Abstract Synchronous generator Loss of Excitation (LOE) if
dose not detected rapidly; not only has a harmful affect on the generator, but also has a devastating impact on power system stability. This paper presents a novel method for detecting Loss of Excitation in synchronous generator based on change in the magnetic flux linkage. Generator air gap flux linkage is measured via search coils sensor installed under the stator wedges. The search-coil sensor is widely used in electrical machine monitoring in recent years. Theoretical approach based on Finite Element Method (FEM) together with experimental results derived from a 4-pole, 380V, 1500 rpm, 50 Hz, 50 KVA, 3-phase salient-pole synchronous generator confirm the validity of the proposed method. Extensive simulations show that the proposed method has various distinct features that are advantageous over existing schemes. Speed and sensitivity are the main points featured in the proposed technique. The effectiveness of the proposed protection is demonstrated by comparing with conventional LOE protection. Index 1erms-Synchronous generator, loss of excitation protection, FEM, linkage flux, search coil. I. INTRODUCTION YNCHRONOUS generators are the main and signiIicant parts oI power system and their Iailure can cause severe damage on the machine, interruption oI electrical supply, and consequently economic loss. A synchronous generator requires suIIicient DC voltage and current to its Iield winding to retain synchronism with a power system. As a rule, the generator Iield is adjusted so that reactive power as well as real power is delivered to power system. The excitation may be completely or partially lost due to accidental tripping the Iield breaker, Iield open circuit, Ilashover oI the slip rings, regulator Iailure or loss oI supply to the excitation system. The behavior oI a generator in any case oI Iield loss will depend on its initial loading, machine and system characteristics and the governor. II the Iield loss occurs at Iull load the stator currents may be as high as twice the Iull load current and high currents may be induced in the rotor. An overheating oI the generator may occur quickly under these circumstances. The condition must be rapidly distinguished and to evade generator damage, the generator must be isolated Irom the system. A LOE condition which is not detected can This work is partly supported by the Mashhad Power Station. H. Yaghobi, K.Ansari and H. Rajabi Mashhadi are with the Department oI Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University oI Mashhad, IRAN. H. Mortazavi and H. Borzoe are with Khorasan regional Electric Company (KREC) ,IRAN (e-mail:hmort2Aol.com). H. Khorashadi zadeh is with Siemens Energy Inc, USA (Hassan.zadehsiemens.com). also have a demolishing impact on the power system by causing both a loss oI reactive power support as well as creating a signiIicant reactive power drain. On large generators this condition can cause an area wide system voltage collapse |1|, |2|. In 1949, a single phase oIIset Mho relay was introduced Ior the Iast detection oI LOE in synchronous generators |3|. The security Ior LOE has since been a great concern to many authors and utility under takings. The concern was about the possible maloperation oI the relay during stable power swing under certain conditions |1|. The conventional LOE documented solution to this problem is to intentionally delay the operation oI LOE relay. The method presented in |4| proposed an adaptive LOE relay, augmented by suitably selected time derivatives oI impedance seen by the relay, to ensure correct discrimination between genuine loss oI excitation and power swing. Providing time delay to avoid Ialse operation on stable power swing is not considered as an ideal solution and there continues some user apprehension about the relay perIormance |5|. This deliberately time delay increases the operating time oI the relay which means that the MVARS drawn by the generator persist Ior a longer time, making the power system more vulnerable to severe voltage dips. In |6|, the authors present evaluation oI the perIormance oI the adaptive LOE protection based on the rate oI change oI the apparent reactance accomplished by considering the well known positive oIIset method. In |7|, on the base oI simulation oI loss oI excitation, the method oI LOE protection Ior generator based on artiIicial neural networks is proposed. The presented method can be considered as an accelerated tripping Iactor and in conjunction with other criteria, not as a sole LOE protective relay. Most oI previous work about the LOE protection have been concentrated on enhancing the security oI oIIset Mho relay and evaluating the eIIects oI the power system disturbances on these relays |1||5|. The other new papers present the importance oI proper coordination oI LOE relay with under excitation limiter and generator capability curve |8||10|. The need to improve coordination between generator protection and control has come to light aIter recent misoperation oI generator protection during major system disturbances. Two signiIicant disturbances are the 1996 western area disturbances and 2003 east coast blackout. The method presented in |11| gives a new algorithm based on measuring oI the 3-phase reactive power output oI the machine, and monitors the direction and magnitude oI leading reactive power at the generator output terminal. This algorithm does not response satisIactorily to partial loss oI Iield A Novel Flux- Based Method Ior Synchronous Generator Loss oI Excitation Protection H. Yaghobi, H. Mortazavi, K.Ansari, H. Rajabi Mashhadi, Member, IEEE, H. Khorashadi zadeh, Member, IEEE, and H. Borzoe S 2 conditions as long as the AVR can increase the Iield current enough to correct the situation. On the other hand, Iault monitoring oI rotating electrical machines using magnetic Ilux measurements have been proposed as a topical subject oI investigation |12|- |18|. In addition to above mentioned studies, in this paper, it will be shown that generator air gap Ilux is a useIul variable Ior accurate detection oI LOE condition. The objective oI this paper is to present a novel method Ior LOE protection based on change in the magnetic Ilux linkage oI the synchronous generator. The method consists in obtaining the magnetic Ilux linkage via a search coil sensor. It will be shown that Ilux based LOE protection is not only more sensitive but also is Iaster than conventional LOE relay. The main idea oI proposed method is validated by experimental results and FEM analysis. The perIormance oI the proposed method has been studied Ior a single-machine inIinite bus system using MATLAB soItware. II. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORLOE PROTECTION When a loaded generator loses its Iield current, the generator becomes an induction generator until the prime mover is removed aIter which it may become an induction motor |1|. In a LOE condition, the generator operates in the under excited region oI its capability curve. Such a LOE causes the generator to accelerate rapidly because the power into the generator Irom prime mover can only now be transIormed to energy stored in the rotor`s angular velocity. Without removing the power input Irom the prime mover, the generator will soon be selI-destructed. The eIIects oI such a LOE on the power system includes: loss oI reactive support, considerable reactive drain, locale voltage collapse, power swings, extreme reactive power Ilow and probably transmission line tripping. Fig.1. Loss oI Iield R-X diagram scheme 1 |10|. The most broadly applied method Ior detecting a generator LOE situation is the use oI distance relays to sense the deviation oI impedance as viewed Irom the generator terminals. This distance relay approach used as a combination oI exciter-initiated protection (e.g. Ior inadvertent Iield breaker opening) and mho-type relays. The impedance relays may be combined with directional units and under voltage elements to reduce the likelihood oI misoperation during system disturbances. There are two basic designs oI LOE protection. The Iirst technique (scheme 1 Fig. 1) consists oI two oIIset Mho units. An impedance circle diameter equal to the generator synchronous reactance and oIIset downward by 2 1 oI the generator transient reactance is used Ior the Zone 2 distance element. The oIIset oI the relay characteristic prevents operation oI the protection Ior external three-phase Iaults close to the generator terminals. The operation oI this element is delayed approximately 30-45 cycles to prevent misoperation during a stable transient swing. A second relay zone, set at an impedance diameter oI 1.0 per unit (on the generator base), with the same oIIset oI 2 1 oI the generator transient reactance is used also. This Zone 1 element has a Iew cycles oI delay and more quickly detects severe under excitation conditions. When synchronous reactance is less than or equal to 1.0 per unit (e.g. hydro generators) only the Zone 2 is used and is set with the diameter equal to 1.0 per unit. The second relaying method (scheme 2 Fig. 2) consists oI an under voltage unit, an impedance unit and a directional unit. In this case the generator synchronous and transient reactances are used to determine the settings. Fig.2. Loss oI Iield R-X diagram scheme 2 |10|. As with the Iirst scheme, two elements are used, one without signiIicant delay (typically 0.25 second Ior the most severe condition) and the other delayed to prevent misoperation. For both schemes the relay settings are based on CT and VT secondary quantities, thus the impedances need to be calculated on the CT and VT secondary basis. Another method oI LOE protection is oIIered by Siemens in static and digital generator protection |19|. Positive sequence admittance seen by the relay is used in the numerical algorithm to determine the synchronizing power oI the machine. The operating characteristic in the admittance plane is a combination oI straight lines as shown in Fig.3. 3 Fig.3. Under excitation characteristic in the admittance plane |19|. The characteristic is adapted to the generator capability curve. The protection trips immediately iI the admittance moves to the leIt beyond line 3 which means that stability has been lost permanently. An alarm or several seconds delayed trip is initiated when the impedance has crossed only line 2 oI the characteristic. The protection is also set to operate below 60 to 70 oI the no-load excitation voltage and upon malIunction oI the voltage regulator or Iailure oI the excitation voltage; the machine can be disconnected aIter a short delay e.g. 1.5 seconds. A. Conventional LOE protection problems The distinguish matter between LOE and transient power swing during major system disturbances, receives as one oI the biggest challenge oI LOE protection relay |20|, |21|. The accepted solution Ior this dilemma is making deliberately delay in the operation oI LOE relay. LOE response time includes two time delays. The Iirst is the inherent time delay oI power system in response to loss oI Iield condition. The permissible time beIore damage can occur in these protection depends on the type oI machine, type oI excitation loss, turbine governor characteristics and system conditions. The time can be as short as 10 seconds or as long as many minutes |22|. In these circumstances, the generator may be able to run Ior several minutes without requiring to be tripped. There may be suIIicient time Ior remedial action to restore the excitation, but the reactive power demand oI the machine during the Iailure may severely depress the power system voltage to an unacceptable level. Second time delay is related to protective relay detection speed and designer setting. This deliberately time delay increases the operating time oI the relay which means that the MVARS drawn by the generator persist Ior a longer time, making the power system more vulnerable to severe voltage dips. In addition, Ior operation at high initial power output, the rotor speed can rise to about 105 oI rated speed, where there would be low power output and where a high reactive current oI up to 2.0p.u. may be drawn Irom the supply. Rapid automatic disconnection is then required to protect the stator windings Irom high current and to protect the rotor Irom damage caused by induced slip Irequency currents. Although the detection method upgraded to modern two-zone mho relays to enhance protection, the relay time delay operation is persisting. The variation oI machine impedance with the rate oI slip is another matter oI concern |21| on the sensitivity and security oI LOE relay operation. The eIIect oI this variation during asynchronous operation is to cause generator reactance varying at slip speed. In consequence, the loss oI excitation impedance locus does not settle at a single point, but it continues to describe a small orbit about a mean point. A protection scheme Ior loss oI excitation must operate decisively Ior this condition, but its characteristic must not inhibit stable operation oI the generator. Another matter oI concern is the perIormance oI AVR when generator absorbs VARs (under excitation mode) |20|. There is an apprehension that the regulator will 'undershoot while trying to maintain the limit and thereby cause a momentary excursion oI the apparent impedance into the relay characteristics. The last but not the least dilemma oI LOE relay is its setting and coordinating with under excitation limiters oI AVR and generator capability curve. Transient stability analysis Ior each power plant recommended Ior proper setting oI LOE relay |10|. III. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE Impedance method uses oI voltage and current as relay inputs. Because CTs and PTs are usually installed in the machine Ior diIIerent purposes as deIault, the protection schemes that depend on the study oI these inputs are mostly being notiIied. Unlike the impedance methods, the proposed technique use Ilux linkage as an input Ior protection. In this technique, search coil is used Ior measuring the air gap Ilux linkage Irom inside the machine. The main idea oI this paper was analyzed by FEM modeling oI a 4-pole, 1500 rpm, 50 Hz, salient-pole synchronous generator. Then measurement oI the machine Ilux linkage is explained in section III.B. In section IV, Ior an isolated generator, experimental results on the above mentioned machine are presented. Then by simulation with MATLAB soItware, it will be shown that the presented method is also valid Ior a synchronous generator connected to power system. The comparison oI proposed method with conventional protection presented in section V. Finally, Section VI concludes the paper. A. Modeling of LOE with 3-D Finite-Element In many applications, a 2-D Iinite element analysis gives quite precise prediction oI the magnetic Iield distribution and machine perIormance. Some limitations oI 2-D analysis imply that the use oI 3-D analysis is inevitable iI an accurate analysis is needed. These limitations are presented in |23|. In this research, the magnetic Iield distribution is calculated by 3D-FEM using ANSYS workbench soItware. Salient-pole synchronous generator is used to investigate diIIerent kinds oI machine Iaults. Excluding loss oI excitation, some other Iaults such as stator turn-to-turn short circuit have been investigated |24|. The nonlinear relationship between the Ilux linkage with the excitation current and phase current has made the modeling and analysis oI salient-pole synchronous generator very complicated. In order to improve the overall accuracy, saliency and slotting, magnetic saturation 4 eIIects, and the position oI the winding inside the stator are included in the FEM modeling. Slotting and the position oI the winding can be seen in Fig.4. In order to prevent conIusion, only excitation and phase A windings are shown in Fig.4. Also, the eIIect oI magnetic saturation was included in the FEM soItware by using B-H curves oI the rotor and stator cores. Fig. 4. FEM model Ior the analysis oI salient pole synchronous generator. Although the complete model oI salient pole synchronous generator was considered Ior diIIerent normal and abnormal operation situation Ior both experimental and simulation analysis, this paper concentrated on loss oI excitation condition. Fig. 5. Distribution oI magnetic Ilux density in salient-pole synchronous generator under healthy operation (Iront view). Figs.5 and 6 show the typical magnetic Ilux distribution under normal and loss oI excitation oI studied generator as obtained by the FEM. In a salient pole synchronous machine, the air gap is nonuniIorm and the reluctance oI the magnetic Ilux path is a Iunction oI time. ThereIore the magnetic Iluxes along the d-axis and the q-axis are varying. Under d-axis (under poles), the Ilux linkage between the stator and rotor windings is MAX due to the minimum reluctance between the stator and rotor in these areas. Under q-axis, the Ilux linkage between the stator and rotor windings is MIN due to the large air gap between the stator and rotor in these areas. In Fig.5 load current is 20 oI the rated load. In this Iigure magnetic Ilux distribution varies Irom 0.177 Tesla (q-axis) to 1.595 Tesla (d-axis). Fig.6 illustrates Ilux distribution in LOE condition. In this Iigure magnetic Ilux distribution varies Irom 0.008 Tesla to 0.07 Tesla. According to these Iigures, when LOE occurs, the machine Ilux linkage declines to near zero. ThereIore, magnetic Ilux distribution could be applied Ior detection oI LOE in synchronous generators. In Iact, in electrical machines air-gap magnetic Iield distribution in no-load and on-load perIormance under healthy conditions is symmetrical (neglecting the insigniIicant inherent asymmetry in the magnetic Iield distribution due to the diIIerences on mechanical structures). When LOE occurs, the magnetic Iield distribution oI machine is still symmetrical but its magnitude decreases to near zero. Fig. 6. Distribution oI magnetic Ilux density in salient-pole synchronous generator under loss oI excitation (Iront view). B. Measurement of the Machine Flux Linkage with Search Coil The search coil sensor (see Fig.9) is widely used Ior Ilux measurement in electrical machine monitoring in recent years |25|. The theory behind the search-coil senor is Faraday`s law oI induction. By Faraday's law, the voltage induced in single turn search coil wound round a stator tooth is (1) L B v e ind ). ( Where ind e is the eIIective value oI voltage induced by the air-gap Ilux, B is the air-gap Ilux, v is the component oI the wire velocity perpendicular to the direction oI the magnetic Ilux density, and L is the eIIective length oI the search coil. II the magnetic Ilux through a coiled conductor alters, a voltage proportional to the rate oI change oI the Ilux is generated between its leads. The Ilux through the coil will change iI the coil is in a magnetic Iield that varies with time. The signal detected by a search-coil sensor depends on the permeability oI the area oI the coil, the core material, the number oI turns, and the rate oI change oI the magnetic Ilux through the coil |26|. This type oI sensor is primarily used in harsh environments where high reliability sensing can be aIIorded |26|. Also, this sensor has more advantages such as insensitivity to external conditions (humidity, temperature, etc.), no mechanical disassembling / reassembling, and easy to remove. The disadvantage oI this sensor is that these coils have to be placed in the stator slots by the manuIacturer or have to be placed in overhaul oI the machine. These inductive sensors (search coils) observe the real distribution oI the air-gap Ilux density. This indicates that all Excitation Winding Coils 1, 2 Coils 7, 8 Coils 3, 4 Coils 5, 6 5 damping eIIects coming Irom the saturation and the parallel current branches oI the stator winding are taken into account. This sensor is readily accessible on the market and its cost is very low comparing with capacitive air-gap monitoring system. Easiness and low price oI the used inductive sensors allow the installation oI a high number oI sensors |27|. IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS To demonstrate the perIormance oI presented protection via search coil sensor, a series oI actual LOE tests to a salient- pole synchronous generator have been IulIilled. It will be shown that Ior an isolated synchronous generator operation, when LOE happened the induced voltage in search coil (which is completely proportional to air gap Ilux) decline to zero. A. Experimental Test Setup, and Numerical Measurement The machine used in this study is a 50 KVA, 380V, 4-pole, 1500 rpm, 50 Hz, salient-pole synchronous generator, and machine having 48 stator slots. The stator oI this generator has a 3-phase, one layer, lap winding, and Iour parallel branches in each phase. The structure oI the testing laboratory and experimental test setup is shown in Fig.7. It consists oI a synchronous generator connected to a three-phase load. This generator has no damper winding, and is driven by an induction machine. Fig. 7. Testing laboratory and experimental test setup. In the experiments perIormed in this work, search coils and designed electronic-microcontroller board are used Ior measuring the Ilux linkage Irom inside the machine. Electronic-microcontroller board has one master and Iorty eight slaves. Electric diagram oI the board is shown in Fig. 8, where two slaves (oI 48 slaves) oI this system can be observed. Two-wire Serial InterIace (TWI) is used in this system. The TWI protocol allows the system designer to interconnect up to 128 diIIerent devices using only two bi-directional bus lines, one Ior clock (SCL) and one Ior data (SDA). All devices connected to the bus have individual addresses. Sampled voltage data taken Irom search coils are directly proportional to the rate oI change oI the Ilux. Forty eight single turn search coils were installed along the grooves oI the stator teeth with a pitch oI
15 with the aim oI being able to
determine how the Ilux linkage distribution in the generator changes when an abnormal operational condition is present. Schematic and experiment view oI these search coils are illustrated in Fig.9. PA0/ADC0 40 PA1/ADC1 39 PA2/ADC2 38 PA3/ADC3 37 PA4/ADC4 36 PA5/ADC5 35 PA6/ADC6 34 PB0/XCK/T0 1 PB1/T1 2 PB2/NT2/AN0 3 PB3/OC0/AN1 4 PB4/SS 5 PB5/MOS 6 PB6/MSO 7 PB7/SCK 8 PA7/ADC7 33 RESET 9 XTAL1 13 XTAL2 12 PC0/SCL 22 PC1/SDA 23 PC2/TCK 24 PC3/TMS 25 PC4/TDO 26 PC5/TD 27 PC6/TOSC1 28 PC7/TOSC2 29 PD0/RXD 14 PD1/TXD 15 PD2/NT0 16 PD3/NT1 17 PD4/OC1B 18 PD5/OC1A 19 PD6/CP 20 PD7/OC2 21 AVCC 30 AREF 32 MASTER ATMEGA16 PA0/ADC0 40 PA1/ADC1 39 PA2/ADC2 38 PA3/ADC3 37 PA4/ADC4 36 PA5/ADC5 35 PA6/ADC6 34 PB0/XCK/T0 1 PB1/T1 2 PB2/NT2/AN0 3 PB3/OC0/AN1 4 PB4/SS 5 PB5/MOS 6 PB6/MSO 7 PB7/SCK 8 PA7/ADC7 33 RESET 9 XTAL1 13 XTAL2 12 PC0/SCL 22 PC1/SDA 23 PC2/TCK 24 PC3/TMS 25 PC4/TDO 26 PC5/TD 27 PC6/TOSC1 28 PC7/TOSC2 29 PD0/RXD 14 PD1/TXD 15 PD2/NT0 16 PD3/NT1 17 PD4/OC1B 18 PD5/OC1A 19 PD6/CP 20 PD7/OC2 21 AVCC 30 AREF 32 SLAVE1 ATMEGA16 PA0/ADC0 40 PA1/ADC1 39 PA2/ADC2 38 PA3/ADC3 37 PA4/ADC4 36 PA5/ADC5 35 PA6/ADC6 34 PB0/XCK/T0 1 PB1/T1 2 PB2/NT2/AN0 3 PB3/OC0/AN1 4 PB4/SS 5 PB5/MOS 6 PB6/MSO 7 PB7/SCK 8 PA7/ADC7 33 RESET 9 XTAL1 13 XTAL2 12 PC0/SCL 22 PC1/SDA 23 PC2/TCK 24 PC3/TMS 25 PC4/TDO 26 PC5/TD 27 PC6/TOSC1 28 PC7/TOSC2 29 PD0/RXD 14 PD1/TXD 15 PD2/NT0 16 PD3/NT1 17 PD4/OC1B 18 PD5/OC1A 19 PD6/CP 20 PD7/OC2 21 AVCC 30 AREF 32 SLAVE2 ATMEGA16 D 7 14 D 6 13 D 5 12 D 4 11 D 3 10 D 2 9 D 1 8 D 0 7 E 6 RW 5 R S 4 V S S 1 V D D 2 V E E 3 LCD1 LM016L R1 10k R2 10k R3 10k R4 10k R5 10k R7 10k RE-READ-2 R9 10k VCC-10 GND-11 GND-31 VCC-10 GND-11 GND31 VCC-10 GND-11 GND-31 POT-10K 1 2 3 U3:A 4093 1 2 5V-1W zener R8 1Meg 1 2 5V-1W zener R10 1Meg 5-VOLT 5-VOLT 1 2 3 U1:A 4093 SENSOR 10-VOLT TERMINAL TERMINAL C3 10u-50V C4 100n 10U 10U C5 100n C6 100n C7 100n C2 10u-50V 10U C8 100n C9 100n C10 10u-50V 5-VOLT 5-VOLT C12 4.7U-16V R12 100 R13 100 C1 4.7 U-16V LED DODE 6 5 4 1 2 P521-XX817 OPTOCOUPLER 5-VOLT R6 1k R11 10K Fig. 8. Electric diagram oI the electronic-microcontroller designed board to obtain the Ilux linkage. (b) (a) Fig. 9. (a) Schematic view oI search coil. (b) Search coils placed along the stator teethin experiment. Serial port interIace has been used Ior connecting electronic-microcontroller board to computer. The induced voltages in the search coils are communicated to serial port oI the computer by means oI electronic-microcontroller board. This structure is shown in Figs.7 and 10. Fig.10. WaveIorm samples are transIerred to a standard personal computer (PC). The voltage induced in search coils was sampled by electronic- microcontroller board. In other words, electronic- microcontroller board has been designed Ior measuring simultaneously sampling data oI the Ilux linkage in cross- section oI mentioned generator. In Iact, the Iorty eight search coils are sampled simultaneously by electronic-microcontroller board. B. Induced Joltage in Search coils under Healthv and LOE Operations Figs.11 and 12 show the measured voltage induced in 31 st search coil, under healthy and LOE operations at no-load respectively. As illustrated in Fig.11, under LOE operation, induced voltage in search coil is declined to near zero. It must be noted that the experimental setup did not connect to a Electronic-microcontroller board Machine under test Electronic-microcontroller board Load Synchronous generator Search coils 6 power system, so when LOE happens the induced voltage in search coil decline to zero rapidly. In the next section, it will be shown that iI the generator connected to power system, in LOE condition the induced voltage in search coils decline to near zero with a time delay. Fig. 11. Measured voltage under healthy operation (no-load). Fig. 12. Measured voltage under LOE operation (no-load). Fig.13 shows induced voltages in 31 st search coil, under on- load condition in the normal operation. According to Figs.11 and 13, due to the eIIect oI armature reaction, under on-load conditions, induced voltage in the search coils slightly leave Irom the induced voltage in the search coils under no-load conditions. In Iact, in a p poles, healthy, symmetrical machine, the magnetic axis oI each pole is located at 360/p geometrical degrees |28|. Under load conditions, the pole axis is not an axis oI symmetry whereas in no-load conditions the pole axis is axis oI symmetry. When a generator is delivering power to the load, the axes oI symmetry oI the magnetic Iield deviates Irom the polar and interpolar axes |29|. Fig.13. Induced voltage in the 31 st search coil under on-load condition in the normal operation. Fig.14 shows the Iorty eight voltage waveIorm (induced in the search coils) in the healthy operation. In this Iigure, symmetry in the magnetic Iield distribution under healthy operation is presented (also, see Fig.5). Fig.14. Forty eight measured voltage under healthy operation. Fig.15 shows the Iorty eight voltage waveIorm (induced in the search coils) in the LOE operation. This Iigure show that the magnetic Iield distribution is lost and induced voltage in search coils decline to zero (also, see Fig.6). As demonstrated in Fig.6, Fig.15 validates the FEM modeling oI machine Ior LOE condition. As stated earlier (in section III.B), the magnitude oI induced voltage in search coils are completely proportional to generator air gap Ilux linkage |25|, |26|. So in the next sections instead oI induced voltage in search coil, linkage Ilux will be used. Fig.15. Forty eight measured voltage under LOE operation. DiIIerent normal and abnormal operation conditions are tested. The linkage Ilux oI generator measured Ior diIIerent loading condition such as low and high PF loading, small and heavy generator loading. In each situation the test repeated Ior normal and loss oI Iield condition. From Fig.15 it can be clearly seen that in LOE situation the air gap Ilux oI generator has declined rapidly to zero. It worth mentioning that Ior evaluating the precise oI the method Ior every slot a search coil installed. For practical application it can be recommended that only one search coil is adequate Ior detecting LOE condition. Corresponding channel Corresponding channel Corresponding channel 7 Fig.16. The system studied. V. ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED METHOD A. Simulation Result Experimental results limited to analyze only isolated generator operation. So Ior extending the result oI proposed method Ior a generator connected to an inIinite bus, simulation was done with MATLAB soItware. DiIIerent normal and abnormal operation conditions were simulated on a salient synchronous generator connected to inIinite bus via a three phase step-up transIormer. The simulations were done by MATLAB soItware. EIIects oI AVR`s and governors were included in simulations. The structure oI the simulated system is shown in Fig.16. The data Ior the system is given in Appendix. The generator air gap linkage Ilux and impedance seen by LOE relay recorded Ior diIIerent operating regime, especially Ior power swing. In Fig. 17, curves a` and b` show a general shape oI the measured Ilux and apparent impedance associated with LOE Ior light load and heavy load respectively, whereas curve c` illustrates the traverse oI apparent impedance and Ilux change on a three phase short circuit at generator terminal. Curved` and e` demonstrate the reaction oI generator Ilux and impedance Ior stable normal and severe power swing. In all the cases, initial point Ior diIIerent Iaults is the 4 th second. It is apparent that a severe power swing results in an unnecessary tripping oI conventional LOE relay, while the propose scheme is more stable Ior this condition. As shown in Fig.17 it can be easily seen that the air gap Ilux Ior various operating situations has a distinctive change. In Fig.17 (a) and (b) it was shown that iI LOE happens in diIIerent load conditions then the Ilux will decline to about zero rapidly. So we can deIine a novel protection Ior detecting loss oI Iield oI synchronous generator based on the Ilux variation. B. Comparison with Conventional LOE Protection Any proposed LOE protection should be immune Ior responding to normal system operations or system Iaults that are in the process oI being used Ior clearing by other protection devices. Failing to do so may results in Iurther system instability. Obviously, it is desirable that the protective relay isolates a trouble zone as rapidly as possible. The LOE detection times, using the two techniques were compared Ior the various case scenarios in Table I. In impedance scheme (Fig.1), the time taken by impedance seen by the relay traversing to inner circle is considered (instantaneous trip oI relay). Extensive tests show that iI measured Ilux dropped more than 30 percent oI nominal Ilux, the setting will be acceptable (Ilux setting0.7 nominal Ilux). In LOE condition the traverse time Irom the initial load point to the relay characteristic oI conventional impedance loci will be between 2 to 7 seconds |20|, |22|. In addition, to avoid Ialse tripping during stable power swing, there is an intentional time delay. (a) Normal LOE (light Load). (b) Normal LOE (heavy Load). (c) Three phase short circuit at generator terminal. (d) Power swing. (e) Severe power swing. Fig.17. All the incidents happened at 4 th second. The simulation studies show that the proposed relay is Iaster Ior detecting oI LOE conditions. Fig.17 (a) and (b) show the simulation results oI the LOE that occurs at time instant t4s, while the load varies Irom 10 (light) to 100 (heavy). From Table.I it can be seen that Ior light load LOE, the impedance moves into the inner circle in 2.1019s, while it takes 0.802s Ior LOE detection by Ilux method. For heavy load LOE the operation time is 2.5215s and 1.373 respectively. 8 According to |10|, |20|-|22|, one oI the main concerns about LOE protection is Ialse tripping during a stable transient power swing. The simulation results also show that the proposed relay is more eIIective Ior discriminating between the power swings and LOE. Fig.17 (d) and (e) show the reaction oI two protection methods to normal and severe power swing. From Fig.17 and Table I it can be clearly seen that the Ilux method has a more accurate response than conventional impedance method though Ior the worst case oI simulated power swing. As stated earlier, linkage Ilux is measured via a search coil without solving any especial impedance calculation equations. This makes the application oI the method simple and straightIorward. The generator protection must detect short circuit at generator terminal very Iast and trip the breaker. According to Table.I the Ilux method has a maloperation in discriminating between LOE and three phase short circuit at generator terminal. From the selectivity point oI view oI protective relay, iI the operation oI this relay is delayed approximately 25-30 cycles it would prevent maloperation oI Ilux method during a three phase short circuit at generator terminal. Extensive tests show that the proposed method has various distinction Ieatures that are advantageous over existing schemes. The Iirst is that the proposed scheme is able to detect LOE during various kinds oI loading and power swings, even iI the power swings are severe. The second distinction Ieature Ior the method intends to keep it independent oI machine impedance variation resulting the rate oI slip during asynchronous operation. In addition, the eIIects oI the step up transIormer, power system impedance, shunt load, and transmission line conditions are also analyzed, and it is Iound that the proposed protection can still perIorm satisIactorily under these eIIects. And the last but not the least Ieatures oI the Ilux method is that it is Iaster than conventional protection. TABLE I TWO METHOD OPERATION COMPARISON Operation time (s) Case Flux method Impedance method LOE-Light Load 0.802 2.1019 LOE- Heavy Load 1.373 2.5215 3 Ph. Short Circuit at Generator Terminal False operation Not operated Usual Power Swing Not operated Not operated Severe Power Swing Not operated False operation VI. CONCLUSIONS The paper proposed a novel Ilux-based relaying technique Ior synchronous generator loss oI excitation protection. Based on air gap Ilux measurement by installing search coils, a new LOE protection has been developed Irom which loss oI Iield can be evaluated readily. The main idea oI proposed method is validated by experimental results and FEM analysis. The perIormance oI the proposed method has been studied Ior a single-machine inIinite bus system using MATLAB soItware. The technique was tested under various Iault and no-Iault conditions. Although the proposed method has a simpler technical and theoretical basis, it was perIectly discriminated between generator loss oI excitation and other operation conditions. The experiment and simulation tests show that the proposed technique is indeed immune to the transient power swings. The speed and sensitivity are the main points Ieatured in the proposed technique. At the time being, in rewinding oI an old 12 MW synchronous generator the search coils were installed. APPENDIX Generator Data: S200MJA, J13.8KJ, PF0.95, 305 . 1 d X p.u.,. 296 . 0 '
d X p.u., 252 . 0 ' '
d X p.u., 474 . 0 q X p.u., 243 . 0 ' '
q X p.u., 18 . 0 l X p.u., 01 . 1 '
d T s, 0053 ' '
d T s, 1 . 0 ' '
q T s, 3 8544 . 2 e R s p.u., H 3.2 s,. pole32. Hydraulic Turbine and Governor: PID Governor System 07 . 0 a T s, 33 . 3 a K ,droop 05 . 0 p R , 163 . 1 p K , 105 . 0 i K , 0 d K , 01 . 0 d T s, beta0, 67 . 2 w T s, Initial mechanical power 0.75 p.u. Excitation System: IEEE Type 1 3 20 e T r s, 300 a K , 001 . 0 a T s, 001 . 0 f K , 1 . 0 f T s, Transformer: S 210MJA, ^Y, J13,8/230 KJ, 0027 . 1 R p.u., 08 . 0 1 L p.u., Transmission Line: J 230 kJ, ) 0014 . 0 0529 . 0 ( 2 1 f Z Z O/km, ) 0061 . 0 61 . 1 ( 0 f Z O/km, l 100 km. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is partly supported by the Mashhad Power Station. Authors wish to thank Mr. Dehnavi, Dr. Hashemian and Mr. Pordeli in providing the experimental test setup and testing laboratory. REFERENCES |1| ANSI/IEEE C37.102-2006, IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection, New York, NY Feb 2007: IEEE PES. |2| IEEE Committee report, 'Survey oI Experience With Generator Protection and Prospects Ior Improvement Using Digital Computers, IEEE Trans. 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Mohammed, Z. Liu, S. Liu, and N. Y. Abed, 'Internal short circuit Iault diagnosis Ior pm machines using Ie-based phase variable model and wavelets analysis, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1729-1732, Apr.2007. |18| H. Wang, and K. L. Butler, ~Finite element analysis oI internal winding Iaults in distribution transIormers , IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.16, no. 3, pp. 422428, Jul. 2001. |19| H.J. Herrmann, Diego Gao, ~ Under excitation protection based on admittance measurement excellent adaptation on generator capability curves , The 1st International ConIerence on Hydropower Technology & Key Equipment 2006,Beijing, China , Oct. 27-29, 2006. |20| J.Berdy, 'Loss-oI-excitation protection Ior synchronous generators, IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol.94, no.5, Part.1, 1975. |21| AREVA T&D Automation & InIormation Systems, 'Network Protection and Automation Guide, 2007. See: http://www.areva-td.com /scripts /solutions/publigen/content/templates/Show.asp?P930&LUS. |22| W.F. Mackenzie et al. , Loss- oI Iield relay operation during system disturbances working group report- 1971, IEEE Transactions on PAS, PAS-94, no. 5, Sep/Oct.1975. |23| T. F. Chan, W.Wang, and L. L. Lai, 'PerIormance oI an axial-Ilux permanent magnet synchronous generator Irom 3-D Iinite-element analysis, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. -, no.99, pp.1-8, 2010. |24| H.Yaghobi, K.Ansari, and H.R.Mashhadi, 'Finite element analysis and radial basis network modeling oI salient-pole synchronous generator with internal Iaults based on magnetic Ilux linkage (Unpublished work style), unpublished. |25| G.Loisos and A. J. Moses , 'Critical Evaluation and Limitations oI Localized Flux Density Measurements in Electrical Steels, IEEE Trans. Magnetics., vol. 37, no. 4, jul. 2001. |26| J.Lenz and A.S. Edelstein , ' Magnetic Sensors and Their Applications, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, Jun.2006. |27| M. T.Xuan, J.J. Simond, R. Wetter, S. Keller, 'A novel air-gap monitoring system Ior large low speed hydro-generators, IEEE, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. |28| M. F. Cabanas et al., 'A new on-line method Ior the early detection oI broken rotor bars in asynchronous motors working under arbitrary load conditions, Industrv Applications Conference, Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting, vol. 1, pp.662 669, Oct. 2005. |29| M.V.K. Chari ,' Nonlinear Iinite element solution oI electrical machines under no-load and Iull-load conditions, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 686689, Sep. 1974. Hamid Yaghobi was born in Sari, Iran on 1978. He received his B.Sc degree in Electrical Engineering Irom K.N.Toosi University oI Technology in 2000, Tehran, Iran and M.Sc degree in Electrical Engineering Irom Ferdowsi University in 2002, Mashhad, Iran. Presently, he is a PHD student in Ferdowsi University oI Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. His research interests are electric machinery and Intelligent Systems. Hashem Mortazavi was born in Bojnord, Iran on 1974. He received his B.Sc degree in Electrical Engineering Irom Ferdowsi University oI Mashhad in 1998, Mashhad, Iran and M.Sc degree with honor in Electrical Engineering Irom Ferdowsi University in 2001, Mashhad, Iran. Presently, he is a Senior Electric Supervisor in Krec, Mashhad, Iran. His research interests are Generator protection and Renewable energy Integration. Kourosh Ansari was born in Urmiye, Iran in 1951. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc.degrees Irom Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran, both in Electrical Engineering and his Ph.D. in especially electric machinery Irom the Department oI Electrical Engineering oI Jjiang University, Jjiang, China in 1996. He has been an assistant proIessor oI electrical engineering in Ferdowsi University. His research interests are computational electromagnetic and electric machinery. Habib Rajabi Mashhadi was born in Mashhad, Iran in 1967. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc.degrees with honour Irom Ferdowsi University oI Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, both in Electrical Engineering and his Ph.D. Irom the Department oI Electrical and Computer Engineering oI Tehran University, Tehran, Iran under joint cooperation oI Aachen University oI Technology, Germany in 2002. He has been an associate proIessor oI electrical engineering in Ferdowsi University. His research interests are Power System Operation and Dynamics, Intelligent Systems and Biological Computation. Hassan Khorashadi-Zadeh received his BS in E.E. Irom Ferdowsi University, Iran, in 1998, MS in E.E. Irom university oI Tehran, Iran, in 2001, and PhD in E.E. Irom Illinois Institute oI Technology (IIT), USA, in 2009. Currently, he is a leader protection and control engineer in Siemens Energy Inc.. His research interests include power system protection, wide are protection and control and smart grid. Hossein Borzoe was born in Mashhad, Iran in 1986. He received his B.Sc degree in Electrical Engineering Irom water & power industry applied scientiIic in 2009, Mashhad, Iran. Presently, he is an Electric Supervisor in Krec, Mashhad, Iran.