1

Fertilisation, 1st Week of Development and Implantation

1. State the site of fertilisation.
2. List the mechanisms responsible for transport of spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.
3. Describe the main events associated with fertilization.
a. In Sperm:
i. Capacitation.
ii. Acrosomal eaction.
b. In !v"m:
i. Cortical and zonal reactions.
ii. es"mption of the second meiotic division.
iii. #etabolic activation.
$. List the main res"lts of fertilisation.
a. estoration of the diploid n"mber of chromosomes.
b. Determination of se% of the new individ"al.
c. Initiation of cleava&e.
'. List some of the assisted reprod"ctive techni("es:
a. Artificial insemination
b. In-vitro )ertilisation and embr*o transfer +I,) and -./
c. Intrac*toplasmic Sperm In0ection +ICSI/
1. Describe the followin& with re&ard to the first wee2 of development:
a. Cleava&e.
b. Compaction. .
c. #or"la and blastoc*st sta&es.
d. )ormation and fate of the inner and o"ter cell masses.
e. 3atchin&
4. Describe the followin& with re&ard to implantation.
a. 5ormal site of implantation.
b. -ctopic sites of implantation.
Embryo week 01 (BAT notes
!ameto"enesis
!ri&in6 primodial &erm cells in the wall of the *ol2 sac.
Spermato&enesis
Shortl* before p"bert* se% cords seminifero"s t"b"les
7rocess b* which spermato&onia spermatozoa
8e&ins at p"bert*
Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
2
3 processes
i. Spermatoc*tosis
ii. #eiosis
iii. Spermio&enesis
7rimordial cells spermato&onia t*pe A 9 8 spermato&onia :2n;
!o&enesis
!o&enesis
4 cycles-h*pothalamo pit"itar* &onadatrophine c*cle
6!varian hormonal c*cle
6!varian follic"lar c*cle
6<terine menstr"al c*cle
Ovarian follicular cycle
Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
mitosis
mitosis
7rimar* spermatoc*toc*tes
:2n;
#eiosis I
II r*
spermatoc*tes :n;
Spermatids :n;
#eiosis II
:="ic2;
#pe
rmi
o"e
nes
i s
1. formation of acrosome
2. condensation of n"cle"s
3. formation of head nec2 and tail
$. shred of e%tra c*toplasm
:Sheddin&; no division
Spermatozoa :n;
Incomplete c*to2inesis thro"&h o"t
S"ccessive cell &enerations are connected b* c*toplasmic brid&es
4$ da*s to form a mat"re spermatozoa
Spermatozoa obtain f"ll motalit* in epid*dimis

)emale reprod"ctive tract
3

1. )lat cells C"boidal become stratified and are called
&ran"losacells
Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
!o&onia
-nter meiosis I
arrest in diplotene
7rimar* ooc*tes :In primodial follicles;
8irth :4>>?>>>;
:In childhood most ooc*tes become atretic;
7"bert* :$>>?>>>;
1 flat cells :secrete !#I ;
2. formation of zona pell"cida
3. formation of theca follic"li
7rimar* ooc*tes
:in primar* follicles;
2..heca felic"li .heca interna and e%terna
the* "nite 3.)l"id spaces appears
form Antr"m
7rimar* ooc*tes
:in secondar* follicles ;
Complete meiosis I
7rimodial &erm cells
Intra "terine life
$
Uterine menstrual cycle 6occ"r in the f"nctional la*er of the endometriam.
)ertilization @ 1
st
wee2
Fertili$ation
Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
Spermato&enesis !o&enesis
Secondar* ooc*tes :n; with 1
st
polar bod* :n;
:in &raafian follicles;
-nter meiosis II
Arrest in metaphase II
!v"lation
Secondar* ooc*tes
5o fertilization
Fertili$ation
completion of
meiosis II
!v"m with 2
nd

polar bod*
De&radation
'
7rocess b* which male and female &ametes f"se? in the amp"lla of "terine t"be within 2$
ho"rs of ov"lation.
Before fertili$ation sperm %nder"oes &
I. Capacitation removal of the &l*coprotein coat 9 seminal plasma.
: !nl* capastaited sperms will "nder&o fertilization;
II. Acrosomal reaction releasin& of acrosomal enz*mes to penetrate zona pell"sida
'(ases of fertili$ation
1. penetrates corona radiate :b* h*ol"ronidase;
2. penetrates zona pell"cida : b* acrosin;
3. f"sion of of ooc*tes and sperm cell membrane
#ale and female pron"clei f"se and replicate the D5A and "nder&o mitosis to form 2
cell z*&ote.
In response AAAA..
IIr* ooc*te "nder&o?
1. Cortical and zonal reactions prevention of pol*sperm*
1.1. ooc*te cell membrane become impermeable to other spermatozoa
1.2. Bona pell"cda alter its str"ct"re to prevent sperm bindin&
2. es"mption and completion of meiosis II
3. metabolic activation
)es%lts of fertili$ation
1. estoration of diploid n"mber of chromosomes
2. determination of &enetic se%
3. initiation of cell cleava&e
*ell *leava"e
Series of mitotic divisions res"ltin& in an increase in n"mber of cells ? which become
smaller with each division
2 cell zygote
#itotic divisions
Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
1
8 cell stage C loosel* arran&ed
C 8lastomeres
Compaction
)ormation of &ap
0"nctions between
cells
3
rd
da* 6 16 cell stage - morula
Morula
8* da* 3D$ is in the "terine cavit*.
Inner cell mass fluid penetration cavities formed cavities confluence
blastocoele
-mbr*o proper @.ropoblast@8lastocoel C 8lastoc*st
Da* ' Sheddin& of zona pell"cida
Da* 1 Implantation of blastoc*st in the endometri"m of the posterior wall of the "ter"s.
Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
Inner cell mass
:-mbr*o proper;
!"ter cell mass
: .ropoblast placenta;