MSc Advanced Structural Engineering M.Sc.

Advanced Structural Engineering

Lecture 2
Lattice Girder Design I
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 1
Lattice Girders
Lattice girders are plane frames with an open-web construction usually having
parallel chords and internal web bracing members.
They are very useful in long span construction with typical depth:span ratios of They are very useful in long-span construction with typical depth:span ratios of
about 1/10 to 1/14.
The framing of lattice girders should be triangulated with panel lengths equal and
positioned to correspond to applied load positions where possible.
When loading occurs between panel points secondary framing can be introduced to When loading occurs between panel points secondary framing can be introduced to
prevent bending effects in the chord members.
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Typical Lattice Girder with Fire-proofing
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Figure 2.1
Principal Types and Components of a Lattice Girder
compression chord
Point load between the nodes
N-Type Girder
tension chord
diagonal bracing
Figure 2.2
Uniformly Distributed Load between the nodes
compression chord
Warren Girder
t i h d
diagonal bracing
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Warren Girder
tension chord
Figure 2.3
Lattice Girders: Principal Types and Components
If there are no applied loads between the nodes, the members of the girder are
designed as simple ties or struts as for a typical pin-jointed frame.
When applied loads do occur between the nodes there are two techniques which
can be used to allow for the additional secondary effects they are: can be used to allow for the additional secondary effects, they are:
design for additional secondary axial forces,
or
design for additional secondary bending forces.
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Lattice Girders: Analysis
Consider the two-bay lattice girder supporting a series of purlins as shown.
For analysis purposes the lattice girder is considered to be a pin-jointed, plane-frame
Figure 2.4
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with a series of point loads.
Lattice Girders: Analysis (cont.)
Members AB and BC are subjected to
A B C
P/2 P P P P/2
Secondary Bracing
Members AB and BC are subjected to
a combined effect caused by the
f ti i d i b th i frame action inducing both primary
and secondary axial loads
D E F
Figure 2 5
M b AB d BC bj t d t
A B C
P/2 P P P P/2
Secondary Bending
Figure 2.5
Members AB and BC are subjected to
a combined effect caused by the
A B C
primary axial loads and a secondary
bending moment due to the mid-span
D E F
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point loads.
Figure 2.6
Lattice Girders: Analysis: Secondary bracing
P/2 P P P P/2
P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
A B C
D E F
Figure 2.7
P 2P P
1
st
Stage: Determine the Primary axial loads
F
AB
F
BC
F
AE
F
BE
F
EC
F
CF
F
AD
Figure 2.8
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F
DE
F
EF
g
Lattice Girders: Analysis: Secondary bracing (cont.)
A B C
P/2 P P P P/2
2
nd
Stage:
Determine the Secondary
Secondary bracing to
Determine the Secondary
axial loads
y g
transfer the mid-span point
loads to the nodes
D E F
P
Consider panel length AB
Figure 2.9
A B A B
P
Forces induced in the
members by the
F'
AB
F'
AB
secondary bracing
F'
AB
, F'
AE
, F'
1
etc.
F'
AE
F'
2
F'
1
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AB AE 1
Figure 2.10
Lattice Girders: Secondary bracing (cont.)
3
nd
Stage: Combine the results from stages 1 and 2 to obtain the final axial loads
in the members
A B C
F
AB
+ F'
AB
F
BC
+ F'
BC
F'
1
F'
1
F'
2
F'
2
F
AD
F
CF
F
AE
F
AE
+ F'
AE F
CE
+ F'
CE
F
CE
F
BE
2
D E F
F F
EF
F
AE
F
CE
Design Forces = (Primary Axial Loads + Secondary Axial Loads)
D E F
F
DE
F
EF
Figure 2.11
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Design Forces = (Primary Axial Loads + Secondary Axial Loads)
Lattice Girders: Secondary bracing Example 2.1
The lattice girder shown supports a series of joists as indicated. Using the data
given design suitable section for:
(i) th t d b tt h d (i) the top and bottom chords
(ii) the main diagonals and uprights,
(iii) the secondary bracing.
Figure 2 12
(iii) the secondary bracing.
m
Figure 2.12
4 Bays @5 0 meach
2
,
0

m
4 Bays @ 5,0 m each
Design Data:
Figure 2.13
Design Data:
Characteristic permanent load (including self-weight) g
k
= 0,6 kN/m
2
Characteristic variable load q
k
= 0,75 kN/m
2
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Spacing of lattice girders = 3,5 m
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution
The lattice girder has secondary bracing and the top chord members will be
subject to both primary and secondary axial loads. j p y y
P/2 P P P P P P P P/2
A B C D E
K L M N
2
,
0

m
A B C D E
F G I J
H
4 Bays @ 5,0 m each
F G I J
V V V
F
V
J
Figure 2.14
Spacing of lattice girders = 3,5 m
Spacing of joists = 2,5 m
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Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Determined combination factors:
UK National Annex Tables NA.A1 and NA.A.1.2(B)
EC 0

0,imposed
= 0,7 (EC: 0,7)

G,1
= 1,35 (EC: 1,35)

Q,1
= 1,5 (EC: 1,5)
= 0 925 (EC: 0 85)
UK National Annex Clause NA.2.2.3.2
EC 0
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G,1
= 0,925 (EC: 0,85)
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Ultimate limit state: Fundamental Combination - Clause 6.4.3.2
(i.e. excluding accidental and seismic effects)
Use the less favourable of Equations (6.10a) & (6.10b)
(i.e. excluding accidental and seismic effects)

UK National Annex
EC 0
G,j k,j Q,1 0,1 k,1 Q,i 0,i k,i
1 1 j i
G Q Q
>
+ +

Equation (6.10a)
Self-weight of girder F
d
= (1,35 0,6) = 0,81 kN/m
2
Variable action F
d
= (1,5 0,7 0,75) = 0,79 kN/m
2
Total Design load F
d
= (0,81 + 0,79) = 1,6 kN/m
2
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Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Equation (6.10b)
, G,j k,j Q,1 k,1 Q,i 0,i k,i G j
G Q Q + +

1 1 j i >
Self-weight of girder F
d
= (0,925 x 1,35 0,6) = 0,75 kN/m
2
g g
d
( , , , ) ,
Variable action F
d
= (1,5 0,75) = 1,13 kN/m
2
2
Adopt Equation (6.10b) value: 1,88 kN/m
2
Total design load F
d
= (0,75 + 1,13) = 1,88 kN/m
2
Adopt Equation (6.10b) value: 1,88 kN/m
Area supported/joist = (2,5 3,5) = 8,75 m
2
Design Load/joist P = (1,88 8,75) = 16,45 kN
Total load/girder = (8 16 45) = 131 6 kN V
F
= V
J
= 65 8 kN
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Total load/girder (8 16,45) 131,6 kN V
F
V
J
65,8 kN
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Distribute the internal point loads to the adjacent nodes using simple statics.
8.23 kN 16,45 kN 16,45 kN 16,45 kN 16,45 kN 16,45 kN 16,45 kN 16,45 kN 8.23 kN
m
A B C D E
P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2
F G I J
K L M N
2
,
0

4 Bays @ 5,0 m each
H
65,8 kN 68,5 kN
16,45 kN 32.9 kN 32.9 kN 32.9 kN 16,45 kN
Figure 2.15
0

m
A B C D E
K L M N
2
,
0
4 Bays @ 5,0 m each
F G I J
H
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65,8 kN 65,8 kN
Figure 2.16
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Determine the Primary Axial Loads in the members use Method of Sections.
16 45 kN 32 9 kN 32 9 kN 32 9 kN 16 45 kN
m
16,45 kN 32,9 kN 32,9 kN 32,9 kN 16,45 kN
A B C D E
2
3
1
2
,
0

m
4 Bays @5,0 m each
F G I J
H
2
3
1
4 Bays @ 5,0 m each
65,8 kN 65,8 kN
16 45 kN 32 9 kN 16 45 kN
Figure 2.17
16,45 kN 32,9 kN
A B
F
BC
Section 1-1 Section 3-3
m
16,45 kN
A
Section 2-2
F
FA
5 0
2
,
0

m
F G
65 8 kN
F
GH
2
,
0

m
F
65 8 kN
F
AG
F
65 8 kN
FA
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5,0 m
65,8 kN 65,8 kN 65,8 kN
Figure 2.18
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Consider the vertical equilibrium at joint F
F
FA
F
y
= 0
Section 1-1
F
65 8 kN
F
FA
+ 65,8 + F
FA
= 0
F
FA
= 65,8 kN Strut
Length of diagonal = 5,385 m
Sin = (2,0/5,385) = 0,371
65,8 kN
Figure 2.19
Use the three equations of statics
16,45 kN
Cos = (5,0/5,385) = 0,929
Section 2-2
F
x
= 0 F
y
= 0 M= 0
,
0

m
A
F
AG

F
y
= 0
2
,
F
65,8 kN
F
AG
+ 65,8 16,45 F
AG
Sin = 0
F
AG
= + (49,35/0,371) = + 133,0 kN Tie
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Figure 2.20
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
16,45 kN 32,9 kN
A B
F
Section 3-3
2
,
0

m
A B
F G
F
BC
H
M 0
5,0 m 65,8 kN
F
GH
5,0 m
Figure 2.21
M
about node B
= 0
[+ (65,8 5,0) (16,45 5,0) (F
GH
2,0)] = 0
F
GH
= + 123,4 kN Tie
M
about node H
= 0
[+ (65,8 10,0) (16,45 10,0) (32,9 5,0) + (F
BC
2,0)] = 0
F
BC
= 164,5 kN Strut
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BC
,
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Determine the Secondary Axial Loads in the members use Joint Resolution.
16,45 kN
Forces induced in
the members by the
8 23 kN 8 23 kN
B C
F'
BC
F'
BC
'
the members by the
secondary bracing
8,23 kN 8,23 kN
F'
BH
F'
2
F'
1
Figure 2.22
F
y
= 0
Consider the vertical equilibrium at joint B
y
+ 8,23 F'
BH
Sin = 0 F'
BH
= + (8,23/0,371) = 22,2 kN Tension
F ' = 22 2 kN Tension
F
x
= 0
F '
BC
+ F'
BH
Cos = 0 F'
BC
= (22,2 0,929) = 20,6 kN Compression
F '
2
= 22,2 kN Tension
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F '
1
= 16,45 kN Compression
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
16,45 kN 32,9 kN 32,9 kN 32,9 kN 16,45 kN
Maximum Primary Axial Loads
A B C D E
164,5 kN
65 8 kN
F G H I J
123,4 kN
65,8 kN
133,0 kN
65,8 kN 65,8 kN
Secondary Axial Loads
Figure 2.23
Secondary Axial Loads
B C
16,45 kN
20,6 kN
20,6 kN
22,2 kN 22,2 kN
16,45kN
Figure 2.24
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g
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Design Forces
Total Design Force = Primary Force + Secondary Force Total Design Force = Primary Force + Secondary Force
Top Chord:
Total design force = (164,5 + 20,6) = 185,1 kN Compression Total design force (164,5 20,6) 185,1 kN Compression
Bottom Chord:
Total design force = + (123,4 + 0) = + 123,4 kN Tension
Diagonal:
Total design force = + (133,0 + 22,2) = + 155,2 kN Tension
U i h Upright:
Total design force = (65,8 + 0) = 65,8 kN Compression
Secondary Strut: Secondary Strut:
Total design force = (16,45) = 16,45 kN Compression
Secondary Tie:
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Total design force = + (22,2) = + 22,2 kN Tension
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Design the members in accordance with EC3 (All S 275 steel)
Top Chord: Effective buckling lengths l
zz
= l
yy
= 2,5 m
zz yy
2/80 x 60 x 7 unequal angles, long legs back-to-back to both sides of a gusset
plate with an 8 mm space. Two or more bolts in line at each end.
Bottom Chord: otto C o d:
2/50 x 50 x 6 equal angles back-to-back to both sides of a gusset plate with
an 8 mm space. One 14 mm diameter hole deducted each angle.
Diagonal: Diagonal:
1/75 x 75 x 8 equal angle connected to a gusset plate. 18 mm diameter holes
with at least three bolts in line.
Upright: Effecti e b ckling lengths l l 2 0 m Upright: Effective buckling lengths l
zz
= l
yy
= 2,0 m
1/80 x 60 x 7 unequal angle, long leg connected to a gusset plate with two or
more bolts in line at each end.
ff i b kli l h l l Secondary Strut: Effective buckling lengths l
zz
= l
yy
= 1,0 m
50 x 50 x 6 equal angle. Two or more bolts in line at each end.
Secondary Tie:
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y
50 x 50 x 6 equal angle. One 14 mm diameter hole deducted from each angle.
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Material properties and partial factors
M
Assume all material to be non-alloy structural steel grade EN 10024-2 S 275
Table 3.1
EC3-1-1
y g
t = 6 mm < 40 mm
f
y
= 275 MPa
f = 430 MPa f
u
430 MPa
(Note: In UK National Annex use EN 10025: Table 7 i.e. t 16 mm)
Clause 6.1(1)
EC3-1-1

M0
= 1,0

M1
= 1,0
= 1 25
Section Properties
Section Property Tables
S P T

M2
= 1,25
Clause 6.2.2.(2)
EC3-1-1
A
net
= A
gross
deductions for bolt holes
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( )
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Bottom Chord: 2/50 x 50 x 6 equal angles, legs back-to-back to both sides of
a gusset plate with an 8 mm space. M16 non-preloaded bolts in line at each
end. (123,4 kN - Tension) end. (123,4 kN Tension)
S P T
Gross area A
g
= 11,4 cm
2
Clause 6.2.3
EC3-1-1
Equation 6.5
EC3-1-1
Ed
t,Rd
1, 0
N
N

,
Equation 6.6
EC3-1-1
y
pl,Rd
3
M0
1140 275
313,5 kN
1, 0 10
Af
N

= = =

Equation 6.7
EC3-1-1
net u
u,Rd
3
M2
0, 9 0, 9 [1140 (2 18 6)] 430
286,1 kN
1, 25 10
A f
N

= = =

123 4
25
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N
t,Rd
= 286,1 kN
Bottom chord is adequate
123, 4
0, 43 1, 0
286,1
=
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Diagonals: 1/75 x 75 x 8 equal angle, connected to a gusset plate with M16
non preloaded bolts in line at each end (155 2 kN Tension) non-preloaded bolts in line at each end. (155,2 kN - Tension)
S P T
Gross area:
Ed
N
S P T
Gross area:
A
g
= 11,4 cm
2
Equation 6.5
EC3-1-1
Ed
t,Rd
1, 0
N
N

Equation 6.6
EC3-1-1
y
pl,Rd
3
M0
1140 275
313,5 kN
1, 0 10
Af
N

= = =

0
,
Table 3.3/Figure 3.9
EC3-1-8
g
Edge distance e
2
1,2d
0
= (1,2 16) = 19,2 mm
Assume e
2
= 20,0 mm
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2
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Clause 3 10 3/Equation 3 13
EC3-1-8
3 net u
u Rd
A f
N

=
Clause 3.10.3/Equation 3.13 u,Rd
M2

Table 3.8
EC3-1-8
Assume the pitch = 2,5d
0

3
= 0,5cm
2
( )
3 net u
0,5 1140 18 6 430
177 5 kN
A f
N



155 2
( )
3 net u
u,Rd
3
M2
177,5 kN
1, 25 10
f
N

= = =

N
t,Rd
= 177,5 kN
Diagonals are adequate
155, 2
0,87 1, 0
177,5
=
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Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Secondary ties: 1/50 x 50 x 6 equal angle, connected to a gusset plate with
one M16 non preloaded bolt at each end (22 2 kN Tension) one M16 non-preloaded bolt at each end. (22,2 kN - Tension)
S P T
Gross area:
E ti 6 5
EC3 1 1
Ed
1 0
N

S P T
A
g
= 5,69 cm
2
Equation 6.5
EC3-1-1
Ed
t,Rd
1, 0
N

Equation 6.6
EC3-1-1
y
pl,Rd
3
M0
569 275
156,5 kN
1, 0 10
Af
N

= = =

M0
,

Table 3 3/Figure 3 9
EC3-1-8
Table 3.3/Figure 3.9
EC3-1-8
Edge distance e
2
1,2d
0
= (1,2 16) = 19,2 mm
Assume e
2
= 20,0 mm
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g
2
,
0
( , ) ,
2
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Clause 3.10.3/Equation 3.13
EC3-1-8
( )
2 0 u
u,Rd
2, 0 0,5 e d tf
N

=
q
u,Rd
M2

( )
( )
2 0 u
u,Rd
3
M2
2, 0 20, 0 0,5 14 6 430
2, 0 0,5
53, 7 kN
1, 25 10
e d tf
N

= = =

N
t Rd
= 53 7 kN Secondary ties are adequate
22, 2
0, 41 1, 0 =
N
t,Rd
53,7 kN Secondary ties are adequate 0, 41 1, 0
53, 7

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Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Upright: 1/80 x 60 x 7 unequal angle with long-leg connected to a gusset plate
with two or more bolts in line at each end. (65,8 kN - Compression)
S P T
Gross area: A
g
= 9,38 cm
2
; i = 1,28 cm
Clause 3.2.6
EC3-1-1 E= 210000 MPa
Check Section Classification
Table 3 1
EC3-1-1
= (235/275)
0,5
= 0 92 mm
Clause 5.5.2
EC3-1-1
Table 3.1
EC3 1 1
= (235/275)
,
= 0,92 mm
80
11 4
h
( )
15 15 0 92 13 8
Table 5.2
EC3-1-1
80
11, 4
7
h
t
= = ( )
15 15 0, 92 13,8 = =
80 60
10 0
b h + +
( )
11 5 11 5 0 92 10 58
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The Section is Class 3
10, 0
2 2 7 t
= =

( )
11,5 11,5 0, 92 10,58 = =
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Compression Resistance of Cross-section N
c,Rd
N
Clause 6.2.4/Equation 6.9
EC3-1-1
Ed
c,Rd
1, 0
N
N

y
c,Rd
3
M0
938 275
257, 9 kN
1, 0 10
Af
N

= = =

Equation 6.10
EC3-1-1
Resistance to Flexural Buckling N
b,Rd
Clause 6.3.1.1/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
Ed
b,Rd
1, 0
N
N

Equation 6.47
EC3-1-1
y
b,Rd
M1
Af
N

=
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M1

Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)

Buckling Curves Clause 6.3.1.2/Equation 6.49
EC3-1-1
( )
2
2 2
1
but 1,0 where = 0,5 1+ 0,2

= +

+
Annex BB/Clause BB.1.2/Equation BB.1
EC3-1-1
eff v v
0, 35 0, 7 where is as defined in Clause 6.3.1.2/3 = +
2
Af
EI
Clause 6.3.1.2/3
EC3-1-1
2
y
v cr
2
cr
cr
where =
Af
EI
N
N
L

=
Af
L E
y
cr
v 1
cr 1 y
where
Af
L E
N i f

= = =
For Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections
1
210000
86,81 = =
cr
2000
1 8
L

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1
86,81
275

cr
v
1
1,8
12,8 86,81 i

= = =

Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)

Annex BB/Clause BB.1.2/Equation BB.1
EC3-1-1
[ ]
eff v
0, 35 0, 7 = 0,35 + (0,7 1,8) 1, 61 = + =
Select the appropriate buckling curve from Table 6.2 pp p g
Table 6.2
EC3-1-1
Use buckling curve b
Determine the imperfection factor from Table 6.1

Table 6.1
EC3-1-1
= 0,34
( )
( )
2 2
= 0,5 1+ 0,2 0,5 1 0, 34 1, 61 0, 2 1, 61

+ = + +

= 2,04
1 1
= =
0 3
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2 2 2 2

2, 04 2, 04 1, 61

+ +
= 0,3
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Clause 6.3.1.1/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
Ed
b,Rd
1, 0
N
N

,
Equation 6.47
EC3-1-1
y
b,Rd
3
M1
0, 3 938 275
1 0 10
Af
N

= =

= 77,39 kN
M1
1, 0 10

Ed
65,8
0,85 1, 0
77 39
N
N
= = Uprights are adequate
b,Rd
77, 39 N
Note:
The value for could have been determined from Figure 6.4 using the value
of the non-dimensional slenderness = 1,61 as indicated in Clause 6.3.1.2(3).
34
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
, ( )
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Secondary strut: 1/50 x 50 x 6 equal angle, connected to a gusset plate with
two or more bolts in line at each end. (16,45 kN - Compression)
S P T
Gross area: A
g
= 5,69 cm
2
; i = 0,968 cm
Clause 3.2.6
EC3-1-1
E= 210,000 MPa
Check Section Classification
Table 3 1
EC3-1-1
= (235/275)
0,5
= 0 92 mm
EC3 1 1
Table 3.1
EC3 1 1
= (235/275)
,
= 0,92 mm
50
8 3
h
( )
15 15 0 92 13 8
Table 5.2
EC3-1-1
8, 3
6 t
= = ( )
15 15 0, 92 13,8 = =
50 50
8 3
b h + +
( )
11 5 11 5 0 92 10 58 = =
35
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
The Section is Class 3
8, 3
2 2 6 t
= =

( )
11,5 11,5 0, 92 10,58 = =
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Compression Resistance of Cross-section N
c,Rd
N
Clause 6.2.4/Equation 6.9
EC3-1-1
Ed
c,Rd
1, 0
N
N

y
c,Rd
3
M0
569 275
156,5 kN
1, 0 10
Af
N

= = =

Equation 6.10
EC3-1-1
Resistance to Flexural Buckling N
b,Rd
Clause 6.3.1.1/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
Ed
b,Rd
1, 0
N
N

Equation 6.47
EC3-1-1
y
b,Rd
M1
Af
N

=
36
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
M1

Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)

Buckling Curves
Clause 6.3.1.2/Equation 6.49
EC3-1-1
( )
2
2 2
1
but 1,0 where = 0,5 1+ 0,2

= +

+
Annex BB/Clause BB.1.2/Equation BB.1
EC3-1-1
eff v v
0, 35 0, 7 where is as defined in Clause 6.3.1.2 = +
2
Af
Clause 6.3.1.2
EC3-1-1
2
y
v cr
2
cr
cr
where =
Af
EI
N
N
L

=
Af
L E
y
cr
v 1
cr 1 y
where
Af
L E
N i f

= = = For Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections

210000
86 81
cr
1000
1 2
L

37
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
1
86,81
275
= =
cr
v
1
1, 2
9, 68 86,81 i

= = =

Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)

Annex BB/Clause BB.1.2/Equation BB.1
EC3-1-1
[ ]
eff v
0, 35 0, 7 = 0,35 + (0,7 1,2) 1,19 = + =
Select the appropriate buckling curve fromTable 6 2 Select the appropriate buckling curve from Table 6.2
Table 6.2
EC3-1-1
Use buckling curve b
Determine the imperfection factor from Table 6.1
Table 6.1
EC3-1-1
= 0,34
( )
( )
2 2
= 0,5 1+ 0,2 0,5 1 0, 34 1,19 0, 2 1,19

+ = + +

= 1,38
1 1
= =
= 0 48
38
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
2 2 2 2
1, 38 1, 38 1,19

+ +
0,48
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Clause 6.3.1.1/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
Ed
b,Rd
1, 0
N
N

,
Equation 6.47
EC3-1-1
y
b,Rd
3
M1
0, 48 569 275
1 0 10
Af
N

= =

= 75,1 kN
M1
1, 0 10

Ed
b Rd
22, 2
0, 3 1, 0
75 1
N
N
= =
Secondary struts are adequate
b,Rd
75,1 N
y q
Note:
As in the case of the uprights, the value for could have been
determined from Figure 6.4 using the value of the non-dimensional
39
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
slenderness = 1,61 as indicated in Clause 6.3.1.2(3).
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Top chord: 2/80 x 60 x 7 unequal angle with long-leg connected to a gusset
plate with two or more bolts in line at each end. (185,1 kN - Compression)
Packing plates 8 mm thick
z
y
y
y
y
z
Figure 2.25
S P T
Section properties:
A
g
= 18,8 cm
2
;
i 2 59
z
v
u
i
zz,two angles
= 2,59 cm
i
yy,two angles
= 2,51 cm
i = 1 28 cm
y
y
40
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
i
vv, one angle
= 1,28 cm
z
v
u
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Check Section Classification
Clause 3.2.6
EC3-1-1 E= 210,000 MPa
Table 3.1
EC3-1-1
= (235/275)
0,5
= 0,92 mm
Table 5 2
EC3-1-1
80
11 4
h
= = ( )
15 15 0 92 13 8 = =
Table 5.2
11, 4
7 t
= = ( )
15 15 0, 92 13,8
80 60
10 0
b h + +
( )
11 5 11 5 0 92 10 58
The Section is Class 3
10, 0
2 2 7 t
= =

( )
11,5 11,5 0, 92 10,58 = =
41
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Compression Resistance of Cross-section N
c,Rd
Clause 6.2.4/Equation 6.9
EC3-1-1
Ed
c,Rd
1, 0
N
N

y
c,Rd
3
M0
1880 275
517, 0 kN
1 0 10
Af
N

= = =

Equation 6.10
EC3-1-1
M0
1, 0 10

Resistance to Flexural Buckling N
b,Rd
Clause 6.3.1.1/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
Ed
b,Rd
1, 0
N
N

b,Rd
Equation 6.47
EC3-1-1
y
b,Rd
Af
N

=
42
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
q
b,Rd
M1

Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)

Closely Spaced Built-up Members
Clause 6.4.4/Figure 6.12/Table 6.9
EC3-1-1
M i i b t i t ti i i b i T bl 6 9 Maximum spacing between interconnections is given by in Table 6.9
Table 6.9
EC3-1-1
Maximum spacing = 15i
min,single angle
15i
min
= (15 12,8) = 192,0 mm
? mm
? mm ? mm
? mm
? mm
? mm
Figure 2.26
43
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
? mm
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Buckling Curves
( )
1

Clause 6.3.1.2/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
( )
2
2 2
1
but 1,0 where = 0,5 1+ 0,2

= +

+
Annex BB/Clause BB.1.1
EC3-1-1
Out-of-plane buckling length L is normally taken as the system length In
2
Af
EI
Out of plane buckling length L
cr
is normally taken as the system length. In
this case assume restraint is provided by joists, i.e. L
cr
= 2.5 m
Clause 6.3.1.2
EC3-1-1
y
v cr
2
cr
cr
where =
Af
EI
N
N
L

=
y
cr
h
Af
L E
For Class 1 2 and 3 cross sections
y
cr
v 1
cr 1 y
where
N i f

= = = For Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections

210000
86 81 = =
cr
2500
1 15
L
= = =
44
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
1
86,81
275
= =
v
1
1,15
25,1 86,81 i

= = =

Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)

Select the appropriate buckling curve from Table 6.2
Table 6.2
EC3-1-1
Use buckling curve c for a T-section
Determine the imperfection factor from Table 6.1
Table 6.1
EC3-1-1
= 0,49
( )
( )
2 2
= 0,5 1+ 0,2 0,5 1 0, 49 1,15 0, 2 1,15

+ = + +

= 1,39
2 2 2 2
1 1
=
1 39 1 39 1 15

=
+ +
= 0,46
45
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
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1, 39 1, 39 1,15 + +
Lattice Girders: Example 2.1 - Solution (cont.)
Clause 6.3.1.1/Equation 6.46
EC3-1-1
Ed
b Rd
1, 0
N
N

b,Rd
Equation 6 47
EC3-1-1
Equation 6.47
y
b Rd
3
0, 46 1880 275
Af
N


= =
= 237,8 kN
b,Rd
3
M1
1, 0 10

,
Ed
185,1
0 78 1 0
N
Top Chord is adequate
Ed
b,Rd
0, 78 1, 0
237,8 N
= = Top Chord is adequate
Note:
The value for could have been determined from Figure 6.4 using the value of
the non-dimensional slenderness = 1,15 as indicated in Clause 6.3.1.2(3).
46
Dr. W.M.C. M
c
Kenzie
, ( )
THE END FIN THE END FIN
DAS ENDE T Ts DAS ENDE T Ts
KONIEC
SAMAPT
KONIEC
SAMAPT
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie
47