Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt

168 Copyright 2002 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
REFERENCE: Asi, I. M., Al-Abdul Wahhab, H. I. A., Al-

Amoudi, O. S. B., Khan, M. I., and Siddiqi, Z., Stabilization of
Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt, Geotechnical Testing Jour-
nal, GTJODJ, Vol. 25, No. 2, June 2002, pp. 168176.
ABSTRACT: Foamed asphalt technology has increasingly gained
acceptance as an effective and economical soil improvement and
stabilization technique, mainly because of its improved aggregate
penetration, coating capabilities, and handling and compaction
characteristics. This laboratory research program was carried out to
investigate the feasible use of foamed asphalt technology in Saudi
Arabia to improve the prevalent dune sands for possible use as a
base or subbase material. Several variables were investigated to
evaluate the relative improvement of dune sand as well as to permit
the development of design procedures for the future use of foamed
asphalt technology in the harsh climatic conditions of eastern Saudi
Arabia. Statistical analysis of the results was employed to verify the
effects of emulsified asphalt and foamed asphalt treatment, with and
without the addition of Portland cement, on the strength character-
istics of the treated mixes. The results displayed significant im-
provement in the performance of dune sand-foamed asphalt mixes,
as compared to that of the emulsified asphalt mixes.
KEYWORDS: foamed asphalt, emulsified asphalt, dune sand,
soaking, Portland cement
Introduction
In the 1950s, the production and use of foamed asphalt were first
studied and evaluated by Csanyi (1957, 1959, 1960, 1962), which
essentially consisted of introducing steam into hot asphalt in order
to transform it temporarily into foam. Later, Mobil (1973) modified
this process by replacing the steam with a controlled quantity of
cold water through a pressurized spraying nozzle, fitted inside a
suitable mixing chamber. Normally, foaming asphalt is a method of
reducing the viscosity of asphalt to allow dramatic improvement in
wetting the asphalt-aggregate interface. This is achieved by adding
a carefully metered quantity of cold water into hot asphalt that sub-
stantially increases the surface area of the asphalt and lowers the in-
terfacial tension between the asphalt particles by the formation of
foam (A. A. Loudon & Partners 1996a, 1996b, Abel and Hines
1979). This facilitates stiffened road-grade asphalt (now foamed)
to be mixed and dispersed properly and efficiently with cold, moist
aggregate, thereby creating a strong physical bond between the as-
phalt and the aggregate surface without the need for evaporation
(Lee 1981). The application of foamed asphalt allows the econom-
ical use of sand or coarse aggregate to obtain a mix with a desirable
plasticity, extended functionality, and long-term durability. Hence,
the resulting foamed asphalt mix is ready to be compacted and can
be opened directly to traffic without any delay. The mix remains
soft and brown until compaction, after which it becomes harder and
somewhat blacker, ultimately reaching stiffness comparable to reg-
ular asphaltic mixes (Soter International 1994).
Foamed asphalt may be used to stabilize indigenous soils and/or
aggregates, such as sands, gravel, or fine crushed rock by produc-
ing sufficient cohesion between the moist aggregate particles. At
higher asphalt levels, foamed asphalt may also be used to generate
asphalt mixes without the need of conventional heavy and costly
hot-mix equipment. Furthermore, foamed asphalt offers an inex-
pensive means of stabilization by incorporating asphalt into un-
treated soils as compared to emulsified or cut-back asphalt that re-
quires preprocessing, transportation, and evaporation (Bowering
and Martin 1976). Advantage was taken recently of opening to traf-
fic the access road for the Shaibah oil fields in Saudi Arabia di-
rectly after compaction of the foamed asphalt. This 350-km road
was built over sabkha subgrade, utilizing marl soils together with
foamed asphalt. The road is located in the extremely arid and hot
climate of Al-Rub Al-Khali desert (Al-Hilal 1997).
In eastern Saudi Arabia, there are four main types of soil: marls,
sands, sabkhas, and expansive clays. The last one is not used in
construction for obvious reasons, while marl soils are often used
without the need for further treatment (Aiban et al. 1997). The
sabkha soils have been chemically stabilized successfully (Al-
Amoudi et al. 1995), and there is presently an investigation on the
use of foamed asphalt to improve the performance of these soils
(Asi 2001). In contrast to other soils, dune and beach sands have re-
ceived little attention by the construction industry, despite their
prevalence in the region. The Arabian Peninsula has three large
deserts covering about 40% of the peninsula area. Sands cannot be
used directly in construction because they do not have any cohe-
sion. High cement contents may be required to stabilize sands,
thereby making the improvement uneconomical and impractical.
Therefore, other means of sand stabilization are needed to upgrade
their performance in order to use them for the construction of base
or subbase layers in the harsh arid desert climate.
This paper presents the results of an investigation on the feasible
use of foamed asphalt techniques to stabilize dune sands. These re-
Ibrahim M. Asi,
1
Hamad I. Al-Abdul Wahhab,
1
Omar S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi,
1
*
Mohammad I. Khan,
2
and Zakiuddin Siddiqi
2
Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt
1
Assistant professor, professor, and associate professor, respectively, De-
partment of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Miner-
als, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
2
Traffic Engineers, DOT / 405-9 Crescent Place, Toronto, Canada ON M4C
5L8.
Presently in the Hashemite University, Amman, Jordan.

* Corresponding Author, e-mail: amoudi@kfupm.edu.sa, fax: 966 (3) 860-
2879.
www.astm.org

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 13 09:16:02 EST 2011
Downloaded/printed by
Dimitris Solomos (THEMELI+S.A.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
ASI ET AL. ON FOAMED ASPHALT 169
sults were compared with those of emulsified asphalt mixes and
used to determine an optimum mix design utilizing statistical anal-
yses.
Materials Used
Dune sand from the Al-Jafurah area located in the Arabian
Gulf vicinity was used in this investigation. The gradation curve
of this aggregate is shown in Fig. 1. The basic characteristics of
the aggregate are summarized in Table 1. In addition, ordinary
Portland cement, OPC, Type I (ASTM Standard Specification for
Portland Cement: C150-00), was used to enhance the bonding
characteristics of aggregate and to reduce its sensitivity to mois-
ture.
Asphalt cement from a local refinery was used in this investiga-
tion. The properties of this asphalt cement are shown in Table 1.
Further, a locally manufactured cationic, slow setting asphalt emul-
sion with hard base asphalt (Css-1h) was used. The emulsion prop-
erties conformed to the ASTM Standard Specification for Cationic
Emulsified Asphalt (D2397-98). Regular potable water was used in
all mixes.
The percentages of foamed asphalt, emulsion, water, and OPC
were selected based on the dry weight of aggregate.
Experimental Program and Mix Design
This study consisted of two phases. In the first phase, foamed as-
phalt mixes were prepared and evaluated, while the second phase
was devoted to the preparation and evaluation of emulsified asphalt
mixes. In both phases, the effect of asphalt content and type as well
as the addition of 2% OPC were studied. Plain foamed asphalt
FIG. 1Gradation curve of the untreated dune sand.
TABLE 1Properties of the materials used in this investigation.
Physical Properties
and Test Designation Value ASTM Limits
Dune Sand
Sand equivalent, ASTM D 2419 79%
Bulk specific gravity, 2.593
ASTM C 128
Apparent specific gravity, 2.661
ASTM C 128
Water absorption, ASTM C 128 0.9%
Plasticity index, AASHTO T-88 Non-Plastic
Asphalt Cement
Specific gravity at 25C
(ASTM D 70) 1.0206
Penetration at 25C
(ASTM D 5), dmm 51 6070
Kinematic viscosity at 135C
(AASHTO T-202), Cst 463
Absolute viscosity at 60C
(AASHTO T-202), poise 2935
Rotational viscosity at 135C
(SHRP), Pa.s 0.500
Softening point in (ASTM D 36), C 51 4954
Flash point, Cleveland Open Cup, 326 232 Minimum
Ductility at 25C (ASTM D 113) 150
Solubility in tri-chloroethylene
(ASTM D 2040) 99.8 99.8 Minimum
: not specified.

170 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL
mixes are termed FA and foamed asphalt mixes with 2% OPC
are defined as FAC mixes. In the case of emulsified asphalt
mixes, EAC corresponds to 2% OPC, whereas EA corresponds
to plain emulsified asphalt mixes.
Phase I (Foamed Asphalt Mixes)
Specific standards to develop, test, and evaluate foamed asphalt
(FA) mixes, such as ASTM and AASHTO standards, are still lack-
ing. However, some private companies and laboratories, such as
Soter International (1995) and A. A. Loudon & Partners (1996a,
1996b), have developed their own testing procedures according to
their field experience. The most common practice in the develop-
ment of FA mixes is to: (1) optimize the FA properties for a partic-
ular type of asphalt, (2) prepare the aggregate samples for treatment
with FA, (3) treat the aggregate samples with FA, (4) determine the
binder content, (5) compact and cure the Marshall-sized briquette
specimens (ASTM Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Flow of
Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus: D1559), (6) check
the bulk relative densities of briquettes, and (7) test the specimens
for soaked and unsoaked indirect tensile strengths, ITS (ASTM
Standard Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Mod-
ulus of Bituminous Mixtures: D4123-82 (1995)). Such a methodol-
ogy was adopted in this study. The objective of Phase I was to de-
termine the optimum binder content of the FA-treated material, as
well as to determine the quality of the treated material based on the
ITS values. Other tests, such as Marshall stability (ASTM D 1559)
and resilient modulus (ASTM D 4123), were also performed to pre-
dict the performance of FA mixes under actual service conditions.
For the sake of this study, a laboratory-scale plant, capable of pro-
ducing foamed asphalt at the rate of 120 grams per second, having
a thermostatically controlled kettle holding a mass of 10 kg of as-
phalt at a maximum temperature of 250C, and with a low-pressure
compressed air supply, was utilized. This plant was designed so as
to discharge the foam directly into the mixing bowl (Fig. 2).
As a first step, FA properties were optimized. The following two
parameters were studied to assist in characterizing the FA mixes:
expansion ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum vol-
ume of the asphalt in its foamed state to the volume of the asphalt
once the foam has completely subsided, and half-life, which is de-
scribed as the time in seconds the foam takes to settle to one-half of
the maximum volume which was attained immediately after foam-
ing. Both of these factors are influenced by the type of asphalt and
the amount of water injected (A. A. Loudon & Partners 1996a,
1996b). An increase in the amount of injected water normally in-
creases the expansion ratio but simultaneously reduces the half-life
of the foam. Various percentages of injected water, relative to as-
phalt content, were tested in order to determine the optimum ex-
pansion ratio and half-life. The aim is to select an optimum water
content to give the maximum possible foam expansion ratio and, at
the same time, the longest possible half-life. This will maximize
coating of the sand particles and will simultaneously increase the
allowable duration of mixing. The results of these qualification
tests are plotted in Fig. 3. The optimum amount of water injection
for the used asphalt cement was found to be 2.8%.
The modified Proctor compaction test (ASTM Test Method for
Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Ef-
fort: D1557-91(1998)) was carried out on sand, to determine the
maximum dry density (
dmax
) and optimum moisture content
(OMC). The curve of the California bearing ratio (CBR) test results
(ASTM Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio)
of Laboratory-Compacted Soils: D1883-99) was superimposed on
FIG. 2Laboratory-scale foam asphalt plant.

the compaction test results (Fig. 4), to identify the strength behav-
ior of the material under the same range of moisture contents. Nor-
mally, dune sand has relatively lower moisture susceptibility when
compared to silty or clayey materials. The results in Fig. 4 indicate
that the OMC value, as well as the maximum CBR value, was
found to occur at a moisture content of about 9%.
Testing (Phase I)
First, the sand plus 2% OPC were mixed thoroughly, and the cor-
responding moisture was added to bring the sand aggregate to its
OMC. The foam production unit was calibrated for the amount of
asphalt discharged per unit time before the sample preparation. The
FIG. 3Effect of moisture content on the expansion ratio and half-life of the foamed asphalt.
FIG. 4Effect of moisture content on the dry density and CBR of the dune sand.

specified volume of foamed asphalt was then discharged directly
on the sand mixture while being agitated in a Hobart laboratory
mixer. The actual amount of asphalt cement was determined each
time by the weight difference of the mixing bowl before and after
the addition of FA. After proper mixing (normally for one minute)
and asphalt content determination, Marshall samples were cast us-
ing 75 blows of the standard Marshall hammer per face. These sam-
ples were cured and soaked, after which they were subjected to
Marshall stability and split tensile strength tests. The results of
soaked ITS were considered as the primary criterion for the selec-
tion of the optimum mix design.
Phase II (Emulsified Asphalt Mixes)
Unlike FA, emulsified asphalt (EA) mixes depend on the evapo-
ration of water for the development of their curing and adherence
characteristics, thereby making the prevailing environmental con-
ditions considerably important. Water displacement can be fairly
rapid under favorable conditions. However, high humidity, low
temperature, or rainfall soon after the application of the EA can de-
ter proper curing (Root 1979).
In this investigation, the Illinois method for EA-aggregate cold
mix design was utilized (Darter et al. 1978) to determine the opti-
mum EA mixes, using class Css-1h as the emulsion type. The
amount of water present in the EA was considered in the design of
the EA mixes.
Testing (Phase II)
To achieve the optimum EA content, the following steps were
followed, as recommended by the Illinois method (Darter et al.
1978): First, the total water content was maintained at the prede-
termined OMC value determined from the compaction test results;
the mixes were prepared with varying EA contents. As a result, the
amount of water that was required to be added to keep the total wa-
ter quantity constant at OMC was varied. The required quantity of
water was added to the aggregate in a thin stream. The mix was ag-
itated by hand to allow initial dispersion of water, and thereafter,
by the mechanical mixer for 30 s. The required amount of EA was
then added to the wetted aggregate. Mixing was again carried out,
first by hand, and then by the mechanical mixer for another 30 s.
After the final mixing, the mix was compacted using the Marshall
compactor by applying 75 blows on each side of the specimen. The
compacted specimens were then cured and soaked according to the
Illinois method before testing. A soaked stability test was used to
determine the optimum residual content of the asphalt (Bowering
and Martin 1976). The optimized mixes were evaluated further, us-
ing indirect tensile strength, ITS, for soaked and unsoaked samples.
The results were used to calculate retained ITS, which is the ratio
of soaked ITS values to unsoaked ITS values.
Experimental Results and Discussion
Figure 5 shows the ITS properties of FA specimens. In FA
mixes, the maximum ITS occurred at 7% and 8% asphalt content
for soaked and unsoaked conditions, respectively. Due to the detri-
mental effect of saturation on the performance of pavements,
which results in stripping of asphalt, soaked conditions are nor-
mally used to evaluate the optimum mixes. Hence, the 7% asphalt
content would be selected for FA mixes. The same ITS trend was
observed for FAC mixes (Fig. 5). However, FAC mixes had un-
doubtedly produced significant improvement over the FA mixes as
far as the ITS values are concerned (18% improvement for soaked
samples and 16% improvement for unsoaked samples). Further, the
retained ITS at 7% asphalt content for FAC mixes was 83% (i.e.,
125 kPa out of 145 kPa), and 86% for FA mixes. Similar findings
on the asphalt content and retained ITS value (i.e., 7% and 85%, re-
spectively) have recently been reported when stabilizing Sabkha
soils (Asi 2001). The increase in the soaked ITS results can be re-
FIG. 5ITS results for FA and FAC mixes.

lated to the addition of OPC, which has improved the aggregate
bonding characteristics and reduced the moisture susceptibility of
FA mixes, thereby mitigating the stripping (detachment of asphalt
cover) effect of water. For evaluation purposes, the Marshall sta-
bility test was performed on FAC mixes, and the results indicate
that the maximum soaked and retained stability occurred at 8% as-
phalt content, as shown in Fig. 6. The percent increase in the
soaked and retained stability from 7% to 8% asphalt content was
not significant. Hence, the optimum asphalt content can be safely
taken as 7% for FAC mixes. The resilient modulus (ASTM D
4123) value, using a dynamic loading of 1.0 Hz for the 7% asphalt-
FAC mixes, was found to be 1745 MPa.
Similar to the FA mixes, two types of EA mixes were evaluated:
with and without the addition of 2% OPC. As shown in Fig. 7, the
FIG. 6Marshall stability test results for FAC mixes.
FIG. 7Effect of residual asphalt content on the dry and soaked stability for EA and EAC mixes.

maximum soaked stability of EA mixes was 4.9 kN at a residual as-
phalt content of 5.7%. In the case of EAC mixes, the maximum
soaked stabilities were 5.5 kN and 5.0%, respectively, indicating a
slightly higher soaked stability and less residual asphalt content as
compared to the EA mixes. This indicated that the addition of OPC
improved the soaked stability. As far as optimum design is con-
cerned, EAC mixes have shown improvement in both soaked and
retained stability (as compared to EA mixes), leading to lower
moisture susceptibility. It is interesting to note that the dry stability
of all EA mixes was higher than that of the FAC mixes. Neverthe-
less, the soaked stability values of EA mixes were significantly
lower than those of the FA mixes. This is attributed to the fact that
FA has higher viscosity than EA, leading to a thicker film of FA
than in the case of EA, thereby making FA mixes less sensitive to
moisture damage and leading to higher values of soaked stability.
On the contrary, EA mixes contain lesser asphalt cement and pro-
vide thinner coating than FA, but due to its lower viscosity the EA
covers all the sand particles. The result is a higher dry stability.
Upon soaking, the asphalt film is stripped, making the EA mix
more sensitive to moisture damage. Considering the soaked stabil-
ity as the appropriate criterion to determine the optimum mixes,
EAC mix with 5% residual asphalt content was taken as the opti-
mum mix. The value of the resilient modulus of the optimum EA
mix was 1500 MPa, which is somewhat less than that of the opti-
mum FAC mix, which was 1745 MPa.
Statistical Analysis
A statistical methodology in the form of an analysis of vari-
ance, using two-factor factorial analysis, was employed to verify
the significance and reliability of the main variables in this study
(FA, FAC, EA, and EAC), as well as the asphalt content on ITS
and stability. The analysis of variance for each type of treatment
is summarized in Table 2. The two-factor analysis was used in
this study: the first factor includes the four treatment types, i.e.,
FA, FAC, EA, and EAC, and the second factor includes the as-
phalt content, depending upon the treatment type. All the tests
were evaluated at the 5% level of significance. In this analysis,
both factors are of equal interest. Specifically, the interest was to
test the hypothesis about the equality of treatment effects (Hines
and Montgomery 1990; Montgomery 1991; Anderson and Mclean
1974):
H
0
:
1

2
..........
n
0 (1)
H
1
: at least one
i
0 (2)
And the equality of column (asphalt content) effects:
H
0
:
1

2
..........
n
0 (3)
H
1
: at least one
i
0 (4)
where
H
0
null hypothesis
H
1
alternate hypothesis
i
mean value of the index (ITS or stability) using treatment
type i
i
mean value of the index (ITS or stability) using asphalt
content i
The results of the analysis of variance disclosed the fact that, in
the case of FA mixes for both soaked and unsoaked ITS results, the
variation in treatment type, as well as the asphalt content, has sig-
nificant impacts on ITS of FA mixes (F-value, which is used for
testing the hypothesis, is considerably greater than F-critical,
which is the limit for accepting the null hypothesis). Moreover, the
significant impacts are further evidenced by the low P-values
(probability of accepting the null hypothesis), which are lower than
0.8%. The effect of variation in the asphalt content is more signif-
icant (F-values of effect of asphalt content are greater than those of
the effect of treatment type, i.e., 39 and 80 versus 16 and 30, re-
spectively). This means that the quantity of asphalt cement plays a
very important role in the performance (both soaked and unsoaked
ITS) of treated mixes. On the other hand, the addition of OPC has
significantly decreased the water sensitivity of mixes as the F-value
of soaked ITS, 80.11, was greater, nearly double that of unsoaked
ITS, 39.24.
In the case of EA mixes, the behavior was observed to be differ-
ent. As can be seen from Table 2, the effect of asphalt content on
the soaked stability was insignificant (i.e., the F-value, 1.47, was
less than F-critical, 9.28), whereas the treatment type (addition of
OPC) showed significant effect on the soaked stability. This means
that the addition of OPC to EA mixes has also decreased the water
sensitivity. In the case of unsoaked stability, although the treatment
type has significant effect (F-value, 10.99, is slightly lower than F-
critical, 10.13), the effect of asphalt content was much higher. Ac-
cording to the Illinois design method, soaked stability should be
used for design considerations. Since the addition of OPC always
increases the soaked stability, OPC should be considered as part of
all the optimum treatment types for both FAC and EAC mixes.
When comparing the soaked stability of both FA and EA mixes, the
effect of treatment type was more significant than that of the as-
phalt content. Hence, it is preferable to change the treatment type
than merely to change the asphalt content in order to improve the
performance of treated mixes. The analysis of variance indicates
that FAC mixes have better ITS and stability characteristics than
the other treatment types (i.e., FA, EA, and EAC mixes). There-
fore, FAC mixes can reliably stabilize dune sands to be used in the
layers of the pavement structures, particularly for the low volume
roads in hot countries.
Summary and Conclusions
This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of
foamed and emulsified asphalt mixes for stabilizing local dune
sands with and without 2% ordinary Portland cement. Based on the
findings of this investigation, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
1. Foamed asphalt (FA) treatment significantly improved the
overall performance of treated mixes and can be effectively
used for the stabilization of dune sands.
2. Emulsified asphalt (EA) treatment gave satisfactory results.
However, according to the results of soaked stability and re-
silient modulus tests, which are normally used for design pur-
poses, EA mixes exhibited inferior performance as compared
to FA mixes.
3. In all the cases, the addition of ordinary Portland cement
greatly reduced the water sensitivity and enhanced the
strength characteristics of the treated materials.
4. The effect of asphalt content, regardless of the treatment type,
on the performance of treated mixes was significant in most

of the cases. However, the statistical analysis revealed that
the change of treatment type, from EAC to FAC, showed
higher effect on ITS and stability values.
5. The best performance was attained by foamed asphalt, with
7% asphalt content, plus 2% Ordinary Portland cement.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the support provided by King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals during this research.
Thanks are extended to Mohammad Saud Al-Subai Est., Wirtgen
Gmbh Co., and Abdullah Abdul-Mohsen Al-Khodary Sons Co., for
presenting the laboratory-scale foam asphalt producing plant.
References
A. A. Loudon & Partners, 1996a, In Place Recycling with Foamed
Bitumen, Series of Technical Bulletins, South Africa.
A. A. Loudon & Partners, 1996b, Foamed Bitumen Mix Design
Procedures, Series of Technical Bulletins, South Africa.
Abel, F. and Hines, C. R., 1979, Base Stabilization with Foamed
Asphalt, Report CDOH-SMB-R-79, Colorado Division of High-
ways, Denver.

Aiban, S. A., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Ahmad, H. R., and Al-Abdul
Wahhab, H. I., 1997, Characterization and Stabilization of
Eastern Saudi Calcareous Soils, Proceedings, 14
th
(XIV) Inter-
national Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engi-
neering, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 1, September,
pp. 1316.
Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Asi, I. M., and El-Naggar, Z. R., 1995, Sta-
bilization of an Arid, Saline Soil Using Additives, Quarterly
Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 28, No. 4, November, pp.
369379.
Al-Hilal, I. H., 1997, Potential Paving Options, Shaybah Access
Road, Proceedings, Saudi ARAMCO Technical Ex-
change Meeting, Saudi ARAMCO, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,
November.
Anderson, V. L. and Mclean, R. A., 1974, Design of Experiments:
A Realistic Approach, Marcel Deckker, New York.
Asi, I. M., 2001, Stabilization of Sabkha Soil Using Foamed As-
phalt, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.
13, No. 5, September/October, pp. 325331.
Bowering, R. H. and Martin, C. L., 1976, Foamed Bitumen Pro-
duction and Application of Mixtures Evaluation and Perfor-
mance of Pavements, Proceedings, Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologists, Vol. 45, p. 453.
Csanyi, L. H., 1957, Foamed Asphalt in Bituminous Paving Mix-
tures, Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 160, p. 108.
Csanyi, L. H., 1959, Foamed Asphalt, Technical Bulletin, No. 204,
American Road Builders Association, Washington, D.C.
Csanyi, L. H., 1960, Bituminous Mixes Prepared with Foamed
Asphalt, Iowa Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No.
189, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Csanyi, L. H., 1962, Foamed Asphalt for Economical Road Con-
struction, Civil Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 6269.
Darter, M. I., Truebe, M. A., and Abdulla, E. S., 1978, Develop-
ment of Emulsified Asphalt-Aggregate Cold Mixture Design
Procedure, Research Report IHR-505-3, Illinois Cooperative
Highway Research Program, University of Illinois.
Hines, W. W. and Montgomery, D. C., 1990, Probability and
Statistics in Engineering and Management Science, Third Edi-
tion, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Lee, D. Y., 1981, Treating Marginal Aggregates and Soils with
Foamed Asphalt, Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists, Vol. 50, p. 211.
Ministry of Communications, 1978, Highway Design Manual, Vol.
2, Book 2 of 2, Design of Roadways, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Mobil Oil Australia Ltd., 1973, Foamed Bitumen-Cold Dustless
Mixtures, Technical Bulletin Bitumen, No. 5.
Montgomery, D. C., 1991, Design and Analysis of Experiments,
Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Root, R. E., 1979, A Basic Asphalt Emulsion Manual, The Asphalt
Institute, College Park, Maryland.
Soter International: Road Maintenance Techniques Society, 1994,
Foam Asphalt Technology Transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, Preliminary Proposal, Canada.
Soter International: Road Maintenance Techniques Society, 1995,
Six Years of Recycling with Foam Bitumen, Proceedings,
AEMA/ARRA Annual Meeting, San Diego.


Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

168 Copyright 2002 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

REFERENCE: Asi, I. M., Al-Abdul Wahhab, H. I. A., Al-

Presently in the Hashemite University, Amman, Jordan.

Potrebbero piacerti anche