Pasture Fattening

(The Application of Grazing System in

Fattening Beef Cattle)



By :
Bayu Digka A. (061111096)
Dewi Masita M. N. (061111088)
Firdausy K. M. (061111087)
Kartika Purnamasari (061111102)
Ristaqul Husna B. (061111104)
M. Imam Haikal ( 061111237)




FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY
2012

Foreword

Thanks to the presence of Allah SWT, who upon his mercy, so the writers can complete
the preparation of a paper entitled Pasture Fattening (The Application of Grazing System
in Fattening Beef Cattle) Writing papers is one of the duties and requirements to
complete the task subjects Ruminants Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in the
Airlangga University.
In writing this paper the writers feels there are still many shortcomings both in technical
writing and material, in view of the capabilities of the writers. To that criticism and
suggestions from all parties is the writers of hope for the sake of improving of making this
paper.In writing this paper the writers expressed his gratitude to the countless parties who
assist in completing this paper, in particular to:
1. Prof.Hj.Romziah Sidik, Ph.D.drh as Dekan of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine Airlangga University as well as the lecture of Ruminant Science in
the Small Class 2011.
2. Our colleagues all in the Small Class 2011
3. All parties that can not be mentioned one by one, which has provided
assistance in writing this paper.
Finally, the writers hopes may Allah reward in kind to those who have provided assistance,
and can make all this aid as worship, Amiin Yaa Robbal 'alamiin.





Writers




i

Table of Contents

Fore Word.......................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................. ii
Concept.............................................................................................................................iii
Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Background.................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Formulation of the problem............................................................................ 1
1.3 Objective of the Study.................................................................................... 2
1.4 Scope of the Study........................................................................................... 2
1.5 Method............................................................................................................. 2
Chapter II Discussion
2.1 Basic Theory.................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Zoo.......................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Surabaya Zoo/KBS................................................................................. 5
2.2 Data analysis (The causes of many cases of animal deaths in the KBS)......... 9
2.2.1 Enviromental Factors............................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Internal Factors....................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Managerial system and Legislation........................................................ 11
Chapter III Ending
3.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Critics and sugestion..................................................................................... 15
Bibliography.................................................................................................................. . 16

ii

CONCEPT

Focus:
Grazing System

Keyword:
Cattle, Grass, Fattening, Feeding, Pasture

Topics option:
The Management of Pasture Fattening
Soil fertility affecting on pasture fattening
Environment factor ( weather and climate)
Feeding cattle in pasture fattening

Title:
Pasture Fattening (The Application of Grazing System in Fattening Beef Cattle)

Points:
The Advantage and disadvantage of Grazing System on pasture fattening
The variaty of forage in pasture fattening
Environment,weather & climate Related to posture fattening
The mechanism and managament of Grazing System on pasture fattening







iii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The effort of fattening beef cattle has developed fast in Indonesia. Every animal
farming business has to look at 3 very important things for the succeed of the effort of
fattening beef cattle; breed, feed, and management. These 3 things must be related and
connected to one another. For the success of fattening beef cattle, thing that should
be considered is the targeted maintenance management and professional
trustees. Fattening of beef cattle is growing rapidly because people are aware of
the needs of the animal, so the demand for meat continues to rise. Fattening of beef
cattles are not only afforded by big industries but also cultivated by farmers in terms
of ranchers although the maintenance management is still relatively
simple. Fattening of beef cattle is growing very rapidly because beef cattles have high
economic value. The high economic value is determined by the weight
of carcass and meat quality. Fattening of beef cattles have a double advantage, in
addition to body weight gain of cattle, cow manure waste can be processed to be used
as fertilizer.
The maintenance management of fattening beef cattle that should be
considered include: 1) cage, 2) breeding, 3) feed and feeding, 4) disease
control, 5) recording, 6)harvesting /marketing, 7) waste
management and 8) management of PKL (Field Work Practice) is programmed so
that students can directly down the field to compare theoretical and actual results
. One of the pasture fattening system in cattle that is where this
system is applied from the grazing system. In Indonesia, this system is suitable to be
applied, especially in rural areas still very much
where pastures are extensive, and there are several other advantages
that are obtained when using this system




1.2.Formulation of the problem
1. What is the beneficial of grazing system on posture fattening?
2. How environment,weather & climate related to posture fattening?
3. How the mechanism and managament of grazing system on pasture fattening?
1.2 Objective of the Study
After reading from various literature, such as mass media and the internet,
therefore, the writers can describe the purpose of the study into three objectives. First,
find out the grazzing system in the cattle. Second, find out the concept of Pasture
Fattening as The Application of Grazing System in Fattening Beef Cattle. Third,
Trying to give an alternative version of the writers's own solutions.

1.3 Scope of the Study
As there are the possibility of many factors that impact in Pasture fattening, the
writers makes a limitation this discussion to focus the subject matter covered, that is
the environmental aspects of animals (including hygiene, sanitation, weather &
climate,soil fertilize), feeding (variety of the plants), management of time and place.
1.4 Method
The method used in this paper is by using study of literature through the reference
and internet.











CHAPTER II
Discussion
2.1 Basic Theory
2.1.1 Grazing system
Grazing systems can be definited as
Stocking density The animal density per unit land area at one point in
time.
Stocking rate The total animal demand per unit land area for during a
forage year.
Grazing pressure The ratio of forage demand to forage available at any
point in time.
Cumulative grazing pressure The ratio between the total forage demand
and forage available for the entire forage year.
The Goal and Challenge of grazing system is Increasing harvest efficiency
can increase animal production, Deferment promotes range improvement
through plant succession, Deferment reduces harvest efficiency, Designing
Grazing Systems, Considerations of grazing frequency and grazing intensity
when designing grazing systems, Stocking Rate Considerations
Higher stocking rates produce higher gains per acre when Precipitation is
above average, Animals receive supplemental feed. Continuous stocking may
increase risk during droughts because of:
Need to destock when beef prices are low
Need for costly supplements (lack forage)
Long-term reduction in perennial grasses
There Three concepts for carrying capacity :
Agronomic-livestock production
Focus on Animal Production
Wildlife-animal population equilibrium
Focus on maximum animal numbers
Rangeland management-sustainable use
Focus maximizing animal production while sustaining
rangeland productivity
Types of Grazing Systems are :
Continuous (Yearlong or seasonal)
Rotation Grazing Systems
Deferred Rotation
Merrill 3-Herd/4-Pasture System (DR type)
Rest-Rotation Grazing
High Intensity-Low Frequency (HILF) System
Short-Duration Grazing
Rotational Grazing Systems
Purposes include:
Relatively short grazed & non-grazing periods
Control timing of grazing
Reduce area selectivity
In humid grasslands and tame pastures can increase animal
production/acre (not per animal) through more uniform use of plants
a. Deferred Rotation
Emphasizes deferment of forage use Grazing area divided into at
least two pastures allowing non-grazing for part of a year. Generally
use 2, 3, or 4 pastures
b. Merrill 4-pasture 3-herd
is an example of Merrill System. This is a deferred rotation system
that emphasizes cyclic deferment of grazing
Pasture and rotation characteristics:
Area divided into 4 pastures, used by 3 herds
Each pasture grazed 12 mo, deferred for 4 mo
Each pasture is deferred once in each season during a 4-year
cycle
Useful where yearlong grazing is practiced.Winter rest allows soil
recovery although forage may not be actively growing
c. Rest-Rotation Grazing
Emphasizes a full years rest for part of the grazing area. Used in
mountainous areas in western US
Pasture and rotation characteristics:
3-5 pastures per herd
One pasture receives 12-months rest
Grazing pressure in others increases
Rest-Rotation Grazing Advantages:
Low SR and non-grazing can improve vegetation
Low livestock numbers can provide multiple-use advantages
with more forage allocated for wildlife & watershed
Rest-Rotation Disadvantages:
Generally reduces animal production per head and per acre
If SR not reduced significantly, intensive grazing for full
grazing season may damage rangeland
d. High Intensity-Low Frequency
HILF grazing emphasizes improvement of range condition thru use
of high grazing pressure to increase uniformity of forage use with
sufficient non-grazing time for plants to re grow following grazing
Pasture and rotation characteristics:
3+ pastures
Grazing periods of at least 14 days
Non-use periods of at least 60 days
High Intensity-Low Frequency Advantage is Minimizes competitive
advantage for less preferred plants because animals are forced to be
less selective. The Disadvantages are:
Individual animal performance decreases when animals are
forced to eat mature, unpalatable forage
Requires reduction in stocking rate (similar to Rest Rotation)
e. Short-Duration Grazing
SDG emphasizes increased grazing pressure for short periods to
minimize excessive plant defoliation and to allow rapid regrowth of
grazed plants. The characteristics:
8 paddocks/herd, each with equal forage supply
5 days or less grazing period (shorter during active plant
growth periods than dormant period)
Non-grazing periods < 4-6 weeks
Short-Duration Grazing Advantage:
SDG may improve diet quality because maturation of forage
is delayed by repeated defoliation
Centralized watering/handling facilities (wagon-wheel) that
can improve livestock management and reduce labor and
facilities expenses
The Disadvantage:
Lots of fencing and high fencing cost
Animal trails in long narrow paddocks
< 60-day growing period in arid areas diminishes positive
effects of repeated defoliation/rest

2.2 Analysis
Cattle fattened on pasture are a good alternative to conventional fattened
animals fed in the stables. Fattening on pasture is an essential condition for the
production of quality beef. Fattening with grazing minimizes the maintenance
requirements of breeding. In this way cattle management is easier, costs are lower
than regular stable breeding.
Extensive fattening advantages
Extensive fattening structures on the pasture with grass.
Cost reduction for the forage.
Efficient fattening with reduced work effort (keeping animals on
pasture).
Minimum requirements for the cattle fostering (pasture, freestall barn).
Easier management and lower production costs.
Meat production from pasture-feeding reduces the dependence on the
forage market.
Todays consumers chooses meat according to the value.
Meat from extensive production offers an ecological, ethical,
physiological and nutritional value.

Beef obtained through grazing meets the demands of modern consumers.
Based on the increased demand for premium organic beef production,
meat prices will have a significant increase in the future.

The Environment (weather and climate) related to Pasture Fattening
The principal factor influencing the length of the grazing period is the rate of
forage growth. Generally, as forage grows more rapidly in the spring and early
summer, grazing periods become shorter. As forage growth slows or ceases during
the late summer, fall, and winter, rest periods become longer, since the forages
cannot recover as quickly from grazing; thus, the grazing period length in the other
paddocks increases.
The best pasture system may also be timed to match seasonal forage quality
changes across ecological sites, and thus, embraces some elements of the seasonal
suitability system. For example, pastures containing black grama (Bouteloua
eriopoda) as the primary forage species may be deferred until the dormant season
when it is higher in protein compared to pastures dominated by blue grama
(Bouteloua gracilis) or hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta). Because black grama is
relatively less resistant to grazing than many other perennial grasses, winter grazing
has less impact on this species than use during the growing season. This approach
works best when some of the pastures in the rotation contain winter annuals and
palatable shrubs.

The Mechanism and Management of Grazing System on Pasture Fattening
It is apparent that proper land and grazing management techniques need to be
utilized to optimize forage production and livestock production, while still
maintaining biodiversity and consideration of the ecosystem. Through the
utilization of grazing systems and making sure to allow proper recovery periods for
regrowth, both the livestock and ecosystem will benefit. Along with recovery
periods, producers can keep a low density on a pasture, so as not to overgraze.
Controlled burning of the land can be valuable in the regrowth of indigenous plants,
and new lush growth. Additionally, producers can increase plant and species
richness through grazing, by providing an adequate habitat. Although grazing can
be problematic for the ecosystem at times, it is clear that well-managed grazing
techniques can reverse damage and improve the land.

Pasture Management:

* This service will also include grazing management, an integral part of pasture
management in all grazing enterprises.
* The company has several members with many years of practical experience in
pasture management and grazing systems including controlled and cell grazing.
* It will be available to producers looking at establishing new pastures as well as
those looking at making their grazing management practices more efficient and/or
intensive.
*Within our company we have people who have been at the forefront of initiating
controlled grazing programmes in this country.
* Information will also be available for those producers finishing stock in feedlots
in regard to the layout and structure of such enterprises.













CHAPTER III
ENDING


1.1 Conclusion
Cattle fattened on pasture are a good alternative to conventional
fattened animals fed in the stables.
Pasture fattening need more feed and grass field than the another
method
Pasture fattening need more time for fattening but it make the cattle
more healthy

1.2 Suggestions
Buy the cattle low.
Fatten them cheaply.
Sell them high.
Buying
Once you decide that you want to raise a few head of cattle, you need to find a
good source for the animals. Id recommend buying a few weaned calves or feeders
that are a bit older. After you obtain your cattle, there are basically five important
factors to consider when raising beef cattle:pasture and feed.
Pasture
Do your planning so that you end up with more grass than cattle and not the other
way around. Remember too that light yearling cattle and calves very seldom will
lose money if most of their gain is put on with good pasture and roughage. Its the
grain feeding period that reduces any profits, due simply to the cost of the grain.
Feed (Grazing System)
The approach, style, and success of a grazing system depends on many factors
such as land configuration, type of livestock, capital resources, and the producers
goals, attitude, and ability to adapt the daily challenges of the system chosen.
Bibliography

http://karpaten-meat.com/en/angus/angus-crestere-extensiva/
http://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/southern-piedmont/forages/camtasia/mid-atlantic/pastuer-
ecology.pdf
http://www.springerlink.com/content/f1kh8m1r22k7p324/
http://darsonoww.blogspot.com/2010/09/pasture-fattening-penggemukan-sapi.html
http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/12406
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing
http://www.ag.arizona.edu/pubs/natresources/az1184.html