Gas Dynamics-Fanno Flow

Fanno Curve
• Infinite number of downstream

states 2 for a given upstream state 1
• Practical approach is to assume
various values for T2, and calculate all
other properties as well as friction
force.
• Plot results on T-s diagram
– Called a Fanno line
• This line is the locus of all physically
attainable downstream states
• s increases with friction to point of
maximum entropy (Ma =1).
• Two branches, one for Ma < 1, one
for Ma >1
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Fanno Curve
• The Fanno curve is a curve on the Mollier (h-s) diagram for a given
upstream condition for different amount of friction (different length
of pipe).
• The maximum entropy condition corresponds to the sonic condition
at which the flow is choked. Friction always drive the Mach number
towards 1.
• Once the sonic condition is reached at the exit, any increase in pipe
length is not possible without drastic revision of the inlet condition.
• Within the framework of 1-D theory, it is not possible to first slow a
supersonic flow to the sonic condition and then to further slow it to
subsonic speeds also by friction.

The effects of friction on the properties of Fanno flow

Continuity Equation
m = ρAV = constant
but since the flow area is constant, this reduces to
ρV = constant
We assign a new symbol G to this constant (the quantity ρV ),

which is referred to as the mass velocity, and thus
ρV = G = constant mass flow density or mass velocity

Energy Equation
We start with
h01+ q = h02 + ws
For adiabatic and no work, this becomes
h01 = h02 = h0 = const
1 2
h0 = h + c
2
1 G 2 1 G 2
h0 = h + ; h = h0 −
2 ρ 2
2 ρ 2
For any given flow, ho and G known. Thus this equation

establishes a unique relationship between h and ρ

Fanno Lines in h- v plane and h-s plane
Stagnation enthalpy
Stagnation enthalpy

Fanno line together with typical pressure lines
• We normally feel that frictional
effects will show up as an internal
generation of “heat” with a
corresponding reduction in
density of the fluid.
• To pass the same flow rate (with

constant area), continuity then
forces the velocity to increase.
• This increase in kinetic energy

must cause a decrease in
enthalpy, since the stagnation
enthalpy remains constant.
• As can be seen in Figure. this

agrees with flow along the upper
branch of the Fanno line. It is also
clear that in this case both the
static and stagnation pressure are
decreasing.
1–D Flow model
‫ד‬w Wall Shear Stress( τ w ) acts

against the flow direction

1–D Flow model
X*
X2
X1

Variation of Flow Properties
We have discovered the general trend of property variations
that occur in Fanno flow. Now we wish to develop some specific working
equations for the case of a perfect gas.
These are relations between properties at arbitrary sections of
a flow system written in terms of Mach numbers and the specific heat
ratio.
Temperature
In Fanno flow process ‘Stagnation Temperature’ remains same
Tt 1 = Tt 2
 γ −1 2
Tt = T  1 + M 
 2 
Hence the energy equation for Fanno flow can be written as
 γ −1 2  γ −1 2 ;
T2 1 + [(γ − 1 ) / 2 ] M 2
Tt = T  1 + M 1  = T2  1 + M2  = 1
T1 1 + [(γ − 1 ) / 2 ] M 2
 2   2  2

Cont..
Pressure Stagnation Pressure
Velocity
Impulse Function
Density
F = pA + ρ Ac 2
In general, the
Impulse function is = pA + γ pAM 2
= pA (1 + γ M 2 )
Cont..
Entropy Change
Put temperature and pressure ratio in the above eqn.
Variation of Mach number with Duct length
 _ 
 
Note:  4 f L max  = 0 for M = 1
 D 
 
 M2

Friction Factor
Friction factor or friction coefficient for a compressible fluid flowing in a duct
is a function of Reynolds number. It also depends on the roughness of the
pipe surface (Nikuradse)
ρ vD
f = f (Re, ε / D) ; (Re) Reynolds number =
µ
ε / D = relative roughness
Typical values of absolute roughness( ε ) or average height of wall irregulari ties
Wall material ε (mm)
are shown in the table :
Drawn tubing 0.00015
wall shear stress Commercial Steel & 0.045
f = Wrought Iron
dynamic head Galvanized Iron 0.15
τw Cast Iron 0.25
f =
1 / 2ρ c
2 Concrete 0.3 – 3.0
Rivetted Steel 1 - 10

Moody diagram for friction factor
The relationship among f, Re and ε/D is determined experimentally and plotted on a
chart, which is called Moody diagram.
Rough pipes
• For small Re (<2000) , f = 64/ Re

• Re > 2000 & small ε/D, such a wall surface is said to be ultimate
smoothness
• For large Re and ε/D, friction factor is independent of Re, such a
surface is said to be wholly rough.

Problem solving technique

Hydraulic mean diameter
DH =
For turbulent flows in non-circular ducts a hydraulic

mean diameter may be used in place of the pipe
diameter (eg. Heating and ventilation ducting). The
hydraulic mean diameter is defined by
4 × cross sectional area 4A

DH = =
wetted p erimeter P wet

Problem1
Show that the Mach number corresponds to the maximum
entropy point on a Fanno curve is unity.
Solution:

Cont..

Cont..
Where,
k-specific heat ratio
V-fluid velocity
c-sound velocity

Problem2
A flow is supplied by a converging nozzle (unchoked)
(a) Will the addition of diverging section increase or decrease the m?
Solution:
(b) What about adding a constant area duct? Will it increase or decrease
the m?

Cont..

Cont..

Problem3

Cont..

Cont..

Cont..

Cont..

Cont..

Cont..
Pipe choking pressure < Con. Nozzle choking pressure

(0.4436) < (0.528)


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Fanno Curve

• Infinite number of downstream

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We assign a new symbol G to this constant (the quantity ρV ),

ρV = G = constant mass flow density or mass velocity

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For any given flow, ho and G known. Thus this equation

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• To pass the same flow rate (with

• This increase in kinetic energy

• As can be seen in Figure. this

‫ד‬w Wall Shear Stress( τ w ) acts

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Put temperature and pressure ratio in the above eqn.

Variation of Mach number with Duct length

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• For small Re (<2000) , f = 64/ Re

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For turbulent flows in non-circular ducts a hydraulic

4 × cross sectional area 4A

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Pipe choking pressure < Con. Nozzle choking pressure

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