is allocated to the Jirtual Container/ ;JC
/<. The phase of the JC/ is not fi+ed 8ith respect to the &4/. The location of the
first b"te of the JC/ 8ith respect to the &4/ pointer is gi'en b" the pointer
'alue. The &4/ is placed directl" in the &4D.
7
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phase
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E 1551 SS11 >S bits are unspecified?
.igure %6 ,ultiple+ of &4/ 'ia &4D
/< The last step is to add corresponding S3H to &4/ to for# ST,- signals. The
arrange#ent of - &4Ds #ultiple+ed into the ST,- is sho8n in .igure %). The
&4D is a structure of 7 ro8s b" %11 colu#ns plus 7 b"tes in ro8 / ;for the &4n
pointers<. The ST,- consists of an S3H as described in paragraph %.1 and a
structure of 7 ro8s b" - %11 colu#ns 8ith - 7 b"tes in ro8 / ;for the &4n
pointers<. The - &4Ds are oneb"te interlea'ed into this structure and ha'e a fi+ed
phase relationship 8ith respect to the ST,-. The 8hole process of #ultiple+ing
1/0,b0s into ST,- is illustrated in the attached figure at the end of chapter %.
1 2
1 201
1 2
1 201
8 G 2 8 G 201
12"...812"...8
T1/135/5*2/
12" ... 8
12"...812"...8
9@4 9@4
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MSOH
STM*8
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.igure %) ,ultiple+ing of - &4Ds intor ST,-
10
2.2.2 Multiplein! of "$Mb1s si!nals into STM8 si!nals
Si#ilarl"2 3/,b0s signals are first adapted into the corresponding standard
container C3 through bit rate =ustification. &fter adding corresponding P3H2 the
C3 is packed into JC3 8ith the fra#e structure of 7 ro8s )( colu#ns. .or the
con'enience of locating JC3 at the recei'ing and separating it fro# the highrate
signals2 a threeb"te pointer2 T4PT5 ;Tributar" 4nit Pointer<2 is added to the JC
3 fra#e. -ote that an &4PT5 has 7 b"tes. This infor#ation structure is a tributar"
unit T43 ;an infor#ation structure corresponding to 3/,b0s signals< ser'ing as a
bridge bet8een the lo8er order path la"er ;lo8erorder JC2 e.g. JC3< and the
higher order path la"er. This is a transitional infor#ation structure for
disasse#bling the higher order path ;higher order JC< into lo8er order path ;lo8er
order JC< or #ultiple+ing the lo8er order path into the higher order path. .or the
fra#e structures of C3 and JC32 refer to the attached figure at the end of Section
%.
Then 8hat is the function of a tributar" pointer$ The T4PT5 is used to indicate
the specific location of the first b"te of the lo8er order JC 8ithin the tributar" unit
T4. It is si#ilar to an &4PT5 that indicates the location of the first b"te of the
JC/ 8ithin the ST, fra#e. &ctuall"2 the operating principles of these t8o kinds
of pointers are si#ilar. & T4 can be regarded as a s#all &4/. Therefore2 8hen
loading the lo8er order JC into the T42 it re:uires a process of aligninga
process of adding T4PT5.
The fra#e structure T43 is illustrated in .igure %7.
1
1
2
T@*"
H1
H2
H"
30
.igure %7 the T43 structure after the loading T4PT5
1< The T43 fra#e structure is i#co#plete. .irst fill the gap to for# the fra#e
structure as illustrated in .igure %10.
1
1
2
T@4"
H1
H2
H"
30
C
.igure %10 the T43 fra#e structure 8ith the gap filled
%< Three T4D3 can be #ultiple+ed into the C/ signal structure 'ia b"te
11
interlea'ed #ultiple+ing #ethod. The arrange#ent of three T4D3s
#ultiple+ed in the JC/ is sho8n in .igure %11. The T4D3 is a 7ro8 b" )1
colu#n structure. The JC/ consists of one colu#n of JC/ P3H2 t8o
colu#ns of fi+ed stuff and a %()colu#n pa"load structure. The three T4D3s
are b"te interlea'ed into the 7ro8 b" %()colu#n JC/ pa"load structure and
ha'e a fi+ed phase 8ith respect to the JC/. &s described in .igure %62 the
phase of the JC/ 8ith respect to the &4/ is gi'en b" the &4/ pointer.
9 9 ( C 9 ( C 9 ( C 9 ( C
6 $ / 0 1 2 " 15 3 2 201
. . . .
1
30 1 30
1
30
T@4*"
>9?
T@4*"
>(?
T@4*"
>C?
T1/13535*2/
F.B&D ST@FF
AC*$ #OH
.igure %11 ,ultiple+ of three T4D3s into a JC/
Since the T4D3 is an infor#ation structure of 7 ro8s )1 colu#ns2 the infor#ation
structure co#posed of three T4D3 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing is a block
fra#e structure of 7 ro8s %() colu#ns. !hile C/ is a block fra#e structure of 7
ro8s %10 colu#ns. T8o colu#ns of stuffed bits are added to the front of the
co#posite structure of 3 T4D3 to for# a C/ infor#ation structure. .igure %1%
sho8s the fra#e structure of one C/.
1
1
1
2
C C
2/3
205
C$
.igure %1% the fra#e structure of C/
The last step is to #ultiple+ C/ into ST,-. This is si#ilar to the process of
#ultiple+ing 1/0,b0s signals into ST,- signals@
C/KJC/K&4/K&4DKST,-.
1%
? Questions:
Do "ou undstand 8h" t8o pointers &4PT5 and T4PT5 are used here$ These
t8o pointers pro'ide aligning functions on t8o stages. The &4PT5 pro'ides the
function of correct aligning and separating of JC/ at the recei'ing end. Since a
JC/ can acco##odate three JC32 ;Can "ou figure out 8h" it is 3$<2 the T4PT5
correspondingl" locates the specific location of the first bit of each JC3. &t the
recei'ing the JC/ is located 'ia the &4PT52 and T4D3 is de#ultiple+ed fro#
JC/ b" the regularit" of b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing. The JC3 is located 'ia
the corresponding T4PT5 and can be disasse#bled fro# T43. Then 3/,b0s
signals can be dropped.
2.2." Multiplein! of 2Mb1s si!nals into STM*8 si!nals
&t present2 the #ost fre:uentl" used #ultiple+ing #ethod is #ultiple+ing of %,b0s
signals into ST,- signals. It is also the #ost co#plicated #ethod of #ultiple+ing
PDH signals into SDH signals.
1< .irst2 the %,b0s signal shall be adapted into the corresponding standard
container C1% 'ia rate adaptation. During the adaptation of %,b0s PDH signals
into C1%2 the concept of #ultifra#e is introduced for the con'enience of rate
adaptation2 i.e. four C1% basic fra#es for# a #ultifra#e. Since the fra#e
fre:uenc" of the C1% basic fra#e is )000fra#e per second2 the fra#e fre:uenc"
of the C1% #ultifra#e 8ill be %000fra#e per second. 5efer to the attached
figure at the end of Section %.
!h" is #ultifra#e used$ This is #erel" for the con'enience of rate adaptation.
.or e+a#ple2 if *1 signals ha'e a standard rate of %.0/),b0s2 each basic fra#e 8ill
acco##odate 3%b"te ;%(1bit< pa"load on #apping the *1 into a C1%. !h"$ The
fra#e fre:uenc" of C1% is )000fra#e per second. So is that of the PC,3003%
L*1M signal. Ho8e'er2 8hen the rate of *1 signals isnCt a standard rate of
%.0/),b0s2 the a'erage bit nu#ber acco##odated into each C1% is not an integer.
.or e+a#ple2 8hen *1 signals of the rate of %.0/1,b0s are acco##odated into a
C1% basic fra#e2 the a'erage nu#ber of bits loaded in each fra#e is@ ;%.0/1
10
1
b0second<0;)000fra#e0second< %((.6( bits. Because this nu#ber is not an
integer2 *1 signals canCt be acco##odated. In this case2 if a #ultifra#e of four
basic fra#es is used2 the nu#ber of bits can be loaded in the #ultifra#e is@ ;%.0/1
10
1
b0second<0;%000fra#e0second<10%3 bits. *ach of the first three basic fra#es
acco##odates %(1bit ;3%b"te< pa"load and the fourth acco##odates %((bit
pa"load. So all *1 signals at this rate can be co#pletel" adapted into C1%. Then
ho8 to adapt the rate of *1 signals ;i.e. ho8 to acco##odate it into C1%<$ The C
1% basic fra#e is a notched block fra#e structure of 7 /% b"tes. & #ultifra#e
consists of four basic fra#es. The #ultifra#e structure of C1% and its b"tes
arrange#ent are illustrated in .igure %13.
13
B ! ! D ! ! D ! ! , - !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! The first C
1% basic
fra#e
structure@ 7/
%E3%!
%B
! ! The %
nd
C1%
basic fra#e
structure@ 7/
%E3%!
1B 1D
! ! The 3rd C1%
basic fra#e
structure@ 7/
%E 3%!
1B 1D
! ! The /
th
C1%
basic fra#e
structure@
7/% E31!
1B
1,N1-
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! B ! ! B ! ! B ! ! B
*ach s:uare represents a b"te ;) bits<. The b"tes are classified as follo8s@
!EI I I I I I I I BE55555555 DEC1C%333355
1,EC1C%5555S1 -ES% I I I I I I I
I@ Infor#ation bit 5@ Stuffed bit 3@ 3'erhead bit
C1@ -egati'e =ustification control bit S1@ -egati'e =ustification opportunit" bit
C1E0 S1EII C1E1 S1E5O
C%@ Positi'e =ustification control bit S%@ Positi'e =ustification opportunit" bit
C%E0 S%EII C%E1 S%E5O
5O represents a =ustification bit. &t ti#e of de=ustification at the recei'ing end2 the 'alue of
=ustification bits shall be ignored. The period of a #ultifra#e is 1%(+/E(00us.
.igure %13 C1% #ultifra#e structure and b"tes arrange#ent
The contents of the b"tes in a #ultifra#e are illustrated in .igure %13. & #ulti
fra#e includes@
C1% #ultifra#eE/;7/%<E131 b"tesE
1%6!N(BN%DN1,N1-E;10%3INS1NS%<N3C1N/75N)3E10)) bits.
The negati'e and positi'e =ustification control bits C1 and C% respecti'el" control
the negati'e and positi'e =ustification opportunit" bits S1 and S%. C1C1C1E000
indicates that S1 is an infor#ation bit I 8hile C1C1C1E111 indicates that S1 is a
stuffed bit 5. C% controls S% in the sa#e 8a".
& #ultifra#e can acco##odate pa"loads at the rate ranging fro# C1%,ultifra#e
#a+ to C1%,ultifra#e #in2 as follo8s@
C1%,ultifra#e
#a+
E;10%3N1N1< %000E%.0(0,b0s
C1%,ultifra#e
#in
E;10%3N0N0< %000E%.0/1,b0s
&s long as *1 signals ha'e a rate 8ithin the range of %.0(0,b0s%.0/1,b0s2 the"
can be adapted and acco##odated into a standard C1% container2 i.e. the rate can
be =ustified through rate =ustification into standard C1% rate %.16(,b0s.
Technical details:
&s sho8n in the attached figure at the end of Section %2 the four C1% basic fra#es
of a #ultifra#e are arranged sideb"side. !hen #ultiple+ed into ST,1 signals2
these four basic fra#es are placed in four successi'e ST,1 fra#es2 instead of one
single fra#e of ST,1 signals. *ach basic fra#e occupies one ST,1. To
correctl" separate the %,b0s signals2 "ou #ust kno8 the location of each basic
1/
fra#e 8ithin the #ultifra#e 8hich basic fra#e it is in the #ultifra#e.
%< To #onitor on a realti#e basis the perfor#ance of each %,b0s path signal
during trans#ission on SDH net8ork2 C1% #ust be further packed adding
corresponding path o'erhead ;lo8er order o'erhead< to for# a JC1%
infor#ation structure. &s sho8n in the attached figure at the end of Section %2 the
9PP3H ;lo8er order path o'erhead< is added to the notch in the top left corner of
each basic fra#e. *ach #ultifra#e has a set of lo8er order path o'erhead
co#posed of total / b"tes@ J(2 A%2 -% and P/. Since the JC can be regarded as an
independent entit"2 dispatching of %,b0s ser'ices later is conducted in unit of JC
1%.
& set of path o'erhead #onitors the trans#ission status of the 8hole #ultifra#e
on a net8ork. Ho8 #an" fra#es of %,b0s signals does a C1% #ultifra#e
acco##odate$ 3ne C1% #ultifra#e acco##odates / fra#es of PC,3003%
signals. Therefore a set of 9PP3H #onitors the trans#ission status of / fra#es of
PC,3003% signals.
3< .or correct aligning of JC1% fra#es in the recei'ing end2 a fourb"te T4PT5
is added to the four notches of the JC1% #ultifra#e. Then the infor#ation
structure of the signal changes into T41% 8ith 7 ro8s / colu#ns. The T4PT5
indicates the specific location of the start point of the first JC1% 8ithin the #ulti
fra#e.
/< Three T41% for#s a T4D% 'ia b"te interlea'ed #ultiple+ing. The T4D% has
the fra#e structure of 7 ro8s b" 1% colu#ns. The #ultiple+ing of three T41%s
into one T4D% is sho8n in .igure %1/.
1(
T1/13115*2/
>1? >6?
6 $/0 12" 32
6
$
/
0
1
2
"
63
>"?
6
$
1
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0
6
$
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0
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6
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0
1
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6
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0
1
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0
1
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6
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0
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6
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0
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0
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6
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0
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6
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0
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6
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0
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1
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1
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1
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1
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. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>2?
T@*11 T@*12 T@*2
T@4*2
T@4*"
35 32 3$ 30
62 31 3" 3/
Fied stuff
.igure %1/ ,ultiple+ing of three T41% into one T4D%
(< Se'en T4D% can be #ultiple+ed into a T4D3 infor#ation structure 'ia b"te
interlea'ed #ultiple+ing. -ote that this infor#ation structure for#ed b" the 6
T4D% is 7ro8 b" )/colu#n. T8o ro8s of fi+ed stuff bits shall be added in front
of the structure2 as illustrated in .igure %1/. The #ultiple+ing structure for the
T4D% 'ia the T4D3 is depicted in .igure %1/ and .igure %1(. The T4D3 is a
7ro8 b" )1colu#n structure 8ith the first t8o colu#ns of fi+ed stuff.
T1/13155*2/
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
. . . . . . . .
T@4*2 T@4*2
#OH #OH
#OH
AC*2 AC*1
T@4*"
>6 G T@4*2?
" AC*12s or $ AC*11s
in 1 G T@4*2
T@*2
#TC
T@*1
#TCs
30 Columns
#TC #ointer
F
i
e
d

s
t
u
f
f
F
i
e
d

s
t
u
f
f
11
.igure %1( ,ultiple+ of se'en T4D%s 'ia a T4D3
The arrange#ent of se'en T4D%s #ultiple+ed 'ia the T4D3 is depicted in
.igure %1(. The T4D%s are oneb"te interlea'ed in the T4D3. .igure %11
sho8s the fra#e structure of one T4D3.
1
1
2
C C
3$
T@4"
.igure %11 T4D3 infor#ation structure
1< The procedures of #ultiple+ing the T4D3 infor#ation structure into ST,-
are the sa#e as #entioned before.
Technical details:
.ro# the procedures of #ultiple+ing 1/0,b0s signals into ST,- signals 8e can
see that one ST,- corresponds to - 1/0,b0s2 i.e. one ST,1 signal can onl" be
#ultiple+ed into one 1/0,b0s. Therefore2 the capacit" of an ST,1 signal e:uals
to that of 1/ %,b0s signals if 1/0,b0s is #ultiple+ed into the ST,1.
Si#ilarl"2 in the case of #ultiple+ing 3/,b0s signals into ST,1 signals2 the
ST,1 can acco##odate three 3/,b0s signals2 i.e. it has a capacit" of /) %,b0s.
In the case of #ultiple+ing %,b0s signals into ST,1 signals2 the ST,1 can
acco##odate 3 6 3E13 %,b0s signals
.ro# abo'e anal"sis2 it can be concluded that in the cases of #ultiple+ing 1/0,b0s
and %,b0s into SDH ST,-2 the utili?ation ratio of the signal is fairl" high.
Ho8e'er2 in the case of #ultiple+ing 3/,b0s into ST,-2 the utili?ation ratio is
relati'el" lo8.
&s sho8n in the procedures of #ultiple+ing %,b0s signals into ST,- signals2 3
T41%s can be #ultiple+ed into one T4D%2 6 T4D%s into one T4D32 3 T4D3s
into one JC/ and one JC/ into one ST,12 i.e. the #ultiple+ing structure of
%,b0s is 363. Since the #ultiple+ing #ethod is b"te interlea'ed2 the 13 JC1%s
8ithin a JC/ are not arranged in se:uence. The nu#ber difference bet8een t8o
ad=acent T41% is %1.
In order to pro'ide a si#ple and con'enient #eans of deter#ining the total
tributar" capacit"2 i.e. the nu#ber of lo8er order tributaries pro'ided2 the pa"load
colu#ns are allocated a Ti#e Slot nu#ber. The nu#ber of Ti#e Slots per tributar"
in each fra#e is deter#ined b" the pa"load configuration.
16
Ti#e Slots ;TS< are nu#bered fro# 0 to 13 in the JC/ for *1 signals.
This is a for#ula for calculating the ti#eslot nu#ber of T41% at different
locations 8ithin the sa#e JC/@
JC1% ;T41%< ti#eslot nu#berET4D3 location nu#berN;T4D% location
nu#ber1< 3N;T41% location nu#ber1<%1. T8o ad=acent T41%s 8ithin the JC/
fra#e #ean that the" ha'e the sa#e T4D3 location nu#ber and T4D% location
nu#ber 8hile the difference bet8een their T41% location nu#bers is 1.
This for#ula 8ill be useful 8hen using the SDH trans#ission anal"?er to conduct
certain #easure#ents. Is there an"thing in co##on bet8een the locations of the
t8o ad=acent T41%s 8ithin the JC/ fra#e$
-otes@ The range of T4D3 location nu#bers is 13. The range of T4D% location
nu#bers is 16. &nd the range of T41% location nu#bers is 13. The JC1% ;T4
1%< nu#ber refers to the se:uence nu#ber of this JC1% ;T41%< a#ong the 13
JC1% ;T41%< 8ithin the JC/ fra#e according to their se:uence of
#ultiple+ing2 as illustrated in .igure %1%.
AC$ T@4"
T@4"
T@4"
T@42
T@42
T@42
T@12
T@12
T@12
T@12
T@12
T@12
T@12
T@12
T@12
1
1
1
2
2
2
"
"
"
Ceferin! to the location number
1
2
IJ
IJ
IJ
6
1
2
"
.igure %16 the arrange#ent of T4D32 T4D% and T41% in JC/
These are the #ethods and procedures of #ultiple+ing PDH signals into ST,-
fra#es used in China and so#e other countries. This is the basic kno8ledge for
"ou to enhance "our abilit" of e:uip#ent #aintenance and for further stud" of
SDH principle
2." Concepts of Mappin!; 9li!nin! and Multiplein!
9o8rate tributaries are #ultiple+ed into ST,- signals through three procedures@
1)
#apping2 aligning and #ultiple+ing.
SDH #apping is a procedure b" 8hich tributaries are adapted into 'irtual
containers at the boundar" of an SDH net8ork2 for e+a#ple2 *1 into JC1%2 *3
into JC32 */ into JC/.
SDH aligning is a procedure b" 8hich the fra#eoffset infor#ation is incorporated
into the tributar" unit ;or the ad#inistrati'e unit< 8hen adapting to the fra#e
reference of the supporting la"er.
&ligning #eans that the pointer 'alue constantl" locates the start point of the lo8er
order JC fra#e 8ithin the T4 pa"load ;T4PT5< or the start point of the higher
order JC fra#e 8ithin the &4 pa"load ;&4PT5<. So that the recei'ing end can
correctl" separate the corresponding JC. Detailed description 8ill be gi'en in the
ne+t section.
SDH #ultiple+ing2 a relati'el" si#ple concept2 is the procedure b" 8hich #ultiple
lo8er order path la"er signals are adapted into a higher order path or the #ultiple
higher order path la"er signals are adapted into a #ultiple+ section. It is a process
through 8hich the T4s are organi?ed into the higher order JC or the &4s are
organi?ed into ST,- 'ia b"te interlea'ing. &s all JC tributar" signals are phase
s"nchroni?ed through T4 and &4 pointer =ustification2 this #ultiple+ing procedure
is of s"nchronous #ultiple+ing. Its #ultiple+ing principle is si#ilar to that of the
paralleltoserial con'ersion.
? Questions:
!hat are the #ethods of adapting 1/0,b0s2 3/,b0s and %,b0s PDH signals into
the standard containers$
Denerall" these signals are adapted 'ia as"nchronous adaptation #ethods because
=ustification b" adding the corresponding stuff bits is re:uired before adaptation.
.or e+a#ple2 8hen adapting %,b0s signals into C1%2 it canCt be guaranteed that
each C1% can =ust acco#odate one *1 fra#e.
B" far2 the contents of this section are finished. Before ending this section2 8eCd
like to e#phasi?e again the relationship bet8een the signals of 'arious PDH rate
le'els and the infor#ation structures e#plo"ed in SDH #ultiple+ing@ %,b0s1%
JC1%T41%I 3/,b0sC3JC3T43I 1/0,b0sC/JC/&4/. 4suall"
the signals PDH of 'arious rate le'els can also be denoted b" corresponding
infor#ation structures2 e.g. %,b0s PDH signals can be denoted b" JC1%.
17
$ Questions:
!hat ha'e "ou learned in this section$
1. The fra#e structures of ST,- and the functions of their co#ponents.
%. The #ethods and procedures of #ultiple+ing PDH signals of different rates into
ST,- signals2 as 8ell as the functions of 'arious infor#ation structures C2
JC2 T42 T4D2 &4 and &4D.
3. The #ethods of rate adaptation for %,b0s and 1/0,b0s signals.
/. The basic concepts of #ultiple+ing and #apping.
This chapter focuses on 1 and %. Ha'e "ou understood all these contents$
Summar,
This chapter describes the fra#e structures of SDH and the functions of their #a=or
ele#ents2 as 8ell as the basic procedures of #ultiple+ing PDH ;%,2 3/, and
1/0,< signals into ST,- fra#es.
&ercises
If the location of a %, signal is the second T4D32 the third T4D% and the first
T41% 8hen it is #ultiple+ed into a JC/. Then the ti#e slot nu#ber occupied b"
this %, signal is QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ .
&n ST,1 can #ultiple+ into QQQQQ %, signal;s<2 3/, signal;s<2 or
1/0, signal;s<.
%0
&ttached figure The SDH #ultiple+ing structures used in China and so#e other coutries
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15 265
5
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9@*$
2 265*2 3
1/5.212
Mb1s
1 2 15 265
CSOH
#TC
MSOH
1
2
5 12/us
STM*1
2 265
1//./2Mb1s
1 265 8
1
2
5
12/us
8
1//./2 8
Mb1s
STM*8
2 265
*2?
us
2 $
,ultifra#e
1
2
SDH Principle Issue 3.0 Chapter 3 3'erhead and Pointer
Chapter ! Overhead and "ointer
Objectives:
To #aster i#ple#entation of section la"er #onitoring functions of section
o'erhead b"tes.
To #aster i#ple#entation of path la"er #onitoring functions of path o'erhead
b"tes.
To #aster 8hich o'erhead b"tes i#ple#ent basic alar# and perfor#ance
#onitoring.
To understand the operation #echanis# for the pointer &4PT5 and T4PT5.
To build the concepts of la"ered SDH #onitoring.
".1 Overhead
&s #entioned before2 the functions of o'erhead are to i#ple#ent la"ered
#onitoring #anage#ent for SDH signals. The #onitoring is classified into section
la"er #onitoring and path la"er #onitoring. The section la"er #onitoring is further
classified into regenerator section la"er #onitoring and #ultiple+ section la"er
#onitoring 8hile the path la"er #onitoring is further classified into higher order
path la"er and lo8er order path la"er. Thus the la"ered #onitoring for ST,- is
i#ple#ented. .or e+a#ple2 in a ST,11 s"ste#2 the regenerator section o'erhead
#onitors the o'erall ST,11 signal 8hile the #ultiple+ section o'erhead further
#onitors each of the 11 ST,1. .urther#ore2 the higher order path o'erhead
#onitors the JC/ of each ST,1 and the lo8er order path o'erhead can #onitor
each of the 13 JC1% in the JC/. Hence the #ultistage #onitoring functions fro#
%.(Db0s to %,b0s are i#ple#ented.
Then2 ho8 are these #onitoring functions i#ple#ented$ The" are i#ple#ented 'ia
different o'erhead b"tes.
".1.1 Section Overhead
The section o'erhead of the ST,- fra#e is located in ro8s 17 of colu#ns 17-
8ith the fra#e structure. -otes@ 8ith the e+ception of ro8 /. !e are to describe the
function of each section o'erhead b"te 8ith the e+a#ple of an ST,1 signal. .or
an ST,1 signal2 the S3H is located at ro8s 13 of colu#ns 17 5S3H and
ro8s (7 of colu#ns 17 ,S3H 8ithin its fra#e2 as illustrated in .igure 31.
1
D12 D11 D15
91
(1
D1
(2
D$
D6
S1 M1 &2
(2 (2 D1
D/
D3
D2
D0
D2
91
91 92 92 92 75
&1
D2
F1
D"
F F
F
T1/2"1"5*20
CSOH
MSOH
2 b,tes
2

r
o
w
s
(,tes reserved for national use
@nscrambled b,tes. Therefore care should be ta)en
with their content
Media dependent b,tes
8OT& K 9ll unmar)ed b,tes are reserved for future international
standardi<ation >for media dependent; additional national use and
other purposes?.
9dministrative @nit pointer>s?
.igure 31 ST,1 Section 3'erhead
91
(1
D1
(2
D$
D6
S1 &2
(2 (2 D1
D/
D3
D2
D0
D2
91 91 92 92 92 75
&1
D2
F1
D"
F F
T1/13"15*2/
F F F F F F
(2 (2
91 91
(2 (2
91 91
(2 (2
91 91
(2 (2
91 91
(2
91 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 L5
F
D11 D15 D12
M1
L5 L5
F F F
CSOH
MSOH
"0 b,tes
2

r
o
w
s
@nscrambled b,tes. Therefore care should be ta)en with their content
8OT& K 9ll unmar)ed b,tes are reserved for future international standardi<ation >for media dependent; additional national use and
other purposes?.
.igure 3% ST,/ Section 3'erhead
%
D12 D11 D15
91
(1
D1
(2
D$
D6
S1 &2
(2 D1
D/
D3
D2
D0
D2
91 92 92 75
&1
D2
F1
D"
F
T1/2"1$5*20
F F F
(2
91
(2
91
(2
91
(2
91 92 92 92 92
F
M1
F
L5
CSOH
MSOH
1$$ b,tes
2

r
o
w
s
other purposes?.
.igure 33 ST,1/ Section 3'erhead
D12 D11 D15
91
(1
D1
(2
D$
D6
S1 &2
(2 D1
D/
D3
D2
D0
D2
91 92 92 75
&1
D2
F1
D"
F
T1/2"105*20
F F F
(2
91
(2
91
(2
91
(2
91 92 92 92 92
F
M1
F
L5
CSOH
MSOH
/60 b,tes
2

r
o
w
s
other purposes?.
.igure 3/ ST,1/ Section 3'erhead
.igure 312 .igure 3%2 .igure 33 and .igure 3/ illustrate the location of
regenerator section o'erhead and #ultiple+ section o'erhead 8ithin the ST,12
ST,/2 ST,11 and ST,1/ fra#es. !hat is the difference bet8een the#$ Their
difference is in the #onitoring scope2 i.e. the 5S3H is corresponding to a large
scope ST,- 8hile the ,S3H is corresponding to a s#aller scope ST,1
8ithin the large scope.
3
Framin! b,tes 91 and 92
9ike a pointer2 the function of the fra#e b"tes is align#ent. &s 8e kno8 that SDH
can add0drop lo8errate tributar" signals fro# higherrate signals. !h"$ Because
the recei'er can align the location of the lo8errate signals 8ithin the higherrate
signal 'ia the pointers &4PT5 and T4PT5. The first step of this procedure is
to properl" e+tract each ST,- fra#e fro# the recei'ed signal strea# at the
recei'er2 i.e. to align the start location of each ST,- fra#e2 then to align the
location of the corresponding lo8errate signals 8ithin each fra#e. This procedure
is si#ilar to locating a person in a long :ueue2 "ou #ust first align the specific
s:uare2 then align the person 'ia the ro8 and colu#n 8ithin the s:uare he belongs
to. The function of the b"tes &1 and &% is to align the s:uare. So the recei'er can
align and e+tract the ST,- fra#e fro# the infor#ation strea# 'ia these t8o
b"tes and further align a specific lo8errate signal 8ithin the fra#e 'ia the
pointers.
Ho8 does the recei'er align the fra#es 'ia the &1 and &% b"tes$ The &1 and &%
ha'e fi+ed 'alue2 i.e. fi+ed bit patterns@ &1@ 11110110 ;f1H< and &%@
00101000;%)H<. The recei'er #onitors each b"te in the strea#. &fter detecting 3-
successi'e f1H b"tes follo8ed b" 3- %1H b"tes ;there are three &1 and three &%
b"tes 8ithin an ST,1 fra#e<2 the recei'er deter#ines that an ST,- fra#e starts
to be recei'ed. B" aligning the start of each ST,- fra#e2 the recei'er can
identif" different ST,- fra#es and disasse#ble the#. In the case of -E12 the
fra#es identified are ST,1 fra#es.
If the recei'er doesnCt recei'e &1 and &% b"tes 8ithin fi'e or #ore successi'e
fra#es ;1%(us<2 i.e. it canCt identif" the start of fi'e successi'e fra#es ;identif"
different fra#es<2 it 8ill enter outoffra#e status and generate outoffra#e alar#
33.. If the 33. keeps for 3#s2 the recei'er 8ill enter lossoffra#e status
the e:uip#ent 8ill generate lossoffra#e alar# 93.. ,ean8hile2 an &IS
signal 8ill be sent do8n8ard and the entire ser'ices 8ill be interrupted. 4nder
93. status2 if the recei'er sta"s in nor#al fra#e align#ent status again for
successi'e 1#s or #ore2 the e:uip#ent 8ill restore the nor#al status.
Technical details:
ST,- signals shall be scra#bled before being trans#itted 'ia the line so that the
recei'er can e+tract ti#ing signals fro# the line. But the &1 and &% fra#ing b"tes
shall not be scra#bled for the recei'er to properl" align the#. To take both
re:uire#ents into consideration2 the ST,- signals donCt scra#ble the b"tes in the
first ro8 ;1 ro8R7- colu#ns2 including &1 and &% b"tes< of the section o'erhead
but trans#it the# transparentl" 8hile the other b"tes 8ithin the ST,- fra#e are
scra#bled before trans#itting 'ia the line. Thus it is con'enient to e+tract the
ti#ing fro# the ST,- signals and disasse#ble the ST,- signals at the recei'er.
/
Ce!enerator Section Trace b,teM 75
This b"te is used to repeti'el" trans#it a Section &ccess Point Identifier so that a
section recei'er can 'erif" its continued connection to the intended trans#itter.
!ithin the do#ain of a single operator2 this b"te #a" use an" character. But at the
boundaries bet8een the net8orks of different operators2 the for#at of A0 b"te shall
be the sa#e ;i.e. #atched< bet8een the recei'er and trans#itter of the e:uip#ent.
Jia A0 b"te the operator can detect and sol'e faults earl" and shorten the net8ork
restoration ti#e.
&nother usage of the A0 b"te is that A0 b"te in each ST,- fra#e is defined as an
ST, identifier C1 and used to indicate the location of each ST,1 8ithin the
ST,- indicating 8hich ST,1 8ithin the ST,- this ST,1 is ;the 'alue of
interlea'e depth coordinate< and 8hich colu#n this C1 b"te is located 8ithin the
ST,1 fra#e ;the 'alue of the #ulticolu#n<. It #a" be used to assist the &1 and
&% b"tes in fra#e align#ent.
Data Communication Channel >DCC? b,teM D1*D12
3ne of the features of SDH is its highl" auto#atic 3&, function 8hich can
conduct co##ands issue and perfor#ance auto poll to the net8orks ele#ent 'ia
net8ork #anage#ent ter#inals. SDH has so#e functions 8hich are not possessed
b" PDH s"ste#s2 such as realti#e ser'ice allocation2 alar# fault location and on
line perfor#ance testing. !here are these 3&, data arranged to trans#it$ The
data used for 3&, functions2 such as sent co##ands and checked alar#
perfor#ance data2 are trans#itted 'ia D1D1% b"tes 8ithin the ST,- fra#e2 i.e.
the related data for 3&, functions are arranged in the locations of the D1D1%
b"tes and trans#itted b" the ST,- signals 'ia the SDH net8ork. Thus the D1
D1% b"tes pro'ide a co##on data co##unication channel accessible to all SDH
net8ork ele#ents. &s the ph"sical la"er of the e#bedded control channel ;*CC<2
the D1D1% b"tes trans#it operation2 ad#inistration and #aintenance ;3&,<
infor#ation a#ong the net8ork ele#ents and for# a trans#ission channel of the
SDH #anage#ent net8ork ;S,-<.
D12 D% and D3 are regenerator section DCC b"tes ;DCC5< 8ith a rate of 3R1/kb0s
17%kb0s and are used to trans#it 3&, infor#ation a#ong regenerator section
ter#inals. D/D1% are #ultiple+ section DCC b"tes ;DCC,< 8ith a su# rate of
7R1/kb0sE(61kb0s and are used to trans#it 3&, infor#ation a#ong #ultiple+
section ter#inals.
The DCC has a total rate of 61)kb0s that pro'ides a po8erful co##unication base
for SDH net8ork #anage#ent.
Orderwire b,tesM &1 and &2
*ach of these t8o b"tes pro'ides a 1/kb0s order8ire channel for 'oice
(
co##unication2 i.e. 'oice infor#ation is trans#itted 'ia these t8o b"tes.
*1 is part of the 5S3H and #a" be accessed at regenerators. *% is part of the
,S3H and #an be accessed at #ultiple+ section ter#inations.
9 ( C D
Ce!enerator
Multipleer
Terminal
Multipleer
Terminal
Ce!enerator
.igure 3( -et8ork diagra#
.or e+a#ple2 the net8ork is as follo8s@
If onl" *1 b"te is used as order 8ire b"te2 &2 B2 C and D net8ork ele#ents can
co##unicate order 8ire. !h"$ Because the function of #ultiple+er ter#inals is
add0drop lo8errate tributar" signals fro# SDH signal2 5S3H and ,S3H are
re:uired to process. So both *1 and *% can be used to co##unicate order 8ire.
The function of regenerators is signal regeneration and onl" 5S3H is re:uired to
process. So *1 b"te can also co##unicate order 8ire.
If onl" *% b"te is used as order 8ire b"te2 then order 8ire 'oice co##unication is
pro'ided onl" bet8een & and D. This is because B and C net8ork ele#ents donCt
process ,S3H and *% b"te.
@ser channel b,teM F1
This b"te is reser'ed for user purposes ;e.g. to pro'ide te#porar" data0'oice
channel connections for special #aintenance purposes< because it can be used to
pro'ide 1/kb0s data0'oice channel.
(it .nterleaved #arit, 3 >(.#*3? b,teM (1
This b"te is allocated for regenerator section error #onitoring ;B"te B1 is located
in the regenerator section o'erhead<.
!hat is the #echanis# for #onitoring$ .irst2 8eCll discuss the BIP) parit".
Suppose that a signal fra#e is co#posed of / b"tes@ &1E001100112 &%E110011002
&3E10101010 and &/E00001111. The #ethod of pro'iding BIP) parit" to this
fra#e is to di'ide it into / block 8ith ) bits ;one b"te< in a parit" unit ;each b"te as
a block because one b"te has ) bits2 the sa#e as a parit" unit< and to arrange these
blocks as illustrated in .igure 31.
1
91 55115511
92 11551155
9" 15151515
9$ 55551111
( 51511515
(.#*3
.igure 31 BIP) parit"
Co#pute the nu#ber of >1> o'er each colu#n. Then fill a 1 in the corresponding
bit of the result ;B< if the nu#ber is odd2 other8ise fill a 0. That is2 the 'alue of the
corresponding bit of B #akes the nu#ber of >1> in the corresponding colu#n of
&1&%&3&/ blocks e'en. This parit" #ethod is called BIP) parit". In fact this is
an e'en parit" since it guarantees that the nu#ber of >1> is e'en. B is the result of
BIP) parit" for the &1&%&3&/ block.
The #echanis# for B1 b"te is@ the trans#itting e:uip#ent processes BIP) e'en
parit" o'er all b"tes of the pre'ious fra#e ;1SST,-< after scra#bling and places
the result in b"te B1 of the current fra#e ;%SST,-< before scra#bling. The
recei'er processes BIP) parit" o'er all bits of the current fra#e ;1SST,-<
before descra#bling and conducts e+clusi'e35 operation bet8een the parit"
result and the 'alue of B1 in the ne+t fra#e ;%SST,-< after descra#bling. If
these t8o 'alues are different2 the result of e+clusi'e35 8ill include 1. &ccording
to the nu#ber of >1>2 8e can #onitor the nu#ber of error blocks occurred in
1SST,- fra#e during trans#ission.
Technical details:
Since error perfor#ance of higher rate signals is reflected 'ia error blocks2 the
error status of ST,- signals is actuall" the status of error blocks. &s can be seen
fro# the BIP) parit" #ethod2 each bit of the parit" result is corresponding to a bit
block2 e.g. a colu#n in .igure 31. So a B1 b"te can at #ost #onitor ) error blocks
fro# an ST,- fra#e that occur during trans#ission ;The result of BIP) is ) bits
8ith each bit corresponding to a colu#n of bits a block<.
Notes:
If the B1 of the recei'e end has detected error blocks2 the nu#ber of error blocks
detected b" the B1 8ill be displa"ed in this end perfor#ance e'ent 5SBB*
;5egenerator Section Background Block *rror<.
5SBB* is not reported to the trans#it end.
!hen the error bits detected b" the recei'e end e+ceed a gi'en threshold2 the
6
e:uip#ent 8ill report corresponding alar#s.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*12 the gi'en alar# is B1SD.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*32 B%*GC 8ill be gi'en.
(it .nterleaved #arit, 82$ code >(.#*82$? b,teM (2
B% is si#ilar to B1 in operation #echanis# e+cept that it #onitors the error status
of the #ultiple+ section la"er. The B1 b"te #onitors the trans#ission error of the
co#plete ST,- fra#e signal. There is onl" one B1 b"te in an ST,- fra#e
;!h"$ BouCll get the ans8er 8hen 8e discuss the interlea'ed #ultiple+ing of the
section o'erhead during #ultiple+ing of ST,1 into the ST,-<. The B% b"tes
#onitor the error perfor#ance status for each ST,1 fra#e 8ithin the ST,-
fra#e. There are -O3 B% b"tes in an ST,- fra#e 8ith e'er" three B% b"tes
corresponding to an ST,1 fra#e. The #echanis# for #onitoring is that the
trans#itting e:uip#ent co#putes BIP%/ ;three b"tes< o'er all bits of the pre'ious
ST,1 fra#e e+cept for the 5S3H ;The 5S3H is included in the B1 parit" for the
co#plete ST,- fra#e< and places the result in b"tes B% of the current fra#e
before scra#bling. The recei'er processes BIP%/ parit" o'er all bits of the current
fra#e ST,1 after descra#bling e+cept for the 5S3H and conducts e+clusi'e35
operation bet8een the parit" result and B% b"tes in the ne+t fra#e after de
scra#bling. &ccording to the nu#ber of >1> in the result of the e+clusi'e35
operation2 8e can #onitor the nu#ber of error blocks occurred in this ST,1
8ithin the ST,- fra#e during trans#ission. This #ethod can at #ost #onitor %/
error blocks. -otes@ after the trans#itting e:uip#ent 8rites B% b"tes2 the
corresponding - ST,1 fra#es are #ultiple+ed into an ST,- signal ;there are
3- B% b"tes<. &t the recei'er the ST,- signal is deinterlea'ed into - RST,1
signals2 then parit" is conducted for the - groups of B% b"tes.
Technical details:
Since error perfor#ance of higher rate signals is reflected 'ia error blocks2 the
error status of ST,- signals is actuall" the status of error blocks. &s can be seen
fro# the BIP%/ parit" #ethod2 each bit of the parit" result is corresponding to a
bit block2 e.g. a colu#n in .igure 31. So three B3 b"tes can at #ost #onitor %/
error blocks fro# an ST,- fra#e that occur during trans#ission ;The result of
BIP%/ is %/ bits 8ith each bit corresponding to a colu#n of bits a block<.
)
Notes:
If the B% of the recei'e end has detected error blocks2 the nu#ber of error blocks
detected b" the B% 8ill be displa"ed in this end perfor#ance e'ent ,SBB*
;,ultiple+ Section Background Block *rror<. &t the sa#e ti#e2 ,1 8ill be used to
report to the trans#it end that error blocks ha'e been detected2 and the trans#it end
8ill report ,S.*BB* ;,ultiple+ Section .ar *nd Background Block *rror<
perfor#ance e'ent and ,S5*I ;,ultiple+ Section 5e#ote *rror Indication<
alar#2 please refer to ,1 paragraph.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*12 the gi'en alar# is B%SD.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*32 B%*GC 8ill be gi'en.
9utomatic #rotection Switchin! >9#S? channel b,teM D1; D2 >b1*b/?
T8o b"tes are allocated for &PS signalling for the protection of the #ultiple+
section. .or the bit assign#ents for these b"tes and the bitoriented protocol2 please
refer to &nne+ &0D.6)32 D.)/1 ;1007)<.
Multiple Section Cemote Defect .ndication >MS*CD.?M D2 >b0*b3?
This is an alar# #essage2 returned to the trans#it end ;source< b" the recei'e end
;sink<2 8hich #eans that the recei'e end has detected an inco#ing section defect or
is recei'ing the ,ultiple+ Section &lar# Indication Signal ;,S&IS<. That is2
8hen the recei'e end detects recei'ing deterioration2 it returns an ,S5DI alar#
signal to the trans#it end so that the later obtains the status of the for#er. If the
recei'ed b1b) bits of the P% is 1102 it #eans that this signal is an ,S5DI alar#
signal returned b" the opposite end. If the recei'ed b1b) bits of the P% is 1112 it
#eans that this signal is an ,S&IS alar# signal recei'ed b" current end.
,ean8hile2 the current end is re:uired to send out ,S5DI signal to the opposite
end2 i.e. insert 110 bit pattern into the b1b) of the P% 8ithin the ST,- signal
fra#e to be sent to the opposite end. -otes@ -ot all deterioration or results in
returning ,S5DI. Current end e:uip#ent returns ,S5DI onl" upon recei'ing 5
93S2 593.2 and ,S&IS alar# signals.
S,nchroni<ation status b,teM S1 >b/*b3?
Bits ( to ) of b"te S1 are allocated for S"nchroni?ation Status ,essages. Table 31
gi'es the assign#ent of bit patterns to the four s"nchroni?ation le'els agreed to
8ithin IT4T. T8o additional bit patterns are assigned@ one to indicate that :ualit"
7
of the s"nchroni?ation is unkno8n and the other to signal that the section should
not be used for s"nchroni?ation. The re#aining codes are reser'ed for :ualit"
le'els defined b" indi'idual &d#inistrations.
Table 3-1 Assignment of bit patterns
1 bits
b!-b" #$ s%nchroni&ation 'ualit% level description
0000 Hualit" unkno8n ;*+isting S"nc. -et8ork<
0001 5eser'ed
0010 5ec. D.)11
0011 5eser'ed
0100 5ec. D.)1% transit
0101 5eser'ed
0110 5eser'ed
0111 5eser'ed
1000 5ec. D.)1% local
1001 5eser'ed
1010 5eser'ed
1011 S"nchronous *:uip#ent Ti#ing Source ;S*TS<
1100 5eser'ed
1101 5eser'ed
1110 5eser'ed
1111 Do not use for s"nchroni?ation ;-ote<
Different bit patterns2 indicating different :ualit" le'els of clocks defined b" IT4
T2 enable the e:uip#ent to deter#ine the :ualit" of the recei'ed clock ti#ing
signal. This helps to deter#ine 8hether or not to s8itch the clock source2 i.e.
s8itch to higher :ualit" clock source.
The s#aller the 'alue of S1 ;b(b)<2 the higher the le'el of clock :ualit".
Multiple Section Cemote &rror .ndicationMS*C&.b,teM M1
This is a #essage returned to its trans#it end b" the recei'e end so that the
trans#it end can get the recei'ing error status of the recei'e end. .or ST,- le'els
this b"te con'e"s the count ;in the range of L02 %((M< of interlea'ed bit blocks that
ha'e been detected in error b" the BIP%/- ;B%<. .or rates of ST,11 and abo'e2
this 'alue shall be truncated to %((.
T(-1) (1 generation: the b"te shall be set to con'e" the count of interlea'ed bit
blocks that ha'e been detected in error b" the BIP%/ in the range of L02 %/M.
T(-1) (1 interpretation: the 'alue in the b"te shall be interpreted2 for
inter8orking 8ith e:uip#ent generating a 6 bit code that represents the nu#ber of
10
BIP%/ 'iolations2 as follo8s@
Table 3-* (1 interpretation for T(-1 frames
(1+*-", code) bits
*3- !./"
0ode interpretation
000 0000 0 BIP 'iolations
000 0001 1 BIP 'iolation
000 0010 % BIP 'iolations
@ @
001 1000 %/ BIP 'iolations
@ @
T(--) (1 generation: the b"te shall be set to con'e" the count of interlea'ed bit
blocks that ha'e been detected in error b" the BIP71 in the range of L02 71M.
T(--) (1 interpretation: the 'alue in the b"te shall be interpreted2 for
inter8orking 8ith e:uip#ent generating a 6bit code that represents the nu#ber of
BIP71 'iolations2 as follo8s@
Table 3-3 (1 interpretation for T(-- frames
(1+*-", code) bits
*3- !./"
0ode interpretation
000 0100 / BIP 'iolations
000 0101 ( BIP 'iolations
@ @
@ @
11
T(-1.) (1 generation: the b"te shall be set to con'e" the count of interlea'ed
bit blocks that ha'e been detected in error b" the BIP3)/ ;in the range of L02 %((M<
8here the 'alue con'e"ed is truncated at %((.
T(-1.) (1 interpretation: the 'alue in the b"te shall be interpreted as follo8s@
Table 3-- (1 interpretation for T(-1. frames
(1+1-", code) bits
1*3- !./"
0ode interpretation
@ @
1111 1111 %(( BIP 'iolations
T(-.-) (1 generation: the b"te shall be set to con'e" the count of interlea'ed
bit blocks that ha'e been detected in error b" the BIP1(31 ;in the range of L02
%((M< 8here the 'alue con'e"ed is truncated at %((.
T(-.-) (1 interpretation: the 'alue in the b"te shall be interpreted as follo8s@
Table 3-! (1 interpretation for T(-.- frames
(1+1-", code) bits
1*3- !./"
0ode interpretation
1%
@ @
1111 1111 %(( BIP 'iolations
-3T* % T The ,ultiple+ Section block structure is still under discussion in Stud"
Droup 13. The description gi'en abo'e for the ,S5*I is rele'ant for an ST,-
,ultiple+ Section block structure of %/- blocks.
Media dependent b,tesM
b"tes are used to i#ple#ent special functions of the specific trans#ission #edia.
.or e+a#ple2 these b"tes can be used to identif" the direction of the signal 8hen
bidirectional trans#ission is adopted in a single fiber.
(,tes reserved for use in ChinaM
&ll un#arked b"tes are reser'ed for future international standardi?ation.
Notes:
SDH 'endors usuall" use the reser'ed b"tes 8ithin the section o'erhead of the
ST, fra#e to i#ple#ent so#e special functions of their o8n e:uip#ent.
So far2 the usage of b"tes in the Section 3'erhead of the ST,- fra#e has been
discussed. Jia these b"tes2 3&, functions of the ST,- section la"er are
i#ple#ented.
- ST,1 fra#es can be #ultiple+ed into the ST,- fra#e 'ia b"teinterlea'ed
#ultiple+ing. Ho8 is the Section 3'erhead #ultiple+ed$ During the b"te
interlea'ed #ultiple+ing2 all b"tes of the &4PT5 and pa"load 8ithin the ST,1
fra#es are intact and are b"teinterlea'ed. But the #ultiple+ing #ethod for the
Section 3'erhead is different. !hen - ST,1 fra#es are #ultiple+ed into the
ST,- fra#e 'ia b"teinterlea'ed #ultiple+ing2 the Section 3'erhead of the first
ST,1 fra#e is kept co#pletel". .or the other ST,1 fra#es2 onl" the fra#ing
b"tes and B% b"tes 8ithin the Section 3'erheads are kept and the other o'erhead
b"tes left are ignored.
There is onl" one B1 in an ST,- 8hile there are -3 B% b"tes ;Since B% b"tes are
the result of the BIP%/ parit"2 each ST,1 has 3 B% b"tes2 3)E%/ bits<. There is
one D1D1% b"te2 one *1 one *% b"te2 one ,1 b"te2 one P1 b"te and one P% b"te
in an ST,- fra#e. !h"$
.igure 3% illustrates the Section 3'erhead structure of an ST,/ fra#e. .igure 3
3 is the structure of the ST,11 Section 3'erhead. &nd .igure 3/ sho8s the
structure of the ST,1/ Section 3'erhead.
13
".1.2 #ath Overhead
The Section 3'erhead is responsible for section la"er 3&, functions 8hile the
Path 3'erhead for path la"er 3&, functions. 9ike transporting the cargoes loaded
in the container@ not onl" the o'erall i#pair#ent status of the cargoes ;S3H< but
also the i#pair#ent status of each cargo ;P3H< shall be #onitored.
&ccording to the >8idth> of the #onitored path ;the si?e of the #onitored cargo< 2
the Path 3'erhead is further classified into Higher 3rder Path 3'erhead and 9o8er
3rder Path 3'erhead. In this curriculu# the Higher 3rder Path 3'erhead refers to
the #onitoring of JC/ le'el paths 8hich can #onitor the trans#ission status of
1/0,b0s signal 8ithin the ST,- fra#e. The 9o8er 3rder Path 3'erhead
i#ple#ents the 3&, functions for JC1% path le'el2 i.e. #onitoring the
trans#ission perfor#ance of %,b0s signals 8ithin the ST,- fra#e.
Technical details:
&ccording to the #ultiple+ing route of the 3/,b0s signal2 the P3H of the JC3
can be classified into higher order or lo8er order path o'erhead. Its b"te structure
and function are not different fro# that of the JC/ Path 3'erhead. Since the
#ultiple+ing of 3/,b0s signals into ST,- #ethod is seldo# used2 the detailed
description of the JC3 P3H is o#itted here.
1. Hi!her Order #ath OverheadM H#OH
The Higher 3rder Path 3'erhead2 consisting of 7 b"tes2 is located in the first
colu#n of the JC/ fra#e2 as illustrated in .igure 36.
7 1
( "
C 2
4 1
F 2
H $
F "
D "
8 1
A C $
1
1
2 0 1
2
.igure 36 the structure of Higher 3rder Path 3'erhead
71M #ath trace b,te
The &4PT5 pointer indicates the specific location of the start of the JC/ 8ithin
the &4/2 i.e. the location of the first b"te of the JC/2 so that the recei'e end can
1/
properl" e+tract JC/ fro# the &4/ according to the 'alue of this &4PT5. The
A1 is the start of the JC/2 so the &4PT5 indicates the location of the A1 b"te.
The function of A1 is si#ilar to that of A0. The A1 b"te is used to trans#it
repetiti'el" a Higher 3rder Path &ccess Point Identifier so that a path recei'ing
ter#inal can 'erif" its continued connection to the intended trans#itter ;this path is
under continued connection<. This re:uires that the A1 b"tes of the recei'ed and
trans#it ends #atch. The default trans#it0recei'e A1 b"te 'alues of the e:uip#ents
pro'ided b" Hua8ei Co#pan" are UHua!ei SBSV. 3f course the A1 b"te can be
configured and #odified according to the re:uire#ent.
("M #ath (.#***3 (,te
The B3 b"te is allocated for #onitoring the trans#ission error perfor#ance of JC
/ 8ithin the ST,- fra#e2 e.g. #onitoring the trans#ission error perfor#ance of
1/0,b0s signal 8ithin the ST,- fra#e. Its #onitoring #echanis# is si#ilar to
that of the B1 and B% e+cept that it is used to process BIP) parit" for the JC/
fra#e.
3nce the recei'e end detects error blocks2 the nu#ber of error blocks 8ill be
displa"ed in the perfor#ance #onitoring e'ent HPBB* ;Higher 3rder Path
Background Block *rror< of the e:uip#ent end. ,ean8hile in the corresponding
JC/ path perfor#ance #onitoring e'ent HP.*BB* ;Higher 3rder Path .ar
*nd Background Block *rror< of the trans#it end2 the nu#ber of recei'ed error
blocks 8ill be displa"ed. 9ike the B1 and B% b"tes2 this #ethod can i#ple#ent
realti#e #onitoring o'er the trans#ission perfor#ance of the ST,- signal.
Notes:
If the B3 of the recei'e end has detected error blocks2 the nu#ber of error blocks
detected b" the B3 8ill be displa"ed in this end perfor#ance e'ent HPBB*
;Higherorder Path Background Block *rror<. &t the sa#e ti#e2 D1 ;b1b/< 8ill be
used to report to the trans#it end that error blocks ha'e been detected2 and the
trans#it end 8ill report HP.*BB* ;Higherorder Path .ar *nd Background Block
*rror< perfor#ance e'ent and HP5*I ;Higherorder Path 5e#ote *rror
Indication< alar#.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*12 the gi'en alar# is B3SD.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*32 B3*GC 8ill be gi'en.
1(
C2M Si!nal label b,te
The C% is allocated to indicate the co#position of #ultiple+ing structure and
infor#ation pa"load of the JC fra#e2 such as e:uipped or une:uipped status of the
path2 the t"pe of loaded ser'ices and their #apping #ethod. .or e+a#ple2 C%E00H
indicates that this JC/ path is une:uipped. Then the pa"load T4D3 of the JC/
is re:uired to be inserted all >1> T4&IS and the higher order path une:uipped
alar# HP4-*H appears in the e:uip#ent. C%E0%H indicates that the pa"load
of the JC/ is #ultiple+ed 'ia a T4D structure #ultiple+ing route. In China2 the
#ultiple+ing of %,b0s signals into JC/ adopts the T4D structure2 as illustrated in
the attached figure. C%E1(H #eans that the pa"load of the JC/ is .DDI ;.iber
Distributed Data Interface< signal. To configure the #ultiple+ing of %,b0s signals
for Hua8ei e:uip#ents2 the C% is re:uired to be configured as T4D structure.
Table 3% sho8s the C% b"te coding.
Table 3-. 0* b%te coding
(1
1 * 3 -
21
! . / "
$e3 code
4Note 15
6nterpretation
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 4ne:uipped or super'isor"une:uipped ;-ote %<
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 01 *:uipped nonspecific ;-ote 3<
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0% T4D structure
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 03 9ocked T4n ;-ote /<
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0/ &s"nchronous #apping of 3/ 31) kbit0s or
// 631 kbit0s into the Container3
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1% &s"nchronous #apping of 137 %1/ kbit0s
into the Container/
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 13 &T, #apping
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1/ ,&- ;DHDB< #apping ;-ote (<
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1( .DDI #apping ;-ote (<
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 .* Test signal2 3.1)1 specific #apping ;-ote 1<
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. JC&IS ;-ote 6<
Technical details:
The configuration of A1 and C% b"tes is re:uired to ensure the consistence bet8een
the trans#it end and the recei'e end trans#it and recei'e ends #atch.
3ther8ise2 the recei'ing e:uip#ent 8ill generate HPTI, ;Higher 3rder Path
Trace Identifier ,is#atch< and HPS9, ;Higher 3rder Signal 9abel ,is#atch<.
These t8o alar#s 8ill #ake the e:uip#ent insert all >1> T4&IS alar#
indication signal2 into the T4D3 structure of the JC/.
11
41M #ath status b,te
The D1 is allocated to con'e" the path ter#inal status and perfor#ance back to a
JC/ path ter#ination source. This feature per#its the status and perfor#ance of
the co#plete duple+ path to be #onitored at either end2 or at an" point along that
path. Ho8 to co#prehend it$ &ctuall" the D1 b"te con'e"s repl" #essages2 i.e. the
#essages sent fro# the recei'e end to the trans#it end b" 8hich the trans#it end
can ac:uire the status of the corresponding JC/ path signal recei'ed b" the
recei'e end.
Bits 1 through / con'e" the count of error blocks in JC/ to trans#it end2 i.e. HP
5*I2 that ha'e been detected b" the recei'e end using the B3 ;the path BIP) code<.
If the &IS2 e+cessi'e error defect or A1 and C% #is#atch is being detected b" the
recei'e end2 an HP5DI ;Higher 3rder Path 5e#ote Defect Indication< is sent back
to the trans#it end 'ia the fifth bit of the D1 b"te so that the source can kno8 the
status of the corresponding JC/ signal recei'ed b" the sink and detect and locate
the fault in ti#e. Bit 1 to bit ) are reser'ed for future use. The allocatioin of bits in
D1 is illustrated in .igure 3).
5*I 5DI 5eser'ed Spare
1 % 3 / ( 1 6 )
.igure 3) JC/ path status ;D1<
F2; F"M #ath user channels b,tes
These b"tes are allocated for user co##unication purposes bet8een path ele#ents
and are pa"load dependent.
H$M T@ position indicator b,te
This b"te pro'ides a t"pe indicator for the #ultifra#e of effecti'e load and
position of pa"loads. .or e+a#ple2 it can be used as a #ultifra#e indicator for the
T41% or as a cell boundar" indicator for an &T, pa"load 8hen it enters a JC/.
The H/ b"te is onl" effecti'e 8hen the %,b0s PDH signals are #ultiple+ed into the
JC/. &s #entioned before2 a %,b0s signal is #ultiple+ed into a C1% 'ia #ulti
fra#e consisting of / basic fra#es. To properl" align and e+tract the *1 signal2 the
recei'er is re:uired to kno8 the se:uence nu#ber ;12 %2 32 /< of current basic fra#e
8ithin the #ultifra#e. The H/ b"te2 indicating the nu#ber of current T41% ;JC
1% or C1%< 8ithin current #ultifra#e2 has an i#portant function as a position
indicator. It ranges fro# 00H to 03H. If the H/ recei'ed b" the recei'e end is out of
this range2 the recei'e end 8ill generate a T493, ;Tributar" 4nit 9oss of ,ulti
fra#e alar#<. B" H/2 recei'e end can find corresponding T41%2 that is to sa"2 can
find corresponding T4PT5 b"tes ;because T4PT5 is in four basic fra#e<2 then
16
e:uip#ent can de#ultiple+ corresponding JC1%2 and JC1% can be dropped to
corresponding C1%2 at last C1% can be de#ultiple+ed to %,b0s signal.
D" >b1*b$?M 9utomatic #rotection Switchin! >9#S? channel
These bits are allocated for &PS signalling for protection at the JC/ or JC3 path
le'els.
D" >b/*b3?M Spare channel
These bits are allocated for future use. These bits ha'e no defined 'alue. The
recei'er is re:uired to ignore their content.
81M 8etwor) operator b,te
This b"te is allocated to pro'ide a Tande# Connection ,onitoring ;TC,<
function. The details concerning the t8o possible i#ple#entations of the H3TC,
function are gi'en in &nne+es C and D of IT4T reco##endation D.606.
2. %ower Order #ath OverheadM %#OH
The 9P3H here refers to the path o'erhead of the JC1% that #onitors the
trans#ission perfor#ance of the JC1% path le'el2 i.e. #onitors the trans#ission
status of %,b0s PDH signals 8ithin the ST,- fra#e.
The b"tes J(2 A%2 -% and P/ are allocated to the JC1% P3H.
!here is the 9P3H located 8ithin the JC1%$ .igure 37 displa"s a JC1% #ulti
fra#e structure consisting of four JC1% basic fra#es. The lo8er order P3H is
located in the first b"te of each JC1% basic fra#e. &n 9PP3H consists of four
b"tes denoted J(2 A%2 -% and P/.
1
1
2
/55us AC12 multiframe
A/ 72 82 D$
AC12 AC12 AC12 AC12
$
.igure 37 the structure of a 9o8er 3rder Path 3'erhead.
1)
A/M #ath status and si!nal label b,te
The J( b"te is the first b"te of the #ultifra#e and its position is indicated b" the
T4PT52 8hich locates the start of the JC1% #ultifra#e 8ithin the T41% #ulti
fra#e2 i.e. the T4PT5 locates the specific location of the J( b"te 8ithin the T4
1% #ultifra#e.
The J( pro'ides the functions of error checking2 signal label and path status of the
JC1% paths. So this b"te has the functions of the D12 B3 and C% b"tes 8ithin the
higher order path o'erhead. .igure 310 illustrates the structure of the J( b"te.
*rror ,onitoring
BIP%
5e#ote *rror
Indication
5*I
5e#ote .ailure
Indication
5.I
Signal 9abel 5e#ote
Defect
Indication
5DI
1 % 3 / ( 1 6 )
*rror #onitoring@
Con'e" the Bit
Interlea'ed Parit"
code BIP%@
Bit 1 is set as such
that parit" of all
odd nu#ber bits in
all b"tes in the
pre'ious JC1% is
e'en. Bit % is set
as such that parit"
of all e'en nu#ber
bits in all b"tes is
e'en.
5e#ote *rror
Indication
;for#er
.*B*<@
If one or #ore
error blocks
8ere detected
b" the BIP%2
one is sent
back to8ards
the JC1%
path
originator2
and other8ise
?ero is sent.
5e#ote .ailure
Indication@
If a failure is
declared2 this bit
sends one2 other8ise
it sends ?ero.
Signal 9abel@
The signal label indicates the
status and #apping #ethod of
the pa"load. *ight binar" 'alues
are possible in these three bits@
000 4ne:uipped JC path
001 Path e:uipped non specific
pa"load
010 &s"nchronous floating
#apping
011 Bit s"nchronous floating
#apping
100 B"te s"nchronous floating
#apping
101 5eser'ed for future use
110 Test signal2 3.1)1 specific
#apping
111 JC&IS
5e#ote
Defect
Indication
;for#er
.*5.<@
It sends one
if a defect is
declared2
other8ise it
sends ?ero.
-3T*S
1 Jalue >1> is onl" to be used in cases 8here a #apping code is not defined in the abo'e table. .or
inter8orking 8ith old e:uip#ent ;i.e. designated to trans#it onl" the 'alues >0> and >1><2 the
follo8ing conditions appl"@
T .or back8ard co#patibilit"2 old e:uip#ent shall interpret an" 'alue recei'ed other than >0> as
an e:uipped condition.
T .or for8ard co#patibilit"2 8hen recei'ing 'alue >1> fro# old e:uip#ent2 ne8 e:uip#ent shall
not generate a Signal 9abel ,is#atch alar#.
% In the case of a JC1%2 the code >3> shall2 for back8ard co#patibilit" purposes2 continue to be
interpreted as pre'iousl" defined e'en if the bit s"nchronous #apping of %0/) kbit0s signal is not
defined an"#ore.
3 &n" #apping defined in 5eco##endation 3.1)1 8hich does not correspond to a #apping defined in
5eco##endation D.606 falls in this categor".
/ 3nl" for net8orks supporting the transport of Tande# Connection signals.
.igure 310 the structure of the JC1% P3H ;J(<.
If the error blocks 8ere detected b" the recei'er 'ia the BIP%2 the nu#ber of error
blocks detected b" the BIP% is displa"ed in this end perfor#ance e'ent 9PBB*
17
;9o8er 3rder Path Background Block *rror< and #ean8hile an 9P5*I ;9o8er
3rder Path 5e#ote *rror Indication< is sent back to the trans#itter 'ia the b3 of the
J( b"te. Thus the corresponding nu#ber of block errors can be displa"ed in the
trans#itter perfor#ance e'ent 9P.*BB* ;9o8er 3rder Path .ar *nd Background
Block *rror<.
Jirtual Container path 5*I coding is as follo8s@
0E no errors
1E 1 or #ore errors
Bit ) of the J( is allocated for the JC1% Path 5e#ote Defect Indication. &n 9P
5DI ;9o8er 3rder Path 5e#ote Defect Indication< is sent back to the source if
either a T41% &IS signal or signal failure condition is being detected b" the sink.
-otes@ In this curriculu#2 5DI is called re#ote deterioration indication or re#ote
defect indication.
If the defect condition persists be"ond the #a+i#u# ti#e allocated to the
trans#ission protection #echanis#s2 the defect beco#es a failure. Then an 9P5.I
;9o8er 3rder Path 5e#ote .ailure Indication< is sent back to the source 'ia the b/
of the J( b" the sink to infor# the source that a recei'ing failure arises on the
corresponding JC1% path at the sink.
Bits ( through 6 pro'ide a signal label. If onl" its 'alue is not ?ero2 the JC1% path
is e:uipped2 i.e. the JC1% package is not 'oid. If the 'alue of b(b6 is 0002 the
JC1% is une:uipped and an 9P4-*H ;9o8er 3rder Path 4ne:uipped< alar# is
aroused at the ter#ination sink. Then all?eros signal is inserted ;not allones signal
&IS<. If the b(b6 of J( at the trans#itter and the recei'er #is#atch2 an 9P
S9, ;9o8er 3rder Path Signal 9abel ,is#atch< alar# is generated at the
ter#ination sink.
Notes:
If the J( ;b1b%< of the recei'e end ha'e detected error blocks2 the nu#ber of error
blocks detected b" the J( ;b1b%< 8ill be displa"ed in this end perfor#ance e'ent
9PBB* ;9o8erorder Path Background Block *rror<. &t the sa#e ti#e2 J( ;b3<
8ill be used to report to the trans#it end that error blocks ha'e been detected2 and
the trans#it end 8ill report 9P.*BB* ;9o8erorder Path .ar *nd Background
Block *rror< perfor#ance e'ent and 9P5*I ;9o8erorder Path 5e#ote *rror
Indication< alar#.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*12 the gi'en alar# is BIPSD.
!hen the error bit ratio ;*B5< is greater than 10*32 BIP*GC 8ill be gi'en.
%0
72M AC*12 path trace b,te
The function of the A% is si#ilar to that of the A0 and A1. It is used to trans#it
repetiti'el" a 9o8er 3rder Path &ccess Point Identifier agreed #utuall" b" the
trans#itter and the recei'er so that the path recei'ing ter#inal can 'erif" its
continued connection to the intended trans#itter.
82M 8etwor) operator b,te
This b"te is allocated for specific #anage#ent purposes.
D$ >b1*b$?M 9utomatic #rotection Switchin! >9#S? channel
These bits are allocated for &PS signalling for protection at the lo8er order path
le'el
D$ >b/*b6?M Ceserved
Bit ( to 6 of P/ are reser'ed for an optional use described in JII.% of &ppendi+ JII
in D.606. If this option is not used2 these bits shall be set to >000> or >111>. &
recei'er is re:uired to be able to ignore the contents of these bits. The use of the
optional function is at the discretion of the o8ner of the trail ter#ination source
generating the P/ b"te.
D$ >b3?M Ceserved
This bit is allocated for future use. This bit has no defined 'alue. The recei'er is
re:uired to ignore its content.
Technical details:
&s described earlier2 bits 32 / and ) of b"te J( are allocated to con'e" back to a
JC1% trail ter#ination source the status and perfor#ance of the co#plete trail.
Bits ( to 6 of b"te P/ #a" pro'ide a re#ote defect indication 8ith additional
differentiation bet8een the re#ote pa"load defect ;9CD<2 ser'er defects ;&IS2
93P< and the re#ote connecti'it" defects ;TI,2 4-*H<. The optional codes fro#
Table 33 8ill be used. 4se of the >010> code to indicate pa"load defects does not
i#pl" a re:uire#ent to use the >101> and >110> codes to distinguish bet8een ser'er
and connecti'it" defects.
.or these optional codes2 bit 6 is al8a"s set to the in'erse of bit 1 to allo8
e:uip#ent 8hich supports this feature to identif" that it is inter8orking 8ith
e:uip#ent that uses the single bit 5DI described in J( paragraph. In such a case
e:uip#ent at both ends 8ill interpret onl" J(.
%1
Table 3-/ 7- 4b!-b/5 coding and interpretation
b! b. b/ (eaning Triggers
0 0 0 -o re#ote defect -o re#ote
defect
defect
defect
0 1 0 5e#ote
pa"load defect
9CD
;-ote 1<
1 0 0 5e#ote defect &IS2 93P
TI,2 4-*H
1 1 1 5e#ote defect &IS2 93P
TI,2 4-*H
1 0 1 5e#ote
ser'er defect
&IS2 93P
;-ote 3<
1 1 0 5e#ote
connecti'it" defect
TI,2
4-*H
Questions:
!hat did "ou learn fro# this section$
This section described the la"ered #ethods of i#ple#enting the ST,- 3&,
functions2 such as the 5egenerator Section 3'erhead2 ,ultiple+ Section 3'erhead2
Higher 3rder Path 3'erhead and 9o8er 3rder Path 3'erhead. Jia those o'erhead
b"tes2 "ou can co#pletel" #onitor the 8hole ST,- signal and lo8er rate signals
e:uipped in the ST,- fra#e.
".2 #ointers
The function of the pointers is aligning 'ia 8hich the recei'er can properl" e+tract
the corresponding JC fro# the ST,- and then disasse#ble the JC and C
packages and e+tracts the lo8er rate PDH signals2 i.e. directl" drop lo8er rate
tributar" signals fro# the ST,- signal.
!hat is aligning$ &ligning is a procedure b" 8hich the fra#e offset infor#ation is
incorporated into the Tributar" 4nit or the &d#inistrati'e 4nit2 i.e. 'ia the
Tributar" 4nit Pointer ;or &d#inistrati'e 4nit Pointer< attached to the JC to
indicate and deter#ine the start of the lo8er order JC fra#e 8ithin the T4 pa"load
; or the start of the higher order JC fra#e 8ithin the &4 pa"load<. !hen relati'e
differences occur in the phases of the fra#es and #ake the JC fra#es >float>2 the
pointer 'alue 8ill be =ustified to ensure that it constantl" and properl" designates
the start of the JC fra#e. .or a JC/2 its &4PT5 indicates the location of the A1
b"te 8hile for a JC1%I its T4PT5 indicates the location of the J( b"te.
%%
The T4 pointer or &4 pointer pro'ides a #ethod of allo8ing fle+ible and d"na#ic
align#ent of the JC 8ithin the T4 or &4 fra#e because these t8o pointers are
able to acco##odate differences2 not onl" in the phases of the JC and the SDH2
but also in the fra#e rates.
T8o pointers are pro'ided@ &4PT5 and T4PT5 8hich are used for aligning of
the Higher 3rder JC ;here referring to JC/< and the 9o8er 3rder JC ;here JC
1%< 8ithin the &4/ and T41% respecti'el". Their operation #echanis#s are
described belo8.
".2.1 9dministrative @nit #ointer***9@*#TC
The &4PT52 located in ro8 / of colu#ns 1 to 7 8ithin the ST,1 fra#e2 is used
to indicate the specific location of the fist b"te A1 of the JC/ 8ithin the &4/
pa"load so that the recei'er can properl" e+tract the JC/2 as illustrated in .igure
311. The &4/ pointer pro'ides a #ethod of allo8ing fle+ible and d"na#ic
align#ent of the JC/ 8ithin the &4/ fra#e. D"na#ic align#ent #eans that the
JC/ is allo8ed to >float> 8ithin the &4/ fra#e. Thus2 the pointer is able to
acco##odate differences2 not onl" in the phases of the JC/ and the S3H2 but
also in the fra#e rates.
1
2
"
$ H1
/
0
6
3
2
H" H" H" 5 * * 1
36
* * * 30
1
2
"
$
/
0
6
3
2
*
* * /21
* * 632
* * 30
5
/22 *
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
H2 E
1 2 " $ / 0 6 3 2 15 265
12/ Ns
2/5 Ns
H1 H" H" H" H2 E E
E 1F 1F
1F 1F
T1/22235*20
9@4
8e!ative =ustification
opportunit, >" b,tes?
#ositive =ustification
opportunit, >" b,tes?
9ll 1s b,te
1551SS11 >S bits are unspecified?
1F
E
.igure 311 the location of the &4/ pointer in the ST,- fra#e
%3
9@*$ pointer value
The pointer contained in H1 and H% designates the location of the b"te 8here the
JC/ begins. The t8o b"tes allocated to the pointer function can be 'ie8ed as one
8ord as sho8n in .igure 31%. The last ten bits ;bits 611< of the pointer 8ord
carr" the pointer 'alue.
8 8 8 8 S S . D . D . D . D . D
1 2 " $ / 0 6 3 2 15 11 12 1" 1$ 1/ 10
H1 H2 H"
T1/13135*2/
15 9@*$; 9@*"; T@*"
.
D
8
.ncrement
Decrement
8ew data fla!
8e!ative
=ustification
opportunit,
#ositive
=ustification
opportunit,
Negative justification
K .nvert / D*bits
K 9ccept ma=orit, vote
SS bits 9@*n1T@*n t,pe
Concatenation indication
K 1551SS1111111111 >SS bits are unspecified?
Positive justification
K .nvert / .*bits
8OT& K The pointer is set to all O1Os when 9.S occurs.
15 bit pointer value
New data flag
K &nabled when at least " out of $ bits match O1551O
K Disabled when at least " out of $ bits match O5115O
K .nvalid with other codes
Pointer value >b6*b10?
K 8ormal ran!e isM
for 9@*$; 9@*"M 5*632 decimal
for T@*"M 5*60$ decimal
.igure 31% &4/ pointer ;H1H%H3< coding
&s illustrated in .igure 31%2 the &4/ pointer 'alue is a binar" nu#ber 8ith a
range of 0 to 6)% 8hich indicates the offset2 in three b"te incre#ents2 bet8een the
pointer and the first b"te of the JC/ ;see .igure 311<. .igure 31% also indicates
one additional 'alid pointer2 the Concatenation Indication. The Concatenation
Indication is indicated b" >1001> in bits 1/2 bits (1 unspecified2 and ten >1>s in
bits 611. The &4/ pointer is set to Concatenation Indication for &4/
concatenation.
The &4/ pointer b"tes are not counted in the offset. .or e+a#ple2 in an &4/2 the
pointer 'alue of 0 indicates that the JC/ starts in the b"te location that
i##ediatel" follo8s the last H3 b"te2 8hereas an offset of )6 indicates that the
JC/ starts three b"tes after the P% b"te.
Fre'uenc, =ustification
If there is a fre:uenc" offset bet8een the fra#e rate of the &4D and that of the
JCn2 then the pointer 'alue 8ill be incre#ented or decre#ented as needed2
acco#panied b" a corresponding positi'e or negati'e =ustification b"te or b"tes.
Consecuti'e pointer operations #ust be separated b" at least three fra#es ;i.e.
%/
e'er" fourth fra#e< in 8hich the pointer 'alue re#ains constant.
If the fra#e rate of the JCn is too slo8 8ith respect to that of the &4D2 then the
align#ent of the JCn #ust periodicall" slip back in ti#e and the pointer 'alue
#ust be incre#ented b" one. This operation is indicated b" in'erting bits 62 72 112
13 and 1( ;Ibits< of the pointer 8ord to allo8 (bit #a=orit" 'oting at the recei'er.
Three positi'e =ustification b"tes appear i##ediatel" after the last H3 b"te in the
&4/ fra#e containing in'erted Ibits. Subse:uent pointers 8ill contain the ne8
offset. This is illustrated in .igure 313.
$
"
1
/
2
/55 Ns
"6/ Ns
2/5 Ns
12/ Ns
H" H" H" H2 H1
$
"
1
/
2
H" H" H" H2 H1
$
"
1
/
2
H" H" H" H2 H1
$
"
1
/
2
H" H" H" H2 H1
1 2 " $ / 0 6 3 2 15 265
E E 1F 1F
E E 1F 1F
E E 1F 1F
E E 1F 1F
n K 1
n K 1
n K 1
n K 1
n n n n P 1; n P 1
n n n n P 1; n P 1
n n n n P 1; n P 1
T1/13125*2/
9@4
n n n n P 1; n P 1
2
0
6
3
2
0
6
3
2
0
6
3
2
0
6
3
#ointer value >n P 1?
#ointer value >.*bits inverted?
#ointer value >n?
#ositive =ustification b,tes >" b,tes?
9ll 1s b,te
Start of AC*$
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame "
Frame $
1F
E
.igure 313 &u/ pointer ad=ust#ent operation T positi'e =ustification
If the fra#e rate of the JCn is too fast 8ith respect to that of the &4D2 then the
align#ent of the JCn #ust periodicall" be ad'anced in ti#e and the pointer 'alue
#ust be decre#ented b" one. This operation is indicated b" in'erting bits )2 102 1%2
1/ and 11 ;Dbits< of the pointer 8ord to allo8 (bit #a=orit" 'oting at the
recei'er. Three negati'e =ustification b"tes appear in the H3 b"tes in the &4/
fra#e containing in'erted Dbits. Subse:uent pointers 8ill contain the ne8 offset.
This is illustrated in .igure 31/.
%(
/55 Ns
"6/ Ns
2/5 Ns
12/ Ns
1 2 " $ / 0 6 3 2 15 265
9@4
n n n n P 1; n P 1 n K 1
n n n n P 1; n P 1 n K 2; n K 1; n K 1; n K 1
n n n n P 1; n P 1 n K 2 n K 1; n K 1; n K 1
n n n n P 1; n P 1
T1/13215*2/
n K 2 n K 1; n K 1; n K 1
$
"
1
/
H" H" H" H1
2
E E 1F 1F H2
2
0
6
3
$
"
1
/
H" H" H" H1
2
E E 1F 1F H2
2
0
6
3
$
"
1
/
H1
2
E E 1F 1F H2
2
0
6
3
$
"
1
/
H" H" H" H1
2
E E 1F 1F H2
2
0
6
3
Frame $
Frame "
Frame 2
Frame 1
#ointer value >n K 1?
#ointer value >D*bits inverted?
#ointer value >n?
8e!ative =ustification b,tes >data?
9ll 1s b,te
Start of AC*$
1F
E
.igure 31/ &4/ pointer ad=ust#ent operation T negati'e =ustification
8ew Data Fla! >8DF?
Bits 1/ ;-bits< of the pointer 8ord carr" an -D. 8hich allo8s an arbitrar"
change of the pointer 'alue if that change is due to a change in the pa"load.
.our bits are allocated to the flag to allo8 error correction. -or#al operation is
indicated b" a >0110> code in the -bits. -D. is indicated b" in'ersion of the -
bits to >1001>. &n -D. should be interpreted as enabled 8hen three or #ore of the
four bits #atch the pattern >1001>. &n -D. should be interpreted as disabled 8hen
three or #ore of the four bits #atch the pattern >0110>. The re#aining 'alues ;i.e.
>0000>2 >0011>2 >0101>2 >1010>2 >1100> and >1111>< should be interpreted as
in'alid. The ne8 align#ent is indicated b" the pointer 'alue acco#pan"ing the
-D. and takes effect at the offset indicated.
#ointer !eneration
The follo8ing su##ari?es the rules for generating the &4/ pointers.
1. During nor#al operation2 the pointer locates the start of the JC/ 8ithin the
&4n fra#e. The -D. is set to >0110>.
%. The pointer 'alue can onl" be changed b" operation 32 / or (.
3. If a positi'e =ustification is re:uired2 the current pointer 'alue is sent 8ith the
%1
Ibits in'erted and the subse:uent positi'e =ustification opportunit" is filled
8ith du##" infor#ation. Subse:uent pointers contain the pre'ious pointer
'alue incre#ented b" one. If the pre'ious pointer is at its #a+i#u# 'alue2 the
subse:uent pointer is set to ?ero. -o subse:uent incre#ent or decre#ent
operation is allo8ed for at least three fra#es follo8ing this operation.
/. If a negati'e =ustification is re:uired2 the current pointer 'alue is sent 8ith the
Dbits in'erted and the subse:uent negati'e =ustification opportunit" is
o'er8ritten 8ith actual data. Subse:uent pointers contain the pre'ious pointer
'alue decre#ented b" one. If the pre'ious pointer 'alue is ?ero2 the subse:uent
pointer is set to its #a+i#u# 'alue. -o subse:uent incre#ent or decre#ent
(. If the align#ent of the JCn changes for an" reason other than rules 3 or /2 the
ne8 pointer 'alue shall be sent acco#panied b" -D. set to >1001>. The -D.
onl" appears in the first fra#e that contains the ne8 'alues. The ne8 location
of the JCn begins at the first occurrence of the offset indicated b" the ne8
pointer. -o subse:uent incre#ent or decre#ent operation is allo8ed for at least
three fra#es follo8ing this operation.
#ointer interpretation
The follo8ing su##ari?es the rules for interpreting the &4n pointers.
1. During nor#al operation2 the pointer locates the start of the JC/ 8ithin the
&4/ fra#e.
%. &n" 'ariation fro# the current pointer 'alue is ignored unless a consistent ne8
'alue is recei'ed three ti#es consecuti'el" or it is preceded b" one of the rules
32 / or (. &n" consistent ne8 'alue recei'ed three ti#es consecuti'el"
o'errides ;i.e. takes priorit" o'er< rules 3 or /.
3. If the #a=orit" of the Ibits of the pointer 8ord are in'erted2 a positi'e
=ustification operation is indicated. Subse:uent pointer 'alues shall be
incre#ented b" one.
/. If the #a=orit" of the Dbits of the pointer 8ord are in'erted2 a negati'e
=ustification operation is indicated. Subse:uent pointer 'alues shall be
decre#ented b" one.
(. If the -D. is interpreted as enabled2 then the coincident pointer 'alue shall
replace the current one at the offset indicated b" the ne8 pointer 'alue unless
the recei'er is in a state that corresponds to a loss of pointer.
".2.2 9@*$ concatenation
&4/s can be concatenated together to for# an &4/Gc ;G concatenated &4/s<
8hich can transport pa"loads re:uiring greater capacit" than one Container/
%6
capacit".
1. Concatenation of conti!uous 9@*$s
& concatenation indication2 used to sho8 that the #ulti Container/ pa"load carried
in a single JC/Gc should be kept together2 is contained in the &4/ pointer. The
capacit" a'ailable for the #apping2 the #ulti Container/2 is G ti#es the capacit"
of the Container/ ;e.g. (77 0/0 ,bit0s for G E / and % 371 110 kbit0s for G E 11<.
Colu#ns % to G of the JC/Gc are specified as fi+ed stuff. The first colu#n of the
JC/Gc is used for the P3H. The P3H is assigned to the JC/Gc ;e.g. the BIP)
co'ers %11 G colu#ns of the JC/Gc<. The JC/Gc is illustrated in .igure 31(.
81
D"
F"
H$
F2
41
C2
("
71
T1/132"5*2/
AC*$*Bc
"
1
/
1
CSOH
MSOH
B*1
C*$*Bc
9@*n #TCs
STM*8
8 G 265 b,tes
8 G 201 b,tes
B G 201 b,tes
Fied
stuff
#TC #ointer
8 G 2
B G 205
.igure 31( JC/Gc Structure
The first &4/ of an &4/Gc shall ha'e a nor#al range of pointer 'alues. &ll
subse:uent &4/s 8ithin the &4/Gc shall ha'e their pointer set to Concatenation
Indication >1001> in bits 1/2 bits (1 unspecified2 and ten >1>s in bits 611. The
Concatenation Indication indicates that the pointer processors shall perfor# the
sa#e operations as perfor#ed on the first &4/ of the &4/Gc.
2. Airtual concatenation of 9@*$s
The details and the e+tensibilit" of the 'irtual concatenation #ethod to the &4/s
are under stud" in IT4T.
%)
".2." Tributar, @nit #ointer ****T@*#TC
The T4 pointer is used to indicate the specific location of the first b"te J( of the
JC1% 8ithin the T41% pa"load so that the recei'er can properl" e+tract the JC
1%. The T4 pointer pro'ides a #ethod of allo8ing fle+ible and d"na#ic align#ent
of the JC1% 8ithin the T41% #ultifra#e. The T4PT5 is located in the b"tes
denoted J12 J%2 J3 and J/ 8ithin the T41% #ultifra#e2 as illustrated in .igure
311.
60 61 6% 63 10( 101 106 10) 0 1 % 3 3( 31 36 3)
6/ 6( 61 66 107 110 111 11% / ( 1 6 /7 /0 /1 /%
6)
.irst basic
fra#eof
T41%
)1 113
Second
basic
fra#eof
T41%
111 )
Third
basic
fra#eof
T41%
11 /3
.ourth
basic
fra#eof
T41%
/1
)% )( 116 1%0 1% 1( /6 (0
)1 )7 1%1 1%/ 11 17 (1 (/
70 73 1%( 1%) %0 %3 (( ()
7/ 76 1%7 13% %/ %6 (7 1%
7) 101 133 131 %) 31 13 11
10% 103 10/ J1 136 13) 137 J% 3% 33 3/ J3 16 1) 17 J/
.igure 311 -u#bering of the T41% pointer location and offset
T@*21T@*1 pointer location
The T41% pointers are contained in the J1 and J% b"tes as illustrated in .igure 3
16.
%7
5 position
A/
#ositive =ustification position
/55us T@*12 multi*frame
8e!ative =ustification position
location
$>2:Q$IR
A/
BBBBBB55
BBBBBB51
BBBBBB15
BBBBBB11
A1
A2
A"
A$
A/
/55 Ns
"6/ Ns
2/5 Ns
12/ Ns
20 "/ 156
20 "/ 156
20 "/ 156
20 "/ 156
15$ 1$5 $23
T1/132/5*2/
72
82
D$
T@*n AC*n
AC*11 AC*12 AC*2
State of
H$ b,te
AC capacit, >b,te1/55 ms?
T@
AC
A1
A2
A"
A$
Tributar, unit
Airtual container
AC #ointer 1
AC #ointer 2
AC #ointer " >action?
Ceserved
8OT& K A1; A2; A" and A$ b,tes are part of the T@*n and are terminated at the
pointer processor.
.igure 316 T41% pointer location
T@*12 pointer value
The T41% PT5 consists of four b"tes denoted J12 J%2 J3 and J/. The Tributar"
4nit pointer 8ord is sho8n in .igure 31). The t8o S bits ;bits ( and 1< indicate
the Tributar" 4nit t"pe.
30
8 8 8 8 S S . D . D . D . D . D
5 5
5 1
1 1
A1 A2
A1
A2
A"
A$
T1/13205*2/
#TC1
#TC2
T@*11
T@*2
T@*12
Lero pointer offset location
8e!ative =ustification opportunit,
#ositive =ustification opportunit,
#TC" >action?
Ceserved
>S bits specif, si<e?
15*bit pointer value
Negative justification
K .nvert / D*bits
Positive justification
K .nvert / .*bits
Concatenation indication
K 1551SS11111111 >SS bits are unspecified?
8DF
. .ncrement
D Decrement
8 8ew Data Fla!
New Data Flag
K &nabled when at least " out of $ bits match O1551O
K Disabled when at least " out of $ bits match O5115O
K .nvalid with other codes
Pointer value
8ormal ran!e isM
K for T@*2M 5*$26 decimal
K for T@*12M 5*1"2 decimal
K for T@*11M 5*15" decimal
8DF
8DF
.igure 31) T41% pointer coding
The pointer 'alue ;bits 611< is a binar" nu#ber that indicates the offset fro# J% to
the first b"te of the JC1%. The range of the offset is different for each of the
Tributar" 4nit si?es as illustrated in .igure 31) and .igure 317.
31
T1/13265*2/
A1
63
.

.

.

.
15"
A2
5
.

.

.

.
2/
A"
20
.

.

.

.
/1
A$
/2
66
A1
15/
.

.

.

.
1"2
A2
5
.

.

.

.
"$
A"
"/
.

.

.

.
02
A$
65
15$
.

.

.

.
.

.

.

.
A1
"21
.

.

.

.
$26
A2
5
.

.

.

.
150
A"
156
.

.

.

.
21"
A$
21$
"25
.

.

.

.
T@*11 T@*12 T@*2
8e!ative =ustification opportunit,
#ositive =ustification opportunit,
A1 #TC1
A2 #TC2
A" #TC" >action?
A$ Ceserved
.igure 317 T41% pointer offsets
The pointer b"tes are not counted in the offset calculation. .ro# the b"te
i##ediatel" follo8ing the J% 8ithin the T41% pa"load2 each b"te is in se:uence
specified an offset nu#ber such as >0> and >1> according to the offset fro# the b"te
to the last J% 8ith one b"te as a positi'e =ustification unit. Total offset nu#bers are
fro# 0 to 137. The first b"te J( of the JC1% fra#e is located in the location 8ith
an offset nu#ber corresponding to the binar" 'alue of the T41% pointer 'alue.
The J3 b"te of the T41% PT5 is the negati'e =ustification opportunit". & positi'e
=ustification opportunit" i##ediatel" follo8s it. J/ is a reser'ed b"te. The pointer
'alue is located in the last ten bits of the J1 and J% b"tes. The function of the 11
bits of the J1 and J% b"tes is si#ilar to that of the 11 bits of the H1 and H% b"tes
8ithin the &4PT5.
Notes:
-egati'e =ustification is i#ple#ented 'ia the J3 b"te. !hile positi'e =ustification
is i#ple#ented b" the b"te right after J3 b"te.
3%
T@*12 fre'uenc, =ustification
The T41% pointer is used to fre:uenc" =ustif" the JC1% e+actl" in the sa#e 8a"
that the &4/ pointer is used to fre:uenc" =ustif" the JC/. & positi'e =ustification
opportunit" i##ediatel" follo8s the J3 b"te. &dditionall"2 J3 ser'es as the
negati'e =ustification opportunit" such that 8hen the opportunit" is taken2 J3 is
o'er8ritten b" data. This is also sho8n in .igure 317. The indication of 8hether
or not a =ustification opportunit" has been taken is pro'ided b" the I and Dbits of
the pointer in the current Tributar" 4nit #ultifra#e. The 'alue contained in J3
8hen not being used for a negati'e =ustification is not defined. The recei'er is
re:uired to ignore the 'alue contained in J3 8hene'er it is not used for negati'e
=ustification
The =ustification unit of the T4PT5 is one ;b"te<. Thus the range of the pointer
'alue is 0 to 137. If the in'alid pointer or -D. is being recei'ed in eight fra#es
consecuti'el"2 a T493P ;Tributar" 4nit 9oss of Pointer< alar# 8ill be generated
at the recei'er and an &IS alar# signal shall be inserted.
If there are no differences in the phases and fre:uencies bet8een the JC1% and
T41%2 the location 'alue of the J( b"te is 602 i.e. the T4PT5 'alue is 60.
The pointer =ustification and pointer interpretation #ethod of the T4PT5 is
si#ilar to that of the &4PT5.
8ew Data Fla! >8DF?
Bits 1/ ;-bits< of the pointer 8ord carr" an -D.. It is the #echanis# 8hich
allo8s an arbitrar" change of the 'alue of a pointer.
&s 8ith the &4/ pointer -D.2 the nor#al 'alue is >0110>2 and the 'alue >1001>
indicates a ne8 align#ent for the JCn2 and possibl" ne8 si?e. &n -D. should be
interpreted as enabled 8hen three or #ore of the four bits #atch the pattern
>1001>. &n -D. should be interpreted as disabled 8hen three or #ore of the four
bits #atch the pattern >0110>. The re#aining 'alues ;i.e. >0000>2 >0011>2 >0101>2
>1010>2 >1100> and >1111>< should be interpreted as in'alid. The ne8 align#ent is
indicated b" the pointer 'alue and si?e 'alue acco#pan"ing the -D. and takes
effect at the offset indicated.
#ointer !eneration
The follo8ing su##ari?es the rules for generating the T41% pointers@
1. During nor#al operation2 the pointer locates the start of the JC1% 8ithin the
T41% fra#e. The -D. is set to >0110>.
%. The pointer 'alue can onl" be changed b" operation 32 / or (.
3. If a positi'e =ustification is re:uired2 the current pointer 'alue is sent 8ith the
33
Ibits in'erted and the subse:uent positi'e =ustification opportunit" is filled
8ith du##" infor#ation. Subse:uent pointers contain the pre'ious pointer
'alue incre#ented b" one. If the pre'ious pointer is at its #a+i#u# 'alue2 the
subse:uent pointer is set to ?ero. -o subse:uent incre#ent or decre#ent
/. If a negati'e =ustification is re:uired2 the current pointer 'alue is sent 8ith the
Dbits in'erted and the subse:uent negati'e =ustification opportunit" is
o'er8ritten 8ith actual data. Subse:uent pointers contain the pre'ious pointer
'alue decre#ented b" one. If the pre'ious pointer 'alue is ?ero2 the subse:uent
pointer is set to its #a+i#u# 'alue. -o subse:uent incre#ent or decre#ent
(. If the align#ent of the JC1% changes for an" reason other than rules 3 or /2
the ne8 pointer 'alue shall be sent acco#panied b" the -D. set to >1001>.
The -D. onl" appears in the first fra#e that contains the ne8 'alue. The ne8
JC1% location begins at the first occurrence of the offset indicated b" the ne8
pointer. -o subse:uent incre#ent or decre#ent operation is allo8ed for at least
three fra#es follo8ing this operation.
#ointer interpretation
The follo8ing su##ari?es the rules for interpreting the T41% pointers@
1. During nor#al operation the pointer locates the start of the JC1% 8ithin the
T41% fra#e.
%. &n" 'ariation fro# the current pointer 'alue is ignored unless a consistent ne8
'alue is recei'ed three ti#es consecuti'el" or it is preceded b" one of rules 32 /
or (. &n" consistent ne8 'alue recei'ed three ti#es consecuti'el" o'errides
;i.e. takes priorit" o'er< rules 3 or /.
3. If the #a=orit" of the Ibits of the pointer 8ord are in'erted2 a positi'e
=ustification is indicated. Subse:uent pointer 'alues shall be incre#ented b"
one.
/. If the #a=orit" of the Dbits of the pointer 8ord are in'erted2 a negati'e
=ustification is indicated. Subse:uent pointer 'alues shall be decre#ented b"
one.
(. If the -D. is interpreted as enabled2 then the coincident pointer 'alue shall
replace the current one at the offset indicated b" the ne8 pointer 'alue unless
the recei'er is in a state that corresponds to a loss of pointer.
3/
$ Questions:
!hat did "ou learn fro# this section$
1. Ho8 do &4PT5 and T4PT5 align the JC/ and JC1%$
%. The reasons for generation of the alar# and perfor#ance e'ents pertaining to the
pointers.
The second ite# shall be e#phasi?ed.
Summar,
This section describes the i#ple#entation of #onitoring of SDH s"ste# signals.
The 5S3H2 ,S3H2 HPP3H and 9PP3H ha'e acco#plished the la"ered
#onitoring #echanis#.
The focus is the #echanis# for the b"tes to #onitor alar#s and perfor#ances.
&ercises
!hich b"tes are used to #onitor the ,S&IS and ,S5DI$
!hat is the #echanis# of the 593. alar# #onitoring$
!hat are the alar#s generated 8hen the recei'er has detected that the &4PT5 is
)00 or 10%3$
!hich b"tes i#ple#ent the la"ered error #onitoring$
3(
SDH Principle Issue 3.0 Chapter / 9ogic Co#position of SDH *:uip#ent
Chapter # $ogic Composition of SDH %&uipment
Objectives:
To understand the co##on -* t"pes and the basic functions of the SDH
trans#ission net8ork.
To #aster the functions of the basic logic functional blocks that constitute the SDH
e:uip#ent2 and their corresponding alar#s and perfor#ance e'ents #onitored.
To #aster the functions of the au+iliar" functional blocks.
To understand the functions of the co#pound functional blocks.
To #aster the corresponding alar# #aintenance signals pro'ided b" each
functional block2 and their corresponding alar# flo8 charts.
$.1 Common 8& of SDH networ)
The SDH trans#ission net8ork is co#posed b" connecting different t"pes of -*
that are connected through optical fibre. The trans#ission function of the SDH
net8ork is perfor#ed through different -*@ add0drop ser'ices2 crossconnect
ser'ice2 net8ork error selfhealing2 etc. The follo8ing is a description of the
features and basic functions of co##on -* in the SDH net8ork.
1. TM K Terminal Multipleer
Ter#inal ,ultiple+er is used in the ter#ination station of the net8ork2 e.g. the t8o
ends of a chain2 8hich is a t8oport de'ice2 as sho8n in .igure /1.
TM
+
STM*8
STM*M
1$5Mb1s 2Mb1s
"$Mb1s
8otesMMS8
.igure /1 T, #odel
Its function is to #ultiple+ the lo8errate signals in the tributar" port to the higher
rate signal ST,- in the line port2 or to e+tract the lo8errate tributar" signals
fro# ST,- signal. Please note that its line port inputs0outputs one ST,- signal2
8hile the tributar" port can output0input #ultiple paths of lo8errate tributar"
1
signals. !hen the lo8 rate tributar" signals are #ultiple+ed into ST,- fra#e ;to
#ultiple+ lo8 rate signal into line<2 there is a cross function. .or e+a#ple2 an ST,
1 signal of the tributar" can be #ultiple+ed into an" position ;i.e. an" ti#eslot
nu#ber< of the ST,11 signal of the line2 i.e. into an" position of one to si+teen
ST,1 ti#e slots. The %,b0s signal of the tributar" can be #ultiple+ed into an"
position of the 13 JC1% ti#e slot of an" ST,1. .or the Hua8ei#ade
e:uip#ent2 the line port of T, ;optical interface< takes the 8estern side port as its
default port. -otes@ T, has onl" one line port2 itCs t8oport e:uip#ent.
2. 9DM K 9dd1Drop Multipleer
&dd0drop #ultiple+er is used in the transfer station of SDH trans#ission net8ork2
e.g. the inter#ediate node of the link or the node in the ring. It is one of the #ost
8idel" used and i#portant -* of SDH net8ork. It is a threeport de'ice2 as sho8n
in .igure /%.
STM*8
STM*8
STM*M 8otesMMS8
w e
2Mb1s
"$Mb1s
1$5Mb1s
9DM
.igure /% &D, #odel
&D, has t8o line ports and one tributar" port. The t8o ports of the line are
respecti'el" connected to the optical fibre on each side ;there are t8o
recei'e0trans#it fibre in each side<. .or the con'enience of description2 8e classif"
the# into !estern side ;!< and eastern side ;*< line ports.
The function of &D, is to add the lo8 rate tributar" signals to the line unit on the
8est side or east side2 or to drop lo8 rate tributar" signals fro# the line unit ;either
east side or 8est side< to the tributar". In addition2 it includes the crossconnect of
the ST,- signal bet8een the side of the *0! line2 e.g. to connect the 3S ST,1
in the * side ST,11 to the 1(S ST,1 in the ! side ST,11 signal.
&D, is the #ost i#portant -* of SDH. It can be e:ui'alent to other -* 2 i.e. the
function of other -* can be acco#plished. .or e+a#ple2 one &D, can be
e:ui'alent to t8o T,s.
". C&4 K Ce!enerator
There are t8o kinds of regenerators in optical trans#ission net8ork. 3ne is purel"
optical 5*D2 ser'ing #ainl" as a#plifier of optical po8er to increase optical
trans#ission distance2 the other is an electric 5*D2 used in pulse regenerating
%
refor#2 a'oiding the accu#ulation of line noise through optical0electric con'ersion2
electric signal sa#pling2 =udging2 regenerating and refor#ing2 and electric0optical
con'ersion to ensure perfect trans#ission of signal 8a'e in the line. !hat is
discussed here is the latter t"pe of regenerator. 5*D is a t8oport de'ice2 ha'ing
onl" t8o line ports T 8 port and e port2 as sho8n in .igure /3@
STM*8
STM*8
w e
C&4
.igure /3 *lectric 5*D
Its function is to generate the 8 side or e side recei'ed optical signal through 30*2
sa#pling2 =udging2 regenerating and refor#ing2 *032 and trans#it on the e or 8
side again. Perhaps "ou ha'e noticed that 5*D does not ha'e tributar" port as
&D, has2 so &D, can be e:ui'alent to one 5*D 8hen the traffic is not
added0dropped at the local position ;tributar" does not add0dropped signals<.
5*D onl" handles the 5S3H in the ST,- fra#e2 and has no crossconnect
function2 so it onl" passes traffic fro# 8est side to east side or 'ice 'ersa.
!hile &D, and T, need to handle not onl" 5S3H because the" need to add0drop
the lo8 rate tributar" signals ;e.g. %,b0s2 3/,b0s2 1/0,b0s< to ST,-2 but also
,S3H. Besides2 &D, and T, both ha'e crossconnect function2 so it is not 'er"
econo#ical to use &D, as 5*D e:ui'alent.
$. DBC K Di!ital Cross*Connect &'uipment
The #a=or function of digital crossconnect e:uip#ent is to cross connect ST,-
signals. It is a #ultipleport de'ice ;#ultiple SDH port<2 actuall" e:uals a cross
connect #atri+ acco#plishing the cross connect bet8een signals2 as sho8n in
.igure //@
DBC m n
e'ualence
.nput %ineMm
Output %ineMn
.igure // DGC function #odule
DGC #a" cross connect the input # route ST,- signals to the output n route
ST,- signals. The abo'e diagra# sho8s that there are # input optical fibres and
n output optical fibres. The core of DGC is the crossconnect function. Po8erful
DGC can finish lo8 le'el cross connect ;e.g. the cross connect of JC1%< of high
3
rate signal ;e.g. ST,11< 8ithin the crossconnect #atri+.
4suall"2 DGC#0n is used to represent the t"pe and perfor#ance of DGC ;note
#n<2 in 8hich # #eans the top rate le'el of accessible DGC2 8hile n represents
the lo8est rate le'el 8hich can be cross connected 8ithin the crossconnect #atri+.
The greater # is2 the larger the loadcarr"ing capabilit" of DGC isI the s#aller n is2
the #ore fle+ible the crossconnect function of DGC is. The #eanings of the
corresponding 'alues of # and n are sho8n in Table /1@
Table --1 0orresponding values of the rates of m and n
m or n 5 1 2 " $ / 0 6
Rate 64k 2M 8M 34M 140M or
155M
622M 2.5G 10G
&D, can ser'e as DGC of s#all capacit"2 e.g. the Hua8ei#ade %.(D e:uip#ent
can be e:ui'alent to 1R1 DGC(01.
$.2 %o!ic functional bloc) of SDH e'uipment
!e kno8 that the SDH s"ste# re:uires that products #ade b" different
#anufacturers should be interconnected2 8hich necessaril" re:uires the e:uip#ent
should be in accordance to the standard. But #anufacturers are different2 ho8 can
the e:uip#ent be standardi?ed so as to #eet the re:uire#ents of interconnecti'it"$
IT4T adopts the functionreferenced #odel to nor#ali?e the SDH e:uip#ent. It
di'ides the functions perfor#ed b" the e:uip#ent into 'arious basic standard
functional blocks. The actuali?ation of the functional blocks has nothing to do 8ith
the ph"sical actuali?ation of the e:uip#ent ;i.e. no li#it to actuali?ation #ethods<.
Different e:uip#ent is fle+ibl" co#posed of these basic functional blocks to
i#ple#ent different functions of the e:uip#ent. Through the standardi?ation of the
basic functional blocks2 the standard of the e:uip#ent is also nor#ali?ed2 and the
standardi?ation beco#es uni'ersal. The description is clear and si#ple.
Take the t"pical functional blocks co#position of one T, e:uip#ent as an
e+a#ple2 the follo8ing is an account of the functions of each basic functional
block. !hat should be noted is that the alar# #onitored b" corresponding logic
functional block2 the perfor#ance e'ents2 and their detect principle should be
understood. Please refer to .igure /(@
/
as an eample
STM
9 ( C D & F
F
F
4
4 H H
.
8
#
4.65"
4.65"
1$5Mb1s
2Mb1s
"$Mb1s
8otesM ta)e 2Mb1s
S#. CST
TTF
MS# MST MS9
H#C ##.
##.
%#9
%#9
H#T
H#T %#T %#C H#9
OH9 OH9 interface
S&MF MCF
T interface
F interface
D$*D12 D1*D"
eternal
HO9
HO.
%O.
w
%
7 D
M
S&TS
S&T#.
s,nchronous si!nal
interface
.igure /( 9ogic functional blocks co#position of SDH e:uip#ent
To better understand the abo'e figure2 the na#es of the functional blocks in the
figure are listed belo8@
SPI@ S"nchronous Ph"sical Interface 5ST@ 5egenerator Section Ter#ination
,ST@ ,ultiple+ Section Ter#ination ,SP@ ,ultiple+ section protection
,S&@ ,ultiple+ Section &daptation PPI@ PDH Ph"sical Interface
9P&@ 9o8er order Path &daptation 9PT@ 9o8er order Path Ter#ination
9PC@ 9o8er order Path Connection HP&@ Higher order Path &daptation
HPT@ Higher order Path Ter#ination TT.@ Trans#ission Ter#ination .unction
H3I@ Higher 3rder Interface 93I@ 9o8er 3rder Interface
H3&@ Higher 3rder &sse#bl" HPC@ Higher order Path Connection
3H&@ 3'erhead &ccess S*,.@ S"nchronous *:uip#ent ,anage#ent .unction
,C.@ ,essage Co##unication .unction
S*TS@ S"nchronous *:uip#ent Ti#ing Source
S*TPI@ S"nchronous *:uip#ent Ti#ing Ph"sical Interface
.igure /( is the functional block co#position figure of a T,. Its signal flo8
procedure is that the ST,- signal in the line enters the e:uip#ent fro# 5eference
Point & of the e:uip#ent and is de#ultiple+ed to PDH signal of 1/0,b0s in the
order &KBKCKDK*K.KDK9K,I and ST,- signal is dropped as
PDH signal of %,b0s or 3/,b0s ;here take the %,b0s signal as an e+a#ple< in the
(
order &KBKCKDK*K.KDKHKIKAKP. Here it is defined as the
recei'ing direction of the e:uip#ent. The corresponding trans#itting direction is
the re'erse direction of these t8o paths2 it #ultiple+es the PDH signals of
1/0,b0s2 %,b0s2 and 3/,b0s to the ST,- signal fra#e in the line. These
functions of the e:uip#ent are perfor#ed collaborati'el" b" all the basic functional
blocks.
S#.M SDH #h,sical .nterface functional bloc)
SPI is the interface of e:uip#ent and optical path2 #ainl" perfor#ing
optical0electric con'ersion2 electric0optical con'ersion2 e+traction ti#ing of line
signal ;ST,-<2 and corresponding alar# #onitoring.
1< Signal flo8 fro# & to B T recei'ing direction
3ptical0electric con'ersion2 e+traction ti#ing of line signal2 at the sa#e ti#e sends
it to S*TS ;S"nchronous *:uip#ent Ti#ing Source functional block< to lock
ti#ing phase. &fter the fre:uenc" is locked2 the ti#ing signal is sent to other
functional blocks b" S*TS2 8hich is taken as their 8ork ti#ing clock.
!hen the ST,- signal at Point & fails ;e.g. recei'ing no light or o'erlo8 optical
po8er2 trans#ission perfor#ance defect as to #ake B*5 8orse than 103<2 SPI
8ould generate 593S alar# ;recei'ing loss of signal < indication2 and report it to
S*,. ;S"nchronous *:uip#ent ,anage#ent .unctional block< of the 593S
state.
%< Signal flo8 fro# B to & T trans#itting direction
*lectric0optical con'ersion2 the ti#ing #essage is si#ultaneousl" attached to the
signal of the line ;ST,-<.
CSTM Ce!enerator Section Termination functional bloc)
5ST is the source and sink of 5S3H o'erhead b"tes2 i.e. 5ST functional block
generates 5S3H ;trans#itting direction< in the course of for#ing SDH fra#e
signals2 and processes ;ter#inates< 5S3H in the re'erse direction ;recei'ing
direction<.
1< Signal flo8 fro# B to C recei'ing direction
The electrical signal and ti#ing signal or 593S alar# signal ;if an"< are sent to
5ST through reference point B.
If 5ST recei'es 593S alar# signal2 it 8ill insert all >1> ;&IS< signal in Point C. If
nor#al traffic flo8 is recei'ed at Point B2 5ST then begins to search &1 and &%
b"tes to align the fra#e. The align#ent of fra#es is to check constantl" the fra#e
signals to see if the" are in accordance 8ith the location of fra#e head. If a
consecuti'e of #ore than fi'e fra#e heads can not be aligned ;1%(us<2 the
1
e:uip#ent enters 3ut 3f .ra#e state2 and 5ST functional block reports 5ecei'ing
signal 3ut 3f .ra#e alar# 533.. !hen out of fra#e2 if a consecuti'e of t8o
fra#es are aligned correctl"2 the 533. state ends. If 533. continues for #ore
than 3#s2 the e:uip#ent enters 9oss 3f .ra#e state2 and 5ST reports 593. alar#2
sho8ing all >1> signal at Point C.
&fter 5ST correctl" aligns the fra#es for the signal input fro# Point B2 it de
scra#bles all the b"tes in ST,- fra#es e+cept the first line of b"tes. &fter the de
scra#ble2 5S3H is e+tracted and processed. 5ST 'erifies B1 b"tes. If error blocks
are detected2 5SBB* is generated in this ter#inal. 5ST at the sa#e ti#e e+tracts
and sends *1 and .1 b"tes to 3H& ;3'erhead &ccess functional block< to process
order 8ire telephone connection. D1D3 are e+tracted and sent to S*,.2 and the
3&, co##and infor#ation of the regenerator section in D1D3 is processed.
%< Signal flo8 fro# C to Btrans#itting direction
5ST 8rites 5S3H2 co#putes B1 b"tes2 and scra#bles all the b"tes e+cept the first
line of b"tes in 5S3H. The signal fra#e structure of e:uip#ent at Points &2 B2 and
C is sho8n in .igure /1@
265
8
1
2
2
8
9 point ( point C ponit
STM*8 optical si!nal
STM*8 electrical si!nal
.igure /1 Signal fra#e structure at Points &2 B2 and C
MSTM Multiple Section Termination functional bloc)
,ST is the source and sink of #ultiple+ section o'erhead2 processing ;ter#inating<
,S3H in recei'ing direction and generating ,S3H in trans#itting direction.
1< Signal flo8 fro# C to D recei'ing direction
,ST e+tracts the &PS ;auto#atic protection s8itching< protocol in P1 and P%
b"tes to S*,.2 so that S*,. can carr" out the #ultiple+ section s8itching at
appropriate ti#e ;e.g. 8hen error occurs<. If 8hat Point C recei'es fro# b1b) of
P% b"tes in three consecuti'e fra#es is 1112 it sho8s that the signals input fro#
Point C are all >1> signals ;&IS<. ,ST functional block generates ,S&IS
;#ultiple+ section alar# indication signal< alar# signal.
6
( Tips:
,S&IS alar# #eans that the signal at Point C is all >1>. It is generated b" 593S2
593.2 because 8hen 5ST recei'es 593S and 593.2 the signal in Point C 8ill
be #ade to be all >1>. So2 the b1b) of P% at this ti#e is of course >111>. In
addition2 the ,S&IS alar# in this ter#inal #a" be caused b" the fact that the
signal trans#itted b" the re#ote ter#inal is itself ,S&IS2 i.e. the trans#itted
ST,- fra#e is co#posed of 'alid 5S3H and signal 8hose other parts are all >1>.
If the P% b"te at Point C is 1102 it #eans that this signal is the alar# signal sent
back b" the re#ote ter#inal e:uip#ent@ ,S5DI ;#ultiple+ section T re#ote
defect indication<. It indicates that the re#ote ter#inal e:uip#ent recei'es such
alar#s as 593S2 593.2 ,S&IS or B%*GC ;B% error is e+cessi'e<.
,ST functional block 'erifies B% b"tes and #onitors the trans#ission error block
of #ultiple+ section signal. If error block is detected2 the e:uip#ent of this
ter#inal 8ill displa" the nu#ber of the error blocks in the ,SBB* perfor#ance
e'ent2 sending back ,S5*I infor#ation to the re#ote ter#inal. ,1 b"tes 8ill
ans8er it 8ith the nu#ber of the error blocks recei'ed b" the re#ote ter#inal.
If ,S&IS is detected2 or the nu#ber of the error blocks detected b" B% e+ceeds
the threshold ;at this #o#ent ,ST reports the B% error e+cessi'e alar# B%
*GC2<2 the signal 8ill be #ade all >1> at Point D.
Besides2 ,ST e+tracts the s"nchroni?ation status #essage infor#ation fro# S1
;b(b)< and sends the recei'ed s"nchronous :ualit" infor#ation to S*,.. &t the
sa#e ti#e2 ,ST also e+tracts and sends the D/D1% b"tes to S*,. that 8ill
process the 3&, infor#ation 8ithin the #ultiple+ section.
,ST retrie'es *% b"te and sends it to 3H& for processing as 8ell.
%< Signal flo8 fro# D to C trans#itting direction
,ST 8ritten to ,S3H@ *% fro# 3H&2 D/D1% fro# S*,.2 and P12 P% fro#
,SP are 8ritten to ,S3H. &t the sa#e ti#e2 the corresponding B% b"tes2 S1
b"tes2 and ,1 b"tes are 8ritten to ,S3H. If ,ST detects ,S&IS or ,S*GC
;B%< in the recei'ing direction2 the b1b) of P% b"tes 8ill be set as 110 in the
trans#itting direction. The signal fra#e structure at Point D is sho8n in .igure /6@
265
8
2
8
.igure /6 Signal fra#e structure at Point D
)
Notes:
Bou ha'e heard #an" ti#es such na#es as regenerator section and #ultiple+
section2 but do "ou kno8 8hat e+actl" the" are$
5egenerator section refers to the #aintenance section bet8een the 5ST of t8o
e:uip#ent ;including the t8o 5ST and the optical fibre bet8een the#<2 8hile
#ultiple+ section refers to the #aintenance section bet8een the ,ST of t8o
e:uip#ent ;including the t8o ,ST2 t8o 5ST and the optical fibre bet8een the#<.
MST MST CST CST S#. S#.
CS > r e!ener at or sect i on?
MS > mul t i pl e sect i on?
U U
U
The regenerator section processes onl" the 5S3H of ST,- fra#e2 and the
#ultiple+ section processes the 5S3H and ,S3H of ST,- fra#e.
MS#M >Multiple Section #rotection functional bloc)?
,SP is used to protect ST,- signal in #ultiple+ section in order to pre'ent errors
that co#e 8ith it. It s8itches the signal of the error channel to the protection
channel ;#ultiple+ section s8itching< b" #onitoring ST,- signal and e'aluating
the s"ste# state. IT4T defines that the ti#e of protection s8itching is controlled
8ithin (0 #s.
The fault condition of #ultiple+ section s8itching is 593S2 593.2 ,S&IS2 or
,S*GC ;B%<. To actuali?e the #ultiple+ section protection s8itching2 the
e:uip#ent #ust ha'e redundant ;standb"< channels. Take a ter#inaltoter#inal
T, as an e+a#ple. Please refer to .igure /)@
primar,
bac)up
TM TM
e'uipment model
functional bloc) model
M
S
9
M
S
9
M
S
#
M
S
#
MST MST
MST MST
primar, channel
bac)up channel
.igure /) ,ultiple+ section protection of T,
7
1< Signal flo8 fro# D to * recei'ing direction
If ,SP recei'es ,S&IS sent b" ,ST or protection s8itching co##and fro#
S*,. to s8itch fro# pri#ar" channel to standb" channel for the infor#ation.
-or#all" the signal flo8 is transparentl" sent fro# D to *.
%< Signal flo8 fro# * to D trans#itting direction
The traffic flo8 at Point * is transparentl" sent to D.
The signal fra#e structure at Point * is the sa#e as that at Point D.
Technical details:
Co##on protection s8itching #odes include 1N12 1@12 and 1@n. Take the
e:uip#ent #odel in .igure /) as an e+a#ple@
1N1 #eans that the trans#it end trans#its the sa#e infor#ation ;together< fro# the
acti'e channel and the standb" channel. The recei'e end nor#all" chooses the
ser'ice in the acti'e channel to recei'e because the ser'ices in the acti'e channel
and the standb" channel are e+actl" the sa#e ;both are #ain ser'ice<2 the ser'ice in
the acti'e channel 8ill be restored b" s8itching to the standb" channel ser'ice to
recei'e 8hen the acti'e channel is da#aged. This s8itching is also called single
end s8itching ;onl" s8itching the recei'e end<. The s8itching speed is fast but
8ith a lo8 utili?ation ratio of the channel.
1@1 #eans that the trans#it end nor#all" trans#its #ain ;pri#ar"< ser'ices in the
acti'e channel2 and the e+tra ser'ices in the standb" ;backup< channel ;lo8
protection le'el ser'ices. -otes@ not backup ser'ice<. The recei'e end recei'es the
#ain ser'ices fro# the acti'e channel and the e+tra ser'ices fro# the standb"
channel. But 8hen the acti'e channel is da#aged2 to ensure the trans#ission of the
#ain ser'ices2 the trans#it end 8ill s8itch the #ain ser'ices to the standb"
channel to trans#it2 and the recei'e end 8ill s8itch to the standb" channel to
recei'e the #ain ser'ices. The e+tra ser'ices are presentl" ter#inated2 and the
trans#ission of the #ain ser'ices are restored. This kind of s8itching is called
double end s8itching ;s8itch in both recei'e0trans#it end<. The s8itching rate is
slo82 but 8ith a high utili?ation ratio of the channel. Because the trans#ission of
the e+tra ser'ices is ter#inated 8hen the acti'e channel is da#aged2 the e+tra
ser'ices are also called nonprotected ser'ices.
1@n #eans that one standb" channel protects n acti'e channels. In this case the
utili?ation ratio of the channels is e'en higher2 though one standb" channel can
protect onl" one acti'e channel and thus lo8ering the reliabilit" of the s"ste#.
10
MS9M Multiple Section 9daptation functional bloc)
The function of ,S& is to process and generate &4PT52 and to
asse#ble0disasse#ble the entire ST,- fra#e2 i.e. to asse#ble0disasse#ble &4D
to JC/.
1< Signal flo8 fro# * to . recei'ing direction.
.irst2 ,S& disb"te interlea'es &4D b" di'iding &4D into n &4/ structures
before processing n &4PT5 of n &4/. If the 'alue of &4PT5 is in'alid pointer
'alue for a consecuti'e of ) fra#es or &4PT5 is -D. for a consecuti'e of )
fra#es2 the corresponding &4/ of ,S& generates &493P alar#2 and the output
of the signal on the corresponding channels ;JC/< at Point . is all >1>. If ,S&
finds H12 H%2 and H3 b"tes are all >1> for a consecuti'e of 3 fra#es2 it is
considered that the input at Point * is all >1> signal. ,S& at this #o#ent changes
the output on the corresponding JC/ at Point . to all >1>2 and generates &4&IS
alar# of the corresponding &4/.
%< Signal flo8 fro# . to * trans#itting direction
The signal at Point . changes to &4/ through ,S& locating and aligning addition
of &4PT5. - &4/ is #ultiple+ed to &4D b" b"teinterlea'ed#ultiple+ing
#ethod. The signal fra#e structure at Point . is sho8n in .igure /7.
AC$
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201
.igure /7 the signal fra#e structure at Point .
TTFM Transmission Termination Functional bloc)
&s #entioned abo'e2 se'eral basic functional blocks #a" for# co#pound
functional block b" fle+ible co#bination to i#ple#ent so#e co#ple+ 8ork. SPI2
5ST2 ,ST2 and ,S& together for# co#pound functional block TT.. Its function is
to carr" out optical0electric signal con'ersion ;SPI< for ST,- optical line signal
in the recei'ing direction2 to process 5S3H ;5ST< and ,S3H ;,ST<2 to protect
the #ultiple+ section signal ;,SP<2 to disb"teinterlea'e &4D and process
;e+plain< the pointer &4PT52 and finall" to output n JC/ signals. It is =ust the
opposite for the trans#itting direction. !hat enters TT. is n JC/ signals and
8hat goes out of TT. is ST,- optical signals.
H#CM Hi!her order #ath Connect functional bloc)
11
HPC actuall" e:uals a crossconnect #atri+. It functions as cross connect for the
higher order path JC/ signal. *+cept the cross connect of the signals2 the traffic
flo8 is transparentl" sent in HPC ;so both ends of HPC are represented b" Point
.<. HPC is the ke" to the reali?ation of higher order path signal DGC and &D,2
8hose cross connect is to the choice or change of the route of JC/ e+cluding the
process of the signals. The po8er of SDH e:uip#ent is deter#ined b" its cross
connect capabilit"2 8hile crossconnect capabilit" is deter#ined b" cross connect
functional blocks@ higher order HPC and lo8er order 9PC. To ensure the all cross
abilit" of the ser'ice2 the #ini#u# capacit" of the HPC crossconnect #atri+ as
sho8n in .igure /1 should be %- JC/ W %- JC/2 e:ualing %- JC/ input signal
lines and %- JC/ output signal lines.
H#TM Hi!her order #ath Termination functional bloc)
The signal co#ing out fro# HPC is di'ided into t8o routes@ one enters the H3I
co#pound functional block outputting 1/0,b0s of PDH signalI the other enters
H3& co#pound functional block2 outputting %,b0s of PDH signal through 93I
co#pound functional block. !hiche'er route it takes2 it #ust first go through the
HPT functional block. The function of the t8o routes HPT is the sa#e.
HPT is the source and sink of higher order path o'erhead b"tes2 for#ing and
ter#inating the higher order 'irtual container ;JC/<.
1< Signal flo8 fro# . to D recei'ing direction
Ter#inate P3H and check B3. If error blocks occur2 the error nu#ber 8ill be
sho8n in the HPBB* of the perfor#ance e'ent in this ter#inal. ,ean8hile2 in the
signals sent back to the re#ote ter#inal2 b1b/ of D1 b"te is set as the detected
error nu#ber in order that the error nu#ber should be sho8n in the HP5*I of the
perfor#ance e'ent in the trans#it end.
Notes:
The range of b1b/ of D1 is 01(2 8hile B3 can onl" detect at #ost ) error blocks
in one fra#e2 i.e. the 'alues 0) of b1b/ of D1 represent 0) error blocks2 the other
6 'alues ;71(< are all taken as nonerror blocks.
HPT detects A1 and C% b"tes. If the" fail to #atch ;8hat should be recei'ed is not
consistent 8ith 8hat is recei'ed<2 HPTI, and HPS9, alar#s 8ill be generated2
rendering the output in the corresponding channels at Point D as all >1>. The HP
5DI alar# in a corresponding channel is at the sa#e ti#e sent back to the trans#it
end through b( of D1.
If HTP detects that the content of C% b"te is 000 ;binar" is 00000000< for a
consecuti'e of ( fra#es2 it can decide that this JC/ channel is unloaded. Then all
>1> 8ill be output in the corresponding channel at Point D. HP4-*H alar# is
1%
generated in the corresponding JC/ channel of HPT.
The content of H/ b"te contains order nu#ber of the four basic fra#es in #ulti
fra#e. HPT trans#its it to the HP& functional block of H3& co#pound functional
block ;because the order nu#ber of four basic fra#es in #ultifra#e is onl" 'alid
to %,b0s2 but in'alid to 1/0,b0s<.
%< Signal flo8 fro# D to . trans#itting direction
HPT 8rites P3H and co#putes B3. Through S*,.2 the corresponding A1 and C%
are sent to HPT that in turn 8rites to P3H.
The fra#e structure at Point D is actuall" the fra#e of C/ signal. In one case2 this
C/ signal is adapted through 1/0,b0s2 8hile so#eti#es it is #ultiple+ed b"
%,b0s through the structure C1%KJC1%KT41%KT4D%KT4D3KC/.
The follo8ing is their descriptions.
.irst2 8eCll discuss the C/ adapted fro# the PDH signal of 1/0,b0s. The signal
fra#e structure at Point D is sho8n in .igure /10@
C$
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.igure /10 Signal fra#e structure at Point D
%#9M %ower order #ath 9daptation functional bloc)
The function of 9P& is to adapt PDH signal into C through rate =ustification
#apping2 or drop C signal to corresponding PDH signal through de#apping
procedure. Its function is si#ilar to PDH C. In other 8ords2 the function of 9P&
here is si#ple C/1/0,b0s.
##.M #DH #h,sical .nterface functional bloc)
PPI functions as the interface bet8een the ph"sical trans#ission #edia 8ith
tributar" signal and PDH e:uip#ent. Its #ain function is to change the code t"pes2
and to e+tract the tributar" ti#ing signals.
1< Signal flo8 fro# 9 to , recei'ing direction
To change the internal code of the e:uip#ent to PDH line code for the con'enience
of trans#ission2 e.g. HDB3 ;%,b0s2 3/,b0s<2 C,I ;1/0,b0s<.
%< Signal flo8 fro# , to 9 trans#itting direction
13
To change PDH line code to -5X code for the con'enience of the e:uip#ent to
process and to e+tract at the sa#e ti#e the clock of the tributar" signal and send it
to S*TS phase lock. &fter the phase lock2 the clock is sent to each functional block
b" S*TS as their 8orking clock.
!hen PPI detects no input signal2 it 8ill generate tributar" loss of signal alar# T
&93S ;%,b0s< or *G93S ;3/,b0s2 1/0,b0s<2 #eaning that the e:uip#ent
tributar" input signal is lost.
HO.M Hi!her Order .nterface
Here2 this co#pound functional block is co#posed of three functional blocks@ HPT2
9P&2 and PPI. Its function is@
1/0,b0s C/ JC/.
The follo8ing description is about %,b0s #ultiple+ing into C/2 or de#ultiple+ing
fro# C/.
H#9M Hi!her order #ath 9daptation functional bloc)
&t this #o#ent2 the signal at Point D is actuall" the C/ signal for#ed b" T4D3
though b"teinterlea'ed#ultiple+ing. &nd T4D3 is for#ed b" T4D% through
b"teinterlea'ed#ultiple+ing2 and T4D% b" T41%. T41% is for#ed b" JC
1%NT4PT5. Please refer to the attached figure in Chapter Three.
The function of HP& is si#ilar to that of ,S& 8ith the onl" difference that the
processing and generation of T4PT5 is on the channel le'el2 di'iding the
infor#ation structure of C/ into JC1% ;as far as %,b0s signal is concerned<.
1< Signal flo8 fro# D to H recei'ing direction
.irst2 deb"teinterlea'e C/ to 13 T41%. Then process T4PT52 and locate2
di'ide JC1% in T41%. The signals co#ing out of Point H are 13 JC1% signals.
HP& detects J12 J%2 J32 if the" are all >1>2 HP& consider it as T4&IS alar#2 and
#ake corresponding JC1% path output all >1> at Point H.
If HP& detects the 'alue of T4PT5 is in'alid or -D. 8ithin ) consecuti'e
fra#es2 HP& 8ill generate T493P alar# at corresponding path and #ake
corresponding JC1% path output all >1> at Point H.
HP& gi'es the location of basic T41% or JC1% fra#e in #ultifra#e according to
the H/ b"tes recei'ed fro# HPT. The 'alue of H/ is co#pared 8ith the e+pected
'alue of the single basic fra#e in the #ultifra#e se:uence. If a consecuti'e of
se'eral fra#es are not consistent2 the alar# of T493, is reported. If the 'alue of
H/ is in'alid2 T493, alar# 8ill report too. H/ 'alid range is 0+000+03.
%< Signal flo8 fro# H to D trans#itting direction
1/
HP& first locates the input JC1% ;aligning<2 adds T4PT52 i.e. JC1% T41%.
Then #ultiple+es the 13 T41% through b"te interlea'ing T4D%K T4D3K C
/.
HO9M Hi!her Order 9ssembl,
The function of the higher order asse#bl" is to asse#ble the lo8er order JC
signals ;JC1% or JC3< into C/ fra#e b" #apping aligning ;locating< and
#ultiple+ing2 or to de#ultiple+ C/ and into lo8er order JC signals ;JC1%2 JC
3<.
The signal fra#e structure at Point H is sho8n in .igure /11.
AC12
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.igure /11 Signal fra#e structure at Point H
%#CM %ower order #ath Connection functional bloc)
Si#ilar to HPC2 9PC is also a cross connect #atri+ onl" 8ith difference that the
latter functions as the cross connect of the lo8er order JC ;JC1%2 JC3< to
achie'e fle+ible cross connection and allocation a#ong lo8er order JC. If
e:uip#ent is to ha'e allround crossconnect capabilit"2 it #ust include both HPC
and 9PC. .or e+a#ple2 DGC/01 can acco#plish the cross connect of JC/ le'el
and that of JC3 and JC1%. That is to sa"2 DGC/01 #ust include both the HPC
functional block and the 9PC functional block. The traffic flo8 is transparentl"
trans#itted in the 9PC functional block ;so the reference points of 9PC are all H<.
%#TM %ower order #ath Termination functional bloc)
9PT is the source and sink of lo8er order P3H b"tes. .or JC1%2 it is to process
and generate the four P3H b"tes@ J(2 A%2 -%2 and P/.
1< Signal flo8 fro# H to A recei'ing direction
9PT processes 93P3H2 'erifies BIP% through the b1b% of J( b"tes. If block
errors of JC1% are detected2 the nu#ber of the block errors 8ill be displa"ed in
the perfor#ance e'ent 9PBB* in the local ter#inal. &nd it 8ill be reported back
to the e:uip#ent in the re#ote ter#inal through b3 of J(. The nu#ber of the block
errors 8ill be displa"ed in the perfor#ance e'ent 9P5*I ;lo8er order path T
re#ote error indication< in the e:uip#ent of the re#ote ter#inal. !hen #onitoring
1(
A% and b(b6 of J(2 if #is#atch occurs ;8hat should be recei'ed is not consistent
8ith 8hat is actuall" recei'ed<2 9PTI, ;lo8er order path T trace identifier
#is#atch< and 9PS9, ;lo8er order path T signal label #is#atch< 8ill be
generated in the local ter#inal. &t this #o#ent2 the signals in the corresponding
channels at Point I of 9PT 8ill be output as all >1>2 and 9P5DI alar# ;lo8er order
path T re#ote defect indication< 8ill be at the sa#e ti#e sent back to the re#ote
ter#inal through b) of J( in corresponding path ;channel<. This #akes the re#ote
ter#inal kno8 that the corresponding JC1% path signal in the recei'e end is
defect. If a consecuti'e of ( fra#es are detected that the b(b6 of J( is 0002 the
corresponding path 8ill be =udged as une:uipped2 and 9P4-*H ;lo8er order path
T une:uipped< alar# 8ill appear in the corresponding channels of the local
ter#inal.
The signal at Point I has actuall" beco#e C1% signal. The fra#e structure is
sho8n in .igure /1%.
C12
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2
$
.igure /1% Signal fra#e structure at Point I
%#9M %ower order #ath 9daptation functional bloc)
The function of lo8er order path adaptation functional block is the sa#e as
#entioned abo'e2 that is2 to put PDH signal ;%,b0s2 3/,b0s< into or take it out of
the C1% ;or C3< container. It e:uals the process of packing0unpacking a package@
%,b0sYKC1% ;or 3/,b0sYKC3<. The signal at Point A at this ti#e has
actuall" beco#e the %,b0s signal of PDH.
##.M #DH #h,sical .nterface functional bloc)
&s #entioned abo'e2 PPI #ainl" perfor#s the interface function of changing code
t"pes and the function of e+tracting tributar" ti#ing for the s"ste#.
%O.M %ower Order .nterface functional bloc)
9o8er order interface functional block #ainl" unpacks JC1% signal to PDH
%,b0s signal ;or 3/,b0s to JC3< through recei'ing direction2 or packs PDH
%,b0s signal to JC1% signal ;or JC3 to 3/,b0s< through trans#itting direction.
It also perfor#s the interface function of the e:uip#ent bet8een line T code t"pe
changingI 93I perfor#s the function of #apping and de#apping at the sa#e ti#e.
11
These are the basic functional blocks of the e:uip#ent2 but the" #a" constitute
different e:uip#ent through fle+ible co#binations2 e.g. the" can constitute 5*D2
T,2 &D,2 and DGC and perfor# their corresponding functions.
The e:uip#ent has so#e other au+iliar" functional blocks. The"2 together 8ith the
basic functional blocks2 perfor# the functions re:uired b" the e:uip#ent. These
au+iliar" functional blocks include S*,.2 ,C.2 3H&2 S*TS2 and S*TPI.
S&MFM S,nchronous &'uipment Mana!ement functional bloc)
Its function is to collect the state infor#ation of other functional blocks2 and to
perfor# rele'ant #anage#ent operations. This includes@ it sends co##ands to
each functional block2 collects the alar# and perfor#ance e'ents of each functional
block2 sends 3&, infor#ation to other -* through DCC channel2 reports
e:uip#ent alar# and perfor#ance data to the net8ork #anage#ent ter#inal2 and
responds to the co##ands gi'en b" the net8ork #anage#ent ter#inal.
The 3&, content of DCC ;D1D1%< channel is deter#ined b" S*,..
Corresponding S*,. deter#ined b"tes are 8ritten at 5ST and ,ST through ,C.2
or D1D1% b"tes are e+tracted fro# 5ST and ,ST through ,C. functional block
and then sent to S*,. to process.
MCFM Messa!e Communication Functional bloc)
,C. functional block is actuall" a co##unication interface a#ong S*,.2 other
functional blocks and net8ork #anage#ent ter#inal. ,essage co##unication of
S*,. ;through interface .2 H< 8ith the net8ork #anage#ent is carried out
through ,C.2 and 3&, infor#ation is interacted 8ith the respecti'e DCC
channels in 5ST and ,ST through Interface - and Interface P2 and thus the
co##unication of 3&, infor#ation bet8een -* is acco#plished.
Interface - in ,C. sends D1D3 b"tes ;DCC5<2 8hile Interface P sends D/D1%
b"tes ;DCC,<. Both Interface . and Interface H are the interfaces of the net8ork
#anage#ent ter#inal. Through the# the net8ork #anage#ent can perfor# unified
#anage#ent of this e:uip#ent and the -* of the 8hole net8ork.
Technical details:
Interface . and Interface H are both interfaces bet8een the net8ork #anage#ent
and e:uip#ent2 8hat are the differences bet8een the#$
Interface . pro'ides the interface for the local net8ork #anage#ent ter#inal2
8hile Interface H pro'ides the interface for the re#ote net8ork #anage#ent
ter#inal.
S&TSM S,nchronous &'uipment Timin! Source functional bloc)
16
Digital net8ork needs a ti#ing clock to ensure the s"nchroni?ation of the net8ork
and thus the nor#al operation of the e:uip#ent. The function of the S*TS
functional block is to pro'ide the ti#ing clock signal for the local SDH -* or
perhaps others SDH -* in the net8ork.
The sources of S*TS clock signals include@
1< Clock signal e+tracted fro# the ST,- signal of the line b" SPI functional
blockI
%< Clock signal e+tracted fro# PDH tributar" signals b" PPII
3< *+ternal clock source e+tracted b" S*TPI ;s"nchronous e:uip#ent ti#ing
ph"sical interface<2 e.g. %,H? s:uare 8a'e signal or %,b0sI
/< Clock generated b" the inner oscillator of S*TS to ensure the ti#ing of the
e:uip#ent 8hen the sources of these clock signals are defected.
&fter S*TS locks the phases of these clocks2 one high:ualit" clock signal 8ill be
chosen and sent to all the functional blocks e+cept SPI and PPI of the e:uip#ent to
use. S*TS at the sa#e ti#e e+ports %,b0s and %,H? clock signals through S*TPI
functional block2 8hich #a" be used b" other e:uip#ent such as s8itch and SDH
-* as e+ternal clock source.
Notes:
Those #entioned abo'e are the four clock sources of the SDH e:uip#ent. But the"
onl" refer to the place 8here the clock signal used b" SDH e:uip#ent is >put>2 i.e.
fro# 8hich place SDH can e+tract clock signals. Then 8hat is the original source
of the clock signals$ The ti#ing signal of a countr"Cs digital net8ork co#es fro#
the national standard ti#ing clock. It is transferred to SDH e:uip#ent through
la"ers of the s"nchronous link.
S&T#.@ S"nchronous *:uip#ent Ti#ing Ph"sical Interface
It functions as the ph"sical interface bet8een the e+ternal clock source and S*TS.
Through it2 S*TS recei'es e+ternal clock signals or outputs e+ternal clock signals.
OH9M Overhead 9ccess functional bloc)
The function of 3H& is to e+tract or 8rite corresponding *12 *%2 and .1 order 8ire
co##unication b"tes fro# 5ST and ,ST and to carr" out the corresponding
operations.
!e ha'e #entioned before the basic functional blocks that constitute the
e:uip#ent2 together 8ith the alar# and perfor#ance e'ents #onitored b" these
functional blocks and their #onitoring principle. & deep understanding of the alar#
1)
and perfor#ance e'ents #onitored b" each of these functional blocks and the
principle of these e'ents is the ke" to correct anal"sis and error location in the
#aintenance of the e:uip#ent. !e hope "ou 8ill ha'e good #aster" of 8hat is
discussed here. Because the infor#ation in this part is scattered2 it is no8 put
together here for "ou to find out its inner relations.
The follo8ing is the #a=or alar# #aintenance signals generated b" each functional
block of SDH e:uip#ent and those o'erhead b"tes to 8hich these alar#
#aintenance signals are related.
SPI@ 593S
5ST@ 593.;&12 &%<2 533.;&12 &%<2 5SBB*;B1<
,ST@ ,S&IS;P%Lb1b)M<2 ,S5DI;P%Lb1b)M<2 ,S5*I;,1<2 ,S
BB*;B%<2 ,S*GC;B%<
,S&@ &4&IS;H12 H%2 H3<2 &493P;H12 H%<
HPT@ HP5DI;D1Lb(M<2 HP5*I;D1Lb1b/M<2 HPTI,;A1<2 HPS9, ;C%< 2
HP4-*H ;C%<2 HPBB* ;B3<
HP&@ T4&IS;J12 J%2 J3<2 T493P;J12 J%<2 T493,;H/<
9PT@ 9P5DI;J(Lb)M<2 9P5*I;J(Lb3M<2 9PTI, ;A%<2 9PS9, ;J(Lb(b6M<2
9P4-*H;J(Lb(b6M<2 9PBB*;J(Lb1b%M<
The follo8ing is a brief account of the principle of the alar# #aintenance signals
generation #entioned abo'e@
IT4T reco##endation has designated the #eaning of each alar# signal@
593S@ loss of recei'ing signal2 input 8ith no optical po8er2 optical po8er too
lo82 optical po8er too high2 8hich #akes B*5 8orse than 10
3
.
533.@ out of recei'ing fra#e2 searching ti#e for &1 and &% b"tes e+ceeds
1%( us.
593.@ loss of recei'ing fra#e2 533. state lasts for 3 #s or longer.
5SBB*@ regenerator section background block error2 B1 'erifies the block
error of regenerator section signal ;ST,-<.
,S&IS@ #ultiple+ section alar# indication signal2 P% L1 )ME1112 8hich is
#ore than 3 fra#es.
,S5DI@ #ultiple+ section re#ote defect indication2 send back the detected
,S&IS2 ,S*GC state in local ter#inal to the re#ote ter#inal b" P% L1 )M2
in this case2 P%E110.
,S5*I@ #ultiple+ section re#ote error indication2 send back the nu#ber of
the #ultiple+ section block errors detected b" B% in local ter#inal to the
17
re#ote ter#inal through ,1 b"tes.
,SBB*@ #ultiple+ section background block error2 detected b" B% in recei'e
end.
,S*GC@ #ultiple+ section e+cessi'e errors2 detected b" B% in recei'e end.
&4&IS@ ad#inistrati'e unit alar# indication signal2 H12 H%2 H3 all >1V.
&493P@ ad#inistrati'e unit loss of pointer2 recei'ing a consecuti'e of )
fra#es 8ith in'alid pointers or -D..
HP5DI@ higher order path re#ote defect indication2 local ter#inal recei'es
HPTI,2 HPS9,2 and sends back HP5DI to re#ote ter#inal through D1
b"te.
HP5*I@ higher order path re#ote error indication2 sends back the nu#ber of
block errors detected in local ter#inal b" 'erif"ing B3 b"tes to the trans#it
;re#ote< end.
HPBB*@ higher order path background block error2 displa"s the nu#ber the
block errors detected b" B3 b"tes in this ter#inal.
HPTI,@ higher order path trace identifier #is#atch2 8hat A1 should recei'e is
not consistent 8ith it actuall" recei'es2 generating this alar# in this ter#inal.
HPS9,@ higher order path signal label #is#atch2 8hat C% should recei'e is
not consistent 8ith it actuall" recei'es2 generating this alar# in this ter#inal.
HP4-*H@ higher order path une:uipped2 C%E00H e+ceeds fi'e fra#es2
generating this alar# in this ter#inal.
T4&IS@ tributar" unit alar# indication signal J12 J%2 J3 are all >1>.
T493P@ tributar" unit loss of pointer2 a consecuti'e of ) fra#es recei'es
in'alid pointers or -D..
T493, ;HP93,<@ tributar" unit T loss of #ultifra#e2 a consecuti'e of %
10 fra#es of H/ are not in the order of the #ultifra#e or ha'e in'alid H/
'alues.
9P5DI@ lo8er order path re#ote defect indication2 local ter#inal recei'es
T4&IS or 9PS9,2 9PTI, and send 9P5DI back to re#ote ter#inal
through J( b"te.
9P5*I@ lo8er order path re#ote error indication2 detected b" J( L1%M. It is
returned alar# signal sent through J( b"te fro# local to re#ote.
9PTI,@ lo8er order path T trace identifier #is#atch2 detected b" A%.
9PS9,@ lo8er order path T signal label #is#atch2 detected b" J( L(6M.
9P4-*H@ lo8er order path une:uipped2 J( L( 6ME000 e+ceeds ( fra#es.
%0
To get the internal relations of these alar# #aintenance signals2 8e list the
follo8ing t8o alar# flo8 charts.
.igure /13 is a brief T4&IS alar# generation flo8 chart2 8hich is often seen in
T4&IS 8hen #aintaining e:uip#ent. Through the anal"sis in .igure /132 T4
&IS and other related alar# error points and causes can be con'enientl" located.
C*%OS C*%OF
MS*&BC MS*9.S
9@*%O# 9@*9.S H#*@8&T H#*T.M H#*S%M
T@*9.S
V W$.1/
.igure /13 Brief flo8 chart of T4&IS alar# generation
Tips:
!hen #aintaining the e:uip#ent2 8e can see that T4&IS is generated because of
a co##on reason2 i.e. #is#atch of traffic ti#e slot2 staggering the traffic ti#e slots
on the recei'e and trans#it ends.
9 (
STM*1
There is a %,b0s ser'ice in the trans#it end & 8hich is to be sent to B. &
#ultiple+es this %,b0s ser'ice to /)S JC1% of the line2 8hile B drops /7S JC1%
of the line 8hen dropping the ser'ice. If /7S JC1% of the line is not configured
8ith ser'ice2 Ter#inal B 8ill generate T4&IS alar# in the corresponding channel.
If /7S JC1% is configured 8ith other %,b0s ser'ices2 such pheno#enon as cross
talk 8ill occur ;recei'ing channel signals that should not be recei'ed<.
.igure /1/ is a detailed alar# flo8 chart of each functional block of the SDH
e:uip#ent2 through 8hich the interrelationship bet8een each functional block
generating alar# #aintenance signals of SDH e:uip#ent can be seen.
%1
H#*S%M C2
H#*(.# ("
H#*C&. 41
H#*CD. 41
H#*CD. 41
H#*C&. 41
T@*9.S
H#*%OM1T@*%O#
: X1: Y
T@*9.S
9
( C D
&: ZF
4 H
MST MS9 H#T H#9 S#. CST
9@*9.S
9@*%O#
D2 MS*CD.
M1 MS*C&.
: X 1: Y
: X 1: Y
9@*9.S
%OS
%OF
CS*((&
: X1: Y
(1
D2 MS*CD.
M1 MS*C&.
D2 MS*9.S
(2 MS*((&
Maintenance si!nal
Detect
(2 MS*&c (2
M1
H#*@8&T
H#*T.M 71

: X1: Y
4enerate
.igure /1/ &lar# flo8 chart of each functional block of SDH
!e ha'e #entioned se'eral co##on -* of SDH in the pre'ious part2 no8 8e 8ill
discuss 8hat functional blocks constitute these -*. .ro# the co#position of these
blocks2 "ou can #aster the functions perfor#ed b" these -* 'er" easil".
TM K Termination Multipleer
%%
TTF
STM*8
H#C
HO. 1$5Mb1s
4.65"
4.65"
HO9
TTF
%#C %O.
2Mb1s
"$Mb1s
lower*rate tributar, si!nal
8oteM MS8
STM*M
w
.igure /1( T, structure of functional block
The function of T, is to cross #ultiple+ the lo8 rate tributar" signal PDH2 ST,
, ;,Y-< to high rate line signal ST,-. Because HPC and 9PC functional
blocks e+ist2 this T, has lo8er order and higher order cross #ultiple+ functions.
9DM K 9dd1drop Multipleer
TTF TTF
STM*8 STM*8
H#C
HO. 1$5Mb1s
4.65"
4.65"
HO9
TTF
%#C %O.
2Mb1s
"$Mb1s
lower*rate tributar, si!nal
8oteM MS8
STM*M
w e
.igure /11 &D, structure of functional block
The function of &D, is to cross #ultiple+0de#ultiple+ the lo8 rate tributar"
signal ;PDH2 ST,,< to the ST,- signals in e or 8 lines and the ST,- signal
cross connect bet8een 8 or e line port.
C&4 K Ce!enerator
S#. S#.
STM*8
STM*8
CST CST
.igure /16 5*D structure of functional block
The function of 5*D is to regenerate and refor# the signals2 sending the ST,-
signals on e08 sides to the lines on 80e sides.
%3
-ote@ here no crossconnect is necessar".
DBC K Di!ital Cross*connect
The logic structure of DGC is si#ilar to that of &D,2 the difference being that the
crossconnect #atri+ of the DGC is #ore po8erful than that the &D,.
The DGC is able to perfor# the crossconnect bet8een #ultiple line signals ;ST,
-< and #ultiple tributar" signals ;#uch #ore po8erful than the crossconnect
capabilit" of &D,<2 as sho8n in .igure /1).
%#C
STM*8
4.65"
PH#C
m
#DH si!nal
n
.igure /1) DGC structure of functional block
!ell2 that is all for this chapter. This chapter is the base for "our later stud"2 and the
ke" to i#pro'e the #aintenance of the e:uip#ent.
$ Questions:
!hat 8e ha'e learned in this chapter$
The co##on -* and their functions of SDH net8ork.
1< The function of the functional blocks 8hich constitute the e:uip#ent and the
generation principle of the detected alar# and perfor#ance e'ents.
%< The flo8 charts of the basic alar# #aintenance signals of the SDH e:uip#ent.
3< The i#portant parts of this chapter are % and 3. Ha'e "ou #astered the#$
%/
Summar,
This chapter describes #ainl" the co##on -* of the SDH net8ork and the logic
functional block co#position of the SDH e:uip#ent. The i#portant point is the
inspection principle of each functional block to alar# #aintenance signals
&ercises
1< The generation principle of ,S&IS alar#.
%< Possible alar# 8hich arouse HP5DI.
3< The functions of TT. functional blocks.
/< The #eanings of DGC/01.
%(

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