R.D.

Barree
Barree&AssociatesLLC
HydraulicFracturing
Theory&Practice
2009
WhatisHydraulicFracturing?
Pad
Proppant
Slurry
2009
GOALS:HydraulicFractureStimulation
Maximizehydraulicfraclength
Achievefinite(nonzero)conductivity
Minimizetreatmentcost
Minimizeconductivitydamage
Minimizedamagetotheformation
Maximizenumberofzonesproducing
Draineverythingconnectedtothewell
Acceleraterecovery&addreserves
2009
McGuireSikoraFoldsofIncrease
CurvesforPseudoSteadyFlow
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Relative Conductivity, inches
S
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

R
a
t
i
o
( )

=
=
w
e
r
r
o
A
f f
J J SR
k
w k
RC
472 . 0 ln
13 . 7
40
L/r
e
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
2009
WellPerformance:
SettingtheBenchmark
Pressurebuildupanalysis
loseordeferproduction
mustwaitforwelltocleanup
takesforevertoreachradialflow
Productionperformanceanalysis
longflowtimes
takesforevertoreachflowboundaries
lotsofdatatoarchive
Declinecurve(Arps)Analysis:Bewareofexponents>1
stillintransientflow
notvolumetricreservoirperformance
declinecurvesarenotvalid
2009
FracturedWellPerformance
Actualvs.Expected
200,000 lb frac
Created X
f
>1000'
k=0.15 md
Effective X
f
=20
OGIP=10 BCF
X
f
=300, K
f
W
f
=1000 md-ft
X
f
=1000, APC<1 lb/ft
2
X
f
=20, K
f
W
f
=infinite
2009
BusinessCaseforFracImprovement
Assumptions:
SingleWell,TotalDepth8500
Netpaythickness=50feet
Averageeffectivepermeability=0.15md.
DrillingandCompletionperWell:$1.4mm
FractureStimulation:$80,000
GasPrice$6.50/mcf
CurrentEffectiveFractureHalfLengthXf=20
Evaluateimpactofanincreaseineffectivelength
to300or600withproperdesignandformation
characterization
2009
GasRateDecline:
StimulatedWells
Infinite conductivity X
f
:
X
f
=600
X
f
=300
X
f
=20, Actual Well
X
f
=0, Skin=+5
2009
CumulativeProduction:
StimulatedWells
Infinite conductivity X
f
:
X
f
=600
X
f
=300
X
f
=20, Actual Well
X
f
=0, Skin=+5
0.75 BCF Incremental
2009
BusinessCaseEconomicAnalysis
Basecaseeconomics first3yearsproduction
Fracturehalflengthincreasedfrom20to300
IncrementalNPV@20%$6.5MMperwell
Fracturehalflengthincreasedfrom20to600
IncrementalNPV@20%>$10.0MMperwell
2009
Find&FixtheProblem
WhyiscurrentXf=20?
Canalongerlengthbeachieved?
Whatmustbechangedtoimprove
performance?
Cantreatmentcostbedecreasedwithoutloss
ofproduction?
2009
TheChallenges
Fracgeometry
notcreatingexpectedlength
growthoutofzone
Proppanttransport
propfallingoutofzone
proppacknotconnectedtoperfs
Finalconductivity
geldamage;breaker/cleanupissues
proppantcrushing;nonDarcyflow
Reservoirproperties
Kh isntwhatyouexpected
Drainagearealessthandesired
2009
Whatdoweneedtoknowto
Definetheproblem
Benchmarkourperformance
Decidewhattochange
Generaterealisticexpectations
Optimizecompletion/stimulation
Getwhatwewantorwhatweshouldexpect
fromourwells
2009
GoodResultsComeFrom
Adequatereservoir
characterization
Accuratedesignmodels
Prefracdiagnostics
Postjobanalysis