Assignment

LAB TASK -01
SUBMITTED BY: AITAZAZ AHSAN 10-ME-04

Aitazaz Ahsan 2/8/14 RET

LAB TASK -01 SUBMITTED BY: AITAZAZ AHSAN 10-ME-04

AITAZAZ AHSAN 1

SOLAR RADIATION
MONITORING
SYSTEM


AITAZAZ AHSAN 2

SOLAR RADIATIONS MONITORING SYSTEM
Solar radiations monitoring system consists of following four important
components:
1. PYRANOMETER
2. SCATTER RADIOMETER
3. PYRHELIOMETER
4. NET RADIOMETER
Solar radiation monitoring system is used to measure the global solar
radiations, direct solar radiations and diffused solar radiations. The net radiometer
is used to find the difference b/w global solar radiations and reflected solar radiations
plus the terrestrial long wave components.

USES:
1. Sun trackers are widely used in meteorological networks of solar
monitoring stations that measure direct, diffuse and global radiation,
for inputs to weather forecasting models. Other applications include
atmospheric chemistry research, pollution forecasting and materials
testing.
2. Solar radiation monitoring system data is used in meteorology, solar
energy research, material testing, climate control in greenhouses, building
physics science and assessment of the efficiency of the solar collectors &
photovoltaic devices.
3. Activities include research and development, production quality control,
determination of optimal locations, monitoring installed systems and
predicting the output under various sky conditions.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 3

PYRANOMETER
WORKING:
When sunlight falls on a pyranometer, the thermopile sensor produces a proportional
response typically in 30 seconds or less: the more sunlight, the hotter the sensor gets
and the greater the electric current it generates

1. MANUFACTURER: KIPP & ZONEN
MODEL NO: SMP3 PYRANOMETER
The SMP3 is a smart pyranometer with low
maintenance and industry standard digital and analogue
amplified outputs. The wide and low power supply range
from 5 to 30 VDC makes integration in meteorological
stations easy. The SMP is protected against over voltage,
reversed polarity and short circuiting. PC Software for data
logging, display of data is also provided.SMP3 measures
global solar radiation on a horizontal plane. When tilted
with the same angle as a PV panel it measures the tilted
global radiation, for PV module efficiency calculations.
SPECIFICATIONS:

APPLICATIONS:
The instruments are used in meteorology, solar energy research, material testing,
climate control in greenhouses, building physics science and many other
applications.

AITAZAZ AHSAN 4

2. MANUFACTURER: VIRTUAL
HYDROMET LTD.
MODEL NO: DSRR11 PYRANOMETER
The Digital Solar Radiation Recorder
(Pyranometer), a device used to measure solar
radiation. This pyranometer is widely used in
meteorological studies, irrigation scheduling,
passive solar system analysis, hydro logic
studies and many other environmental studies.
This pyranometer is highly appreciated for its
sensor calibration, wave length range, stability, sensor housing and accurate data
measurement.
SPECIFICATIONS:


AITAZAZ AHSAN 5

3. MANUFACTURER: EKO AMMONIT
MODEL NO: MS-802, MS-410 & MS-602 PYRANOMETERS
EKO MS series comply with the ISO 9060 and
WMO standards are very reliable. The MS 802 is
used for demanding applications in PV
meteorology, research and solar radiation
monitoring of global, tilted and diffused irradiance.
They are thermopile pyranometer which have a 180
degree field of view. Depending upon the model
either one or two transparent glass domes protect
the sensors efficiently from thermal effects.
SPECIFICATIONS:


AITAZAZ AHSAN 6

4. MANUFACTURER: HUKSE FLUX
MODEL NO: SR20 PYRANOMETER
It measures the solar radiation received by a plane surface, in W/m
2
from a
180
0
field of view angle. In order to improve overall measurement accuracy,
Hukseflux effectively targeted two major sources of measurement uncertainty:
calibration and zero offset. The
initial calibration uncertainty is reduced
to less than 1.2%.

SPECIFICATIONS:

5. MANUFACTURER: APOGEE
MODEL NO: MP-200 PYRANOMETER
Apogee Pyranometers incorporate a silicon-cell photodiode that measures total
shortwave radiation. The MP-200 has a separate sensor while the handheld meter
displays and stores measurements. The sensor housing design features a fully
potted, domed-shaped head making the sensor fully weatherproof and self-
cleaning. Total shortwave radiation is an important component in determining
evapo-transipration rates, energy balance, net radiation as well as monitoring solar
power panels.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 7

SPECIFICATIONS:


AITAZAZ AHSAN 8

PYRHELIOMETER
MODEL NO: SHP 1 PYRHELIOMETER
The smart interface not only provides
versatile outputs, the integrated
temperature sensor and digital polynomial
functions also provide individual correction
for the temperature sensitivity of the
detector from -40 C to +70 C. The
improved response time and the
standardized output make it easy to
interchange instruments for recalibration
SHP1 pyrheliometers have extremely low power consumption so that internal
heating does not affect the detector performance. They operate from a wide range
of supply voltages, making them ideal for power-critical applications. All the in- and
outputs are protected against reversed polarity, over voltage and short-circuits. The
analogue outputs allow easy connection to virtually any data logger without the need
for sensitive mV inputs.
WORKING:
Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile
which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recoded. The signal voltage is
converted via a formula to measure watts per square meter.
APPLICATIONS:
It is used with a solar tracking system to keep the instrument aimed at the sun. The
pyrheliometer measurement applications include scientific meteorological and
climate observations, material testing research and assessment of the efficiency of
the solar collectors & photovoltaic devices.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 9

SPECIFICATIONS:

2-MANUFACTURER: EKO INSTRUMENTS
MODEL NO: MS-56PYRHELIOMETER
Pyrheliometers are used to measure the Direct irradiance emitted by the sun in a 5
degree angle. The ISO9060 First Class MS-56 is a research grade normal incidence
direct solar irradiance sensor also known as a pyrheliometer or DNI sensor which
highly suitable for routine operation on automated Sun Tracker. The all-weather MS-
56 is sensitive to solar irradiance throughout the spectral range 200 to 4,000nm and
can work under most extreme conditions in a temperature range from -40C
to +80C.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 10

SPECIFICATIONS:

3. MANUFACTURER: MCVAN INSTRUMENTS
MODEL NO: DN-5PYRHELIOMETER
The Middleton DN5 is an affordable precision
pyrheliometer for measuring the solar direct
radiation when aimed at the sun. It exceeds the
ISO9060 for a First Class pyrheliometer. The
DN5 has a passive mircovolt output, and the
DN5-E version has an in-built signal amplifier
to gove a millivolt output for easy measurement.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 11

ADVANTAGES
Twin-thermopile sensor accommodates rapid temperature changes
Broad bandwidth and flat spectral response
Flush-mount window to prevent obstruction by rain or debris
Fully sealed construction with internal desiccant
DN5-E has low-noise signal amplifier with negligible drift
Can be operated with manual or motorized sun-tracking
Condition of desiccant is easy to inspect visually
Thermistor output provided for sensor temperature
Aiming diopter conveniently located on top of instrument
Compact size and light weight
Window is optical sapphire for chemical and scratch resistance
Marine-grade aluminium, hard anodised, for corrosion resistanc

4-MANUFACTURER: HUKSEFLUX INSTRUMENTS
MODEL NO: DR-02PYRHELIOMETER
DR02 is a high-accuracy direct (normal incidence) solar radiation sensor with a
short response time. The scientific name of this instrument is pyrheliometer. DR02
pyrheliometer has a heated window and is used in tracker-mounted
operation.DR02 is a solar radiation sensor that is applied in high accuracy
measurement of the solar radiation received by a plane surface from a 5 full field
of view angle. This quantity, expressed in W/m
2
, is called direct solar radiation or
direct normal irradiance (DNI).


AITAZAZ AHSAN 12

SPECIFICATIONS:

SCATTER RADIOMETER
1. MANUFACTURER: EKO INSTRUMENTS
MODEL NO: MS-700SCATTER RADIOMETER
Scatter radiometer is used to measure the scatter
radiations coming from all directions. They are widely
used as reference instruments for outdoors spectral
irradiance measurements in the fields of Photovoltaic and
Meteorological research. The MS-series now covers a
spectral range from 300nm. up to 1700 nm. All spectro
radiometers benefit from an advanced spectrometer which is
temperature controlled at a fixed temperature to maximize performance in a wide
operating temperature range.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 13

SPECIFICATIONS:

MODEL NO: CUV-5SCATTER RADIOMETER
CUV 5 is a general-purpose instrument for applications in meteorology, for
material testing, for monitoring of lamps and for use in ageing tests in solar
simulators.The high quality dome and diffuser give optimized directional
response. A waterproof plug and socket cable connection facilitates easy
installation. The Snap-On sun shield protects the connector and allows viewing of
the integrated bubble level.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 14

SPECIFICATIONS:

3. MANUFACTURER:KIPP & ZONEN
MODEL NO:CM121B/C SHHADOW RINGSCATTER RADIOMETER
The CM 121B/C Shadow Ring can be used with
Kipp&Zonen pyranometers, smart pyranometers,
pyrgeometers and UV Radiometers to shield the instrument
from direct radiation. The combination of a global
measurement instrument and CM 121B/C Shadow Ring offers
a simple solution to the problem of measuring diffuse
radiation from the sky. The shadow from the ring covers the
pyranometer dome completely.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 15

4. MANUFACTURER: OMNI INSTRUMENTS
MODEL NO: CM121 SCATTER
RADIOMETER
SPECIFICATIONS:
The CM 121 Shadow Ring is designed to be
connected to a Kipp&Zonenpyranometer to shield
the pyranometer sensor from direct radiation. The
combination of a pyranometer and the CM 121 offers
a simple solution to the problem of measuring
diffuse radiation from the sky. Naturally, the ring
will also intercept some of the diffuse radiation from
the sky.
5. MANUFACTURER: EKO INSTRUMENTS
MODEL NO: RSR-01SCATTER RADIOMETER
The EKO Instruments RSR-01 shadow ring is an
common economic solution to measure diffuse
irradiation at any location on earth. The static
Radiometer Shadow Ring RSR-01 can be used with
all EKO Pyranometers.The shadow ring in
combination with one of those pyranometers
provides high quality diffuse solar radiation
measurements on site. The shadow ring ensures that
the radiation sensor always remains in shade for
several days before it requires re-adjustment.
SPECIFICATIONS


AITAZAZ AHSAN 16

NET RADIOMETER
Net radiometer is a high output thermopile sensor
which measures the algebraic sum of incoming and
outgoing all-wave radiation (i.e. short-wave and
long-wave components). Incoming radiation
consists of direct (beam) and diffuse solar radiation
plus long-wave irradiance from sky. Outgoing
radiation consists of reflected solar radiation plus
the terrestrial long-wave component.
APPLICATIONS:
The net radiometer is for applications requiring research-grade performance. The
radiometer measures the energy balance between incoming short-wave and long-
wave IR radiation versus surface-reflected short-wave and outgoing long-wave IR
radiation.
MODEL NO: CNR 4NET RADIOMETER
The CNR 4 net radiometer measures the energy balance between incoming short-
wave and long-wave Far Infrared (FIR) radiation versus surface-reflected short-
wave and outgoing long-wave radiation. The CNR 4 net radiometer consists of
a pyranometer pair, one facing upward, the other facing downward, and a
pyrgeometer pair in a similar configuration. The pyranometer pair measures
the short-wave radiation. And the pyrgeometer pair measures long-wave radiation.
The upper long-wave detector of CNR 4 has a meniscus dome. This ensures that
water droplets role off easily and improves the field of view to nearly 180,
compared with a 150 for a flat window. All 4 sensors are integrated directly
into the instrument body, instead of separate modules mounted onto the housing.
But are each calibrated individually for optimal accuracy.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 17

2. MANUFACTURER: CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC INC.
MODEL NO: NRO1-L
The NR01 is a research-grade net radiometer that
measures the energy balance between incoming
short-wave and long-wave infrared radiation
versus surface-reflected short-wave and outgoing
long-wave infrared radiation. Our dataloggers
measure the NR01's output and control its internal
heater. This net radiometer offers a professional
solution for scientific-grade energy balance
studies.
NR01-L Specifications
Sensor: Huksefluxs SR01 ISO-class, thermopile pyranometer, IR01
pyrgeometer, PT100 RTD
Pyranometer Spectral Response:305 to 2800 nm
Pyrgeometer Spectral Response:4500 to 50,000 nm
Response Time: 18 s
Sensitivity Range: 10 to 40 V W
-1
m
2

Expected Output Range: -0.1 to +50 mV
Expected Accuracy for Daily Totals: 10%
Heater: 90 Ohms, 1.6 W at 12 Vdc
Operating Temperature: -40 to 80C
Dimensions: 26.3 x 11.3 x 12.1 cm (10.4 x 4.4 x 4.8 in.)

AITAZAZ AHSAN 18

Heater Current Drain: ~140 mA
3. MANUFACTURER: APOGEE
MODEL NO: CNR-2
NR Lite2 is designed for routine measurement of net
radiation which is the balance between incoming and
outgoing radiation under outdoor conditions.The
design of the NR Lite2 is unique. The double-sided
detector has black conical absorbers with an anti-
stick weather resistant protective coating. In contrast
to other sensor designs, NR Lite2 requires no
fragile plastic domes. This results in a virtually maintenance free design. The
vertical stick prevents birds from affecting the output signal. The NR Lite2 is
easy to use. It is based on a thermopile sensor. The voltage is proportional to the net
radiation. It can be directly connected to voltmeter or data logger with an mV input.
It has the same high quality yellow cable fitted as our other instruments.

4.MANUFACTURER:EKO INSTRUMENT
MODEL NO: MR-60 NET RADIOMETER
Net Radiometer MR-60 is an instrument to
individually measure the solar short-wave
radiation in the visible to near/mid-infrared
area and the earth long-wave radiation in
far-infrared area in upwards and downwards
direction. Therefore, the MR-60 is also
called a 4-component radiometer. When
long/short-wave radiations are measured, albedo, short-wave radiation balance,

AITAZAZ AHSAN 19

long-wave radiation balance, amount of radiation balance, estimated sky
temperature and estimated land surface temperature can be determined.

5. MANUFACTURER: DYNAMAX
MODEL NO: SN-R01 NET RADIOMETER
The SNR01 is a research grade four component net radiometer,intended for
global radiation balance study.The instrument incorporates four separate sensors for
measuring total global and surface reflected short wave (SW) solar irradiance, and
the long wave infrared radiations.
SPECIFICATIONS:


AITAZAZ AHSAN 20

ARTIFICIAL SOLAR
SIMULATOR


AITAZAZ AHSAN 21

ARTIFICIAL SOLAR SIMULATOR:
A Solar Simulator is a light source that approximates the illumination of natural
sunlight. Solar simulators with various tailored spectral output are used to test a
variety of samples including but not limited to solar cells, sun screen (SPF),
materials photo-stability, and other samples (in-vivo or in-vitro) under controlled,
repeatable, laboratory conditions.

1. MANUFACTURER: WACOM ELECTRIC
Super Solar simulator (Continuous type, Two lamp system)
This simulator consist of xenon lamp and
halogen lamp to improve artificial light
more closely to actual sunlight than one
lamp system.These solar simulator is built
of our own xenon short arc lamp, unique
optic filters and lenses technologies
developed here at WACOM ELECTRIC
CO.,LTD to create an optical system
capable of providing more natural,
optimized artificial light for evaluating
the output of crystalline silicon and other
photovoltaic panels.
PRIMARY USES
Light source for I-V characteristic evaluation of PV cells or module
Light source for Light resistance test
SPECIFICATIONS
a. JISIEC standard conformin
b. JISIEC standard conforming CLASS AAA
c. Irradiance 1sun
d. AM 0 is available (Option)

AITAZAZ AHSAN 22

e. XENON and Harogen lamp.
2. MANUFACTURER: SPIRECORP
Solar Simulators and PV Module QA Testers
Spi-Sun Simulator photovoltaic module testing systems feature light sources
that closely match the solar spectrum while avoiding the excessive solar cell heating
caused by continuous sources. Spire's simulators can test either crystalline or thin
film modules and can be integrated into your fully automated module production
line, or operated in manual mode. In automatic mode, a programmed process
sequence provides consistent module testing and offers optional automated
loading and unloading of modules. In manual mode, the controls can be operated as
desired.
1. Lowest Cost of Ownership
No need for
shroud/floor space
Long lamp life and
extremely quick lamp
change
Lamp change doesnt
affect spectrum
Beyond Class AAA
performance
Spectrum Stability
Temporal stability
Best High-Volume Production
Most used by Test agencies and Research

3. MANUFACTURER: ETERNALSUM

AITAZAZ AHSAN 23

LARGE AREA SOLAR SIMULATOR
The large area solar simulator produces AAA-accuracy, steady-state and long
pulse sunlight using a unique technology. Its positioning is highly flexible, making
it easy to use and also ideal for various purposes and different industries. The
simulator comes in multiple standard sizes and can even be adjusted to custom
size upon request. For PV testing purposes, user-friendly IV measurement
equipment is provided with the
system, making it the ideal setup to
test all kinds of solar modules, from
thin-film to hetero junction.
Main characteristics
AAA-class accuracy
sunlight
Steady-state and long
pulse illumination
Large test area up to any size
Operational under different angles
Small footprint & turn-key system
4.MANUFACTURER: DAKSHATECH SUN SIMULATOR

The computer controlled Sun
Simulator that we offer is
extensively used for the I-V
characterization of Solar PV
Modules. Our Sun Stimulator is
scientifically developed by our
highly skilled engineers. The Sun
Simulator is made of optimal working parts by using the best raw materials. The Sun
Stimulator that we offer is highly reliable and has long-lasting functional life. Sun
Simulator is extensively used by solar PV module manufacturers and research
and development organization.
Maximum Power (Peak Power) (Imax)
Current & Voltage at Peak Power

AITAZAZ AHSAN 24

Module Temperature & Corrected Temperature
Solar Insolation, Date and Time of Measurement

SPECIFIACTIONS:

5. SOLAR SIMULATION:
Popular light sources currently
used for solar simulation include
the Hydrargyrum Quartz Iodide
(HQI) lamp which is a type of
high-intensity discharge (HID)
light, produces its light by an
electrical arc in a gas envelope
using electrodes. Note that
Hydrargyrum is the Latin name
for the element mercury. Also
Xenon lamps that use tungsten
metal electrodes in a glass tube filled with xenon gas. For xenon flash tubes,
a third "trigger" electrode usually surrounds the exterior of the arc tube.
Xenon lamps often have a relatively short lifetime of 200 to 2000 hours.
EXPERIMENTS:
The main uses of a solar simulator are product development tests of solar energy
equipment; for example, the efficiency and heat loss measurements of thermal solar
collectors, and determination of the characteristic curve of PV-panels. Some of the
other applications are testing of window materials and prefabricated units, testing of
materials and structures used in passive utilization of solar energy in scale models
and research of peat drying.
CONCLUSION:
By comparing all the companies that make monitoring systems, we can say that
Omni-Instrument is all in one, and has awesome specifications in its field. Its sensors

AITAZAZ AHSAN 25

are more sensitive than others. Low prices with high proficiency make it more
reputable in all over the world. They have long term product warranties, and have
range of up-to 100 mm in open and closed rooms

WEATHER
STATION


AITAZAZ AHSAN 26

WEATHER STATION
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment
for observing atmospheric conditions to provide information to study the weather
and climate. The measurements taken include Temperature, Barometric pressure,
Humidity, Wind speed, Wind direction and Precipitation amount.

WORKING:
Thermometer measures the atmospheric temperature, barometer measures the air
pressure in Pascal, hygrometer records the humidity of the air, and anemometer
measures the wind speed and precipitation (rainfall) gauge measure liquid
precipitation over a set period of time. Data acquisition system records all the
measurements and save them as well for later recovery. Automated observations are
taken after a specific time interval set by the user.
APPLICATIONS:
Weather station is used for monitoring of metrological data and to collect the data in
harsh climate. Weather station is also used to study the feasibility of solar or wind
system installation on a site.

1. MANUFACTURERS: CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC
MODEL NO: ET 107
This equipment measures air
temperature, solar radiation,
relative humidity, rainfall,
wind speed, wind direction,
and barometric pressure with
the standard suite of sensors;
optional soil temperature, soil
water content, and snow depth
sensors available.
Data loggers:
Our weather stations are based
around a programmable data logger that measures sensors and stores data,
in your choice of engineering units (e.g., wind speed in mph, m s-1, knots).

AITAZAZ AHSAN 27

PC400, our mid-level software, provides advanced programming and
telecommunications without introducing large network complexity
SPECIFICATIONS:
Temperature range:-55 to 85
0
C
Wind Speed: cup, propeller, or sonic anemometers
Barometric pressure: Strain gauge transducer
Solar Radiation: silicon cell or thermopile pyranometers.
APPLICATIONS:
Weather Station Networks
Air Quality and Diffusion Modeling
Crop Management Decisions
Utilities/Energy/Wind Power
Ecological/Biological/Microclimate Studies

2. MANUFACTURERS: CLIMATRONICS CORPORATION
MODEL NO: P/N 102780
This Sensor integrates a unique folded-path, low power sonic
anemometer, the Sonimometer, with a multi-element temperature sensor,
fast-responsecapacitive relative humidity sensor stateof-the-art barometric
pressure sensor and an internal flux-gate compass for automatic alignment of
wind direction to magnetic north for quick deployment


AITAZAZ AHSAN 28

FEATURES:
All-In-One Measurement of
Temperature, Relative Humidity,
Wind Speed, Wind Direction, and
Barometric Pressure
Wind Sensor
Automatic Wind Direction Alignment
to Magnetic or True North
All Metal Construction
Weather Protected Multi-Sensor
Design
Low Power Consumption
Digital Output
SPECIFICATIONS:
Wind speed: 0 to 50 m/sec
(0 to 112 mph)Wind
direction: 0 to 360
Temperature: 40C to
+50C (-40F to +122F)
Relative humidity: 0 to
100%
Pressure: 600 to 1100 hPa
Weight: 0.91 kg

3. MANUFACTURERS: SOMMER MESSTECHNIK
The meteorological weather station Model Standard is a basic weather station for
determining of meteorological parameters. It comes in all applications where a
comprehensive picture to be obtained through local weather conditions over a
prolonged period. The Standard Model is an automatic weather station and
includes measuring, recording, transmitting, archiving and visualization of
measured data.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 29

SENSORS:
Air temperature [ C]
Humidity [% RH]
Wind direction [degrees]
Wind speed [m / s] and Blast [m / s]
Air pressure [mbar / hPa]
Global radiation [W / m]
Net radiation [W / m]
Precipitation [mm]
Evaporation [mm / day]
DATA TRANSMISSION:
We offer several options for remote transmission of the measured values and
parameter, where we the economical version "GPRS - Web Server" recommend:
Fixed network via analog / ISDN modem
GSM - Transmission
GPRS - Transfer to Web server : Anytime, online measurement
data via internet (web browser) available.
Radio transmission


AITAZAZ AHSAN 30

4. MANUFACTURER: AMBIENT WEATHER INC.
Ambient Weather WS- 2080 Wireless Home Weather Station
The Ambient WS-2080 is a compact,
easy to install complete weather station
with impressive reliability at a very low
cost.This weather station measures
wind speed, wind direction, temperature
and humidity (both inside and outside),
rainfall and barometric pressure.The
weather stations console displays a
wide range of parameters in an easy-
to-read format on a large LCD. The
attractively thin console can be placed
on a desktop or mounted to a
wall.Includes a USB port and Easy
Weather software, a simple to use
windows application that allows real time
monitoring of the WS-2080 Home
Weather Station. It can be used to
program weather station parameters and
alarms. You can also log data as well
as view collected data in various graphical formats.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Outdoor temperature range: -40F to +149F
Indoor temperature range: 32F to +122F
Humidity range: 10% to 99% (1% resolution)
Wind speed: 0-112 mph
Measuring range air pressure: 8.85inHg - 32.50inHg
Alarm duration: 120 sec
Power consumption: a) Receiver: 2 x AA alkaline batteries (not
included) b) Sensor WH7: 2 x AA alkaline batteries (not included)
Transmission frequency: 433MHz
Console Dimensions (LxWxH): 4.5 x 6.75 x 1.5"


AITAZAZ AHSAN 31

4.MANUFACTURER:
HEBI THERMAL METER INSTRUMENTATION FACTOR APEX-CJ574
Weather station
FEATURES: The system uses sophisticated
sensors and smart chips, accurate measurement,
can be carried on the wind direction, wind speed,
atmospheric pressure, temperature, and
humidity, five of meteorological elements at the
same time. Built-in high-capacity FLASH
memory chips.Universal USB communication
interface, using the supplied USB cable to
download, data to a computer to facilitate further
processing and analysis of meteorological
data.Big capacity data storage,Instrument should
install the battery right according the operating
manual. Minimize shaking the instrument, do
not pressing it heavily. Table type instrument
with AC power supply should be well
grounding, handheld instrument should install
the battery right.System language can be
switched between the Chinese and English;Low-
power, green energy-saving design, with a choice
of AC, DC and solar power system. Can ensure the long-term use.Can read data
standard communication interface with notebook computers and other equipment.
SPECIFICATIONS:


AITAZAZ AHSAN 32

MULTI TURBINE TEST
SET


AITAZAZ AHSAN 33

MULTI TURBINE TEST SET
APPLICATIONS:
The Multi Turbine Test Set is capable of performing experiments on mechanical
power out, hydraulic power in, hydraulic efficiency and turbine speed. We can vary
the applied load, pump power, flow rate, and guide vanes to analyze the performance
of turbines at different conditions
1. MANUFACTURER: GUNT HAMBURG
MODEL NO: HM 365.32
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION:
Together with HM 365.31, the HM 365.32 supply unit can be used to operate a
Pelton or Francis turbine, whose characteristic operating behaviors can then be
investigated.The separate
turbines from HM 365.31 are
placed on the working surface
of the supply unit and screwed
in place. The turbine is
connected to the supply unit
via a hose. After the water
has flowed through the turbine,
it flows back into the tank.
Thanks to its closed water
circuit, the trainer is independent from the mains water supply and can be used in
mobile applications. The flow rate and/or the pressure present at the turbine can be
adjusted by a flow control valve.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Closed water circuit contains multi-stage centrifugal pump, tank,
and inductive flow meter and flow control valve.
Constant torques and speeds can be adjusted via HM 365
Connection to the turbines via flexible hose with quick-release
coupling
Digital display for flow rate, pressure and temperature
GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under Windows Vista or
Windows 7

AITAZAZ AHSAN 34

TECHNICAL DATA:
Centrifugal pump, 5 stages
Power consumption: 4kW
Max. flow rate: 24m/h
Speed: 2900min
-1

Tank: 96L
Dimensions:1300*800*1200 mm
2. MANUFACTURER: SOLTEQ
MODEL NO: FM 46
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION:
The Multi Turbine Test Set (Model: FM 46) is designed to be a self-contained
unit to demonstrate the operation and performance characteristics of three types
of turbines, namely Francis
(radial flow) turbine, Kaplan
(axial) turbine, and Pelton
(impulse) turbine. The turbines
will be driven by a 3 kW pump,
and comes complete with
dynamometer and data acquisition
system. The Multi Turbine Test
Set is capable of performing
experiments on mechanical power
out, hydraulic power in, hydraulic efficiency and specific speed.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Dimensions: net 750 x 600 x 650, packed 0.171 m3
Weight: net 14 kg, packed 20 kg
Number of buckets: 16
Nozzle area: variable 162 mm2 when fully open
Radius of runner to jet impact position: 56.6 mm
Maximum speed: approximately 1800 rpm
Speed at maximum efficiency (approximately 80%): approx. 1200 rpm
REQUIREMENTS:
Electricity: 415 VAC/3-Phase/50 Hz

AITAZAZ AHSAN 35

OVERALL DIMENSIONS:
HEIGHT*WIDTH*DEPTH: 1.85*1.85*1.25
2-MANUFACTURER:
HUMIL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
HT703 Multi Turbine Test Set
This is a self-contained set of three different types of turbine namely Pelton, Francis,
Cross Flow, designed for studying the turbine characteristics under various flow
rates and heads. The unit consists of a pump and a storage tank, turbine units
connected in parallel, a dynamometer for each turbine, and measuring instruments.
The unit is on wheels.

SPECIFICATIONS:
2.2 kW pump
200 mm runner Pelton turbine,
82 mm runner Francis turbine,
170 mm runner cross flow turbine
69 mm runner Kaplan turbine.
Storage tank and measuringinstruments.
Power output: 400-450 W


AITAZAZ AHSAN 36

4-Tesla Turbine:
Most tests involving Tesla turbines have used subsonic flows of liquids or gases,
with less than spectacular results. Unlike conventional bladed turbines that are
subject to blade erosion, boundary layer turbines can operate when a partially
saturated fluid is injected at supersonic speeds. Superheated steam is one fluid that
can be injected into Tesla turbines under high-pressure and at supersonic speeds.
When a fluid is accelerated to supersonic speeds, it undergoes a drop in both
temperature and pressure. To generate the supersonic speed from a high pressure
region, the fluid first flows through a converging duct into a throat (minimum area
cross-section) where sonic speed will be reached, then into a diverging duct where
supersonic speeds will occur if the downstream pressure is low enough.
Features:
Simple to build, maintain, and modify the design. Fluid/air injectors, valves,
discs, size, materials, etc. can all be modified. Hard to get simpler than discs
with holes punched in them for exhaust, attached to a rotor in a case.
Safer in the case of disc/blade failure or other parts failure, since the housing
compartment or casing can be made strong enough to contain broken or
cracked discs, and often the failure of one or more discs will not necessarily
lead to the failure of the entire turbine. This design is often described as very
sturdy, because the discs and rotor are bolted solidly together and there's
minimal wear except on bearings.
Does not suffer from cavitation or particulate problems that many turbines
and fans must deal with.
Can work with a wide variety of working fluids and over a wide range of
temperatures. Water, steam, conventional air, corrosive working fluids, high-
temperature working fluids, or complex mixtures which may have particulates
or contaminants in them. This adds a great deal of flexibility to it, and may
make it able to be powered by several types of fuels such as charcoal or
biodiesel when incorporated into an engine, vehicle, or power generator.
Allows the ability to work in both "forward" and "reverse," since the discs can
be made to rotate in either direction.

AITAZAZ AHSAN 37

Supposedly has a good power-to-weight ratio, because the discs are thin,
compact, and there are few other moving parts in it and not a lot of pistons,
casing, gears, etc. I remember reading criticism of Stirling heat engines as
often being cumbersome because of their pistons, flywheels, and gears.
(Although I've seen some really cool-looking Stirling engines!)
5: Suzhou Boama Numerical control equipment co- Limited:
Testing of experimental turbines have yielded efficiency measurements of
around 35-40ish%. In other words, better than most internal combustion
engines, but really nothing to write home about. Many bladed turbine designs
can exceed this.
It suffers from too much friction and energy losses when heat is produced as
the fluid flows over the discs. These are parasitic losses that cripple the
turbine.
It currently uses ball bearings, which cause further efficiency losses due to
friction, heat, sound, etc. Most engines and turbines use oil and bearings for
lubrication, and the newer designs have foil bearings, such as the Capstone
micro turbine, which significantly reduce friction and increase efficiency.
The high rpm can cause disc warping or cracking, and this was a serious
problem with it in Tesla's day. Apparently metallurgical knowledge in the
early 1900s wasn't quite good enough to provide Tesla with strong enough
materials to make his turbine function as he wanted. The iron/steel discs he
used would warp and stretch, raising concerns about the viability of the
turbine. No one is quite sure about long-term functionality of this turbine,
since it has not been used widely commercially or rigorously tested and
validated.
If it worked well, it would've been adopted by industry and for a wide variety
of applications. Most of the Tesla turbine builders are "eccentric academics"
or "backyard tinkerers." That's what I've read on some blogs. However, I have
found some papers and experiments done by mechanical engineering students
and professors, who seem rather intrigued by it. Most of these academics are
connected to "green technologies" or research into alternative energies/fuels.


AITAZAZ AHSAN 38

6- Sichuan Neijiang Shuyuan Turbine works co_ Limited:
Features:
Carbon steel body, compact, safe
Reinforced glass fiber blades,
matched with optimized aerodynamic shape and structure,
which enhance the wind energy utilization and annual output.
Patented permanent magnet ac generator with special stator,
effectively reduce torque, well match the wind wheel and generator, and ens
ure the performance of whole system.
Tail adopts mechanical yaw technique, making it survive storm and run
safely
With epoxy zinc rich primer and polyurethane anticorrosion treatment,be ult
raviolet-proof, acid rain resistant, salt resistant
Controller, inverter can be matched according to customers specific needs.

< -------------------------------------------------------- >
REGARDS
10-ME-04
SECTION A
GROUP A1

Assignment

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Assignment

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

LAB TASK -01

SUBMITTED BY: AITAZAZ AHSAN 10-ME-04

Potrebbero piacerti anche