Aoka, Kalinga and Buddhism-Arun Kumar Upadhyay

1. Nature and aim of British forgery-British forgery in Indian history was

multifaceted and well declared, but is still considered authentic by Indians who
refuse to leae mental slaery. !here was a lot of false propaganda about history
and its science, in which stories of A"o#a, Kalinga and Buddhism are most
important. $ain falsehoods are-
%1& Indians did not write history.-Actually, whateer history is written is totally
from Indian literature though its ma'or part was destroyed in 1((( years foreign
rule.
%)& Indian did not gie dates-Actually, Indians only hae gien dates. *ate can be
gien only with reference to a calendar system. +en the time of Ale,ander-s
Attac# had to be ascertained from .ersian records, as /reece did not hae any
calendar at that time. $egasthenes has written that the first /ree# attac# was by
*ionysus, 0121 years 3 months before Ale,ander in 121 generations of Indian
#ings. !his count of generations or running calendar did not e,ist in any other
country and this was based solely on Indian records.
%3& All /ree# historians-4erodotus, $egasthenes, 5olinu, Arrian, .liny, 6urtius
hae written that %a& India is only country where all persons are indigenous, %b&
India had not attac#ed any country since last 12((( years as it was self sufficient
in food. After $a,muller copied 12((( years and reduced it 1( times to ma#e
12(( B6 as start of Indian 7edic ciili8ation, this number was omitted from later
editions. %c& !here was continuous got at least since 0999 B6 when first /ree#
attac# had occurred. %d& :eference to India meant that /ree# attac# was solely
for looting-but it was shown to hae gien #nowledge of science to India.
%1& All research was centered to destroy Indian records and praise in een
western records to show that Britishers were 'ust other foreigners li#e Indians
themseles and had come for ciili8ing this country-not for looting. ;or that,
e,caation was made only in Indus alley and without bothering to #now the
meaning, arbitrary conclusions of date, migration of Aryanas were made. !ill
today, westerns and een nationalists are obsessed with Indus ciili8ation.
Nationalism has changed the word to 5arasati-but we hae stopped loo#ing at
our own language and records.
%2& !here is no inscription seen anywhere in world which has gien se<uence and
chronology of #ings. !hese are found systematically in puras only. After
copying succession of #ings from that, names of ma'or #ings who started
calendars hae been dropped and such #ings hae been made great who are
nowhere mentioned in any literature or do not hae any effect now. All 5ans#rit
students=teachers read wor#s of Klidsa under Vikramditya %Samvat in 29 B6&
of U''ain, draka %>a#a in 920 B6& and rhara %aka in 120 B6& -but after
lifelong reading tell that there is no record about these #ings as their calendars
are still in use.
%0& !here is only one chapter on Maurya Aoka in Divyvadna, not a single line
about any so-called great /upta #ings-but these are considered great. Samvat of
Vikramditya is still standard for deciding all festials of India-not the so called
Rrya!aka!samvat started as copy of :oman calendar and there is1((((
pages of literature on him-but that is not reference, as it can indicate correct
time.
%9& Dhauli inscription of Aoka is only about welfare and administration-it does
not mention Kalin"a war or anything about Buddha. But there were 1( million
murders in north India as retaliation of 1?29 reolt and further 3.2 million
staration murders in @rissa by :aenshaw in 1?02 when there was surplus
production of rice. 5o, 7incent 5mith created false story in 1?A3 %Asho# the
/reat& that hindus also were blood-thirsty and had #illed =in'ured 1(.2 la#hs in
Kalin"a war. Ashamed of being murderous hindu# Aoka was conerted to
Buddhism. Romila $hapar %Aso#a and the *ecline of the $aurya& went a step
ahead and described about downfall of India due to pacifist policy of Aoka. All
these are totally false, baseless and unimaginable.
2. Time of Aoka-It was not something un#nown and is written accurately in all
puras. Actually, there is no calendar in +urope prior to Bulian calendar which
can record his date. 6arbon dating can indicate the date of any ob'ect with at
least an error of 3(( years for that period and een then a written record is
needed to #now that it was of time of Aoka or /upta period. All Indian calendar
calculations start with Kali era beginning from 19-)-31() B6, Cednesday, U''ain
midnight and een rough calculation by Vkyakaraa %charts memori8ed by
sentences& has error of less than 12 minutes. Any calculation by calendar
software of NA5A will hae error of up to 0? hours for 31(( B6. After 1( models
of correction, error can be reduced to about )2 hours.
!here are ) Aokas Done a Maurya #ing of $agadha and another a %onanda #ing
of Kashmir about same time. All puras gie list of Kaliyu"a #ings of Ma"adha
e.g. &h"avata pura# skandha 11&. !hey are-
1.Brhadratha vama-5tarted with Sompi, son of Sahad'va #illed in
Mah(hrata war.
%1& Sompi %Mr)ri&-%313?-3(?( B6&, %)& rutarav %3(?(-3(10 B6&, %3&
Apratpa %3(10-)A?( B6&, %1& *iramitra %)A?(-)A1( B6&, %2& Suk+ta %)A1(-)??)
B6&, %0& &+hatkarman %)??)-)?2A B6&, %9& S'na)ita %)?2A-)?(A B6&, %?&
ruta,)aya %)?(A-)90A B6&, %A& Mah(ala %)90A-)931 B6&, %1(& u-hi %)931-
)090 B6&, %11& K'ma %)090-)01? B6&, %1)& A.uvrata %)01?-)2?1 B6&, %13&,
Dharman'tra %)2?1-)21A B6&, %11& *irv+tti %)21A-)1A1 B6&, %12& Suvrata %)1A1-
)123 B6&, %10& D+/has'na %)123-)3A2 B6&, %19& Sumati %)3A2-)30) B6&, %1?&
Su-hala %)30)-)31(B6&, %1A& Sun'tra %)31(-)3(( B6&, %)(& Satya)ita %)3((-))19
B6&, %)1& Vra)ita %))19-)1?) B6&, %))& Ripu,)aya %)1?)-)13) B6& !otal-)) #ings
for 1((0 years %&rahm./a pur.a )=3=91=1)1, Vi0.u pur.a 1=)3=1) etc&
2. Pradyota vama-East &rhadratha #ing was Ripu,)aya #illed by his minister
unaka %or 1ulaka& and made his son-in-law 1radyota, as #ing %&rahm./a
pur.a )=3=91=1)), Skanda pur.a 1)=) etc&. %1& 1radyota %)13)-)1(A B6&, %)&
1laka %)1(A-)(?2 B6&, %3& Vikhaypa %)(?2-)(32 B6&, %1& 2anaka %)(32-)(11
B6&, %2& *andivardhana %)(11-1AA1 B6&-!otal 2 #ings for 13? years.
3. iunga vama- %Kaliyu"a R)a V+ttnta )=), &h"avata pur.a 1)=)=?
etc.&-%1&iun"a %1AA1-1A21 B6&, %)& Kkavar.a or akavar.a %1A21-1A1? B6&,
%3& K'madhanv %1A1?-1?A) B6&, %1& Katrau)a %1?A)-1?2) B6&, %2& Vidhisra
%&im(isra& or r'.ika %1?2)-1?11 B6&, %0& A)taatru %1?11-19?9 B6&, %9&
Daraka %19?9-192) B6&, %?& 3dyi %192)-191A B6&, %A& *andivardhana %191A-
1099 B6&, %1(& Mahnandi %1099-1031 B6&. In this period Siddhrtha, son of
uddhodana became &uddha, who was incarnation of my and moha, not of
Vi0.u %Vi0.u pur.a 1=)3 etc&. 4e was 2 years younger to &im(isra and died in
?th year of A)taatru-s rule in 1?(0 B6. 3dyi in 1 year of his rule established
14aliputra on confluence of Son and %an" %Vyu pur.a 11A=31?&.
!en #ings of this dynasty ruled for 30( years.
4. Nanda vama- Mah!1adma!*anda was the son of last iun"a #ing
Mahnandi by his dr wife. After death of his father he became #ing 12((
years %more accurately 1231 years after birth of 1arkita in 313? B6& stated in
all pur.as as a landmar# of history. 4e won most of India by e,terminating all
katriya #ings li#e second 1araurma. %Vi0.u pur.a 1=)1=1(1, &h"avata
pur.a 1)=1=1(&. 4e ruled for ?? years followed by ? sons for 1) years %Matsya
pur.a )9(=)(, )93=)3&-a total of 1(( years from 1031 to 1231 B6.
5. Maurya vama-Kau4ilya 5h.akya destyoed and made 5handra"upta as
#ing. 4is family belonged to Mur town %in Sam(alpur of @rissa, now submerged
in 6irakud reseroir& which was center of iron ore called mura %murrum&. 5o the
family was called Maurya. 1) Maurya #ings ruled for a total of 310 years
%Kaliyu"a R)a V+ttnta 3=), Matsya pur.a )9(=3), Vyu pur.a etc.&- %1&
5handra"upta %1231-12(( B6&, %)& &indusra %12((-119) B6&, %3& Aoka %119)-
1130 B6&, %1& Suprva %Suyaa, or Ku.la&- %1130-11)? B6&, %2& Daaratha
%&andhuplita&-%11)?-11)( B6&, %0& 7ndraplita %11)(-132( B6&, %9&
6ar0avardhana %132(-131) B6&, %?& San"ata %131)-1333 B6&, %A& lika %1333-
13)( B6&, %1(& Soma %*ea-& arm %13)(-1313 B6&, %11& atadhanv %1313-
13(2&, %1)& &+hadratha %&+hadava&-%13(2-1)1? B6&.
6.unga-Vama-1( un"a #ings ruled for 3(( years %Kaliyu"a R)a V+ttnta#
Matsya# Vyu pur.a&.
%1& 1uyamitra %1)1?-112? B6&, %)& A"nimitra %112?-11(? B6&, %38 Vasumitra
%11(?-1(9) B6&, %1& Su)y'04ha %1(9)-1(22 B6&, %28 &hadraka %1(22-1()2 B6&, %0&
1ulindaka %1()2-AA) B6&, %9& %ho0avasu %AA)-A?A B6&, %?& Va)ramitra %A?A-A0(
B6&, %A& &h"avata %A0(-A)? B6&, %1(& D'va(hti %A)?-A1? B6&.
7. Kava-Vama-1 Ka.va #ings ruled for ?2 years %%Vi0.u pur.a 1=)1=3A-1)
etc&.
%1& Vsud'va %A1?-?9A B6&, %)& &hmimitra %?9A-?22 B6&, %3& *rya.a %?22-?13
B6&, %1& Suarm %?13-?33 B6&.
8.ndhra-Vama-33 9ndhra #ings ruled for 2(0 years. *uring that rule,
saptar0i-cycle of )9(( years started in time of #ing:udhi04hira %saptar0i in
Ma"h from 3190 B6&-%Matsya pur.a chapter )9( etc.&. *etailed list is in
Kaliyu"a R)a V+ttnta, list in other pur.as miss some names.
%1& imukha %Sindhuka or Sumukha&-%?33-?1( B6&, %)& rk+0.a takar. %?1(-
9A) B6&, %3& rmalla takar. %9A)-9?) B6&, %1& 1r.otsan"a %9?)-901 B6&-In
his time Kalin"a #ing Khrv'la became independent from Ma"adha which was
suffering under attac# from west Asia. 4e repaired 1r-h canal in 2th year of his
rule %1r-h inscription& which was ?(3 %$ri!vasu!ata & years after coronation of
*anda %1031 B6&, thus his rule started in 1031-%?(3-1& F ?32 B6. %2& >rG
takar. %901-9(? B6&, %0& Skandha!stam(in %rvasvan&-%9(?-0A( B6&, %9&
;am(odara %0A(-09) B6&, %?& 9pilaka %09)-00( B6&, %A& M'"ha!Svti %00(-01)
B6&, %1(& ta!Svti %01)-0)1 B6&, %11& Skanda!Svti %0)1-019 B6&, %1)&
M+"'ndra!Svti!Kar.a %019-011 B6&, %13& Kuntala %011-0(0 B6&, %11& Saumya
%0(0-2A1 B6&, %12& ata!Svti!Kar.a %2A1-2A3 B6&, %10& 1ulomvi-1 %2A3-229 B6&,
%19& M'"ha %229-21A B6&, %1?& Ari04a %21A-1A1 B6&, %1A& 6la %1A1-1?A B6&-
author of %th!sapta!at, contemporary of ankar-hrya. %)(& Ma./alaka
%1?A-1?1 B6&, %)1& 1urandara!S'na %1?1-103 B6&- saptar0i-cycle completed in
190 B6 in his period.
%))& Sundara! takar. %103-10) B6&, %)3& 5hakra!Vsi04h!1utra and Mah'ndra
%10)-101 B6&, %)1& iva-1 %101-133 B6&,%)2& %autam!1utra-takar. %133-1(?
B6&, %)0& 1ulomvi-) %1(?-390 B6&, %)9& iva-) %390-30A B6&, %)?& ivako./
% 30A-30) B6&, %)A& :a),ar %30)-313 B6&, %3(& Vi)ayar %313-339 B6&, %31&
5handrar %339-331 B6&, %3)& 1ulomvi-3 %331-3)9 B6&-4e was a child son of
5handrar whose <ueen had lin#s with commander 5handra"upta who #illed the
#ing and #ept his infant son as namesa#e #ing. 4is father %ha4otka-ha!%upta
was commander to ) #ings-%3(& Vi)ayar and %31& 5handrar. ;inally,
5handra"upta #illed the son also and became the #ing himself.
. Gupta-Vama-!hey hae been called 9ndhra!(h+tya also, as they were
sering as commander under them %Matsya pur.a )93=19&. !heir place is called
r!1arvata which should be r!ailam of Andhra .radesh as the #ings were from
that area, not of Nepal as surmised. At start of this rule, Ale,ander attac#ed India
in 3)0 B6. 4is historians hae mentioned last #ings of 9ndhra and first ) #ings of
%upta clan as well as strength of army of 9ndhra #ings. Names as mentioned by
$egasthenes are-%ha4otka-ha %%ha4a F head, 3tka-ha F remoer of hairs& -
barber,
5handrar. %5handra!&)a&HAgrammas %Iandrammas&-31st. 9ndhra #ing
5handra"upta-1-5androcottus, Samudra"upta-5androcryptus,
5handra"upta-) was famous as con<ueror or Amitro--h'das %F wiping out
enemies&-Amitrochades.
%upta #ings adopted titles of earlier great #ings of Maurya period-5handra"upta-
1-Vi)ayditya< Samudra"upta-Aokditya# 5handra"upta-)-Vikramditya. !his
was only a title. ;amous 1aramra #ing of U''ain of this name was later on.
r"upta was father of %ha4otka-ha or himself named as such due to bald
head. 4is son 5handra"upta-1 %3)9-3)( B6& became first independent #ing. 4is
first son Ka-ha %3)( B6& was remoed shortly due to his cowardice and
Samudra"upta %Aokditya %3)(-)0A B6& too# oer. 4is elder son Rma"upta
offered his wfe to aka inader, so his wife married younger brother
5handra"upta-) %Vikramditya& who #illed inader and ruled in %)0A-)33 B6&. 4is
son Kumra"upta-1 %)33-1A1 B6& and then Skanda"upta %1A1-192 B6& ruled. 4e
died Issueless. 4is brother 1ura"upta ruled as guardian of &udha"upta followed
byVainya"upta %192-191 B6&, Kumra"upta-) %191-19) B6&, &udha"upta %19)-
100 B6& of same generation. !hen *arasimha"upta %&lditya-1&- %100-1)0 B6&
maintained some prestige and it declined with Kumra"upta-3 %1)0-?2 B6&,
ending with Vi0.u"upta %?2-?) B6&.
4. !eli"e#a$e falsehoods-Cilliam Bones as Budge superised brutal torture
and #illing of 1( million Indians in 199( %called Bengal famine& for reenue
collection was also the pioneer in distortion and fabrication of Indian 4istory.
!ortures and murders hae been classified by Ban#im 6handra in his boo#
Ananda-matha and can be seen in British reports also-
httpJ==www.cambridgeforecast.org=$I**E++A5!=B+N/AE.html
httpJ==www.e,periencefestial.com=a=BengalKfamineKofK199(=id=1A3(1(2
httpJ==www.worldhistoryblog.com=)((0=(1=famine-of-199(-in-bengal.html
5ummary of distortions is <uoted from-
httpJ==www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org=inde,.html
5ir Cilliam Bones, 19?1 %from Asiatic :esearches 7ol. 1. .ublished 1A9A,
pages )31-)32. ;irst published 19??&.
LAs to the general e,tension of our pure faith in 6industan there are at present
many sad obstacles to itM Ce may assure ourseles, thatM 6indus will neer be
conerted by any mission from the church of Rom', or from any other churchN
and the only human mode, perhaps, of causing so great a reolution, will be to
translate into Sans-rit= such chapters of the .rophets, particularly of I5AIA4, as
are indisputably eangelical, together with one of the gospels, and a plain
prefatory discourse, containing full eidence of the ery distant ages, in which
the predictions themseles, and the history of the *iine .erson %Besus&
predicted, were seerally made publicN and then <uietly to disperse the wor#
among the well-educated naties.O
&y th' >irst a-t they wanted to degrade the 4indu religion by all means and
to show that the 4indu religion is no better than the religion of /ree#s and
ancient :omans. !hey also wanted to proe their imagined greatness of
6hristianity so that they could impose their superiority upon us.
&y th' s'-ond a-t they wanted to proe that they also had e<ual rights to
lie in India li#e the 4indus as both hae come from outside.
If we loo# to their doings, during the period they ruled India, with this angle
of iew, eerything becomes crystal clear.
A brief reiew of how was it e,ecuted.
19?1 P In Banuary 19?1, the Asiatic 5ociety of Bengal was established in
6alcutta under the patronage of Carren 4astings and 5ir Cilliam Bones was
appointed its .resident. Its main purpose was to find ways of how to accomplish
their secret aims mentioned aboe. Its literary wor#s were published in the name
of LAsiatic :esearches.O
19?1 P !owards the end of 19?1 Bones produced his first essay %described
aboe& which was the first most important wor# of the Asiatic :esearches.
19?0 P @n )nd ;ebruary 19?0, Bones, in his .residential speech, produced his
new fabricated theory of some un#nown protolan"ua"' that was designed to
disproe the authenticity and the first originality of the 5ans#rit language, and to
create a ground for fabricating another theory of Aryan inasion.
19A3 P Bones in his 1(th .residential speech discredits our entire history as
described in the .uranas and places 6handragupt $aurya as the contemporary
of Ale,ander by falsely telling that he was no other than 5andracottus of 31) B6.
1?10 P Bones died in 19A1 but in ? years he could not produce the full thesis
of his created theory of some un#nown protolan"ua"'. Another co-wor#er of the
Asiatic :esearches group of people, ;ran8 Bopp %see pp.1?(-1?1& wor#ed hard
for his whole life and then produced his first wor# in 1?10 and the detailed wor#
around 1?2) to substantiate the ideology of .roto-Indo-+uropean language which
Bones had created.
1?)? P All the articles of the Asiatic :esearches including the writings of its
secretary $r. Cilson %1?)?& were purposely designed to be e,tremely derogatory
and produced falsified descriptions of 4indu religion and history.
1?)? P In 1?)? an atheistic society, contemplating the personality of /od,
called the Brahmo 5ama', was formed in 6alcutta. Its founder and co-wor#er
receied great appreciation by the British and were heartily welcomed in
+ngland and were praised by $a, $Qller and other writers of that group.
1?19 P $a, $Qller was appointed by the +ast India 6ompany to wrongly
translate the theme of the 7edas and construct a wrong history of India. 4e was
highly paid for this 'ob. %$a, $Qller-s letters themseles reeal this secret.&
1?00 P In 1?00, a professor of 6alcutta 5ans#rit 6ollege, .andit !aranath,
was gien a lot of money on a contract basis to compile the largest 5ans#rit
dictionary and to wrongly interpret certain 7edic words to suit the derogatory
theory which the British had fabricated against the 7edic religion.
1A)) P ;.+. .argiter, retired I.6.5. %Indian 6iil 5erice& 6alcutta, was appointed
to write the wrong history of India. All the history writers of that period %li#e
5mith, Keith etc.& were also assigned to write the wrong history of India,
s<uee8ing it into the frame of their fictitious story of Aryans coming to
India.
;. +. .argiter %1?2)-1A)9&.I.6.5. %Indian 6iil 5erice&, 4igh 6ourt Budge, 6alcutta.
:etired 1A(0, 7ice .resident of the Asiatic 5ociety, Eondon.
.argiter writes thatJ
LAncient Indian 4istorical !radition.O
!he whole of the 5ans#rit literature has no historical wor#s. %6hapter 1,
page )&
Aryans established themseles in India through long warfare. %1=3&
7edic literature does not gie any information who compiled themM No
trust can be placed in the 7edic literature as regards any matter which the
brahmans found. %1=A,1(&
!he original brahmans were not so much priestsM they were wi8ardsM
%)0=3(?&
!hese statements of yugas and manantar are generally worthless for
chronological purposes. %12=19?&
6handragupt began to reign in or about 3)) B6. 4e was preceded by the
Nine NandasM !he reign of Nandas would be ?( years. %12=19A&
;rom the Bharat battle to the $ahapadm %Nand& there were 39 $agadh
#ingsM the total of all of their reigns %according to .uran& is %A1( R 13? R
33(& F 1,1(? years. !hese figures cannot be relied upon. %!hese figures
according to the Bhagwatam are 1,((( R 13? R 30( F 1,1A? years.&
!he reign of $ahapadm %Nand& began in 1() B6 %3)) R ?(& by
oerthrowing the last #ing of 5hishunag dynasty.
;rom the 9th #ing of Brihadrath dynasty and up to the last #ing of
5hishunag dynasty, the reigning period was 11? yearsN and from the 1st to
0th #ing of Brihadrath dynasty %the first dynasty after $ahabharat war&, the
reigning period was 1(( years.
!hus %1() R 11? R 1((& A2( B6 is the date of $ahabharat battle. %12=19A
to 1?)&
L!he .urana !e,t of the *ynasties of the Kali Age.O
!he .uranas were originally in pra#rit %local& language. Chat we hae now
is the 5ans#riti8ed ersion of older pra#rit shlo#as.
!he Bhaishya .uran e,isted in the 3rd century A* and $atsya .uran
borrowed what the Bhaishya contained before the /upt era %3)( A*&. !hen
7ayu, Brahmand and 7ishnu .uran were compiled accordingly.
!he brahmans fabricated the passages, and the later readers of the
.uranas further fabricated the details of the te,t.
!he brahmans conerted pra#rit words of the .uranas into 5ans#rit and
substituted future tense for past tensesM and altered them to the form of a
prophecy uttered by 7ed 7yas. %Intro=1( to )9&
!hus, it is eident that the writings of ;. +. .argiter were also the
e,ploitations of British diplomacy.
5. %alse &uo$ing of '#eeks-M'"asth'n's had come at start of %upta period
which was #nown to 7incent 5mith %+arly 4istory of India, page )(0& and R<5<
Ma?umdar %Ancient India, page 13?& also who hae <uoted him to gie strength
of army of Andhra #ings. !his is possible only when he had come in period of
%upta who were Andhra!(hritya %i.e. serants of Andhra #ings at capital .atna&.
In .eriod of Ashoka# his 13
th
pillar inscription is clear that Andhra was a
subordinate state. In all web-sites of Andhra .radesh, it is <uoted for glory of
Andhra, but for general history, they all reert bac# to M'"asth'n's in Maurya
period. 5ri Ma?umdar omitted this reference in his later 3 olume boo# in
collaboration with K<K< Dutta and 6<5< Ray-haudhuri. ;or this obedience to
@,ford by telling falsehood, he was made general editor of 1) olume history by
&haratiya Vidya &ha@an. 5ome lin#s-
%1& www.bihar.cc=inde,.phpSarticleFan-article-on-patna D
A#- Sri R#5< Ma?umdar in his ancient India %page 13?& has written that .liny has
<uoted $egasthenese for giing strength of Army of Andhra #ings. ...
%)& !he early history of India By 7incent A. 5mith .age )(0-
httpJ==boo#s.google.com=boo#sSidF
?II/hAE1CKc6TpgF.A)(0TlpgF.A)(0Td<FArmyRofRAndhraR#ingsTsourceF
blTotsF.fb11B9bUfTsigF<@KU'11+A'1)U+<@1(<0t8whu8VThlFenTeiFtB!r5f
1E(0A.b3u*+AwTsaF IToiF boo#KresultTctFresultTresnumF2
%3& httpJ==www.epachedu.org=Andhra-!elangana.html
%1& httpJ==www.aponline.go.in=<uic#W)(lin#s=hist-cult=history.html-
$egasthenese, who isited the 6ourt of 5handra"upta Maurya %B.6.3))--)A9&,
mentioned that Andhra country had 3( fortified towns and an army of 1,((,(((
infantry, ),((( caalry and 1,((( elephants. Ashoka referred in his 13th roc#
edict that Andhras were his subordinates.
%2& httpJ==en.wi#ipedia.org=wi#i=AndhraK.radesh.
()$#a*$s f#om +egas$henesJ Vuotes from Indi#a is from the website-
httpJ==pro'ectsouthasia.sdstate.edu=docs=history=primarydocs=;oreign7iews=/ree#
:oman=$egasthenes-Indi#a.htm
%39.& India,M @wing to this, their country has neer been con<uered by any
foreign #ingJ %3?.& It is said that India, being of enormous si8e when ta#en as
a whole, is peopled by races both numerous and dierse, of which not een one
was originally of foreign descent, but all were eidently indigenousN and
moreoer that India neither receied a colony from abroad, nor sent out a colony
to any other nation.
%3A.& 4era#les also was born among themM. 4e was the founder, also, of no
small number of cities, the most renowned and greatest of which he called
.alibothra.
;:A/$. E7I. .lin. 4ist. Nat. 7I. )1. ?-)3. 11. Eist of the Indian :aces.
%)).& M!he rier Bomanes flows through the .alibothri into the /anges between
the towns $ethora and 6arisobora
B@@K I7. ;:A/$. IE7I. 5trab. I7. I 0-?,--pp. 0?0-0??.
0. But what 'ust reliance MM.Its people, he says, neer sent an e,pedition
abroad, nor was their country eer inaded and con<uered e,cept by 4era#les
and *ionysos in old times, and by the $a#edonians in our ownM. 4era#les
among the /ree#s, carried his arms to the .illars
;:A/$. E. 6. .lin. 4ist. Nat.7I. ,,i. 1-2. @f the Ancient 4istory of the Indians.
;or the Indians stand almost alone among the nations in neer haing
migrated from their own country. ;rom the days of ;ather Bacchus to Ale,ander
the /reat, their #ings are rec#oned at 121, whose reigns e,tend oer 0121 years
and 3 months.
5olin. 2). 2.-- ;ather Bacchus was the first who inaded India, and was the first of
all who triumphed oer the an<uished Indians. ;rom him to Ale,ander the /reat
0121 years are rec#oned with 3 months additional, the calculation being made
by counting the, #ings who reigned in the intermediate period, to the number of
123.
httpJ==ia311)(2.us.archie.org=)=items=AncientIndiaAs*escribedBy$egasthenesA
ndArrian=4!$E=((((W)(-W)(((11.htm
)). 5ame as %3?& aboe.
An*ien$ ,ndia as des*#i"ed "- A##ian-
httpJ==www.shsu.edu=XhisKncp=Indica.html
Y+,cerpted from Arrian, Z!he IndicaZ in Anabasis of Ale,ander, together with the
Indica, +. B. 6hinnoc#, tr. %EondonJ Bohn, 1?A3&, ch. 1-10[
;rom *ionysus to 5andracottus the Indians rec#oned 123 #ings, and 0,(1) years.
*uring all these years they only twice asserted their freedomN the first time they
en'oyed it for 3(( years, and the second for 1)(. !hey say that *ionysus was
earlier than 4eracles by fifteen generations, and that no other eer inaded India
for war, not een 6yrus, the son of 6ambyses, though he marched against the
5cythians, and in other matters was the most meddlesome of the #ings of Asia.
4oweer they admit that Ale,ander came and oercame in battle all the nations
whom he isited, and that he would hae con<uered them all if his army had
been willing. But none of the Indians eer marched out of their own country for
war, being actuated by a respect for 'ustice.
6. Kalinga .a# and Buddha-!here was another Aoka in %onanda!vama
%13rd #ing& in %111?-11(( B6& who had become &auddha due to which &auddhas
from central Asia destroyed the #ingdom. After that his son 2alauka %11((-
1311B6& chased away (auddhas and re-established 5hturvarya %7edic path&.
!he place where (auddhas and their west Asian associates were routed was
called 3))haaAm(a %F uprooting the seed&.
%, &-
!" #$#%&! #%&'()*)
%+! ,! +#'( -. '/0.1 )*2)
3.451 #65 # 745 *8 #!9:.!9( .!#*;
# <= #&( 3.45( >?> @'A
!:BC 3.45D5 '/0. ':BC03E6 F1G HGI
+$!J
6
% KG6 $$6 # %( L> /M &3MDL N8)
$any of the inscriptions in name of Aoka are by him. No inscription including
one at Dhauli mentions that had become Buddhist.
Inscription at Kalsi near D'hradun gies names of 1 #ings who were won by
Aoka-$ulamaya# Antikina# Maka# Allikasudala. @ne of them must be the #ing of
Kalin"a, won in ?th year of his rule. !hat is Al'kha!sundara of Kalin"a< Alakha
name is all oer India, but Al'kha is only in @rissa because lokapla of east was
7ndra who was called ;'khara(ha for starting D'va!n"ar script %MrkaA'ya
pura chapter 1(3# $aittirya samhit 0=1=9, Maitrya samhit, 1=2=?&. 4e
cannot be e<uated with any #ing of Ale,andria, as it was neer a part of India or
under Aoka. !he town itself did not e,ist in 112( B6.
@nly mention of Aoka is in &auddha te,t Divyvadna %chapter Aokvadna&
that Aoka was a good &auddha because he had #illed 1),((( 2aina mon#s on
ictory oer Kalin"a. !his is too high a figure for a normal war. !here is no basis
of figure of 1,2(,((( #illed, 32(,((( in'ured and 22(, ((( arrested. !his e,ceeds
the population of the then Kalin"a and more than current strength of Indian
army. Ale,ander Army was only 1)(,((( with )(,((( horses, which was afraid of
Ma"adha army of 0((,(((. @nly possibility may be that 2ainas might be powerful
in Kalin"a administration which was lost after war. !his falsehood was created by
7incent 5mith in 1?A3 to counter 32 la#h murders by :aenshaw who has
become father figure of @riya nationalism in tradition of British slaery. Another
fallacy is spread that Ma"adha empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-
iolence by Aoka< Actually, non-iolence is feature of :o"a!stra and more
stressed in Bainism. :ather, &auddha themseles including Siddhrtha &uddha
himself were strongly opposed to egetarian food een for &hikus. It is
surprising as to how &uddha was moed by sacrifice of animals in ya),a, which is
for food, not for /od. 4e e,pelled D'vadatta for recommending egetarian food
for &hikus %e,tract from lin# below&. *ue to e,cess meat eating, Siddhrtha
&uddha was operated by 2vaka who strongly prohibited further meat eating. But
he too# it when a disciple offered it at Sarnath and he e,pired %&uddha!5harita of
Ava"hoa&
httpJ==www.buddhanet.net=e-learning=buddhism=lifebuddha=)K2lbud.htm
D'vadatta re<uested the &uddha to ma#e it compulsory for mon#s to follow fie
e,tra rulesJ
%i& *well all their lies in the forest
%ii& Eie only on alms obtained by begging
%iii& Cear robes made from rags collected from the dust heaps and cemeteries
%i& Eie at the foot of trees
%& :efrain from eating fish or meat throughout their lies.
Maurya #ings were neer against &rhma.s, minister of East #ing 1uyamitra
was himself a &rhma.a who #illed #ing and became #ing himself.
7. An ()am/le of Pura fo#ge#--Eong passages hae been changed in
matter of reignal years and times. All erses of Viu pura hae become prose
due to such remoal, only list of #ings remains-
- 6 O, P -2-
6 -6 .%Q> -' !96#3' ST '-U#!-V#-
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fgS ! !M ! ^> #$ S'6 ] 6 #66 ] .;
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P 2W-'H&6 E> e6 ' @'6 -' 6 'E.-@' #%&&
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G!''^h2 E.' ! W DL ?O $! A L
7%=>I ! %8 l$9q6 T'K6 r G! +s !h7%;
DL a $ t * L S'&'> S2 $!
+&#W DLO '> A '4L!I ' 7%=>8 !
'%a l$ 1# .\ ^> [^-u+& -7%a
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e . -7%2 # L1 45'yz#! 'x+s !h22 ]q
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-7%2A DL L1 ,%( CY! fg#'=N-2I ^' '> +s !h7%28
CY { L%eH|'$,6 :}^h2a
! E% #! -2a $]!o> #DL iDL
#6 D+.'$#!''> #!''> D&%W* E e' W {'
'j> ! -7% K6 #|6 T'(W2 ^'% +s !h7%WW
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's !hWa ! ' O* {/DL$ rL$N6 [^>
! -7%O2
In &rahmAa pura, some #ings hae been e,cluded and periods hae been
reduced to match .argiter-s chronology-
fg/0 'P H, %W& b!= , P 8O-
#%& 6 #% T>'DL -DL *;
&% h' H! ' E!& #6V' 7'%#! *a
#!' ! ^> # HNm r6 9q L #' :'(*
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#' '! 's Z$ 6 H r6 #' ^C( L #S |%''(2
!6 ( E$'> :6 ^>/( #+( #36 L { 1 !h #'W
Uc ^> L$N6 ( - Nc! 'Ek '> E= @'O
r6 ( ^> 's . qr6 LK: 1 LA
q6 ( #'> S'! - #m L^q6 :6 ] > (I
r^> > &'> ! - !S DL' qr6 #'8
q6 ( #' q6 #U' - L$N6 q L no#! -;
+\6T ^> #' ] L$N6 ( #' #! !h a
#$+( +s q6 6 !h #' ]'6 D+4L r6( -2*
Nc ^>6 r( ] ''( [64L ! E e2
M ^> #p6 1 ^6 :6 - E e-^ %-+T>^22
'6 $ 6 #'^h '^6 S6 G!6 6 E.(2W
# 1 #'%! - +T> !6 ( #' # !T'2O
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{6( #' :' - - #' 6 ( #! 7%=>2I
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6 # #6 HNm'( HDL ^> L$N6 ( -2;
> # ^C( 6 4L - 6 6 S'&'> -2a
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b '$+\6$#' # 1 6 +6 #''(W2
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b=N- ( #>( CY! 1 [^> Z$ 's ^> 6 %e # -OW
L%eH|6 6 :( CY - LM $#' L%eH|! -OO
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E%& +. ! L%e+. #|^> '> +&O8
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l$ '> 1 !h7% L #%&'( #|6456 M } ! H'-Oa
-' #<=

$ Ee'( - 1 :6 #' ^q6 # L1 A*

~'! DLq - #' L #: #| ^> 1 A
#'! ! ^> +> ! e #' [ - 1 A2
- #''+Tp { +.% !^DL ^> AW
#| 1 ' #' [6 v 9 #' H! AO
- # ' #' 1 ! !h%'6 #%&'(AA
6 M [ L }/6 H'- '$! # EY( #6 '(AI
'6 ! $ ^ - #' r % #A8
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#'> $#DL - L #' / L$DL$N6 4L r LAa
'%^% %' $S {( ^> #p6 `6 r!T'(228
'6 1 _ 6 'x!T6 L ( %6 L %- ^C( 6 4L #' '22;
{( .%6 '%%G Q> -1 #6" `1 U^> 22a)
#|^> | S #'( #|61 1 > %6 9% 2W*
#|6 > % $ S'/0. #|^> % > 6 '(2W
!he years of each #ing has been reduced suitably by 1ar"it'r to match his
reduced chronology. +.g. Maurya from 310 years to 139 years and number of
#ings reduced from 1) to A %erse 11A& 4e did not understand or cared for
saptari era and missed the total number of years gien later- 7erse ))9 tells
12(( %12(1& years from 1arkita to Mahpadmananda. !his number has been
reduced to 1(2( which is obiously false as &rhadratha vama itself ruled for
1((( %1((0& years followed by 1radyotas for 13? and >i"un\ga for 30( before
Nanda as gien in details. It also indicates that a cycle of Saptari years of )9((
years was completed from 1arkita to end last part of 9ndhra #ings %3(1) B6-
)9(( F 31) B6& after which %upta rule started in 3)9 B6. .argiter and Cilliam
Bones missed Kaliyu"a R)a VBttnta-a subsidiary of &havishya pura. !hat has
gien complete chronology.
5imilar manipulation was done in Matsya pura whose original ersion tallies
with that. @riginal copies aailable with *arayana Sastry were destroyed later
on.
$<S< *arayana Sastry writesJ- Z;ortunately in my library %!.5.Narayana 5astry]s
Eibrary&, I possess a manuscript copy of Matsya 1urana in %rantha 6haracter,
which gies a complete list of the Maurya #ings with years of indiidual reigns
and I gie the same belowJ-
L+\6( #' L%eH|! - q6 ^> e# ( #2O
^C( 6 T '! 9! { L . ^>/q -2A
.#q L !_ #|6 ^> $#DL%e+.2I
L9q^> $#! ^> &> ^> #3'28
! ^> +.! - #|^> #!''> +&2;
&% ^> $# Ee ^> ]!9 #|2a
l$ L [ L !h7% #%&'( ^> } ( H'-W*
!his ersion of Matsya purana tolerably agrees with that gien in the manuscript
copy of the Kaliyu"a Ra)a Vrittanta, in my library which also I add below for easy
reference-
L%eH|! '> DLZ9S L+\6( #' :6 N- #&'> )
q6 #p % #! - ^C( 6 ! 9!&> )
#D> $#DL9 ^>/q - q ^> $! !_ 1 E%&+.
E%& +.! #|6 L%e+. ^> #6H)
! #' :6 +. N- #|^> &'> ^> )
& 9q #' E e $! #%& l9)
S+?.( +$ '! - q6 ^> # q6 .-)
[1 '> DL%eH|! 's !h7% ^C( L #' .) %H W, P 2&
7ide ZAge of 5an#araO, part IB, Appendi, I, page 20ff&