CHEM 152 SPRING 2014

Rates of Chemical Reactions: The Iodination of Acetone

Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 1 of 10

Prelab is attached (see p. 9)

I. INTRODUCTION
Chemical equilibrium can be defined as how far a reaction progresses to the product side. In
contrast, another key element of any chemical process is how fast a reaction proceeds, and is
independent of the equilibrium of the reaction. In general, faster reaction processes require less
energy to form products, but several additional factors play roles in how reactant molecules form
products in a chemical process. In this experiment, you will look at several, including concentration
and temperature.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this experiment, you should be able to:
Measure changes in concentration visually for colored reactants.
Calculate instantaneous rates for a reaction.
Plan and execute a kinetic study of a reaction.
Use collected rate data to determine the rate law of a reaction, including individual reactant
orders and the value of the rate constant.
Use a rate law to predict the rate of a reaction based on concentrations of reactants.
Apply the graphical form of the Arrhenius equation to determine the activation energy of a
reaction.

TO EARN YOUR FINAL STAMP: The following items must be completed in lab. You may
complete the entire assignment in the lab; this reflects the minimum required to earn your final
stamp.
Collect all data for Parts 1 and 2.
Perform all calculations for Parts 1 and 2.


PLAN ON AT LEAST A 3-HOUR EXPERIMENT WITH THE PRE-LAB
FINISHED IN ADVANCE. READ THE ENTIRE EXPERIMENT AHEAD OF
TIME. LAB WILL TAKE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS TIME IF YOU ARE
PREPARED IN ADVANCE!

This lab should be completed in one session for best results. If you do it in parts, you MUST
complete part 1 (A-E) all in one session. If you break up parts 1 and 2, you must redo one trial
for part 1A, so that all data for part 2 is collected on the same day.
REMEMBER: You must get a stamp from a laboratory instructor during lab time, before the due
date! The lab stamp box can be found on the first page of the lab report sheet.


Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 2 of 10
PROCEDURE

**WASTE DISPOSAL: All solutions should be disposed of in the labeled collection containers.
Part 1A.
1. Obtain two 125 mL erlenmeyer flasks, and two 25 mL graduated cylinders. Make sure they are
clean and as dry as possible.
2. Draw ~100 mL of each of the following solutions into clean, dry beakers, one solution to a
beaker: 4.0 M acetone, 1.0 M HCl, and 0.0050 M I2. Cover each beaker with a watch glass.
3. With your first graduated cylinder, measure out 10.0 mL of the 4.0 M acetone solution and pour
it into a clean 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Using the same graduated cylinder measure out 10.0
mL 1.0 M HCl and add that to the acetone in the flask. Add 20.0 mL distilled H2O to the flask
again using the same graduated cylinder. Using the second graduated cylinder, measure out 10.0
mL 0.0050 M I2 solution. Be careful not to spill the iodine solution on your hands or clothes.
Use the second graduated cylinder for the I2 only.
4. Using a stopwatch to time the reaction, pour the iodine solution into the Erlenmeyer flask and
quickly swirl the flask to mix the reagents thoroughly. Continue to swirl the flask as the reaction
continues. The reaction mixture will appear yellow because of the presence of the iodine, and the
color will fade slowly as the iodine reacts with the acetone. Record the amount of time it takes
for the color to disappear. You may use a white piece of paper under the flask to assist in seeing
the color change. Record the temperature of the solution after the reaction is complete.
5. Repeat the experiment with a second flask. The amount of time required in the two runs should
agree within about 15 seconds.
For the rest of this section, you may want to start both runs at the same time or you and your partner
each time one run.
6. Having found the reaction time for one composition of the system, you need to design similar
experiments to find the reaction time for other compositions. Think for a moment about what
changes in composition you might make to decrease the time and hence increase the rate of
reaction. For example, how could you change the composition in such a way as to allow you to
determine how the rate depends upon acetone concentration, and only the acetone concentration?
In your new mixture you should keep the total volume at 50 mL, and be sure that the
concentrations of H
+
and I2 are the same as in the first experiment. (hint: maybe double the
acetone volume?). Fill in the volume row for mixture II.
Think about how you would change the volumes for mixture III and IV to study the effect of
differing concentrations of HCl and I2. Before you perform reactions II, III, and IV, have
the instructor check your table to make sure you are using optimal volumes.
7. Perform the reactions for mixtures II through IV in the same manner as mixture I. Your time for
the two runs should agree within 15 seconds. Be sure to record the temperature of the solutions at
the end of each run.
The reagents used in this experiment should be placed into the labeled collection bottles.

Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 3 of 10
Table 1A. Reaction Rate Initial Data

Mixture
V (mL)
4.0 M
acetone
V (mL)
0.0050
M I2
V (mL)
1.0 M
HCl
V (mL)
H2O
Reaction time (sec)
T (C)
1
st
run 2
nd
run Avg.
I 10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0
II 10.0 10.0
III
IV



Part 1B
Complete the following table using the data collected in Table 1A. The rate of the reaction equals the
initial concentration of I2 in the reaction mixture divided by the elapsed time, [I2]/t. Since the
reaction is zero order in I2, and since both acetone and H
+
ions are present in great excess, the rate is
constant throughout the reaction and the concentrations of both acetone and H
+
remain essentially at
their initial values in the reaction mixture. Remember that I2 is the limiting reagent.

1. Calculate the initial concentrations of acetone, H
+
ion, and I2 in each of the mixtures you studied.
*Show a sample calculation for concentration values in the Table IB: C1V1= C2V2.








Instructor initials for volumes chosen for
reactions II, III, and IV: ___________
Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 4 of 10
2. Calculate the reaction rates for each experiment using the equation shown below. Record each
rate in table 1B.
rate =
t
I

] [
2
=
time
I
initial
] [
2












Table 1B Concentration and Rate Data

Mixture [acetone] [I
2
]
0

[H
+
] rate = [I2]/ avg. time
I 0.80 M 0.0010 M 0.20 M
II
III
IV

Part 1C: Determination of Reaction Orders with Respect to Acetone, H
+
Ion, and I2.
Using the information in table 1B, find the exponents of the reaction with respect to acetone,
H
+
ion and I2. Show your calculations below. Exponents should be rounded to whole
numbers: rate = k [acetone]
m
[I
2
]
n
[H
+
]
p



m= ____ n= _____ p = ______

Show your work for m, n and p below.
Instructor initials for m, n, and p values: __________
Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 5 of 10
Show your work for m, n and p below. (Additional space if needed)













Write the general rate expression incorporating your exponents : ( eg. rate= k..)

Rate =

Check with the lab instructor to make sure your values are appropriate before you go on.

PART 1D. Determination of the rate constant, k.
Having found the order of the reaction for each species on which the rate depends, determine
k, the rate constant for the reaction, from the rate and concentration data in each of the
mixtures you studied. If the temperatures at which the reactions were run are all equal to
within a degree or two, k should be about the same for each mixture.
Table 1D. Determination of the Rate Constant k from your rate expression and data.
Using the values of m, n, and p as determined in Part II, calculate the rate constant k for each
mixture by simply substituting those orders, the initial concentrations, and the observed rate
from the table into your rate expression.
*Show a sample calculation for k. Dont forget your units!






Mixture I II III IV average
k
Write the final equation for the rate of reaction that you've discovered. Include the value of k.

Rate =
Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 6 of 10
PART 1E. Testing your rate expression
Now, make up a mixture using reactant volumes that you did not use in any previous
experiments, the total volume must still be 50 mL. Using your rate law, the values of
concentrations in the mixtures, the orders, and the rate constant you calculated from your
experimental data, predict how long it will take for the I2 color to disappear from your
mixture. Measure the time for the reaction and compare it with your prediction.

Prediction of Reaction Rate

Reaction mixture volumes, in mL:

4.0 M acetone 0.0050 M I2 1.0 M HCl H2O

Initial concentrations:

[acetone] M [I2]0 M [H
+
] M

Calculations for predicted rate and time:



Predicted rate Predicted time for reaction _____

Observed time for reaction sec

Percent error in predicted time =

Observed - Predicted
Predicted
x 100 =
















Note: if you cant finish the lab all in one session (recommended), this is the only place you
may break it up (between parts 1 and 2). When you return, you must redo one trial from part
1A so that all data for determination of the Energy of Activation is collected on the same day.
Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 7 of 10
PART 2. Determination of Energy of Activation
Select one of the reaction mixtures you have already used that gave a convenient time, and use that
same set of reactant concentrations to measure the rate of reaction at about 10C and at about 40C.

Hint: Use the following conditions from Part 1A: 20 mL acetone, 10 mL H
+
, 10 mL I2 and 10 mL
H2O. (This should match one of your trials)

Procedure:
1) Bring a large beaker of water to the correct temperature. This beaker
should be large enough to accommodate a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
2) Measure the appropriate amount of each reactant. Before combining the
reactants, bring them to the correct temperature by placing them, in their
individual containers, in the large water bath. (Hint: the small graduated
cylinders will fit if you remove the yellow plastic base. One of the
reactants can be in the Erlenmeyer flask with the water.)
3) Allow a few minutes for the reactants to reach the correct temperature,
then mix them in the Erlenmeyer flask and start your stopwatch. Keep the
flask in the water bath for the entire reaction time.

Note: This data must all be collected on the same day. If you did part 1A on a different day,
you must redo one trial today.


Data from Part 1A time sec temperature C; K


Data at about 10C time sec temperature C; K


Data at about 40C time sec temperature C; K


If time permits, a better graph may be obtained with more data points. You may want to try
temperatures of ~30 C, 5 C, or 50-60 C.

time sec temperature C; K


time sec temperature C; K



Fill out the table on the following page before getting a final stamp.






Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 8 of 10
Table 2. Calculate the rate constant at each temperature from your data. You will need to find the
initial rates using equation 5, then find the rate constant, k, from your overall rate law
(rate = k[A]
m
[I2]
n
[H
+
]
p
)

Take the natural log, ln, of each k value and record these in the table to the hundredths
place. Also calculate 1/T.

Temp (K) Time (s) Rate (Ms
-1
) Rate Const., k
ln k
(record to
hundredths place

1
T (in Kelvin)






Show a sample of your calculations for k.

CHEM 152 SPRING 2014
Rates of Chemical Reactions: The Iodination of Acetone
Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 9 of 10


Name: __________________________

Prelab ASSIGNMENT:
1. In a reaction involving the iodination of acetone, the following volumes were used to make up
the reaction mixture:
10.0 mL 4.0 M acetone + 10.0 mL 1.0 M HCl + 10.0 mL 0.0050 M I2 + 20.0 mL H2O
a. How many moles of acetone were in the reaction mixture? Recall that, for a component A,
no. moles A = M
A
x V, where M
A
is the molarity of A and V the volume in liters of the
solution of A that was used.

moles acetone

b. What was the molarity of acetone in the reaction mixture? The volume of the mixture was
50 mL, 0.050 liter, and the number of moles of acetone was found in Part a.
Again, M
A
=
no. moles A
V of soln. in liters
.

M acetone

c. How could you double the molarity of the acetone in the reaction mixture, keeping the total
volume at 50 mL and keeping the same concentrations of H
+
ion and I
2
as in the original
mixture?


2. Using the reaction mixture in Problem 1, a student found that it took 310 seconds for the color of
the I
2
to disappear.
a. What was the rate of the reaction? Hint: First find the initial concentration of I
2
in the
reaction mixture, (I
2
)
0
. Then use rate = [I2] / time.





rate =

b. Given the rate from Part a, and the initial concentrations of acetone, H
+
ion, and I2 in the
reaction mixture, write the rate law for the reaction as it would apply to the mixture. (Fill in
numbers and units for the rate and concentrations of each reactant).



c. What are the unknowns that remain in the equation in Part b?




Prelab Stamp here
Exp #7 Reaction Rates Rev Sp13 AC Spring 2014 Page 10 of 10
3. A second reaction mixture was made up in the following way:
20.0 mL 4.0 M acetone + 10.0 mL 1.0 M HCl + 10.0 mL 0.0050 M I2 + 10.0 mL H2O
a. What were the initial concentrations of acetone, H
+
ion, and I2 in the reaction mixture?
Show your work!











(acetone) M; (H
+
) M; (I2)0 M

b. It took 140 seconds for the I2 color to disappear from the reaction mixture when it occurred at
the same temperature as the reaction in Problem 2.


What was the rate of the reaction?

Write the rate law as it would apply to the second reaction mixture:

Rate =

c. Divide the equation in Part b by the equation in Problem 2b. The resulting equation should
have the ratio of the two rates on the left side and a ratio of acetone concentrations raised to
the m power on the right. Write the resulting equation and solve for the value of m, the order
of the reaction with respect to acetone. (Round off the value of m to the nearest integer.)











m =


Final Stamp here