Gabriela Gordon

Block: B
16/13/11

Tittle: States of matter of water as time and temperature increase

Research:
Phase change is the transition between the three different states of matter,
which are solid, liquid, and gas. When water is at the solid state, water molecules are
tightly packed and the element is mostly common as ice. In a liquid state molecules
are tightly packed but can slide past each other, most commonly known as water.
When water is at the gaseous state water molecules are very separate from each other
and move freely. In order for an element to change phase, energy and heat are needed
and are used as a sources of energy. Energy is needed in order to break bonds
between molecules. Because of the molecular bonds being broken, Intermolecular
forces weaken and the space between molecules increases.

Molecular motion depends on the movement that the particles of the element
show. This is measured by temperature; if there is more temperature kinetic energy
will increases as well as if there is less temperature there will be less kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is the motion between particles, so each element has its own particular
motion of particles. For solids kinetic energy is low in order for particles not to move
causing the object to have a definite shape. In liquids kinetic energy increases, as
particles need to have some motion and slide past each other. In gases particles move
freely meaning that kinetic energy increases, causing the molecules to be far away
entering the gas state.

Purpose:
Observe the different states of matter using water, and analyze its phase changes from
solid to liquid and finally to gas, by studying graphs using as variables time and
temperature.



Hypothesis:
If time passes by then temperature will increase because the kinetic energy
determines the movement of particles in each element, so as temperature increases
kinetic energy increases also changing the state of the matter tested.

Experimental Design:

Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
Constants Control

Time measured
in minutes

Temperature
measured un
Celsius degrees

-Type of water
-Altitude from
sea level


# of trials: 62 minutes, measuring every minute.

Materials:
150 ml of crushed ice
50 ml of tap water
Hot plate
Thermometer
Tissues
Apron
Breaker with labels of measure
Pencil
Paper

Procedure:
1. Plug in the hot plate and put the temperature to 10
2. Get a breaker with measure
3. Put 150ml of crushed ice
4. Wait until the whole ice gets melted
5. Remove the water condensation from outside of the breaker with a tissue
6. Place the breaker in the hotplate
-50
0
50
100
150
0 10 20
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

Time
7. Wait until half of the water evaporates
8. Check the temperature every minute
9. Record data in a table




Results/ Analysis:

Complete Data Melting and Boiling points

Minutes Temperature
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
4 2.5
5 2
6 2
7 1.8
8 1.6
9 1
10 0.2
11 0.1
12 0
13 0.2
14 0.1
15 0
16 0.5
17 -0.1
18 0.1
19 0.1
20 0.3
21 0.4
22 0.2
23 0.3
24 0.2
25 0
26 0
27 0.1
28 0.2
29 0.2
30 0.5
31 1.2
32 1
33 1
34 1.2
35 1.2
36 1.5
37 1.7
38 1.8
39 2
40 2.6
41 3
42 3.2
43 4
44 4.4
45 5
46 11.9
47 18.2
48 29.2
49 36.6
50 44.7
51 55
52 65.6
53 76.2
54 81
55 88.3
56 91.2
57 92.2
58 92.2
59 92.2
60 92.2
61 92
62 91.6









Graph #1




Analysis:

The three graphs above are showing the states of water as it goes from solid to gas.
The phase where ice is changing from solid to liquid remains constant. The
temperature as shown in the x-axis goes from 3 (degrees Celsius) the starting
temperature, and then it decreases in a slow rate until it reaches 0 (degrees Celsius),
then the temperature starts to raise up again as well in a slow rate. The temperature
remains constant as shown in the graph as a plateu that is the phase change. The
phase change is a place where matter changes from one state to another. Here as
shown above the ice changes to a liquid. Then in the graph there is a slope that shows
how water as liquid increases its temperature and reaches the boiling point at 92.2
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
c
e
l
c
i
u
s
)

Time (min)
Phase changes of water over time
(degrees Celsius) From there on the data starts to form a small plateu which is the
one that will show the phase change from liquid to gas.

Conclusions:
The purpose of the experiment was to test the time that took for crushed ice to
melt and boil. The objective was to study and analyze the phase changes of matter
using water and plotting data in a coordinate graph. On the graph the independent
variable was temperature and the dependent variable was time. In the graph we could
clearly reach the objective of the experiment, which was to observe the phase changes
of water. Starting from solid, turning into liquid and finally turning into gas.

The major finding of the experiment was that matter can change from states,
without changing its chemical composition. The major factor affecting the state of the
element tested is temperature, which as well affects the kinetic energy and
determines the movement of particles. Another important finding is that each element
has its own boiling point and its own freezing point. As well we found that the altitude
over the sea level affects the atmospheric pressure and this is a factor that will
determine the temperature at which water boils.

The hypothesis was supported by this experiment performed with water,
because of what explained in the hypothesis. If time passes by temperature will
increase because of temperature increases kinetic energy as well would increase.
Kinetic energy is the movement of particles and the movement of particles determines
which state of matter it is. We could support our conclusion with the graphs, which
show that as time passes temperature increases and the kinetic energy changes the
states of elements being tested.

The findings of the experiment were related to the ones of the book because
the ideas explained in the book about kinetic energy are shown clearly in our graph.
Also we could visualize what the book mentioned, on which phase changes were
shown as plateaus. Having a plateau in a graph meant that the temperature was
constant and that a phase change was happening transforming an element from one
state to another. We could also connect some terms from the book that we had to use
for interpreting data, meaning that the data of the book was correct and coordinated
with our results.
The explanations that could be offered for the results are that as temperature
increases, kinetic energy increases as well. This graph clearly shows how the water
changes from one sate to another. As seen in the graph the temperature remains
constant for some time as the phase change occurs. Later on it rises up again in an
increasing rate until reaching the boiling point. Then a constant rate is shown which
means another phase change now from liquid to gas. Possible explanations are that
matter changes at a certain temperature influenced by kinetic energy.

Recommendations for further experiments and for improving the experiment
are maybe testing with different substances and compare their phase changes. This
comparison can be used to see the different reactions like boiling point and freezing
point of the elements being tested, and with that confirm that each element has its
own. As well different states should be used in order to turn them into other states.
For example instead of starting in solid, one could start as a gas and turn it into a solid.
Finally for further experiments students should test with different elements and
different states of matter to get different results.




Bibliography

Hyper Physics. (2011) Phase Changes. Retrieved September 16,2011 from:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase.html

Zona Land. (2010) Changes of phase (or state). Retrieved September 16,2011 from:
http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTe
mperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.html

Holt, R and Winston(2002) Modern Chemistry. United States: Harcourt Education
Company